Sultanate of Sulu

Sultanate of Sulu

Royal Sultanate of Sulu Dar al-Islam Sultanato ng Sulu
Dar al-Islam

14051915

Flag

Map showing the extent of the Sultanate of Sulu in 1822

Capital

Astana Putih
Maimbung(1878)
[1]
Palawan(1893)

Languages

Arabic (official), Tausug, Bajau, Bisaya, Banguingui, Malay languages

Religion

Sunni Islam

Government

Monarchy

Sultan
- 145780

Sharif ul-Hashim of Sulu

- 14801505

Sultan Kamalud-Din

- 150527

Sultan Amirul-Umara

- 189399

Jamal ul-Kiram I

- 1974 - 1986

Mahakuttah Kiram
(appointed monarch)

History
- Ascension of Rajah Baginda 1405
- Dissolution of Sultanate

1915

Currency

No official currency, the Barter system was used

Sultanate of Sulu

Preceded by

Barangays in Sulu

Succeeded by

Insular Government of the Philippine Islands

North Borneo
Sultanate of Bulungan
Dutch East Indies
Moro Province

Today part of

Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines

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Sultanate of Sulu

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e [2]

The Sultanate of Sulu Dar al-Islam[3] (Jawi: ( ) Arabic: ) was an Islamic Tausg[4]</ref>
state that ruled over many of the islands of the Sulu Sea, parts of Mindanao and certain portions of present-day
Sabah (then North Borneo).
The sultanate was founded in 17 November 1405.[5][6] </ref> by a Johore-born Arab explorer and religious scholar
Sayyid Abu Bakr Abirin[7] after he settled in Banua Buansa Ummah (ummah is an Arabic term for "community"),
Sulu. After the marriage of Abu Bakr and local dayang-dayang (princess) Paramisuli, he founded the sultanate and
assumed the title Paduka Mahasari Maulana al Sultan Sharif ul-Hshim.
At its peak, it stretched over the islands that bordered the western peninsula of Mindanao in the east to Palawan in
the north. It also covers the area in northeastern side of Borneo, stretching from Kimanis in now Sabah, to Tepian
Durian in now Kalimantan.

Sultanate of Sulu

History
Pre-establishment
The earliest known settlement in the areas soon to be occupied by the
sultanate was in Maimbung, Jolo. During these times, Sulu was called
Lupah Sug. The Principality of Maimbung, populated by Buranun
people (or Budanon, literally means "mountain-dwellers"), was first
ruled by a certain rajah who assumed the title Rajah Sipad the Older.
According to Majul, the origins of the title rajah sipad originated from
the Hindu shri paduka, which symbolizes authority. The Principality
was instituted and governed using the system of rajahs. Sipad the Older
was succeeded by Sipad the Younger.

Map of the Sulu Archipelago

During the reign of Sipad the Younger, a mystic named Tuan Mashikha[8] arrived in Jolo in 1280AD.[9]</ref>
Little is known to the origins and early biography of Tuan Mashikha, except that he is a Muslim "who came from
foreign lands" at the head of a fleet of Muslim traders, or he was issued from a stalk of bamboo and was considered a
prophet, thus well respected by the people. Other reports, however, insisted that Tuan Mashikha together with his
parents, Jamiyun Kulisa and Indra Suga, were sent to Sulu by Alexander the Great (who is known as Iskandar
Zulkarnain in Sejarah Melayu). However, Saleeby dismisses this claim by concluding that Jamiyun Kulisa and Indra
Suga were mythical names. According to tarsila, during the coming of Tuan Mashikha, the people of Maimbung
worshipped tombs and stones of any kind. After he preached Islam in the area, he married Sipad the Younger's
daughter, Idda Indira Suga and bore three children: Tuan Hakim, Tuan Pam and 'Aisha. Tuan Hakim, in turn, begot
five children. From the genealogy of Tuan Mashikha, another titular system of aristocracy called "tuanship" started
in Sulu. Apart from the Idda Indira Suga, Tuan Mashikha also married into another "unidentified woman" and
begot Moumin. Tuan Mashikha died in 710A.H. (equivalent to 1310AD), and was buried in Bud Dato near Jolo,
with an inscription of Tuan Maqbl.
A descendant of Tuan Mashikha named Tuan May also begot a son named Datu Tka. The descendants of Tuan
May did not assume the title tuan, instead, they started to use datu. It is the first time datu was used as a political
institution.
During the coming of Tuan Mashikha, the Tagimaha people (literally means "the party of the people") coming
from Basilan and several places in Mindanao, also arrived and settled in Buansa. After the Tagimaha came the
Baklaya people (which means "seashore dwellers") and believed to be originated from Sulawesi, and settled in
Patikul. After these came the Bajau people (or Samal) from Johor. The Bajau were accidentally driven towards Sulu
by a heavy monsoon, some of them to the shores of Brunei and others to Mindanao. The population of Buranun,
Tagimaha, and Baklaya in Sulu created three parties with distinct system of government and subjects. At least in
1417, according to Chinese annals, three kings (or monarchs) ruled three civilized kingdoms in the island. Patuka
Pahala (Paduka Batara) ruled the eastern kingdom, he was the most powerful; the west kingdom was ruled by
Mahalachi (Maharajah Kamal ud-Din); and the kingdom near the cave (or Cave King) was Paduka Patulapok. The
Bajau settlers were distributed among the three kingdoms.
Moumin's descendants, the son of Tuan Mashikha populated Sulu. After some time, a certain Timway Orangkaya
Su'il was mentioned by the second page of tarsila, that he received four Bisaya slaves (People from the
Confederation of Madja-as) from Manila (presumably Dynasty of Tondo) as a sign of friendship between the two
countries. The descendants of Timway Orangkaya Su'il then inherited the title timway, which means "chief". On
tarsila's third page, it accounts the fact that the slaves were the ancestors of the inhabitants in the island to Parang,
Lati, Gi'tung, and Lu'uk respectively. The fourth page then narrates the coming of the Buranun (addressed in the
tarsila as "the Maimbung people") Tagimaha, Baklaya, then the drifted Bajau immigrants from Johor.

Sultanate of Sulu
The condition of Sulu before the arrival of Islam can be summarized as such: The island was inhabited by several
cultures, and was reigned over by three independent kingdoms ruled by the Buranun, Tagimaha, and Baklaya
peoples. Likewise, the socio-political systems of these kingdoms were characterized by several distinct institutions:
rajahship, datuship, tuanship and timwayship. The arrival of Tuan Mashikha afterwards established a core Islamic
community in the island.

Islamization and establishment

At the end of 14th century, a notable Arab judge and religious scholar named Karim ul-Makhdum[10] from Mecca
arrived in the Malacca Sultanate. He preached Islam to the people, and thus many citizens, including the ruler of
Malacca, converted to Islam.
Chinese Muslims and Arabs introduced Sulu and other Muslim sultanates to Islam. Chinese Muslim merchants
participated in the local commerce, and the Sultanate had diplomatic relations with China during the time of the
Ming Dynasty (13681644), being involved in the tribute system. The Sulu leader Paduka Batara and his sons
moved to China, where he passed away and Chinese Muslims brought up his sons.
In 1380 AD,[11] Karim ul-Makhdum arrived in Simunul island from Malacca, again with Arab traders. Apart from
being a scholar, he operated as a trader, some see him as a Sufi missionary originating from Mecca. He preached
Islam in the area, and was thus accepted by the core Muslim community. He was the second person who preached
Islam in the area, following after Tuan Mashikha. To facilitate easy conversion of nonbelievers, he established a
mosque in Tubig-Indagan, Simunul, which became the first Islamic temple to be constructed in the area, as well as
the first in the Philippines. This later became known as Sheik Karimal Makdum Mosque. He died in Sulu, though the
exact location of his grave is unknown. In Buansa, he was known as Tuan Sharif Awliy. On his alleged grave in
Bud Agad, Jolo, an inscription was written as "Mohadum Aminullah Al-Nikad". In Lugus, he is referred to
Abdurrahman. In Sibutu, he is known to as his name.
The different of beliefs on his grave locations came about due to the fact that Karim ul-Makhdum travelled to several
islands in Sulu Sea to preach Islam. In many places in the archipelago, he was beloved. It is said that the people of
Tapul built a mosque honoring him and that they claim descent from Karim ul-Makhdum. Thus, the success of
Karim ul-Makhdum of spreading Islam in Sulu threw a new light in Islamic history in the Philippines. The customs,
beliefs and political laws of the people changed and customized to adopt the Islamic tradition.

Sultanate of Sulu

Spanish and British annexations

In the 18th century, Sulu's dominion covered most of northeastern part
of Borneo. However areas like Tempasuk and Abai had never really
shown much allegiance to its earlier ruler, Brunei, subsequently similar
treatment was given to Sulu. Dalrymple who made a treaty of
allegiance in 1761 with Sulu, had to make a similar agreement with the
rulers of Tempasuk and Abai on the north Borneo coast in 1762.
The territory ceded to Sulu by Brunei initially stretched south to
Tapean Durian (now Tanjong Mangkalihat) (another source mentioned
the southern most boundary is at Dumaring), near the Straits of
Macassar (now Kalimantan). However by 18001850, these area had
been effectively controlled by the Sultanate of Bulungan in
Kalimantan, reducing the boundary of Sulu to a cape named Batu
Tinagat and Tawau River.

(Left) The first concession treaty was signed by

Brunei Sultan, Abdul Momin, appointing Baron
de Overbeck as the Maharaja Sabah, Rajah Gaya
and Sandakan which signed on 29th December
1877.
(Right) The second concession treaty was signed
by Sultan Jamalalulazam of Sulu also appointing
Baron de Overbeck as Dato Bendahara and Raja
Sandakan on 22nd January 1878, which about
three weeks after the first treaty was signed.

In 1848 and 1851, the Spanish launched attacks on Balangingi and Jolo
respectively. A peace treaty was signed on 30 April 1851 in which the
sultan could only regain its capital if Sulu and its dependencies became
a part of the Philippine Islands under the sovereignty of Spain. There
were different understandings of this treaty, in which although the Spanish interpreted it as the sultan accepted
Spanish sovereignty, the sultan took it as a friendly treaty amongst equals. International Court of Justice in 2003
nevertheless observes that, undisputedly, the Sultan of Sulu relinquished the sovereign rights over all his possessions
in favour of Spain, based on Bases of Peace and Capitulation signed by Sultan of Sulu and Spain in Jolo on 22 July
1878.
On 22 January 1878, an agreement was signed between the Sultanate of Sulu and British commercial syndicate
(Alfred Dent and Baron von Overback), which stipulated that North Borneo was either ceded or leased (depending
on translation used) to the British syndicate in return for payment of 5000 Malayan Dollar per year.
British version

Sulu version

... hereby grant and cede of our own free and sovereign will to
Gustavus Baron de Overbeck of Hong Kong and Alfred Dent Esquire
of London...and assigns for ever and in perpetuity all the rights and
powers belonging to us over all the territories and lands being tritutary
to us on the mainland of the island of Borneo commencing from the
Pandassan River on the north-west coast and extending along the
whole east coast as far as the Sibuco River in the south and
comprising amongst other the States of Paitan, Sugut, Bangaya,
Labuk, Sandakan, Kina Batangan, Mumiang, and all the other
territories and states to the southward thereof bordering on Darvel Bay
and as far as the Sibuco river with all the islands within three marine
leagues of the coast.

"...do hereby lease of our own freewill and satisfaction

to...all the territories and lands being tributary to [us]
together with their heirs, associates, successors and assigns
forever and until the end of time, all rights and powers
which we possess over all territories and lads tributary to us
on the mainland of the Island of Borneo, commencing from
the Pandassan River on the west coast to Maludu Bay, and
extending along the whole east coast as far as Sibuco River
on the south,..., and all the other territories and states to the
southward thereof bordering on Darvel Bay and as far as the
Sibuco River, ..., [9 nautical miles] of the coast."

On 22 April 1903 His Majesty Sultan Jamalul Kiram signed a document known as "Confirmation of cession of
certain islands", under what he either grant and ceded or leased additional islands in the neighbourhood of the
mainland of North Borneo from Banggi Island to Sibuku Bay to British North Borneo Company. The sum 5,000
dollars a year payable every year increased to 5,300 dollars a year payable every year.

Sultanate of Sulu

Madrid Protocol
The Sulu Sultanate later came under the control of Spain in Manila. In 1885, Great Britain, Germany and Spain
signed the Madrid Protocol to cement Spanish influence over the islands of the Philippines. In the same agreement,
Spain relinquished all claim to North Borneo which had belonged to the Sultanate in the past.
The Spanish Government renounces, as far as regards the British Government, all claims of sovereignty over
the territories of the continent of Borneo, which belong, or which have belonged in the past to the Sultan of
Sulu (Jolo), and which comprise the neighbouring islands of Balambangan, Banguey, and Malawali, as well as
all those comprised within a zone of three maritime leagues from the coast, and which form part of the
territories administered by the Company styled the British North Borneo Company.
Article III,Madrid Protocol of 1885

Decline
The Sultanate's power was relinquished in March 1915 after American commanders negotiated with Sultan Jamalul
Kiram on behalf of then-Governor-General Francis Burton Harrison. An agreement was subsequently signed and
was called as the "Carpenter Agreement". By this agreement, the Sultan relinquished all temporal power over
territory within the Philippines (except for certain specific land granted to Sultan Jamalul Kiram and his heirs), but
retained his rights of sovereignty over the territory of North Borneo and his religious authority as titular head of the
Islamic Church in Sulu.

Economy
Weapons and slave trade
Chinese who lived in Sulu ran guns across a Spanish blockade to supply the Moro Datus and Sultanates with
weapons to fight the Spanish, who were engaging in a campaign to subjugate the Moro sultanates on Mindanao. A
trade involving the Moros selling slaves and other goods in exchange for guns developed. The Chinese had entered
the economy of the sultanate, taking control of the Sultanate's economies in Mindanao and dominating the markets.
Though the Sultans did not like the fact that the Chinese near exclusive control over the economy, they did business
with them. The Chinese set up a trading network between Singapore, Zamboanga, Jolo and Sulu.
The Chinese sold small arms like Enfield and Spencer Rifles to the Buayan Datu Uto. They were used to battle the
Spanish invasion of Buayan. The Datu paid for the weapons in slaves. The population of Chinese in Mindanao in the
1880s was 1,000. The Chinese ran guns across a Spanish blockade to sell to Mindanao Moros. The purchases of
these weapons were paid for by the Moros in slaves in addition to other goods. The main group of people selling
guns were the Chinese in Sulu. The Chinese took control of the economy and used steamers to ship goods for
exporting and importing. Opium, ivory, textiles, and crockery were among the other goods which the Chinese sold.
The Chinese on Maimbung sent the weapons to the Sulu Sultanate, who used them to battle the Spanish and resist
their attacks. A Chinese was one of the Sultan's brother in laws, the Sultan was married to his sister. He and the
Sultan both owned shares in the ship (named the Far East) which helped smuggle the weapons.
The Spanish launched a surprise offensive under Colonel Juan Arolas in April 1887 by attacking the Sultanate's
capital at Maimbung in an effort to crush resistance. Weapons were captured and the property of the Chinese were
destroyed while the Chinese were deported to Jolo.

Sultanate of Sulu

Culture
Social class system
Among the people of Sultanate of Sulu, the title of nobility could be acquired only by lineage, a "closed system"
whereby the titled persons inherit their offices of powers and prestige.
There are two main social classes in Royal Sultanate of Sulu:
Datu (su-sultanun), which is acquired purely by lineage to the sultanate. Whereas, all male members of the Royal
House of Sulu should hold this hereditary title and should hold the style: His Royal Highness or His Highness,
according to the traditional customs of Royal House of Sulu. Whereas, their spouses should automatically hold
the title of Dayang Dayang (princess of the first degree) and should hold the style: Her Royal Highness or Her
Highness.
Datu Sadja, which may be acquired through confirming the titles (gullal) on the middleman of the Sultan. The
gullal is made if a commoner has achieved outstanding feats or services in line of duty through display of bravery,
heroism, etc. Datu Sadja is life title of nobility and the title holders should hold the style: His Excellency.
Whereas their spouses should hold the title of Dayang and should hold the style: Her Excellency.
The commoners or Maharlika are those who do not trace their descent from royalty. The Wakil Kesultan's,
Panglimas, Parkasa's and Laksaman's who are commoners hold responsible positions involving administrative
matters.

Wakil Kesultanan region representative outside Royal Sulu Sultanate

Panglima region representative inside Royal Sulu Sultanate
Parkasa aide-de-camp of region representative inside Royal Sulu Sultanate
Laksaman sub region representative inside Royal Sulu Sultanate

The males who hold offices above shall be addressed by the title of nobility Tuan (the title is directly attached to the
office), followed by the rank of the office they hold, their given name, surname and region.
The females who hold offices above shall be addressed by the title of nobility Sitti (the title is directly attached to the
office), followed by the rank of the office they hold, their given name, surname and region.

North Borneo dispute

The North Borneo dispute is a territorial claim by the Philippines
over much of the eastern part of Sabah in Malaysia. Sabah was known
as North Borneo prior to the formation of the Malaysian federation in
1963. The Philippines, via the heritage of the Sultanate of Sulu, claim
Sabah on the basis that Sabah was only leased to the British North
Borneo Company with the sultanate's sovereignty never being
relinquished.

W. C. Cowie, managing director of BNBC with

the Sultan of Sulu.

This dispute stems from the difference in the interpretation used on an

agreement signed between Sultanate of Sulu and the British
commercial syndicate (Alfred Dent and Baron von Overback) in 1878,
which stipulated that North Borneo was either ceded or leased
(depending on translation used) to the British chartered company in

return for payment of 5,000 dollars per year.

However, Malaysia views this dispute as a "non-issue", as it not only considers the agreement in 1878 as one of
cession, but it also deems that the residents had exercised their act of self-determination when they voted to join the
Malaysian federation in 1963. As reported by the Secretary-General of the United Nations, the independence of

Sultanate of Sulu

North Borneo was brought about as the result of the expressed wish of the majority of the people of the territory as
supported by the findings of the Cobbold Commission.
Every year, the Malaysian Embassy in the Philippines issues a check in the amount of 5,300 ringgit (US$1710 or
about 77,000 Philippine pesos) to the legal counsel of the heirs of the Sultan of Sulu. Malaysia considers the amount
an annual "cession" payment for the disputed state, while the sultan's descendants consider it "rent".

Recent Sultans
Although the Sultanate is no longer officially recognized by any state as a sovereign entity, many individuals
continue to claim the title of Sultan of Sulu and/or Sultan of North Borneo, often with documentation that would
seem to support their claims.
The website of the provincial government of Sulu recognizes Ismael Kiram II as the present Sultan.
Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram, another claimant, has insisted on the legitimacy of his succession as the 35th Sultan of
Sulu. He cites Memorandum Order 427 of 1974, in which former Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos recognized
his father, Sultan Mahakuttah A. Kiram, as Sulu ruler. The memo states that he is the eldest son of the said
Sultan.[12]WP:NOTRS His grandfather was Sultan Esmail E. Kiram (recognized by Philippine government[citation
needed]
), his great grandfather was Sultan Muwallil Wasit II and his great grand uncle was Sultan Jamalul Kiram
I.[citation needed] Additionally, Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram has received foreign recognition for his claim such as the
International Commission on Orders of Chivalry (ICOC). He is a relative of Jamalul Kiram III.
Datu Mohamad Akjan Datu Ali Muhammad, a Malaysian businessman, proclaimed himself as the 33rd Sultan of
Sulu in 2011. Other noted claimants include Datu Abdul Rajak Aliuddin and Datuk Seri Putra Eddy T. Sulaiman.

Gallery

The official flag of the

Royal Sultanate of Sulu
under the guidance of
Sultan Muedzul Lail Tan
Kiram of Sulu.

Merchant flag of the Chinese

community in the Sulu Sultanate.

Flag of Sulu Sultanate

according to Pierre
Sonnerat.

War flag of the Sulu

Sultanate at the end of
19th century.

Modern flag of Jamalul Kiram

III.

Sultanate of Sulu

Notes
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]

http:/ / www. seasite. niu. edu/ Tagalog/ Modules/ Modules/ MuslimMindanao/ historical_timeline_of_the_royal. htm
http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Template:History_of_the_Philippines& action=edit
Sometimes known as the Royal Sultanate of Sulu or Sultanate of Sulu Darul Islam.
According to WH Scott, even though the sultanate was ruled by Tausg people, the subjects of the kingdom were mixed of Bajau, Butuanon,
Malay Muslim, Samal, Yakan ethnicity.<ref name="FOOTNOTEScott1994177">Scott 1994, p.177.
[5] The generally accepted date of the establishment of the sultanate by modern historians is 1457. However, the National Historical Commission
of the Philippines list the date as "around 1450", or simply "1450s", due to uncertainty. On the other hand, independent Muslim studies
marked the day to a more exact date 17 November 1405 (24th of Jumada al-awwal, 808 AH).<ref name="Heirs of Sulu Sultanate urged to
attend general convention">
[6] Cavendish 2007, p.1178.
[7] Abu Bakr may be interchanged to Abubakar. Though his birth name was Sayyid Abu Bakr Abirin, he is also known as Shari'ful Hashem Syed
Abu Bakr; Paduka Mahasari Maulana al Sultan Sharif ul-Hashim became his full regnal name, with shorter name Sharif-ul Hashim or
Shariful Hashim.
[8] Mashikha is an Arabic term which originated from mashikh, which means "an intelligent or pious man".
[9] The generally accepted date for the coming of Tuan Mashikha is 1280AD, however, other Muslim scholars dated his coming only by
second half of the 13th century".<ref>, footnote51
[10] May be interchange to Karimul Makhdum, Karimal Makdum or Makhdum Karim among others. Makhdum came from the Arabic word
makhdmn, which means "master".
[11] Another uncertain date in Philippine Islamic history is the year of arrival of Karim ul-Makhdum. Though other Muslim scholars place the
date as simply "the end of 14th century", Saleeby calculated the year as 1380 AD corresponding to the description of the tarsilas, in which
Karim ul-Makhdum's coming is 10 years before Rajah Baguinda's. The 1380 reference originated from the event in Islamic history when a
huge number of makhdmn started to travel to Southeast Asia from India. See Ibrahim's "Readings on Islam in Southeast Asia."
[12] . Page 1, Page 2

References
General
Ang, Josiah C., Historical Timeline of the Royal Sultanate of Sulu Including Related Events of Neighboring
Peoples (http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Tagalog/Modules/Modules/MuslimMindanao/
historical_timeline_of_the_royal.htm), Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University
Campbell, Lawrence Dundas (2007), The Asiatic Annual Register: or, A View of the History of Hindustan, and of
the Politics, Commerce and Literature of Asia (http://books.google.com/?id=eZhJAAAAMAAJ) 6, University
of Michigan
World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia (http://books.google.com/?id=72VwCFtYHCgC) 9,
Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 2007, ISBN978-0-7614-7642-9
Council of Regents (2010), Primer in the Matter of Assertion of Independence of the State of Sulu Sultanate
Darul Islam on 17 November 2010 (http://www.scribd.com/doc/36382782/
Primer-Sulu-Assertion-of-Independence-Last-Ed-Selangor-10-August), Sultanate of Darul Islam
Decasa, George C. (1999), The Qur'nic Concept of Umma and its Function in Philippine Muslim Society (http://
books.google.com/?id=hYNqz-1ayssC), Editrice Pontificia Universit Gregoriana, ISBN978-88-7652-812-5
Gonda, Jan (1975), Religionen: Handbuch der Orientalistik: Indonesien, Malaysia und die Philippinen unter
Einschluss der Kap-Malaien in Sdafrika (http://books.google.com/?id=X7YfAAAAIAAJ) 2, E.J. Brill,
ISBN978-90-04-04330-5
Ibrahim, Ahmad; Sharon Siddique, Yasmin Hussain (1985), Readings on Islam in Southeast Asia (http://books.
google.com/?id=BeDKqPTeHnUC), Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, ISBN978-9971-988-08-1
Keppel, Henry, The Expedition to Borneo of H.M.S. Didio for the Suppression of Piracy (http://books.google.
com/?id=D8KajTcXlnwC), Reprinted by The Forgotten Books, ISBN978-1-4400-7547-6
Larousse, William (2001), A Local Church Living for Dialogue: Muslim-Christian Relations in Mindanao-Sulu,
Philippines : 19652000 (http://books.google.com/?id=qyo-Hti0-KAC), Editrice Pontificia Universit
Gregoriana, ISBN978-88-7652-879-8

10

Sultanate of Sulu

11

Majul, Csar Adib (1973), Muslims in the Philippines (http://books.google.com/?id=1GVxAAAAMAAJ),

University of the Philippines Press
Saleeby, Najeeb Mitry (1908), The History of Sulu (http://books.google.com/?id=FKETAAAAYAAJ), Bureau
of Printing
Saunders, Graham E. (2002), A History of Brunei (http://books.google.com/?id=SQ4t_OJgSjAC), Routledge,
ISBN978-0-7007-1698-2
Scott, William Henry (1994), Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippine Culture and Society (http://books.google.
com/?id=15KZU-yMuisC), Ateneo de Manila University Press, ISBN978-971-550-135-4
Tan, Samuel K. (2009), A History of the Philippines (http://books.google.com/?id=pw5FWmdNmj8C),
University of the Philippines Press, ISBN978-971-542-568-1
Tan, Samuel K. (2010), The Muslim South and Beyond (http://books.google.com/?id=csrZOk6yLosC),
University of the Philippines Press, ISBN978-971-542-632-9
United Nations Publications (2002), Case concerning sovereignty over Palau Ligitan and Palau Sipidan
(Indonesia/Malaysia). Judgment of 17December2002. International Court of Justice Series. Issue858 of Recueil
des arrts, avis consultatifs et ordonnances. Reports of judgments, advisory opinions and orders (http://books.
google.com/?id=GzlBxwniBBkC), United Nations Publications, ISBN978-92-1-070964-4

External links
Line of succession of the Sultans of Sulu of the Modern Era (http://www.gov.ph/2013/02/26/
line-of-succession-of-the-sultans-of-sulu-of-the-modern-era/) as published in the Official Gazette of the Republic
of the Philippines
Philippine Provincial Government of Sulu The official list of Sultans (http://www.sulu.gov.ph/Profile.
asp?mode=sultanate)
The official website of Royal House of Sulu (http://www.royalsultanateofsulu.org) under the guidance of
Sultan Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram, 35th Sultan of Sulu
Coordinates:
60307N
1210007E
(http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ geohack/
php?pagename=Sultanate_of_Sulu&params=6_03_07_N_121_00_07_E_source:kolossus-cawiki)

geohack.

Article Sources and Contributors

Article Sources and Contributors

Sultanate of Sulu Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=583034254 Contributors: 23prootie, 52 Pickup, Abductive, Abjiklam, About the Sultan, Adimovk5, Adkranz,
Aetheling1125, Agila81, Aisteco, AjaxSmack, Ajhis10, Alliando, Anthony Appleyard, Aotearoa, Arctic Kangaroo, Ariedartin, Astronloner, BD2412, Barkeep, Billinghurst, Binabik80, Blanche of
King's Lynn, Bnguyen, Bonvallite, Brianhe, Bryan cxgan, Burgundavia, Canglesea, Cccefalon, Chaiyan anantasat, Chris the speller, Clown in black and yellow, CommonsDelinker, Crazyeddie,
Dakilang Isagani, Danazach, Danlaycock, Dl2000, Domino theory, Dowcet, Duke of Kaliburan, Dysprosia, Earth, Ed veg, Edwardggs, Egard89, Entenman, Epinas, Ev, Fabyan17,
Farinelliilcastrato, Favonian, GLGerman, Gemberbarroso, GhostofSuperslum, Hariboneagle927, Hellenica, Hibernian, Hmains, IkonicDeath, Ilikecod, Iohannes Animosus, Irishpunktom, JL 09,
Jackson Peebles, Jason Quinn, Jmlp, Joemaza, JohnI, Jojit fb, Jondel, Jonesey95, Jonesy1289, JorisvS, Joseph Solis in Australia, Joyson Prabhu, Judax0909, KConWiki, Kaal, Kawaputra, Kimon,
Kostisl, Lagalag, Ldwedding, Leemon2010, Lgfcd, LionFosset, Lizavm, Lmcelhiney, Maias, Maproom, MariaOzawaTV1, Maverick kim, Mike Rosoft, Mild Bill Hiccup, Moray An Par, Mr
Accountable, Muhammad Mukhriz, Naddy, Naraht, Nimetapoeg, Nnemo, Nopira, Noypi380, OBCPO1, Orange Tuesday, Oscark, PacificWarrior101, Pansitkanton, Pearle, PhnomPencil,
RDAndrew, RNealK, RafaelMinuesa, Rafazmr, Ranking Update, Rich Farmbrough, Rjwilmsi, RudolfRed, Runehelmet, Ryan darknight, S129162, Sabil jikiri, Sabiljikiri, SarekOfVulcan,
SchreiberBike, Schwyz, Scoty6776, SeoMac, Shhhhwwww!!, SimonP, Skizzik, Sky Harbor, SpongeBob's Fan 100, Suaraadinda, Sulusultan, Tahir mq, Tigeroo, Tobias Conradi, Tomchiukc,
Tony1, Trust me, it's notable, Two hundred percent, UESPArules, VenomousConcept, Vivafilipinas, Voltacus, VoodooIsland, Voyaging, WereSpielChequers, Wesley Biggs, Winterst,
Woohookitty, Wtmitchell, XavierGreen, Xeltran, Yaris678, Yjwong, 268 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

File:Blank.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Blank.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Bastique, Chlewey, ChrisDHDR, It Is Me Here, Jed, Paradoctor,
Patrick, Penubag, Rocket000, Roomba, Timeroot, Tintazul
File:Late 19th Century Flag of Sulu.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Late_19th_Century_Flag_of_Sulu.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Orange Tuesday
(talk). Original uploader was Orange Tuesday at en.wikipedia
File:Sulu Sultanate 1822.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sulu_Sultanate_1822.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Zuanzuanfuwa
File:US flag 45 stars.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:US_flag_45_stars.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Abjiklam, Cycn, Homo lupus, Jacobolus,
Zscout370
File:Flag_of_North_Borneo.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_North_Borneo.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Orange Tuesday (talk) Original
uploader was Orange Tuesday at en.wikipedia
File:Bulungan Sultanate Flag.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bulungan_Sultanate_Flag.jpg License: unknown Contributors: uknown
File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Zscout370
File:Philippines Flag Original.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Philippines_Flag_Original.svg License: Public domain Contributors: own work, based on source
File:Flag of Indonesia.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Indonesia.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten by
User:Gabbe
File:Flag of Malaysia.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Malaysia.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: , and
File:Flag of the Philippines.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Achim1999
Image:Philippine History Collage.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Philippine_History_Collage.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: by Scorpion prinz
File:Sulu archipelago.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sulu_archipelago.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Kleomarlo
File:Brunei (left) Sulu (right) Overbeck.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Brunei_(left)_Sulu_(right)_Overbeck.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Sultan of
Brunei / Sultan of Sulu
File:W.C.Cowie and A.Cook-SultanOfSulu.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:W.C.Cowie_and_A.Cook-SultanOfSulu.png License: Public Domain Contributors:
Cccefalon
File:Suluflag.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Suluflag.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: RDAndrew
File:18th Century Flag of Sulu.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:18th_Century_Flag_of_Sulu.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0
Contributors: . Original uploader was Mircone at it.wikipedia
File:War Flag of Sulu Sultanate.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:War_Flag_of_Sulu_Sultanate.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0
Contributors: Cycn, Hariboneagle927, Smooth O
File:Bandeira Sultanato de Sulu Moderna.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bandeira_Sultanato_de_Sulu_Moderna.svg License: Public Domain Contributors:
User:Rafazmr
File:Merchant flag of the Chinese community in the Sulu Sultanate.svg Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Merchant_flag_of_the_Chinese_community_in_the_Sulu_Sultanate.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Zuanzuanfuwa

License
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