Mu Camatt2.20 PDF

Users guide
November 2011
Tunnels Study Centre
www.cetu.developpement-durable.gouv.fr
1
CAMATT 2.20
Users guide
November 2011
Software
WARNING
This software has been developed throuh resear!h !ondu!ted or !o""issioned b# C$T% and
tarets e&perien!ed professionals. While ever# possible pre!aution has been ta'en durin their
develop"ent and validation( the# "a# !ontain errors. %nder no !ir!u"stan!es "a# C$T% be
dee"ed liable for an# dire!t or indire!t da"ae that "a# be !aused b# usin this software. An#
users who dete!t errors or ina!!ura!ies when deplo#in the software are invited to notif# C$T%.
Tunnels Stud# Centre
2)( avenue *ran+ois Mitterrand
Case n,-
./.01 2R3N 4 *RANC$
T5l.6 77 8091 02 -1 71 00 : *a&6 77 8091 02 -1 71 70
!etu;developpe"ent4durable.ouv.fr
www.!etu.developpe"ent4durable.ouv.fr
C3NT$NTS
- G$TTING START$< WIT= CAMATT 2.20>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>)
1.1 Presentation of the application 5
1.2 Installing, launching and uninstalling the application 5
1.2.1 Windows 5
1.2.2 inu! "
1.# $eneral wor%ing scheme &
2 %SING CAMATT 2.20>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>?
2.1 Presentation of the main interface '
2.2 (enus )
2.2.1 *+ile, menu )
New )
-pen )
.lose 10
.lose all 10
/ave 10
/ave as 11
/ave all 11
0uplicate 11
Print preview 12
Print 1#
Preferences 1#
1ecent documents 1#
2uit 13
2.2.2 *4dit, menu 15
5ndo 15
1edo 15
0elete 15
/election mode 15
/elect all 1"
Previous 1"
Ne!t 1"
6oom in 1"
6oom out 1"
6oom bo! 1&
7iew all 1&
(ove 1&
$rid 1&
$roup devices 1&
5ngroup devices 1&
2.2.# *Networ%, menu 1'
8unnel 1'
1amp 22
9et fan arra: 23
In;ector 25
<lowing vent 2"
4!traction damper 2&
(assive e!traction 2'
ocal head loss 2)
=eraulic transparenc: #0
8raffic interruption #1
+ire #2
2.2.3 *Parameters, menu #3
8unnel > 1amps #3
*8unnel sections, tab #5
*1amps, tab #"
*ocal head losses, tab #&
0evices #'
*0istributed ventilation, tab 30
*9et fans, tab 30
*In;ectors, tab 30
2
*<lowing vents, tab 31
*4!traction dampers, tab 31
*(assive e!traction, tab 31
*=eraulic 8ransparencies, tab 32
*8raffic Interruptions, tab 32
8he button 32
8he and buttons 3#
Pressure at portals 33
+ire 3"
Pollution 3&
8raffic 3'
4nvironment 3)
0ata summar: 50
2.2.5 */imulation, menu 51
+ire mode 51
Pollution mode 51
2.2." *1esults, menu 5#
Plot results 5#
.urves f?!@ and f?t@ 53
.ontour lines f?!,t@ 5"
7iewing outAofAservice ;et fans 5&
/how traffic 5'
4!port results 5)
4!port traffic results "1
2.2.& *ibraries, menu "2
Wall materials "2
Pollutants "#
2.2.' *B, menu ""
CelpD ""
=boutD ""
2.# 8oolbar "&
2.3 0rawing sheet ")
2.3.1 0rawing area ")
2.3.2 <anner &0
1amp angle &0
/lopes of tunnel sections &0
8unnel orientation &0
0evices &1
2.3.# egend &1
2.3.3 /cale &1
7 S3@A$< $B%ATI3NS>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>02
#.1 .onservation of mass &2
#.2 .onservation of the momentum &2
#.2.1 inear source terms ?or sin%s@ &3
<uo:anc: forces &3
0rag ?air friction@ forces on tunnel walls &3
7ehicle forces on the air &3
#.2.2 ocal source terms ?or sin%s@ &"
0riving forces communicated to the air b: a ;et fan arra: &"
0riving forces communicated to the air b: an in;ector &"
+orces due to air drag in turbulence Eones &"
#.# .onservation of enthalp: &&
#.#.1 =mount of heat emitted b: the seat of the fire &&
#.#.2 .onvective heat transfers with walls &'
#.#.# 1adiant heat transfers with walls &'
#.#.3 8ransfers of heat during air blowing &'
0istributed blowing vents &)
ocal blowing vents &)
In;ectors &)
=eraulic transparencies &)
=ir entering via the portals '0
#
#.#.5 8ransfers of heat during air e!traction '0
0istributed e!traction dampers '1
ocal e!traction dampers '1
(assive e!tractions '1
=eraulic transparencies '1
=ir e!iting via the portals '2
#.3 Ceating of walls '2
#.5 8hermod:namic eFuations '#
#.5.1 4Fuation of state '#
#.5.2 /pecific enthalp: '#
#." 8ransport of a passive scalar '3
#.".1 $aseous pollutants '3
4missions of gaseous pollutants from the seat of a fire '5
4missions of gaseous pollutants b: road traffic '5
0istributed blowing vents '5
0istributed e!traction dampers '"
ocal blowing vents '"
ocal e!traction dampers '"
In;ectors '"
(assive e!tractions '"
=eraulic transparencies '&
=ir entering via the portals '&
=ir e!iting via the portals '&
#.".2 =ir opacit: ''
4missions of soot from the seat of a fire ')
4missions of particulates from road traffic ')
0istributed blowing vents ')
0istributed e!traction dampers ')
ocal blowing vents )0
ocal e!traction dampers )0
In;ectors )0
(assive e!tractions )0
=eraulic transparencies )1
=ir entering via the portals )1
=ir e!iting via the portals )1
3
- G$TTING START$< WIT= CAMATT 2.20
-.- Cresentation of the appli!ation
=nne! 1 of the +rench interAministerial circular No. 2000A"# of 25 =ugust 2000 relating to safet: in the
+rench road tunnel networ% reFuires a safet: dossier for all tunnels e!ceeding #00 m in length. In particular,
this dossier includes a specific haEard investigation, describing the accidents, of an: origin whatsoever, that
are li%el: to occur during operational phases, together with their t:pe and the magnitude of their possible
impact. In 200#, in order to assess the impacts of an inAtunnel fire and, more specificall:, to describe the
changes that ta%e place in ambient tunnel conditions, mainl: in the first #0 minutes following an outbrea% of
fire, the .485 developed .=(=88
1
to model road tunnel airflow in the presence of fire.
In addition to this specific use for haEards studies, .=(=88 is also used to siEe road tunnel ventilation
s:stems.
4ight :ears of use of .=(=88 revealed the need to develop a new release, the 2.20, aimed at correcting the
various listed bugs, improving the numerical convergence of calculations and integrating a new graphical
user interface, together with new functionalities such asG
+ an option for modelling fires, traffic or eFuipment in a ramp
+ an option for viewing traffic distribution within a tunnel and an: related ramps at an: given moment in time
+ a module for ma%ing calculations under stationar: operating conditions used to model the distribution of
pollutants in a tunnel and an: related ramps during normal operating conditions
+ the portabilit: of the solver and the graphics interface to inu!
-.2 Installin( laun!hin and uninstallin the appli!ation
-.2.- Windows
<es!ription of the installation
=s default, .=(=88 2.20 is installed in the .GHProgram *ilesDCAMATT 2.20 folder. =fter the installation, the
.=(=88 2.20 file tree loo%s li%e thisG
8he aide folder contains onAline software support in the form of a P0+ file.
8he bin folder contains the e!ecutable version of the software together with the libraries reFuired for its
correct operation ?binDlib folder@.
8he Ere folder contains the virtual 9=7= machine used to selfAstart the 9=7= programme ?with no additional
installation@.
+or each machine user, a folder named .!a"att is created in their folder C6D<o!u"ents and
SettinsDloin%tilisateur the first time the application is launched.
8his folder contains the following directoriesG
1 =cron:m for .=lcul (onoAdimensionnel =nisotherme 8ransitoire en 8unnel ?oneAdimensional anisothermal transient calculation in
tunnels@
5
+ bdd
8his folder contains the bdd.!ml file grouping all the pollutant and material characteristics. 8his file is
updated via the applicationIs graphical interface.
+ $&port
8his folder is automaticall: used to save all the J.csv files that can be e!ported from the applicationIs
graphics interface ?data summar:, aeraulics calculation result or traffic distribution for the selected
scenario at an: given time@.
+ Creferen!es
8his folder contains the .!ml file preferences that group all the application preferences defined b: the user
using the *Preferences, command in the *File, menu, i.e.G
K e!port folder for the data and results summar:
K pollutant definition units ?ppm or mg>m
#
@
K drawing sheet and curve parameters
colour and thic%ness of the lines s:mbolising tunnels or ramps
show or hide the scale
show or hide the grid
show or hide the %e:
show or hide outAofAservice ;et fans on the curves
K the list of buttons on the toolbar
@aun!h
8o launch .=(=88 2.20, doubleAclic% the icon generated automaticall: on the des%top during the
installation process.
8he application can also be accessed via the /tart>Programs>.=(=88 2.20 menu or b: doubleAclic%ing on a
J.cmf scenario file generated b: the application.
IllustrationG
When using .=(=88 2.20 for the first time, it is recommended to select the wor% folder to which will be
e!ported the files that can be generated b: .=(=88 2.20. 8o do this, use the *Preferences, command in the
*+ile, menu.
%ninstall
8o uninstall .=(=88 2.20, clic% 5ninstall .=(=88 2.20 in the /tart>Programs>.=(=88 2.20 menu. Lou also
need to delete the .!a"att folder located in the director: C6D<o!u"ents and SettinsDloin%tilisateur for
each user.
-.2.2 @inu&
0escription of the installation
When the camattA2.20A4NAlinu!.tar.gE pac%age ?or camattA2.20A+1Alinu!.tar.gE for the +rench version@ is
uncompressed in a folder of the user choice, the .=(=88A2.20 director: is created. 8he file tree in this folder
is as followG
8he aide folder contains onAline software support in the form of a P0+ file.
8he bin folder contains the e!ecutable version of the software together with the libraries reFuired for its
correct operation ?binDlib folder@.
8he Ere folder contains the virtual 9=7= machine used to selfAstart the 9=7= programme ?with no additional
installation@.
+or each machine user, a .!a"att folder is created in their F=3M$ folder the first time the application is
launched.
8his folder contains the following directoriesG
"
+ bdd
8his folder contains the bdd.!ml file that groups all the pollutant and material characteristics. 8his file is
updated via the applicationIs graphics interface.
+ $&port
8his folder is automaticall: used to save all the csv files that can be e!ported from the applicationIs
graphics interface ?data summar:, aeraulics calculation result or traffic distribution for the selected
scenario at an: given time@.
+ Creferen!es
8his folder contains the .!ml file preferences that group all the application preferences defined b: the user
using the *Preferences, command in the *File, menu, i.e.G
K e!port folder for the data and results summar:
K pollutant definition units ?ppm or mg>m
#
@
K drawing sheet and curve parameters
colour and thic%ness of the lines s:mbolising the tunnel or ramps
show or hide the scale
show or hide the grid
show or hide the %e:
show or hide outAofAservice ;et fans on the curves
K the list of buttons on the toolbar
@aun!h
8o launch .=(=88 2.20, doubleAclic% the camattA2.20.sh script located at the root level in the CAMATT 2.20
director: in the install folder.
8he application can also be launched b: t:ping the following command line in the install director:G .G!a"att4
2.20.sh
%ninstall
8o uninstall .=(=88 2.20, :ou need to delete the folder .=(=88 2.20 and also the .!a"att folder located in
:our F=3M$ director:.
-.7 General wor'in s!he"e
.=(=88 2.20 simulations are performed based on scenarios saved in M( files with a J.cmf e!tension.
= scenario corresponds to a tunnel with its ramps, if an:, and its eFuipment modelled in a drawing sheet and
lin%ed to a set of time, environment and traffic parameters that ma%e it possible to run the simulation.
<efore being able to run a simulation though, it is vital to enter all the scenario elements such as the
characteristics of the tunnel and an: related ramps, the eFuipment and their related controls, the traffic, the
fire and its evolution, etc. 5ntil these elements have been entered, the commands in the *Results, menu
used to launch the simulations remain shaded.
-nce a simulation has been run, the results are recorded when saving the scenario to a binar: file with a
J.res e!tension given the same name as the scenario.
/imulation results can be accessed via the commands in the *Results, menu that remains shaded until the
simulation has been completed. 8he: can be viewed using the curves describing airflow ?velocit:, flow rate,
total pressure or static pressure@, changes in ambient conditions ?air temperature and pollutant
concentrations@ and wall temperatures in the tunnel or an: related ramps. 8he: can also be e!ported to a
J.csv file that will be saved in the selected folder using the *Preferences, command in the *File, menu.
WARNING
H.!"f files enerated under CAMATT -.-7 to des!ribe a s!enario are not !o"patible with
CAMATT 2.20.
&
2 %SING CAMATT 2.20
2.- Cresentation of the "ain interfa!e
8he main interface of the .=(=88 2.20 release comprisesG
+ a menu bar
+ a toolbar
+ a drawing sheet
IllustrationG
8hese three elements are described in sections 2.2, 2.# and 2.3 of this 5ser $uide.
'
<rawin sheet
Menus
Toolbar
2.2 Menus
2.2.- I*ileJ "enu
8he *+ile, menu in the menu bar is mainl: used to handle scenarios ?create, open, close, save, print and
duplicate@ and to access application preferences.
IllustrationG
New
8his command is used to open a new blan% drawing sheet.
8his new drawing sheet is named */cenarioi, where i is the number of new drawing sheets created b: the
user. Note that the blan% drawing sheet */cenario1, is generated automaticall: on opening .=(=88.
8his command can also be accessed via the %e:board shortcut CtrlKN.
8he user can create as man: new drawing sheets as the: wish and switch between them b: simpl:
clic%ing on the corresponding tab.
IllustrationG
3pen
8his command is used to open an e!isting scenario using a dialog in which the user selects the J.cmf file
to be opened, then clic%s .
8his command can also be accessed via the %e:board shortcut CtrlK3.
8he user can also select several files to be opened using the Ctrl or Shift %e:s. 4ach scenario is then
loaded in a tab.
)
IllustrationG
IllustrationG
Close
8his command is used to close the selected scenario.
If the user has made changes, a message is displa:ed as%ing them whether the: want to save the
changes made to the current scenario.
=n: scenarios that have been changed but not saved are identified b: a star ?J@ ne!t to the scenarioIs
name.
8he user can also close a scenario b: clic%ing the cross on the left side of the tab.
IllustrationG
IllustrationG
Close all
8his command is used to close all the open scenarios.
If the user has made changes to one or more scenarios, a message is displa:ed for each modified
scenario, as%ing them whether the: want to save the changes.
Save
8his command is used to save the selected scenario as a J.cmf file.
8his command can also be accessed via the %e:board shortcut CtrlKS.
10
If the scenario has alread: been saved, the previous file version is overwritten.
If the user is saving the scenario for the first time, the: are invited to select the file name and the folder via
a dialog.
8here are no restrictions on the file name or location of a folder ?hard dis% or networ%@.
IllustrationG
Save as
8his command is used to save the selected scenario as a J.cmf file using a dialog in which the user can
select the file name and folder.
8here are no restrictions on the file name or location of the folder ?hard dis% or networ%@.
Save all
8his command is used to save each open scenario as a J.cmf file.
/cenarios are automaticall: given the file name *Name of the scenario.cmf,. =lso, if the folder alread:
contains a file of the t:pe *Name of the scenario .cmfN, the previous file version is overwritten.
If the user is saving one or more scenarios for the first time, the: are invited to select a file name and
folder for each scenario via a dialog.
8here are no restrictions on the file name or location of the folder ?hard dis% or networ%@.
<upli!ate
8his command is used to duplicate the selected scenario in full.
.=(=88 then automaticall: generates a new scenario b: cop:ing the modelled tunnel into a new drawing
sheet ?new tab@ that contains all the parameters for the selected scenario.
While this duplicate has e!actl: the same parameters as the originating scenario, these two scenarios are
completel: separate. .hanging a parameter on one of the scenarios has no effect on the parameters of
the other scenario.
8his new scenario is automaticall: named */cenarioi, where i is the number of new scenarios created b:
the userO i is alwa:s strictl: greater than 1 as the */cenario1, scenario is generated automaticall: on
opening .=(=88.
11
IllustrationG
Crint preview
8his command launches a graphics interface used to show the diagram as it will be printed when the user
starts the print.
8his interface is also used to change the la:out of the document to be printed and to start the print using
the and buttons respectivel:.
IllustrationG
12
Crint
8his command is used to print the part of the selected drawing sheet that can be seen on the displa:
using a dialog in which the user can enter the printing parametersG
+ choice of printer
+ properties of the selected printer
+ number of copies
IllustrationG
Creferen!es
8his command is used to open the application preferences dialog that lets the user change the following
itemsG
+ e!port directories for the results and data summar:
+ pollutant definition unit ?ppm or mg>m
#
@
+ drawing sheet and curve parameters
K colour and thic%ness of the lines s:mbolising the tunnel or ramps
K show or hide the scale
K show or hide the grid
K show or hide the %e:
K show or hide outAofAservice ;et fans on the curves
+ show buttons on the toolbar
IllustrationG
Re!ent do!u"ents
8his command is used for Fuic% access to the last five documents opened b: the user and opens a
scenario directl: ?selected from the list of most recentl: opened documents@ without using the *-pen,
command in the *+ile, menu.
1#
IllustrationG
Buit
8his command is used to close and Fuit the application.
If the user changes one or more scenarios before closing and Fuitting the application, a dialog is
displa:ed as%ing them whether the: wish to save the changes made to the scenarios.
13
2.2.2 I$ditJ "enu
8he *4dit, menu in the menu bar is used to access the various commands specific to the drawing sheet.
8his menu is also used to group and ungroup eFuipment of the same t:pe.
IllustrationG
%ndo
8his command is used to cancel the last action performed on the drawing sheet. +or e!ample, it lets the
user cancel the insertion of an element, or delete or move an element. 8his command does not, however,
have an: effect on the Eoom.
8his command can also be accessed via the %e:board shortcut CtrlKL.
Redo
8his command is used to repeat the last action cancelled on the drawing sheet, e!cept where this
involved an action on the Eoom.
8his command can also be accessed via the %e:board shortcut CtrlKM.
<elete
8his command is used to delete one or more elements previousl: selected b: the user.
8his command can also be accessed via the %e:board shortcut <el.
Sele!tion "ode
/witching to the applicationIs select mode selects one or more elements in the drawing sheet in order to
delete or move them. If several eFuipment of the same t:pe are selected, the: can be grouped in order to
define a single control for them all.
When the application is in select mode, the toolbar button is shown on a white bac%ground and a tic%
appears in front of the corresponding menu.
IllustrationG
15
8he chosen element is selected b: clic%ing on itO the element can be moved b: leftAclic%ing the selected
element and then dragging it.
When a tunnel section ?or ramp@ is selected, it is highlighted b: the displa: of a green sFuare at each
edge. When one of these edges also corresponds to one of the ends of the tunnel, a red rather than a
green sFuare is displa:ed.
IllustrationG
When a piece of eFuipment is selected, it is highlighted b: the displa: of four :ellow sFuares outlining it.
IllustrationG
When a group of eFuipment is selected, it is highlighted b: the displa: of four green sFuares outlining
each piece of selected eFuipment. /electing one element in a group results in the automatic selection of
all the other elements in this group.
IllustrationG
/everal elements can be selected simultaneousl: b: pressing the Ctrl %e: when selecting each
eFuipment using the mouse, or b: selecting an area in the window b: leftAclic%ing the mouse while
dragging it.
Sele!t all
8his command is used to simultaneousl: select all the elements in the diagram.
8his command can also be accessed via the %e:board shortcut CtrlKA.
IllustrationG
Crevious
8his command is used to cancel the last action performed on the Eoom and to go bac% to the imageIs
previous displa:.
Ne&t
8his command can onl: be accessed if the *Previous, command has been used, otherwise it remains
shaded.
It is therefore used to cancel the last action performed on the Eoom with the *Previous, command and to
go bac% to the imageIs previous displa:.
Loo" in
8his command is used to Eoom in on the drawing sheet.
Loo" out
8his command is used to Eoom out on the drawing sheet.
1"
Loo" bo&
8his command is used to Eoom in or out of an area on the selected drawing sheet that the user has
selected within a rectangle using the mouse.
Aiew all
8his command is used to automaticall: ad;ust the Eoom to give an overall view of the modelled tunnel.
Move
/witching to the applicationIs pan mode lets the user move the whole diagram around the drawing sheet
using the mouse, i.e. in order to centre it.
When the application is in pan mode, the toolbar button is shown on a white bac%ground, a tic% appears in
front of the corresponding menu and the mouse pointer is shown as a hand.
IllustrationG
Grid
8his command is used to displa: or delete the drawing sheet grid. 8his grid helps to place elements on
the drawing sheet.
8he grid is automaticall: displa:ed on the drawing sheet area. Cowever, the user can mas% it if the: wish
using the *Preferences, command in the *File, menu.
When the grid is displa:ed, the toolbar button is shown on a white bac%ground and a tic% appears in front
of the corresponding menu.
IllustrationG
Group devi!es
8his command is used to group several devices of the same t:pe that were previousl: selected b: the
user so as to enter their control characteristics in one single, simultaneous actionO a single device can
onl: belong to one group.
8he devices to be grouped are selected b: pressing the Ctrl %e: when selecting each piece of eFuipment
with the mouse, or b: using the mouse to select an area in the window b: leftAclic%ing the mouse and
dragging it.
If the user selects a device alread: belonging to a group, all devices in that group will be selected, each
one being outlined b: four green sFuares.
%nroup devi!es
8his command is used to ungroup devices of the same t:pe that were previousl: grouped earlier b: the
user.
1&
2.2.7 INetwor'J "enu
8he *Networ%, menu in the menu bar is used to model the tunnel with, where applicable, its ramps,
ventilation eFuipment and closure s:stems.
IllustrationG
-n opening a new drawing sheet, all the commands are shaded e!cept for those used to model a tunnel.
(odelling a tunnel on the drawing sheet activates all other commands and deactivates that used to model a
tunnel as onl: one tunnel can be modelled on the drawing sheet at an: given time.
Tunnel
8his command is used to insert a tunnel comprising one or more sections in the drawing sheet.
4ach tunnel section is delineated b: two nodesG
+ one *upstream, node corresponding to the first node created on the drawing sheet
+ one *downstream, node corresponding to the second node created on the drawing sheet
Note that, even after having inserted a tunnel on the drawing sheet, :ou can still change the length of the
tunnel or add a tunnel section b: acting directl: on the drawing sheet rather than using the *8unnel,
command, which has been deactivated.
To insert a tunnel on the drawin sheet
1@ /elect the *8unnel, command.
IllustrationG
1'
2@ +irst, leftAclic% on the drawing sheet with the mouse.
= leftAclic% of the mouse creates the upstream node for the first tunnel section.
IllustrationG
#@ (ove the mouse without clic%ing.
8he length of the inserted tunnel section is displa:ed for information.
IllustrationG
3@ .lic% on the drawing sheet a second time using a right or leftAclic% of the mouse.
= leftAclic% creates the downstream node for the section maintaining the *draw tunnel section,
mode active. 8he user can therefore create as man: sections as the: wish b: repeating operation
# with a leftAclic% of the mouse.
8he rightAclic% is used to create the downstream node of the section b: deactivating the *draw
tunnel section, mode. 8his action is used to create the downstream node for the last tunnel
1)
left
!li!'
section.
Illustration of a right-click (tunnel with a single section)G
Illustration with a left-click, followed by a right-click (tunnel with two sections)G
1ightAclic%ing on the mouse also automaticall: generates a local head loss and imposed pressure
condition at each end of the tunnel.
To !hane the lenth of a tunnel se!tion via the drawin sheet
1@ /witch to the select mode using the */elect mode, command in the *4dit, menu where necessar:,
then leftAclic% the mouse to select the tunnel section that needs to have its length changed.
2@ Point the mouse on the upstream or downstream node of the end of the selected tunnel section
and then leftAclic% the mouse.
20
riht
!li!'
left
!li!'
riht
!li!'
IllustrationG
#@ eftAclic% and drag the mouse.
8he new length of the tunnel section is displa:ed for information.
IllustrationG
3@ 1elease the mouseIs left button to place the node in its new position.
To add a tunnel se!tion via the drawin sheet
then leftAclic% the mouse to select the tunnel end section to which the new tunnel section is to be
added.
2@ Point the mouse on the tunnel endIs upstream or downstream node depending on which end
section has been selected, then press the Ctrl %e: and leftAclic% the mouse.
21
left
!li!'
with
left
!li!'
Illustration with the ost downstrea end section selectedG
#@ eftAclic% and drag the mouse while holding down the Ctrl %e:.
8he length of the newl: inserted tunnel section is displa:ed for information.
IllustrationG
3@ 1elease the mouseIs left button to position the upstream or downstream node of the newl:
inserted tunnel section depending on which end section has been selected.
1eleasing the left button deactivates the *tunnel line, mode and automaticall: relocates the head
loss and the imposed pressure condition to the new tunnel portal.
Ra"p
8his command is used to insert a ramp with a single section.
1amps can onl: be inserted at the ;unction between two tunnel sections. It is therefore impossible to
place a ramp at the end of tunnel.
22
left
!li'
K
Ctrl
with
left
!li!'
K
Ctrl
It is also impossible to place two concurrent ramps at the same ;unction between two tunnel sections.
8o insert a ramp on the drawing sheet
then select one of the two sections between which the ramp is to be inserted.
2@ /elect the *1amp,command.
IllustrationG
#@ Point the mouse on the node corresponding to the ;unction between the tunnel and the ramp and
leftAclic% on the mouse.
IllustrationG
3@ 0rag the mouse while holding the left button in a direction other than that of the tunnel.
8he length of the inserted ramp is displa:ed for information.
2#
left
!li!'
IllustrationG
5@ 1elease the mouseIs left button to position the rampIs upstream node
2
.
1eleasing the left button deactivates the *ramp line, mode and automaticall: generates a head
loss and an imposed pressure condition at the end of the ramp.
Net fan arra#
8his command is used to insert a ;et fan arra: in tunnel or a ramp.
= ;et fan is a fan attached to a tunnel wall or ceiling that is used to add a local momentum source term in
the longitudinal direction without adding a mass source term. = ;et fan arra: consists in a group of several
;et fans installed at the same location.
To insert a Eet fan arra# into a drawin sheet
1@ /elect the *9et fan arra:, command.
IllustrationG
When this command is activated, the button in the toolbar is shown on a white bac%ground and
the s:mbol appears in front of the corresponding command.
2 .=(=88 2.20 automaticall: generates an entrance ramp
23
IllustrationG
2@ Point the mouse at the place where the ;et fan arra: is to be inserted and leftAclic% on the mouse.
8he arra: is then added to the drawing sheet and the ;et fan characteristics can be entered via
the *Paraeters, menu.
IllustrationG
8o add other ;et fan arra:s, ;ust repeat this operation as man: times as necessar: using the
mouseIs left button.
#@ -nce all the ;et fan arra:s have been added, select the *;et fan arra:, command to deactivate it.
8he toolbar button no longer appears on a white bac%ground and the s:mbol is no longer
visible in front of the corresponding command.
8his command is also deactivated automaticall: if another command is activated.
-nce all the ;et fan arra:s have been added, the *$roup devices, command in the *4dit, menu can be
used to regroup several ;et fan arra:s so as to define their ;oint control characteristics.
InEe!tor
8his command is used to insert an in;ector in a tunnel or a ramp.
=n in;ector is a fan that is located either in a ventilation plant or in a duct, and used to deliver a directional
;et of outside air into a tunnel. It can therefore be used to ma%e local additions of both a momentum
source term in the longitudinal direction and a mass source term.
To insert an inEe!tor on the drawin sheet
1@ /elect the *In;ector, command.
When this command is activated, the button in the toolbar is shown on a white bac%ground
and a tic% appears in front of the corresponding command.
IllustrationG
25
left
!li!'
2@ Point the mouse at the place where the in;ector is to be inserted and leftAclic% on the mouse.
8he in;ector is then added to the drawing sheet and its characteristics can be entered via the
*Paraeters, menu.
IllustrationG
8o add other in;ectors, ;ust repeat this operation as man: times as necessar: using the mouseIs
left button.
#@ -nce all the in;ectors have been added, select the *In;ectors, command to deactivate it. 8he
toolbar button no longer appears on a white bac%ground and the s:mbol is no longer visible in
front of the corresponding command.
-nce all the in;ectors have been added, the *!rou" devices, command in the *#dit, menu can be used to
regroup several in;ectors so as to define their ;oint control characteristics.
2lowin vent
8his command is used to insert a blowing vent in a tunnel or a ramp.
= blowing vent is used to blow e!ternal air into a tunnel at ambient temperature, perpendicular to the
airflow in the tunnel. It can therefore be used to ma%e local additions of a mass source term without
adding a momentum source term.
To insert a blowin vent in the drawin sheet
1@ /elect the *<lowing vent, command.
and the s:mbol appears in front of the corresponding command.
IllustrationG
2@ Point the mouse at the place where the blowing vent is to be inserted and leftAclic% on the mouse.
2"
left
!li!'
IllustrationG
8o add other blowing vents, ;ust repeat this operation as man: times as necessar: using the
#@ -nce all the blowing vents have been added, select the *<lowing vents, command to deactivate it.
8he toolbar button no longer appears on a white bac%ground and the s:mbol is no longer visible
in front of the corresponding command.
-nce all the blowing vents have been added, the *$roup devices, command in the *4dit, menu can
be used to regroup several blowing vents so as to define their ;oint control characteristics.
$&tra!tion da"per
8his command is used to insert an e!traction damper in a tunnel or a ramp.
=n e!traction damper is used to e!tract air from the tunnel locall: as reFuired perpendicular to the airflow
in the tunnel. It therefore ma%es it possible to e!tract mass source terms locall: without adding a
momentum source term.
N3T$
In !ontrast to "assive e&tra!tion( the "ass flow rate e&tra!ted b# an e&tra!tion da"per does
not depend on the te"perature of the e&tra!ted air. It is therefore !onstant and eOual to oBv(
where o is the densit# of a"bient air and Bv is the flow rate of the e&tra!tion devi!e lo!ated
upstrea" of the e&tra!tion da"per. This assu"es( therefore( that the e&tra!tion fans are
lo!ated in an area suffi!ientl# far awa# fro" the fire not to be affe!ted b# the te"perature.
To insert an e&tra!tion da"per into the drawin sheet
1@ /elect the *4!traction damper, command.
and the s:mbol appears in front of the corresponding menu.
IllustrationG
2&
left
!li!'
2@ Point the mouse at the place where the e!traction damper is to be inserted and leftAclic% on the
mouse.
8he e!traction damper is then added to the drawing sheet and its characteristics can be entered
via the *Paraeters, menu.
IllustrationG
8o add other e!traction dampers, ;ust repeat this operation as man: times as necessar: using the
#@ -nce all the e!traction dampers have been added, select the *4!traction damper, command to
deactivate it. 8he toolbar button no longer appears on a white bac%ground and the s:mbol is
no longer visible in front of the corresponding command.
-nce all the e!traction dampers have been added, the *!rou" devices, command in the *#dit, menu can
be used to regroup several e!traction dampers so as to define their ;oint control characteristics.
Massive e&tra!tion
8his command is used to insert a massive e!traction in a tunnel or a ramp.
=s with an e!traction damper, a massive e!traction is used to e!tract air from the tunnel locall:,
perpendicular to the airflow in the tunnel. It therefore ma%es it possible to e!tract mass source terms
locall: without adding a momentum source term.
N3T$
In !ontrast to an e&tra!tion da"per( the "ass flow rate e&tra!ted b# a "assive e&tra!tion
depends on the te"perature of the e&tra!ted air. This eOuals Bv( where is the densit# of air
in the tunnel opposite the "assive e&tra!tion and Bv is the "assive e&tra!tion flow rate. This
therefore assu"es that the e&tra!tion fans are lo!ated in the i""ediate vi!init# of the
e&tra!tion point.
8o insert a massive e!traction into the drawing sheet
1@ /elect the *(assive e!traction, command.
2'
left
!li!'
IllustrationG
2@ Point the mouse on the tunnel at the place where the massive e!traction is to be inserted and leftA
clic% on the mouse.
8he massive e!traction is then added to the drawing sheet and its characteristics can be entered
via the *Paraeters, menu.
IllustrationG
8o add other massive e!tractions, ;ust repeat this operation as man: times as necessar: using
the mouseIs left button.
#@ -nce all the massive e!tractions have been added, select the *(assive e!traction, command to
deactivate it. 8he toolbar button no longer appears on white bac%ground and the s:mbol is no
longer visible in front of the corresponding command.
-nce all the massive e!tractions have been added, the *!rou" devices, command in the *#dit, menu can
be used to regroup several massive e!tractions so as to define their ;oint control characteristics.
@o!al head loss
8his command is used to insert a local head loss in a tunnel or ramp, generall: caused b: a sudden
change in the crossAsection area.
To insert a head loss in the drawin sheet
1@ /elect the *ocal head loss, command.
IllustrationG
2)
left
!li!'
2@ Point the mouse at the place where the local head loss is to be inserted and leftAclic% on the
mouse.
8he local head loss is then added to the drawing sheet and its characteristics can be entered via
the *Paraeters, menu.
IllustrationG
8o add other local head losses, ;ust repeat this operation as man: times as necessar: using the
#@ -nce all the local head losses have been added, select the *ocal head loss, command to
Aerauli! transparen!#
8his command is used to insert an aeraulic transparenc: in a tunnel or ramp.
=n aeraulic transparenc: is a large ceiling opening that connects with the outside. 0epending on the sign
of the pressure difference on either side of the aeraulic transparenc:, air is either e!tracted from or blown
into the tunnel. 8his e!change is alwa:s perpendicular to the airflow in the tunnel. 8herefore, depending
on the sign of the pressure difference on either side, an aeraulic transparenc: is used to locall: subtract
or add a mass source term without adding a momentum source term.
N3T$
An aerauli! transparen!# is "odelled as a lo!al head loss with a !oeffi!ient of -.)
!orrespondin to a narrowin and then a sudden widenin( s!aled to the !ross4se!tion of the
aerauli! transparen!#( followed b# pressuriPin to a"bient pressure. When air is e&tra!ted
fro" the tunnel( its te"perature is that of the air in the tunnel opposite the aerauli!
transparen!#Q when air is blown into the tunnel( its te"perature is that of a"bient air.
To insert an aerauli! transparen!# in the drawin sheet
1@ /elect the *=eraulic transparenc:, command.
When this command is activated, the button of the toolbar is shown on a white bac%ground
#0
left
!li!'
IllustrationG
2@ Point the mouse at the place where the aeraulic transparenc: is to be inserted and leftAclic% on
the mouse.
8he aeraulic transparenc: is then added in the drawing sheet and its characteristics can be
entered via the menu *ParaetersN.
IllustrationG
8o add other aeraulic transparencies, ;ust repeat this operation as man: times as necessar:
using the mouseIs left button.
#@ -nce all the aeraulic transparencies have been added, select the *=eraulic transparenc:,
command to deactivate it. 8he toolbar button no longer appears on a white bac%ground and the
s:mbol is no longer visible in front of the corresponding command.
-nce all the aeraulic transparencies have been added, the *!rou" devices, command in the *#dit, menu
can be used to regroup several aeraulic transparencies so as to define their ;oint control characteristics.
Traffi! interruption
8his command is used to insert a traffic interruption in a tunnel or ramp.
= traffic interruption is a barrier, traffic light or an: other s:stem used to stop vehicles located upstream ?in
relation to the direction of traffic@.
To insert a traffi! interruption in the drawin sheet
1@ /elect the *traffic interruption, command.
IllustrationG
#1
@eft
!li!'
2@ Point the mouse at the place where the traffic interruption is to be inserted and leftAclic% on the
mouse.
8he traffic interruption is then added to the drawing sheet and its control characteristics can be
entered via the *Paraeters, menu.
IllustrationG
8o add other traffic interruptions, ;ust repeat this operation as man: times as necessar: using the
#@ -nce all the traffic interruptions have been added, select the *traffic interruption, command to
-nce all the traffic interruptions have been added, the *!rou" devices, command in the *#dit, menu can
be used to regroup several aeraulic transparencies so as to define their ;oint control characteristics.
*ire
8his command is used to insert a fire in a tunnel or ramp.
-nl: one single fire can be modelled.
8o insert a fire in the drawing sheet
1@ /elect the *+ire, command.
IllustrationG
2@ Point the mouse at the place where fire is to be inserted and leftAclic% on the mouse.
8he fire is then added to the drawing sheet and its characteristics can be entered via the
*Paraeters, menu.
#2
left
!li!'
IllustrationG
#@ -nce the fire has been added, the command is automaticall: deactivated as onl: one single fire
can be modelled at a time. 8he toolbar button is shaded and the s:mbol is no longer visible in
front of the corresponding command.
##
left
!li!'
2.2.1 ICara"etersJ "enu
8he *Parameters, menu in the menu bar is used to enter all the data for the model, thereb: parameteringG
+ tunnel sections and an: ramps
+ eFuipment and their controls
+ pressure conditions at interfaces with the outside
+ fire
+ pollutant concentrations in ambient air
+ traffic
+ tunnel environment
8his menu is also used to e!port a J.t!t file summariEing the data for the model entered b: the user.
IllustrationG
-n opening a new drawing sheet, all the commands are shaded e!cept for that used to define the tunnel
environment.
(odelling a tunnel and an: related ramps and eFuipment using the *$etwork, menu activates all the
commands, with the e!ception of the *Fire, and *0ata summar:, commands.
8he *Fire, command is onl: activated if a fire has been modelled in the drawing sheet using the *Fire,
command in the *$etwork, menu.
8he *%ata suary, command is onl: activated when all the elements modelled in the drawing sheet using
the *$etwork, menus ?tunnel, ramps, eFuipment and fire@ have been full: parametered using the *&unnel '
Ra"sN, *%evices, commands and, where applicable, the *Fire, command in the *Paraeters, menu.
Illustration of a tunnel odelled with no fire on the drawing sheetG
Tunnel G Ra"ps
8his command uses a dialog to enter the characteristics for the tunnel sections, ramps and local head
losses that are automaticall: generated at the ends of a tunnel and at an: related ramps for the selected
scenario.
8he dialog contains two or three tabs depending on whether there is a ramp.
#3
8he first tab, entitled *8unnel sectionsN, is used to enter the characteristics of each tunnel section
modelled in the drawing sheet.
8he second tab, entitled *1ampsN, is onl: displa:ed if a ramp has alread: been modelled in the drawing
sheet. It is used to enter the characteristics of each ramp modelled in the drawing sheet.
8he last tab, entitled *ocal head lossesN, is used to enter local head loss coefficients at the ends of the
tunnel and an: ramps, where applicable.
Illustration of the (&unnel sections) tabG
Illustration of the (Ra"s) tab*
Illustration of the (+ocal head losses) tab*
8he user moves around the tables either b: pointing and then leftAclic%ing the mouse on the fields to be
selected, or b: using the following %e:board %e:sG
+ select the cell content in the ne!t columnG Tab
+ select the cell content in the previous columnG MaE K Tab
+ select the cell content in the ne!t lineG R
+ select the cell content in the previous lineG P
N3T$
To be ta'en into a!!ount( the value entered in a field "ust be !onfir"ed either b# !li!'in
outside the sele!ted field( or b# pressin the $nter 'e#.
8he following tables describe the fields to be filled in for each of the # tabs, their default value and their
area of validit:G
ITunnel se!tionsJ tab
*ield <es!ription %nit <efault value Area of validit#
@abel
=lphanumeric code used to name the
tunnel section
A 8unnel sect. No i
?I@
.haracter string
@enth ength of the tunnel section m
ength indicated when
creating the section in the
drawing sheet
?II@
Positive real number
Cross4se!tion area
.rossAsection through the tunnel
section
m
2
0
?III@
1eal number belonging
to Q0O1000R
Ceri"eter
Perimeter of the tunnel section or
ramp
m 0
?III@
#5
Slope 84 if downhill9
7alue of the tunnel section slope in
the upstream A downstream direction.
Negative if the tunnel section is
descending and positive if it is rising
S 0 1eal number
*ri!tion !oeffi!ient
+riction coefficient of the tunnel
section walls
A 0.025
to Q0O1Q
Material -
+irst t:pe of material used for the
tunnel section walls.
8his is chosen from the list of wall
materials defined in the *libraries,
menu
A .oncrete A
Material 2
/econd t:pe of material used for the
tunnel section walls.
menu
A .oncrete A
Croportion of
"aterial -
Proportion of material 1 in relation to
material 2 in a part of the tunnel
section
S 100
to Q0O100Q
?I@
i corresponds to the tunnel section creation ran%ing. If a ramp is inserted between tunnel sections i and iT1, tunnel sections ran%ed higher than iT1
are automaticall: incremented b: 1.
?II@
8he length of the tunnel section is automaticall: updated b: the application according to the position of the end nodes on the drawing sheet.
.onversel:, if the user modifies the length of the tunnel section in this field, the tunnel section modelled in the drawing sheet will be automaticall:
updated.
?III@
8he default value does not belong in the area of validit:O it must therefore be replaced b: a valid value.
IRa"psJ tab
@abel
ramp
A 1amp No. ;
?I@
.haracter string
@enth ength of the ramp m
ength indicated when
creating the ramp in the
drawing sheet
?II@
Cross4se!tion area .rossAsection of the ramp m
2
0
?III@
to Q0O1000R
Ceri"eter Perimeter of the ramp section m 0
?III@
Slope 84 if downhill9
7alue of the ramp slope in the
upstream A downstream direction.
Negative if the ramp is descending
and positive if it is rising
S 0 1eal number
*ri!tion !oeffi!ient +riction coefficient of the ramp walls A 0,025
to Q0O1Q
Anle =ngle of the ramp with the tunnel
?I7@
U
=ngle indicated when
creating the ramp in the
drawing sheet
?7@
to Q0O)0R
3rientation 4ntrance or e!it ramp A 4ntrance 4ntrance and 4!it
Traffi! dire!tion
0irection of traffic flow in the tunnel
associated with the ramp
A 5pstr. A 0ownst.
N5pstr. A 0ownst. * and
N0ownst. 5pstr. *
Material -
+irst t:pe of material used for the
ramp wall.
menu
A .oncrete A
Material 2
/econd t:pe of material used for the
ramp wall.
menu
A .oncrete A
Croportion of
"aterial -
Proportion of material 1 in relation to
material 2 in a section of the ramp
S 100
to Q0O100Q
(I)
If a ramp is inserted between tunnel sections i and iT1, ; is eFual to iT1O tunnel sections ran%ed higher than iT1 are automaticall: incremented b: 1.
?II@
8he length of the ramp is automaticall: updated b: the application according to the position of the end nodes in the drawing sheet. .onversel:, if
#"
the user modifies the length of the ramp in this field, the ramp modelled in the drawing sheet will be automaticall: updated.
?III@
?I7@
8he angle has to be entered b: ta%ing account of the direction of traffic in the tunnel associated with the ramp and of the t:pe of ramp entered via
the *0irection, and *-rientation, fields respectivel:.
If the direction of traffic in the tunnel associated with the ramp is *5pstream A 0ownstreamN, the angle to be entered isG
for an entrance ramp, the angle between the tunnel section located upstream of the ;unction in the direction of traffic and the ramp
for an e!it ramp, the angle between the tunnel section located downstream of the ;unction in the direction of traffic and the ramp
If the direction of traffic in the tunnel associated with the ramp is *0ownstream A 5pstreamN, the angle to be entered isG
for an entrance ramp, the angle between the tunnel section located downstream of the ;unction in the direction of traffic and the ramp
for an e!it ramp, the angle between the tunnel section located upstream of the ;unction in the direction of traffic and the ramp
8he following table gives all the possible optionsG
STraffi! dire!tionJ
field
S3rientationJ field Anle
5pstr. A 0ownst. 4ntrance
5pstr. A 0ownst. 4!it
0ownst. 5pstr. 4ntrance
0ownst. 5pstr. 4!it
?7@
8he default value does not necessaril: belong to the area of validit:O it must therefore be replaced b: a valid value.
-nce the dialog has been confirmed, the angle of the ramp is automaticall: updated in the drawing sheet according to the elements entered in the
*=ngleN, *-rientation, and *8raffic direction, fields.
N3T$
In the CAMATT 2.20 release( the fun!tion used to ta'e a!!ount of head losses at the Eun!tion
has not been a!tivated as it "a# !ause diital diveren!e proble"s with !ertain flow rei"es.
Also( the value entered in the IAnleJ field has no effe!t on the !al!ulations. Conversel#( this
value has to belon to the area of validit# T0Q/0U.
I@o!al head lossesJ tab
@abel
local head loss
A
Portal loss No. i or
ocal loss No. ;
?I@
.haracter string
@o!al !ross4
se!tion area
section or ramp at the level of the
local head loss
m
2
.rossAsection through the
tunnel section or ramp at
the level of the local head
loss
?II@
NonAmodifiable
Referen!e !ross4
se!tion area
.rossAsection used to calculate the
head loss
?III@
m
2
the level of the local head
loss
to Q0O1000R
%pst. 4 <ownst.
=ead loss !oeff.
.oefficient representing the head
loss for an airflow in the upstream A
downstream direction
A 0 or 0.5 or 1
?I7@
<ownst. 4 %pst.
=ead loss !oeff.
.oefficient representing the head
loss for an airflow in the 0ownstream
A 5pstream direction
A 0 or 0.5 or 1
?I7@
<ist. fro" upstrea" Position of the local head loss
?7@
.alculated based on the
position of the ;et fan arra:
in the drawing sheet
?7I@
or
positioned 0.10 m from a
portal
Non modifiable or
to Q0Ol tunnelR or Q0Ol rampR
?I@
Portal loss No.i describes the head loss located at the level of the tunnel portal.
Portal loss No.1 describes the head loss located at the level of the tunnel portal corresponding to the tunnelIs upstream node.
Portal loss No.2 describes the head loss located at the level of the tunnel portal corresponding to the tunnelIs downstream node.
Portal loss No.i with iV2 describes the head loss located at the level of the ramp portal that alwa:s corresponds to a downstream node as the
upstream node is the one located at the level of the ;unction with the tunnel. +or each ramp, i ta%es the value nT2 where n corresponds to the
creation ran%ing of the ramp in the drawing sheet.
ocal loss No.% describes a local head loss. If a local head loss is inserted in a tunnel or ramp, % is eFual to i ma! T 1. It is then incremented b: 1
with each new insertion of a local head loss.
?II@
8he interior Eone is displa:ed for information on an orange bac%ground and corresponds to the value entered in the *.rossAsection area, fields of
the *8unnel sections, and *1amps, tabs for the *8unnels > 1amps, command.
?III@
8he *reference section, noted /ref appears in the e!pansion eFuation for the following head lossG
AP=
1
2
j(
2
2
/
ref
2
#&
avec
AP G head loss
j G air densit:
( G head loss coefficient
2 G flow rate
?I7@
8he head loss coefficient automaticall: eFuals 0 e!cept for the head losses located at the portals of a tunnel or ramp.
+or the head loss located at the level of the tunnel portal corresponding to the tunnelIs upstream node, the head loss coefficient in the upstream A
downstream direction eFuals 0.5 and that in the 0ownstream A 5pstream direction eFuals 1.
+or the head loss located at the level of the tunnel portal corresponding to the tunnelIs downstream node, the head loss coefficient in the upstream
A downstream direction eFuals 1 and that in the 0ownstream A 5pstream direction eFuals 0.5.
+or the head loss located at the level of the ramp portal that alwa:s corresponds to a downstream node, the head loss coefficient in the upstream A
downstream direction eFuals 1 and that in the 0ownstream A 5pstream direction eFuals 0.5.
?7@
+or a head loss located in the tunnel, the upstream distance corresponds to its position in relation to the tunnelIs upstream node.
+or a head loss located in a ramp, the upstream distance corresponds to its position in relation to the portal of the ramp for an entrance ramp and
in relation to its ;unction with the tunnel for an e!it ramp.
?7I@
-nce the dialog has been confirmed, the position of the local head loss is automaticall: updated on the drawing sheet.
<evi!es
8his command uses a dialog to enter the characteristics of all the eFuipment modelled in the drawing
sheet for the selected scenario, i.e.G
+ ;et fan arra:s
+ in;ectors
+ blowing vents
+ e!traction dampers
+ massive e!tractions
+ aeraulic transparencies
+ traffic interruptions
It is also used to enter, for each tunnel section and ramp in the drawing sheet, the characteristics of the
distributed blown or e!tracted flow rate.
8he dialog ma: therefore contain 1 to ' tabs depending on the t:pe of eFuipment modelled in the drawing
sheet.
8he first tab, entitled *0istributed ventilationN, is used to enter the characteristics of the distributed blown
or e!tracted flow rate for each tunnel section and ramp.
8he other tabs, entitled *9et fansN, *In;ectorsN, *<lowing ventsN, *4!traction dampersN, *(assive
e!tractionsN, *=eraulic transparencies, and *8raffic interruptions, onl: appear in this order if the related
eFuipment is modelled in the drawing sheet. 8he: are used to enter the characteristics for each
eFuipment.
Illustration of the (%istributed ventilation) tabG
Illustration of the (,et fans) tabG
Illustration of the (In-ectors) tabG
#'
Illustration of the (.lowing vents) tabG
Illustration of the (#/traction da"ers) tabG
Illustration of the (0assive e/tractions) tabG
Illustration of the (1eraulic trans"arencies) tabG
Illustration of the (&raffic interru"tions) tabG
=ll the tabs in the dialog have the same structureO the: containG
+ fields used to characterise eFuipment and its location
+ for eFuipment blowing air into a tunnel or ramp, a button used to characterise pollutant
concentrations in the blown air
+ a button used for individual eFuipment control
+ where applicable, a button that replaces the button used to simultaneousl:
control several eFuipment of the same t:pe that were previousl: grouped using the *!rou",
command in the *#dit, menu
N3T$
To be ta'en into a!!ount( the value entered in a field "ust be validated either b# !li!'in
outside the sele!ted field( or b# pressin the $nter 'e#.
8he following tables describe the fields characterising the eFuipment to be filled in for each of the ' tabs,
their default value and their area of validit:G
#)
I<istributed ventilationJ tab
@abel Name of the tunnel section or ramp A
8unnel section No. i or
1amp No. ;
Non modifiable
?I@
<istributed blowin
flow rate
7alue of the distributed blowing flow
rate in the tunnel section
m
#
.s
A1
.m
A1
0 Positive real number
<istributed e&tra!tion
flow rate
7alue of the distributed e!traction
flow rate
m
#
.s
A1
.m
A1
?I@
8he description?s@ automaticall: correspond to those entered in the *abel, fields of the *8unnel sections, or *1amps, tab of the *8unnels > 1amps,
command in the *Parameters, menu.
INet fansJ tab
@abel Name of the ;et fan arra: A =rra: No. i .haracter string
Nu"ber of Eet fans
Number of ;et fans ma%ing up the
arra:
A 1 Positive whole number
%nit free4field thrust
8hrust of a ;et fan in the arra:.
=ll the ;et fans in the arra: are
assumed to be identical.
N 0 1eal number
Net velo!it#
/peed at which air is e;ected from a
;et fan outlet
m.s
A1
#0 Positive real number
$ffi!ien!#
-verall efficienc: of the ;et fan arra:,
in particular, factoring in the effects of
the wall
A 0,'5
to Q0O1Q
Ma& wor'in
te"perature
8emperature above which the ;et fan
arra: is assumed to be destro:ed
U. 200 Positive real number
Referen!e densit#
=ir densit: corresponding to the
conditions under which the arra:Is ;et
fan performance was measured
%g.m
A#
Tunnel !ross4se!t.
area
section or ramp at the level of the ;et
fan arra:
m
2
the level of the ;et fan
arra:
?I@
Non modifiable
Cross4se!t. area
at Eet fans
section or ramp opposite the ;et fan
arra:
m
2
0
?II@
<ist. fro" upstrea" Position of the ;et fan arra:
?III@
m
position of the ;et fan arra:
on the drawing sheet
?I7@
?I@
8he interior Eone is displa:ed for information on an orange bac%ground and corresponds to the value entered in the fields *.rossAsection area, in
the *8unnel sections, and *1amps, tabs of the *1amps, command.

?II@
?III@
+or a ;et fan arra: located in a tunnel, the upstream distance corresponds to its position in relation to the tunnelIs upstream node.
+or a ;et fan arra: located in a ramp, the upstream distance corresponds to its position in relation to the ramp portal for an entrance ramp and in
relation to its ;unction with the tunnel for an e!it ramp.
?I7@
-nce the dialog has been confirmed, the position of the ;et fan arra: is automaticall: updated on the drawing sheet.
N3T$
To si"ulate a Eet fan arra# operatin in the reverse dire!tion( i.e. in the <ownstrea" 4 %pstrea"
dire!tion( Eust enter a neative thrust in the I%nit free4field thrustJ field.
Si"ulation of the !ontrol of a reversible Eet fan arra# will reOuire the !reation of an arra# with
positive thrust Eet fans ne&t to an arra# with an identi!al set of Eet fans( but with neative
thrust. These two arra#s are !ontrolled b# redu!in the operatin rate of one arra# while
si"ultaneousl# in!reasin the operatin rate of the other arra#.
IInEe!torsJ tab
@abel Name of the in;ector A In;ector No. i .haracter string
InEe!tion flow rate
<lowing flow rate in;ected into a
tunnel or ramp b: the in;ector
m
#
.s
A1
30
Net velo!it#
/peed at which air is e;ected from
the in;ector outlet
m.s
A1
0
?I@
Anle with tunnel
a&is
=ngle between the tunnel and air ;et
a!es at the in;ector outlet
?II@
U 15
to Q0O1'0Q
$ffi!ien!#
In;ector efficienc:, in particular,
factoring in the effects of the wall and
the shape of the blowing device
A 05
to Q0O1Q
Tunnel !ross4se!t.
area
section or ramp at the level of the
in;ector
m
2
the level of the in;ector
?III@
Non modifiable
Cross4se!t. area
at inEe!tor
section or ramp opposite the in;ector
m
2
0
?I@
<ist.
fro" upstrea"
?I7@
0istance between the upstream node
of the tunnel end or of the ramp and
the in;ector
m
position of the in;ector in
the drawing sheet
?7@
?I@
8he default value does not belong in the area of validit:, it must therefore be replaced b: a valid value.
?II@
=n angle of between 0U and )0U corresponds to a downstream thrust, and an angle of between )0U and 1'0U corresponds to an upstream thrust .
?III@
8he interior Eone is displa:ed for information on an orange bac%ground and corresponds to the value entered in the *.rossAsection area, field in
the *8unnel sections, and *1amps, tabs of the *8unnels > 1amps, command.
?I7@
+or an in;ector located in a tunnel, the upstream distance corresponds to its position in relation to tunnelIs upstream node.
+or an in;ector located in a ramp, the upstream distance corresponds to its position in relation to the ramp portal for an entrance ramp and in
?7@
-nce the dialog has been confirmed, the position of the in;ector is automaticall: updated on the drawing sheet.
I2lowin ventsJ tab
@abel Name of the blowing vent A <lowing vent No. i .haracter string
2lown flow rate
<lown flow rate in a tunnel or ramp
via the blowing vent
m
#
.s
A1
<istan!e fro"
upstrea"
?I@
of the tunnel end or of the ramp and
the blowing vent
m
position of the blowing
vent in the drawing sheet
?II@
?I@
+or a blowing vent located in the tunnel, the upstream distance corresponds to its position in relation to tunnelIs upstream node.
+or a blowing vent located in a ramp, the upstream distance corresponds to its position in relation to the ramp portal for an entrance ramp and in
?II@
-nce the dialog has been confirmed, the position of the blowing vent is automaticall: updated in the drawing sheet.
I$&tra!tion da"persJ tab
@abel Name of the e!traction damper A 4!traction damper No. i .haracter string
$&tra!ted flow rate
+low rate e!tracted from a tunnel or
ramp b: the e!traction damper
m
#
.s
A1
0 1eal number
<istan!e fro"
upstrea"
?I@
tunnel end or of the ramp and the
e!traction damper
m
position of the e!traction
damper on the drawing
sheet
?II@
?I@
+or an e!traction damper located in a tunnel, the upstream distance corresponds to its position in relation to tunnelIs upstream node.
+or an e!traction damper located in a ramp, the upstream distance corresponds to its position in relation to the ramp portal for an entrance ramp
and in relation to its ;unction with the tunnel for an e!it ramp.
?II@
-nce the dialog has been confirmed, the position of the e!traction damper is automaticall: updated on the drawing sheet.
IMassive e&tra!tionJ tab
@abel Name of the massive e!traction A (assive e!traction No. i .haracter string
$&tra!ted flow rate
+low rate e!tracted from a tunnel or
ramp b: massive e!traction
m
#
.s
A1
<istan!e fro"
upstrea"
?I@
tunnel end or of the ramp and the
massive e!traction
m
position of the massive
e!traction on the drawing
sheet
?II@
31
?I@
+or a massive e!traction located in a tunnel, the upstream distance corresponds to its position in relation to tunnelIs upstream node.
+or a massive e!traction located in a ramp, the upstream distance corresponds to its position in relation to the ramp portal for an entrance ramp
and in relation to its ;unction with the tunnel for an e!it ramp.
?II@
-nce the dialog has been confirmed, the location of the massive e!traction is automaticall: updated on the drawing sheet.
IAerauli! Transparen!iesJ tab
@abel Name of the aeraulic transparenc: A =eraulic transp. No.i .haracter string
Transparen!#
!ross4area
/ection of the aeraulic
transparenc:
m
2
3utside pressure
1elative pressure ta%en on the
e!ternal side of the aeraulic
transparenc: in relation to the
absolute reference pressure
Pa 0 1eal number
<istan!e
fro" upstrea"
?I@
0istance between the upstream
node tunnel end or of the ramp
and the aeraulic transparenc:
m
position of the aeraulic
transparenc: on the
drawing sheet
?II@
?I@
+or an aeraulic transparenc: located in a tunnel, the upstream distance corresponds to its position in relation to tunnelIs upstream node.
+or an aeraulic transparenc: located in a ramp, the upstream distance corresponds to its position in relation to the ramp portal for an entrance
ramp and in relation to its ;unction with the tunnel for an e!it ramp.
?II@
-nce the dialog has been confirmed, the position of the aeraulic transparenc: is automaticall: updated on the drawing sheet.
ITraffi! InterruptionsJ tab
@abel Name of the traffic interruption A 8raffic interruption No. i .haracter string
<istan!e
fro" upstrea"
?I@
0istance between the upstream
node tunnel end or of the ramp
and the traffic interruption
m
position of the traffic
interruption on the drawing
sheet
?II@
?I@
+or a traffic interruption located in a tunnel, the upstream distance corresponds to its position in relation to tunnelIs upstream node.
+or a traffic interruption located in a ramp, the upstream distance corresponds to its position in relation to the ramp portal for an entrance ramp and
in relation to its ;unction with the tunnel for an e!it ramp.
?II@
-nce the dialog has been confirmed, the position of the traffic interruption is automaticall: updated on the drawing sheet.
The button
+or air blowing eFuipment in a tunnel or ramp such as distributed or local blowing vents and in;ectors, or
eFuipment that is li%el: to blow air, such as aeraulic transparencies, clic%ing on the button in
the *Pollution, column lets the user open a dialog named *Pollution parameters forG label of the device,
and enter the blown air pollutant concentrations for the selected eFuipment.
IllustrationG
8he list of pollutants is that defined in the pollutants librar: that can be accessed via the *Pollutants,
command in the *+ibraries, menu that automaticall: contains three gaseous pollutants, carbon mono!ide
?.-@, benEene and nitrogen o!ides ?N-!@, and particulates.
8he pollutant concentrations for eFuipment blown air are automaticall: Eero.
Pollutant concentrations can be e!pressed in mg.m
A#
or ppm for gaseous pollutants, and in mg.m
A#
or m
A1
for opacit:, according to the units selected in the application preferences using the *Preferences,
command in the *+ile, menu.
32
N3T$
Collutant !on!entrations for eOuip"ent blown air in a tunnel or ra"p !an be entered in two
different wa#s that should not be !onfused6
+ either b# usin the button in the I<evi!esJ dialo
+ or b# usin the ICollution J !o""and in the ICara"etersJ "enu
The button is used to "odif# pollutant !on!entrations for eOuip"ent blown air for
ea!h separate eOuip"ent "odelled in the drawin sheet.
The ICollutionJ !o""and in the ICara"etersJ "enu is used to "odif# pollutant
!on!entrations for eOuip"ent blown air for all the eOuip"ent "odelled in the drawin sheet.
The and buttons
.lic%ing on the button in the *.ontrol, column opens a dialog entitled *0evice controlG
description of the selected eFuipment, and is used to enter the control characteristics for the selected
eFuipment.
If several eFuipment of the same t:pe have been previousl: grouped using the *$roup, command in the
*4dit, menu, the button replaces the button. .lic%ing this button then opens a
dialog entitled *0evice controlG label of the device group, and lets the user enter the ;oint control
characteristics of all the eFuipment in the selected group.
Illustration of the dialog dis"layed by clicking on the buttonG
Illustration of the dialog dis"layed by clicking on the buttonG
While the dialoges are identical for a given piece of eFuipment, whether this is controlled individuall: or
;ointl: with other eFuipment of the same t:pe, the: differ significantl: depending on the t:pe of eFuipment
and, therefore, on the corresponding tab.
+ +or the *0istributed ventilationN, *9et fansN, *In;ectorsN, *<lowing ventsN, *4!traction dampers, and
*(assive e!tractions, tabsG
8he dialog is used to specif: the operating conditions for an eFuipment or a group of eFuipment
according to time in relation to full power operation using a coefficient to be entered in the
*(ultipl:ing coeff., fields. 8his automaticall: eFuals 1. =ll these eFuipment are therefore operating at
full power right from the start of the simulation.
+ +or the *=eraulic transparencies, tab
8he dialog is used to specif: the position of the aeraulic transparenc:, open or closed, according to
time. =eraulic transparencies are automaticall: closed at the start of the simulation.
3#
IllustrationG
+ +or the *8raffic interruptions, tab
8he dialog is used to specif: at which time the traffic is to be interrupted b: the closure s:stem, i.e. a
barrier or traffic light.
IllustrationG
N3T$
No "ore than one sinle event "a# be entered for traffi! interruptions. 3n!e the traffi!
interruption has been a!tivated( it is final.
Traffi! interruptions have to be a!tivated after the start of the fireQ otherwise( the# will have no
effe!t.
=ll these dialogs containG
+ a button for adding an event in eFuipment control.
IllustrationG
+ a button for modif:ing the selected event with the mouse in eFuipment control
+ a button for deleting the selected event with the mouse in eFuipment control.
Cressure at portals
8his command is used to enter the pressure conditions and pollutant concentrations imposed at the
portals of a tunnel and an: related rampsO these represent the modelIs limit conditions.
33
IllustrationG
-nce the dialog has been confirmed, the portal pressure conditions are automaticall: updated in the
drawing sheet.
.lic%ing on the button in the *Pollution, column opens the dialog entitled *Pollution
parameters forG label of the imposed pressure condition, and lets the user enter the pollutant
concentrations for the air li%el: to enter the tunnel via the selected portal.
IllustrationG
8he list of pollutants is that defined in the pollutants librar: and can be accessed via the *Pollutants,
command in the *+ibraries, menu that automaticall: contains three gaseous pollutants, carbon mono!ide
Pollutant concentrations for air entering the tunnel via a portal are automaticall: Eero.
A#
or ppm for gaseous pollutants, and in mg.m
A#
or m
A1
for opacit:, depending on the units selected in the application preferences using the *Preferences,
command in the *File, menu.
35
N3T$
Collutant !on!entrations in air that are li'el# to enter a tunnel or ra"p via a portal !an be
entered in two different wa#s that should not be !onfused6
+ either usin the button of the I<evi!esJ dialo
+ or usin the IPollutionJ !o""and in the IParaetersJ "enu
The button is used to "odif#( for ea!h individual portal( the pollutant
!on!entrations for air li'el# to enter the tunnel via a iven portal.
The IPollutionJ !o""and in the IParaetersJ "enu is used to "odif#( for all the portals( the
pollutant !on!entrations for air li'el# to enter the tunnel via these portals.
*ire
8his command is used to define the fire to be studied in *Fire ode, via a dialog for the selected scenario.
8his command is onl: activated if a fire is modelled in the drawing sheet.
8he parameters to be entered areG
+ start time of the fire
+ location of the fire in relation to the upstream node of the ramp or tunnel end
+ t:pe of fire
8he fire alwa:s starts at t W 00 h 00 min 00 sO its position is calculated automaticall: based on its location
in the drawing sheet.
8he .=(=88 2.20 release automaticall: contains the fire load curves for the 12 reference fires defined in
leaflet 3 of the guide to road tunnel safet: dossiers relating to /pecific CaEards /tudies, in addition to
opacit: flows and emission rates for the related pollutants. 8he mouse can be used to select one of these
reference fires b: chec%ing the element located in the *.hoose, column.
IllustrationG
8he pollutant automaticall: ta%en into account for each of these reference fires is carbon mono!ide ?.-@O
however, another pollutant ma: be ta%en into account b: changing the value of the pollutant emission
rate.
8he dialog also containsG
+ a button for adding a fire b: defining the fire heat release rate curve, its opacit: flu! and
pollutant emission rate via a dialog.
3"
IllustrationG
8his dialog containsG
K a field for entering the t:pe of fire.
K a button for adding an event to the fire evolution and defining the fire heat release
rate curve, its opacit: flu! and pollutant emission rate at a given moment in time.
IllustrationG
8he event time needs to be defined in relation to the fire start timeO this is a relative rather
than an absolute time.
8he heat release rate figure to be recorded is the fireIs total heat release rate, a third of which
is assumed to be dissipated via radiation through the walls directl: opposite the fire.
8herefore, onl: two thirds of the recorded heat release rate is used in the calculations.
K a button for modif:ing the selected event using the mouse.
K a button for deleting the selected event using the mouse.
+ a button for changing the fire selected and highlighted in blue with the mouse via a dialog
identical to that described above that lets the user add a fire.
+ a button used to delete the fire selected and highlighted in blue with the mouse.
N3T$
All the fires listed in the I*ireJ dialo "a'e up a librar# in the sa"e wa# as those found for
wall "aterials or pollutants in the I+ibrariesJ "enu.
As with the two others( this librar# is6
+ !o""on to all the s!enarios
+ saved in the bdd.&"l file of the .!a"attGbdd folder found in the user profile folder in
Windows or in the F=3M$ folder in @inu&( and therefore spe!ifi! to ea!h user.
All !hanes or additions to this librar# will therefore appl# to all the s!enarios( whether the#
are new( e&istin or dupli!ated( but will onl# be valid for the user responsible for said !hane
or addition.
Collution
Pollutant concentrations for the air around portals and the air in;ected into the tunnel or its ramps are
alwa:s Eero.
=s described earlier in pages 3" and 3& of this 5serXs $uide, clic%ing on the button lets the
user modif: this value individuall: for each portal or each eFuipment in;ecting air into the tunnel or its
ramps, if an:.
8he *Pollution, command is used to overwrite all these values and to assign to all the eFuipment modelled
3&
in the drawing sheet and to all the portals of the tunnel and its ramps, if an:, the same pollutant
concentrations for eFuipment blown air or for air li%el: to enter the tunnel via one of its portals.
IllustrationG
8he list of pollutants is that defined in the pollutants librar: that can be accessed using the *Pollutants,
command in the *ibraries, menu that automaticall: contains three gaseous pollutants, carbon mono!ide
Pollutant concentrations in ambient air are automaticall: Eero.
A#
or in ppm for gaseous pollutants, and in mg.m
A#
or
m
A1
pour opacit:, depending on the units selected in the application preferences via the *Preferences,
command in the *File, menu.
8o assign the same concentration for a given pollutant to all the portals and all the eFuipment modelled in
the drawing sheet, ;ust enter the new value to be ta%en account of for the selected pollutant and clic% on
the relevant button found in the *=ppl: to all, column, then Fuit the dialog b: clic%ing on the
button.
N3T$
The ICollutionJ !o""and in the ICara"etersJ "enu onl# a!ts on air blowin eOuip"ent
alread# "odelled in the drawin sheetQ it has no effe!t on an# eOuip"ent that is "odelled in
the drawin sheet at a later date. *or su!h eOuip"ent( the pollutant !on!entrations for inEe!ted
air re"ain the default value( i.e. Pero.
Traffi!
8his command is used to characterise road traffic for the selected scenario.
8he following table describes the fields to be filled in, their default value and their area of validit:G
Croportion of =GAs Proportion of C$7s in the traffic - 0
to R0O100Q
Si"a>CV for !ars +rontal surface for cars m
2
0,) Positive real number
Si"a>CV for =GAs +rontal surface for C$7s m
2
3,5 Positive real number
<istan!e between
stopped vehi!les
+ront bumper A front bumper distance
for stopped vehicles
m 10 Positive real number
Collutant e"issions
7ehicle pollutant emissions for each
tunnel section and ramp, for each
pollutant listed in the pollutants
librar:
%g.s
A1
.m
A1
No"inal speed 8raffic speed in each traffic direction %m.h
A1
&0 Positive real number
No"inal flu& 7ehicle flu! in each traffic direction
(I)
veh.h
A1
Nu"ber of lanes per
dire!tion
Number of lanes in each traffic
direction for each tunnel section and
ramp
(II)
- 1 Positive whole number
(I)
Where there are one or more ramps, the onl: flu!es to be recorded are those for vehicles entering each end of the mar%ed tunnel in relation to the
direction of traffic, the vehicles entering via the entrance ramps, and leaving via the e!it ramps. 8he traffic flu! in the other tunnel sections is
automaticall: calculated b: the application b: conservation of the traffic at tunnel A ramp ;unctions.
(II)
+or twoAwa: traffic, the number of driving lanes is supposed to be the same in each traffic direction.
3'
IllustrationG
$nviron"ent
8his command is used to characterise the tunnel environment, together with heat transfers with tunnel
walls and ramps, if an:, for the selected scenario.
8he following table describes the fields to be filled in in order to characterise the tunnel environment,
together with their default value and area of validit:G
Averae altitude =verage tunnel altitude m 0 Positive real number
A"bient air
te"perature
(ean temperature of ambient air
inside the tunnel
(I)
m
2
0.) 1eal number
(I)
8his temperature applies to ambient air inside the tunnel or ramp, as well as outside and to a depth of 1" cm in the walls.
=mbient air densit: is calculated automaticall: based on the values entered for these two fields according
to the following eFuationG
avec
j
o
G densit: of ambient air
P
o
G absolute pressure at sea level, i.e. 101 #25 Pa
T
o
G temperature of ambient air inside the tunnel
z
alt
G average tunnel altitude
8he following table describes the fields to be filled in in order to characterise heat transfers with tunnel
walls and an: ramps, together with their default value and area of validit:G
Min value of radiant
heat transfer !Wff.
.oefficient for the minimum radiant
heat transfer between smo%e and
tunnel walls and an: ramps
W.m
A2
.Y
A1
Ma& value of radiant
heat transfer !Wff.
.oefficient for the ma!imum radiant
heat transfer between smo%e and
tunnel walls and an: ramps
W.m
A2
.Y
A1
3)
j
o
=#,3'5.10
#
.
P
o
8
o
. 10
2&#.E
alt
1'300.8o
Wall e"issivit#
Wall emissivit: used to calculate the
radiant heat transfer coefficient
- 0.) Positive real number
Aiew fa!tor
7iew factor for the tunnel and ramps
characterising their shape and used
to calculate the radiant heat transfer
coefficient
- 1
to the interval Q0O1Q
<ata su""ar#
8his command is used to e!port all the data for the selected scenario into a J.csv file.
8his file ta%es the name *nom/cenarioZ1ecap.csv, and is saved in the *4!port, folder specified in the
application preferences via the *Preferences, command in the *File, menu.
= message is displa:ed to notif: the user that the e!port has been completed.
IllustrationG
8he file generated can be opened using a te!t editor such as 4!cel or -pen -ffice.
50
2.2.) ISi"ulationJ "enu
8he */imulation, menu in the menu bar is used to launch the calculation for the selected scenario in either
smo%e e!traction mode or normal e!traction mode.
IllustrationG
-n opening a new drawing sheet, all the commands are shaded.
8he: remain shaded and inaccessible until the user has correctl: entered all the model data reFuired for
the calculations.
*ire "ode
8his command is used to launch the calculation for the selected scenario in *+ire mode, using a dialog to
specif:G
+ the simulationIs ending time
+ the simulationIs time step
8he simulationIs starting time set at 00 h 00 min 00 s cannot be changed, which means that the
simulation ending time also corresponds to the duration of the simulation. 8his is automaticall: set at #0
minutes.
8he simulationIs time step is used to define the calculationIs results sampling. 8his corresponds to the
time step between 2 results curves f?t@ at successive fi!ed !. 8he: must not be confused with the
calculationIs time step, which is set at 1 s in the code, and that ma: not be changed b: the user.
IllustrationG
.lic%ing on the button e!ecutes the calculation in *+ire modeN.
N3T$
2efore e&e!utin !al!ulations in I*ire "odeS( the appli!ation auto"ati!all# !he!'s for the
presen!e of an# !o4lo!ated "odel ele"ents. If the# are found( the !al!ulation is not e&e!uted
and the user is alerted to the presen!e of !o4lo!ated ele"ents. The user then has to "ove the
relevant "odel ele"ent8s9 to ensure there are no loner an# !o4lo!ated ele"ents.
Collution "ode
8his command is used to launch the calculation in *Pollution mode, for the selected scenario.
8he calculation is made under stead: state regime.
= message is displa:ed to notif: the user that the calculation has been completed.
51
IllustrationG
N3T$
As des!ribed for the I*ire "odeJ !o""and( the appli!ation auto"ati!all# !he!'s for the
presen!e of an# !o4lo!ated "odel ele"ents before e&e!utin the !al!ulation.
52
2.2.. IResultsJ "enu
8he *1esults, menu in the menu bar is used to view the results of the calculation e!ecuted in either *Fire
ode, or *Pollution odeN, and of the e!port in a J.csv file.
If the latest calculation was e!ecuted in *Fire odeN, then this menu is also used to view traffic distribution
according to time in the tunnel and its ramps, if an:, and to e!port the data for a given time to a J.csv file.
IllustrationG
-n opening a new drawing sheet, all the commands are shaded.
8he: remain shaded and inaccessible until the user has e!ecuted a calculation in either *Pollution ode,
or *Fire odeN.
4!ecuting a calculation activates some or all of the commands in this menu depending on whether the
calculation was e!ecuted in *Fire ode, or *Pollution ode,G
Illustration of a calculation in (Fire ode) with a odelled fireG
Illustration of a calculation in (Fire ode) with no odelled fire or in (Pollution ode)G
Clot results
8his command is used to view plot results for the latest calculation e!ecuted in either *Fire ode, or
*Pollution odeN, via a dialog.
8he mouse is used to clic% in the dialog to selectG
+ the part of the tunnel for which the user wishes to view the resultsG tunnel or ramp
+ the ph:sical Fuantities to be displa:ed from among all the available ph:sical Fuantities
In *Fire odeN, the available Fuantities areG
K air temperature
K wall temperature
K air opacit:
K pollutant concentration
K air velocit:
K longitudinal flow rate
K total pressure
K static pressure
In *Pollution odeN, the available Fuantities areG
K pollutant concentration for all the pollutants listed in the pollutants librar:, accessible and
modifiable using the *Pollutants, command in the *+ibraries, menu
K air velocit:
5#
+ the t:pe of view for the ph:sical Fuantities selected for displa:
In *Fire odeN, a ph:sical Fuantit: can be viewed asG
K either a spatial curve, f?!@, for a given time
K or a time curve, f?t@, for a given abscissa
K or contour lines in the plane ?!,t@ i.e. f?!,t@
In *Pollution odeN, as the calculation is made in stead: state regime, a ph:sical Fuantit: can onl: be
viewed as a spatial curve, f?!@.
+ according to the t:pe of displa: selectedG
K either, the times for which the user wishes to view the spatial curve f?!@ for one or more of the
selected ph:sical Fuantities
K i.e. the abscissas for which the user wishes to view the time curve, f?t@ for one or more of the
selected ph:sical Fuantities
Illustration in (Fire ode)G Illustration in (Pollution ode)G
8o select several ph:sical Fuantities or several times or abscissas, ;ust clic% on them using the mouse
while pressing the Ctrl or MaE %e:.
8he actions described in the first three points above can be performed in an: order. -n the other hand,
the action described in the last point can onl: be performed after having selected the t:pe of displa: for
the selected ph:sical Fuantities.
N3T$
The !ontour lines f8&(t9 are onl# available for6
+ air te"perature
+ air opa!it#
+ pollutant !on!entration
+ air velo!it#
Curves f8&9 and f8t9
4ach ph:sical Fuantit: is viewed in a window whose name indicates the t:pe of displa:, the name of the
scenario and the part of the tunnel under stud:.
8he name of the ph:sical Fuantit: is displa:ed as the title of the f?!@ or f?t@ curve.
If the user has chosen to view the evolution of a given Fuantit: in terms of f?t@ for several abscissa or f?!@
at several moments in time, all the curves are displa:ed on the same graph.
53
IllustrationG
= rightAclic% on the chart drawing sheet used to view the evolution of a ph:sical Fuantit: lets the userG
+ access and modif: chart properties
+ save the chart in J.png format
+ print the charts
+ access Eoom and automatic scaling functionalities
IllustrationG
.hart properties can be used, in particular, to change the chartIs title and scales.
IllustrationG
55
riht
!li!'
Contour lines f8&(t9
4ach ph:sical Fuantit: is displa:ed in a window w whose name indicates the t:pe de displa:, the name of
the scenario and the part of the tunnel under stud:.
8he name of the ph:sical Fuantit: being viewed is displa:ed as the title of the contour line curve f?!,t@.
IllustrationG
=s with the f?!@ and f?t@ curves, a rightAclic% on the chartIs drawing sheet lets the userG
+ access and modif: chart properties
+ save the chart in J.png format
+ print the charts
+ access automatic scaling and Eoom functionalities
IllustrationG
+
8he chartIs colour scale is displa:ed on the right of the curve. It can be modified b: doubleAclic%ing on the
colour scale that starts an editor.
IllustrationG
5"
!li!
droit
riht
!li!'
double4
!li!'
IllustrationG
8his is used to match the chosen colours to the selected values ?represented b: the horiEontal arrows@.
.olours are interpolated between two arrows.
8o add new values, ;ust leftAclic% in the desired area of the colour bar.
8o delete an arrow, ;ust select it and clic% on the Suppr %e:.
8he arrows can also be moved using the mouse.
8o select the colour lin%ed to a value ?or accuratel: specif: the value corresponding to the arrow@, ;ust
doubleAclic% on the desired arrow.
=n editor lets the user specif: the value corresponding to the colour in the *7alue, field together with the
corresponding colour. 8his can be selected from a list of basic colours, in 8/ format ?Cue, /aturation,
<rightness@ or 17< ?1ed, $reen, <lue@.
IllustrationG
Aiewin out4of4servi!e Eet fans
8he evolution curves f?!@ and f?t@ can be used to displa: ;et fan arra:s Fui that have been disabled due to
an e!cessive temperature rise in a tunnel or ramp.
Lou can do this simpl: b: indicating it in the application preferences accessible via the *Preferences,
command in the *File, menu b: chec%ing the *0ispla: outAofAservice ;et fans, bo!.
5&
IllustrationG
8he location of each heatAdisabled ;et fan arra: is mar%ed on the f?!@ evolution curves b: an annotation
that gives the name of the disabled ;et fan arra: and the time of its disablement.
-nl: ;et fan arra:s that were disabled at the selected time are notified on the f?!@ evolution curve.
IllustrationG
-n the f?t@ evolution curves, each time when a ;et fan arra: was disabled b: the heat is mar%ed b: an
annotation that gives the name of the arra: disabled at this time.
IllustrationG
Show traffi!
8his command is used to view the traffic distribution in each traffic direction, according to time, in the
tunnel and an: related ramps for the selected scenario.
8he traffic distribution displa: window containsG
+ a button used to read traffic distribution according to time
5'
+ a button used to stop reading traffic distribution according to time
+ a button used to view traffic distribution 1 s before the start of the fire
+ a button used to view traffic distribution at the end of the simulation
8raffic distribution is viewed on a diagram representing the modelled tunnel along with an: related ramps,
and on which are mar%edG
+ in green, Eones where vehicles are moving normall:
+ in red, Eones where vehicles are stopped
+ in gre:, Eones free of vehicles
IllustrationG
N3T$
The total nu"ber of stopped vehi!les is iven between bra!'ets in the 'e#.
$&port results
8his command is used to e!port, via a dialog, the results of the last calculation e!ecuted in *Fire ode, or
*Pollution ode, as a J.csv file.
5se the mouse to select the following elements in the dialogG
+ the part of the tunnel for which the user wishes to e!port the resultsG tunnel or ramp
+ the ph:sical Fuantit:?ies@ to be e!ported from among all the ph:sical Fuantities available
In *Fire odeN, the Fuantities available areG
K air temperature
K wall temperature
K air opacit:
K pollutant concentration
K air velocit:
K total pressure
K static pressure
In *Pollution odeN, the Fuantities available areG
K pollutant concentration for all the pollutants listed in the pollutants librar:, that can be
accessed and modified using the *Pollutants, command in the *+ibraries, menu
K air velocit:
5)
+ the t:pe of values to be e!ported
In *Fire odeN, :ou can e!portG
K either, an table, f?!@, listing the value of the ph:sical Fuantit:?ies@ selected according to the
abscissa of a given time
K or, a table, f?t@, listing the value of the ph:sical Fuantit:?ies@ selected according to the abscissa
of a given time
K or, a doubleAentr: table, f?!,t@, listing the value of the ph:sical Fuantit:?ies@ selected according
to the abscissa of a given time
In *Pollution odeN, as the calculation is made in stead: state regime, it is onl: possible to e!port a
table, f?!@, listing the value of the ph:sical Fuantit:?ies@ selected according to the abscissa of a given
time.
+ according to the t:pe of selected value to be e!portedG
K either the time?s@ for which the user wishes to e!port an f?!@ table for the ph:sical Fuantit:?ies@
selected
K or the abscissa?es@ for which the user wishes to e!port an f?t@ table for the ph:sical
Fuantit:?ies@ selected
Illustration in (Fire ode)G Illustration in (Pollution mode)G
8o select several ph:sical Fuantities or several times or abscissae, ;ust select them with the mouse while
pressing the Ctrl or MaE %e:.
8he actions described in the first three points above can be performed in an: order. -n the other hand,
the action described in the last point can onl: be performed after having selected the t:pe of values to be
e!ported.
N3T$
The option of e&portin a double4entr# table f8&(t9 is onl# available for6
+ air te"perature
+ air opa!it#
+ pollutant !on!entration
+ air velo!it#
-nce all the elements have been selected, clic%ing on the button starts the e!port and
generates a J.csv file containing all the reFuested elements.
"0
IllustrationG
8he file generated is given the name *nom/cenarioZt:pe/imuZt:pe4!port.csv, whereG
+ nom/cenario is the name of the selected scenario
+ t:pe/imu is the t:pe of simulation performed
K +ire mode
K Pollution mode
+ t:pe4!port is the t:pe of e!port
K 8 A according to time
K M A according to abscissa
K M8 A according to time and abscissa
8he generated file can be opened using a te!t editor such as 4!cel or -pen -ffice.
$&port traffi! results
8his command is used to e!port to a J.csv file, via a dialog, the distribution of vehicles in the tunnel and
an: related ramps at a given moment in time.
IllustrationG
8his file is given the name *nom/cenarioZ1esultats8rafic.csv, and is saved in the *4!port, folder
specified in application preferences using the *Preferences, command in the *File, menu.
IllustrationG
8he generated file can be opened using a te!t editor such as 4!cel or -pen -ffice.
"1
2.2.0 I@ibrariesJ "enu
8he *ibraries, element in the menu bar is used to access libraries for wall materials and pollutants.
IllustrationG
Wall "aterials
8his command uses a dialog to list and parameter the materials that can be used for tunnel walls and an:
related ramps. 8his wall materials librar: is common to all the scenarios.
Wall materials are chosen from the dropAdown list accessed via the *(aterial t:pe1, and *(aterial t:pe 2,
fields found in the *8unnel sections, and *1amps, tabs in the *8unnel > 1amps, window in the
*Parameters, menu.
8he wall materials librar: automaticall: contains the concrete and fire protection generall: used in tunnels
to improve the structureIs fire resistance. It also contains the values generall: selected for the ph:sical
properties reFuired to evaluate heat transfers with walls, i.e. their densit:, thermal conductivit:
#
and their
specific heat capacit:
3
.
IllustrationG
8he dialog also containsG
+ a button for adding a material via a dialog used to define its name, densit:, thermal
conductivit: and specific heat capacit:.
IllustrationG
+ a button used to modif: the material selected and highlighted in blue with the mouse,
using a dialog identical to that described above used to add a wall material.
+ a button used to delete the material selected and highlighted in blue with the mouse.
= message is displa:ed as%ing the user whether the: wish to delete the material from the wall
materials librar:.
# 1eflects the conductive heat transfer generated b: the molecular vibration of the material.
3 1epresents the amount of energ: reFuired to raise the temperature of 1 %ilogram of the material b: one degree Yelvin.
"2
IllustrationG
N3T$
As with the fires librar# that !an be a!!essed usin the I*ireJ !o""and in the ICara"etersJ
"enu and with the pollutants librar#( this librar# is6
+ !o""on to all s!enarios
+ saved in the bdd.&"l file in the .!a"attGbdd folder found in the user profile folder in
Windows( or in the F=3M$ folder in @inu&( and is therefore spe!ifi! to ea!h user
All "odifi!ations or additions to this librar# will therefore appl# to all s!enarios( whether new(
e&istin or dupli!ated( but will onl# be valid for the user that "ade the "odifi!ation or addition.
Collutants
8his command uses a dialog to list and parameter the pollutants to be studied for simulations in * Pollution
modeN. 8his pollutants librar: is common to all scenarios.
8he list of pollutants defined in this librar: forms the list of accessible pollutantsG
+ using the button found in the various dialoges used to modif: pollutant concentrations in
blown air generated b: an eFuipment or b: one of the portals
+ using the *Pollution, command in the *Parameters, menu, which is used to modif: pollutant
concentrations in blown air generated b: all the eFuipment modelled in the drawing sheet and b: all
the portals
8he dialog containsG
+ a section on gaseous pollution that automaticall: contains three pollutantsG
K carbon mono!ide ?.-@
K benEene
K nitrogen o!ides ?N-!@
8his section also contains the molar masses of these three pollutants based on which the
concentration can be e!pressed either in mg.m
A#
, or in ppm depending on the unit selected in the
application preferences via the *Preferences, command in the *+ile, menu. Lou can switch from
concentrations in ppm to concentrations in mg.m
A#
as followsG
.
mg.m
# =
(
molaire
7
molaire
.
ppm
avec
7
molaire
= 23,35# l.mol
1
5
+ a section on particulate pollution that automaticall: contains the particulates class for which an air
opacit: of 1 m
A1
corresponds to an airborne particulate concentration of 100 mg.m
A#
, the value
suggested in .485Is *7entilation pilot dossier,.
5 (olar volume of air, assumed to be an ideal gas at 20U. and 1 atm.
"#
IllustrationG
+or each of these two sections, the dialog also containsG
+ a button for adding a gaseous pollutant or particulates class via a dialog used to definedG
K for gaseous pollutants, their name and molar mass
K for the particulates class, their name and the conversion factor to be applied in order to switch
from an air opacit: of 1 m
A1
to a particulates concentration e!pressed in mg.m
A#
Illustration of the addition of a gaseous "ollutantG
Illustration of the addition of a "articulates classG
+ a button for modif:ing the gaseous pollutant or particulates class selected and highlighted
in blue with the mouse via a dialog identical to that described above used to add a gaseous pollutant
or particulates class.
+ a button for deleting the gaseous pollutant or particulates class selected and highlighted in
blue with the mouse.
= message is displa:ed as%ing the user whether the: wish to delete the material from the wall
materials librar:.
IllustrationG
"3
N3T$
As with the fires librar# that !an be a!!essed usin the I*ireJ !o""and in the ICara"etersJ
"enu and with the wall "aterials librar#( this librar# is6
+ !o""on to all s!enarios
+ saved in the bdd.&"l file in the .!a"attGbdd folder found in the user profile folder in
Windows( or in the F=3M$ folder in @inu&( and is therefore spe!ifi! to ea!h user
All "odifi!ations or additions to this librar# will therefore appl# to all s!enarios( whether new(
e&istin or dupli!ated( but will onl# be valid for the user that "ade the "odifi!ation or addition.
"5
2.2.? IXJ "enu
8he *B, menu in the menu bar is used to access information on the application and on the current 5ser
$uide to the .=(=88 2.20 release.
IllustrationG
=elpY
8his command provides online access to the current 5ser $uide to the .=(=88 2.20 release in J.pdf
format.
8his command can also be accessed b: pressing the %e:boardIs +1 %e:..
AboutY
8his command is used to access information on the application version and the .op:right.
IllustrationG
""
2.7 Toolbar
8he toolbar contains icons that provide rapid access to the main application commands.
IllustrationG
8he list of these icons can be parametered using the *PreferencesN command in the *File, menu when
selecting which icons to displa: and which to mas%. 8his list can contain at the most the #' icons shown
below.
IllustrationG
8he following table describes the commands that can be accessed via the #' icons automaticall: contained
in the toolbarG
I!on Menu Co""and
+ile New
+ile -pen
+ile /ave
+ile /ave as
+ile 0uplicate
+ile Print preview
+ile Print
4dit 5ndo
4dit 1edo
4dit 0elete
4dit /election (ode
4dit 6oom in
4dit 6oom out
4dit 6oom bo!
"&
I!on Menu Co""and
4dit 7iew all
4dit (ove
4dit $rid
4dit $roup devices
4dit 5ngroup devices
Networ% 8unnel
Networ% 1amp
Networ% 9et fan arra:
Networ% In;ector
Networ% <lowing vent
Networ% 4!traction damper
Networ% (assive e!traction
Networ% ocal head loss
Networ%
=eraulic
transparenc:
Networ% 8raffic interruption
Networ% +ire
Parameters 8unnel > 1amps
Parameters 0evices
Parameters Pressure at portals
/imulation +ire mode
/imulation Pollution mode
1esults Plot results
1esults /how traffic
1esults 4!port results
Icons remain shaded so long as the related command is inactive.
"'
2.1 <rawin sheet
8he drawing sheet is used to model the tunnel, an: related ramps, its eFuipment and, where applicable a
fire, specific to the selected scenario.
In addition to the drawing area, the drawing sheet also containsG
+ a banner
+ a %e:
+ a scale
IllustrationG
2.1.- <rawin area
8he drawing area is the part of the drawing sheet in which are modelled the tunnels, an: related ramps,
eFuipment and, where applicable, fires.
8his modelling is performed using the commands in the *$etwork, and *#dit, menus as followsG
2) /elect the *&unnel, command in the *$etwork, menu and insert all the tunnel sections modelled in
the drawing sheet ?see pages 1' to 2#@
3) If the tunnel has a ramp, select the *Ra", command in the *$etwork, menu and insert all the
tunnel ramps in the drawing sheet ?see pages 22 to 25@
4) /elect the t:pe of eFuipment to be modelled using the related command in the *$etwork, menu
and insert all eFuipment of this t:pe in the drawing sheet ?see pages 23 to #3@
3@ Insert all the other eFuipment in the drawing sheet following the instructions in points #@
5) Where applicable, select eFuipment of the same t:pe that will have ;oint control b: pressing the
Ctrl %e:O group the eFuipment using the *!rou" devices, command in the *#dit, menu ?see page
1&@
6) +or a simulation in *Fire odeN, select the *Fire, command in the *$etwork, menu
&@ Where applicable, insert the fire in the drawing sheet ?see page #2@
")
2anner
@eend S!ale
<rawin area
-nce the tunnel and an: related ramps, plus its eFuipment and, where applicable, a fire, have been
modelled in the drawing sheet, all the model data can be entered using the commands in the *Paraeters,
menu.
8he tunnel and an: related ramps are modelled in plan viewO this ma%es it eas: to view the angle between
the tunnel and the ramps.
2.1.2 2anner
8he banner located at the top of the drawing sheet is used to displa: or mas% certain data in the drawing
area using chec%bo!esG
+ ramp angles
+ slopes of tunnel sections
+ tunnel orientation
+ devices
Ra"p anle
0epending on whether the bo! is chec%ed or not, this command is used to displa: or mas% the acute
angle between all the ramps shown in the drawing area and the tunnel.
IllustrationG
Slopes of tunnel se!tions
0epending on whether the bo! is chec%ed or not, this command is used to displa: or mas% the slopes for
all tunnel sections and ramps shown in the drawing area.
IllustrationG
Tunnel orientation
0epending on whether the bo! is chec%ed or not, this command is used to displa: or mas% the orientation
of all tunnel sections and ramps shown in the drawing area that provides a reference for the positioning of
eFuipment or fires.
&0
IllustrationG
<evi!es
0epending on whether the bo! is chec%ed or not, this command is used to displa: or mas% all the
eFuipment shown in the drawing area that provides a reference for the positioning of eFuipment or fires.
IllustrationG
2.1.7 @eend
When building the model in the drawing area, a legend is displa:ed at the bottom right of the drawing sheet
and is automaticall: updated according to the elements modelled ?tunnel, ramp, eFuipment and fire@.
IllustrationG
8he legend is automaticall: displa:ed in the drawing sheet. Cowever, users can mas% the %e: using the
*Preferences, command in the *+ile, menu if the: wish.
2.1.1 S!ale
8o facilitate the modelling process, a scale is displa:ed at the bottom of the drawing sheetO five grid sFuares
automaticall: correspond to 200 m.
8his scale is then updated automaticall: according to the Eoom selected using the related commands in the
*4dit, menu.
8he scale is automaticall: displa:ed in the drawing sheet. Cowever, users can mas% the scale using the
*Preferences, command in the *+ile, menu if the: wish.
&1
7 S3@A$< $B%ATI3NS
8he .=(=88 2.20 release solves the following ph:sical eFuations governing flowG
+ the eFuation e!pressing the conservation of mass
+ the eFuation e!pressing the conservation of the momentum in the main direction of flow
+ the eFuation e!pressing the conservation of enthalp:
+ thermod:namic eFuations
8o these eFuations can be added those that govern the transport of a passive scalar in the flow used to
identif: a pollutant concentration in the tunnel at an: moment in time.
7.- Conservation of "ass
8he eFuation e!pressing the conservation of mass isG
t
+
(u)
!
=/
m
where
G air densit: R%g.m
A#
Q
u G air velocit: Rm.s
A1
Q
/ m G mass source ?sin%@ R%g.s
A1
.m
A#
Q
t G time RsQ
! G curvilinear abscissa along the length of the tunnel RmQ
8he source term ?or sin%@ of the mass / m represents the mass flow blown into or e!tracted from the tunnel or
its ramps, if an:, per unit of volume.
.=(=88 is used to factor in linear and local source terms ?or sin%s@ for mass.
.=(=88 calculates mass sources based onG
+ ambient air densit:
+ distributed blowing flow rate imposed on a section or ramp
+ flow rate imposed for blowing vents and in;ectors
+ pressure imposed outside aeraulic transparencies and their section when the difference between this
pressure and that in the tunnel is positive
.=(=88 calculates mass sin%s based onG
+ ambient air densit: for the distributed e!tractions and e!traction dampers
+ air densit: in the tunnel for massive e!tractions and aeraulic transparencies
+ distributed e!traction flow rate imposed on a section or ramp
+ flow rate imposed for e!traction dampers and massive e!tractions
+ pressure imposed outside aeraulic transparencies and their section when the difference between this
pressure and that in the tunnel is negative
7.2 Conservation of the "o"entu"
.=(=88 solves the eFuation e!pressing conservation of the momentum in the direction of flow as followsG
(u)
t
+
(u[)
!
=
P
s
!
+/
mvt
where
G air densit: R%g.m
A#
Q
A1
Q
Ps G static air pressure RPaQ
/ mvt G source ?or sin%@ for the momentum R%g.m
A2
.s
A2
Q
t G time RsQ
&2
8he momentum source term ?or sin%@ /mvt represents the variation over time of the momentum of air per
unit of volume due to the action ofG
+ buo:anc: forces due to the buo:anc: acting on hot smo%e
+ drag ?air friction@ forces acting on tunnel walls
+ vehicle forces acting on the air
+ driving forces communicated to the air b: ;et fan arra:s
+ driving forces communicated to the air b: in;ectors
+ forces due to air drag in Eones of turbulence created opposite singularities ?change of section, obstacles,
etc.@
8he momentum source term ?or sin%@ / mvt can therefore be described asG
/
mvt
=P
che
+P
frot
+P
pist
+P
acc
+P
in;
+P
sing
where
Pche G variation over time of the momentum per unit of volume
due to buo:anc: forces R%g.m
A2
.s
A2
Q
Pfrot G variation over time of the momentum per unit of volume
due to drag ?air friction@ on the tunnel walls R%g.m
A2
.s
A2
Q
Ppist G variation over time of the momentum per unit of volume
due to forces e!erted b: vehicles on air R%g.m
A2
.s
A2
Q
Pacc G variation over time of the momentum per unit of volume
due to driving forces communicated to the air b: ;et fan arra:s R%g.m
A2
.s
A2
Q
Pin; G variation over time of the momentum per unit of volume
due to driving forces communicated to the b: in;ectors R%g.m
A2
.s
A2
Q
Psing G variation over time of the momentum per unit of volume
due to drag ?air friction@ on Eones of air turbulence R%g.m
A2
.s
A2
Q
.=(=88 is used to factor in these momentum source terms ?or sin%s@, which can be bro%en down into two
categoriesG
+ linear source terms ?or sin%s@ ?Pche, Pfrot and ppist@
+ local source terms ?or sin%s@ ?Pacc, Pin; and psing@
ocal momentum source terms ?or sin%s@ ph:sicall: represent a greater number of local variations in
pressure ?%g.m
A1
.s
A2
@ than variations in momentum per unit of volume ?%g.m
A2
.s
A2
@, i.e. variations in pressure
per unit of length.
Cowever, a local pressure variation ma: be eFuated to a variation in pressure per unit of length b:
introducing the functionG
() =
si |
1
2
O
1
2
0
=ssuming that a variation in pressure Pp in !p is, not local, but distributed along a length where 1 and
the length of a tunnel section or ramp, it can be eFuated to a variation in pressure per unit of length Pr
whereG
P
r
=
P
p
(
!!
p
)
8ending towards 0, the final eFuation can be written asG
P
r
=
P
p
(
!!
p
)
where
\ G 0iracIs function
"
" 0efined b: ' f .?@,

+
(!) f ( !)=f (0)
&#
7.2.- @inear sour!e ter"s 8or sin's9
2uo#an!# for!es
<uo:anc: forces induce a variation over time of the momentum of air per unit of volume ? Pche@ that can
be e!pressed asG
P
ch
=(
o
)g R%g.m
A2
.s
A2
Q
where
G slope of the tunnel section or ramp RAQ
G air densit: R%g.m
A#
Q
o G ambient air densit: R%g.m
A#
Q
g G acceleration due to gravit: ?W ).'1@ Rm.s
A2
Q
<ra 8air fri!tion9 for!es on tunnel walls
+or each tunnel section or ramp, the air friction forces on the walls induce a variation over time of the
momentum of air per unit of volume ?Pfrot@ that can be e!pressed asG
P
fr
=

3/
uu
2
R%g.m
A2
.s
A2
Q
where
G (ood: friction coefficient RAQ
G air densit: R%g.m
A#
Q
A1
Q
/ G crossAsection through the tunnel section or ramp Rm
2
Q
G perimeter of the crossAsection through the tunnel section or ramp RmQ
Aehi!le for!es on the air
+or each tunnel section and ramp, the forces e!erted b: vehicles on air induce a variation over time of the
momentum of air per unit of volume ?Ppist@ that can be e!pressed asG
P
pist
=n
((1p) .
! 7
7
+p.
! P
P
)
/
(uv)uv R%g.m
A2
.s
A2
Q
where
n G number of vehicles per linear metre in the tunnel section or ramp Rveh.m
A1
Q
p G percentage of C$7s in the traffic RAQ
.! 7 G drag coefficient for passenger vehicles Rveh
A1
Q
7 G average frontal surface for passenger vehicles Rm
2
Q
.! P G drag coefficient for C$7s Rveh
A1
Q
P G average frontal surface for C$7s Rm
2
Q
G air densit: R%g.m
A#
Q
A1
Q
v G vehicle speed in the tunnel section or ramp Rm.s
A1
Q
/ G crossAsection through the tunnel section or ramp Rm
2
Q
.=(=88 calculates the number of vehicles per linear metre n for each tunnel section or ramp based onG
+ hourl: throughput of vehicles in the tunnel section or ramp
+ vehicle speed in the tunnel section or ramp
+ interAdistance of stopped vehicles
.=(=88 distinguishes two situations in order to determine traffic distribution in each tunnel section or
rampG
Cresen!e of a fire or a sinle traffi! interruption
Where there is a single traffic interruption element or fire in a tunnel section or ramp, .=(=88 brea%s
down this section or ramp into four Eones per direction of traffic.
&3
Illustration for a fireG
where
!i G position of the fire RmQ
G length of the tunnel section or ramp RmQ
7ehicles are circulating normall: in Eones 1 and 3, and are stopped in Eone 2. 6one # is free of vehicles.
8he boundar: between Eones 1 and 2 varies over time as the traffic ;am cause b: a fire or traffic
interruption element e!tends at a speed . that is calculated using the eFuationG
.=
2
1000
I
o
n
2
v
R%m.h
A1
Q
where
2 G hourl: throughput of vehicles in the tunnel section or ramp Rveh.h
A1
Q
v G vehicle speed in the tunnel section or ramp R%m.h
A1
Q
n G number of lanes in the tunnel section or ramp RAQ
Io G interAdistance between stopped vehicles RmQ
8he boundar: between Eones # and 3 also varies over time as the presence of a fire or traffic interruption
element prevents vehicles from overta%ing and creates a vehicleAfree Eone, Eone #, which e!tends at the
speed v of vehicles in the tunnel section or ramp.
When one of these boundaries reaches the end of a section, it diffuses into the ad;acent section?s@ with a
new speed .J or vJ recalculated based on the traffic data specific to each section.
Cresen!e of a fire and a traffi! interruption or of several traffi! interruptions
Where there is a fire and one or two traffic interruption?s@ in a tunnel section or ramp, .=(=88 brea%s
down this section or ramp into seven Eones per direction of traffic. =t each new traffic interruption, three
additional Eones are added.
IllustrationG
where
!i G location of the fire RmQ
!b G location of the traffic interruption RmQ
.learl:, Eones =, < and . can onl: e!ist if the traffic interruption is activated sufficientl: earl:. +or
e!ample, in the illustration above, the condition to be complied with isG
!
i
!
b
>.
t
b
t
i
"0
where
ti G start of the fire RminQ
tb G time of activation of the traffic interruption RminQ
. G speed of the tailbac% in the tunnel section or ramp R%m.h
A1
Q
8he boundaries between Eones = and < on the one hand, and Eones 0 and 4 on the other hand, var:
over time as the traffic ;am caused b: a fire or traffic interruption element e!tends at a speed ..
8he boundaries between Eones . and 0 on the one hand, and Eones + and $ on the other hand, also
var: over time as a fire or traffic interruption element prevents the vehicles from overta%ing and creates
vehicleAfree Eones, Eones . and +, that e!tend at the speed v of vehicles in the tunnel section or ramp.
&5
fire
!
i

Pone - Pone 2 Pone 7 Pone 1
speed of tailba!' C
fire
!
i
Pone C Pone $ Pone * Pone G

speed of tailba!' C speed of tailba!' C
traffi!
interruption
!
b
Pone A Pone 2 Pone <
When one of the boundaries between Eones = and < or between Eones + and $ reaches the end of a
section, it diffuses into the ad;acent section?s@ with a new speed .J or vJ recalculated based on the traffic
data specific to each section.
7.2.2 @o!al sour!e ter"s 8or sin's9
<rivin for!es !o""uni!ated to the air b# a Eet fan arra#
8he driving forces of air communicated b: a ;et fan arra: induce a variation over time of the momentum of
air per unit of volume ?P acc@ that can be e!pressed asG
P
acc
=n
a
%
a
+
r

r
(1
u
u
a
)
1
/
a
(
!!
a
)
R%g.m
A2
.s
A2
Q
where
na G number of ;et fans ma%ing up the arra: RAQ
%a G efficienc: coefficient of a ;et fan RAQ
+r G freeAfield thrust of a ;et fan at the reference temperature R%g.m.s
A2
Q
G air densit: opposite the ;et fan arra: R%g.m
A#
Q
r G reference densit: lin%ed to +o R%g.m
A#
Q
u G air velocit: opposite the ;et fan arra: Rm.s
A1
Q
ua G ;et fan blowing speed Rm.s
A1
Q
/a G tunnel section or ramp opposite the ;et fan arra: Rm
2
Q
G 0iracIs function
!a G abscissa of the ;et fan arra: RmQ
<rivin for!es !o""uni!ated to the air b# an inEe!tor
8he driving forces of air communicated b: an in;ector induce a variation over time of the momentum of air
per unit of volume ?]P in;@ that can be e!pressed asG
P
in;
=%
in;
o
2
v in;
( v
in;
cos(
in;
)u)
1
/
in;
(
!!
in;
) R%g.m
A2
.s
A2
Q
where
%in; G efficienc: coefficient of the in;ector RAQ
A#
Q
2v in; G in;ector flow rate Rm.s
A#
Q
vin; G in;ector blowing speed Rm.s
A1
Q
in; G angle of the in;ector ;et in relation to the tunnel a!is RradQ
u G air velocit: directl: opposite the in;ector Rm.s
A1
Q
/in; G tunnel section or ramp directl: opposite the in;ector Rm
2
Q
G 0iracIs function
!in; G abscissa of the in;ector RmQ
*or!es due to air dra in turbulen!e Pones
4ach change of section ?portal, ;et fan niche, modification of transverse profile@ and each obstacle found
in the tunnel or ramp ?traffic sign@ cause airflow turbulences. 4ach of these singularities induces a
variation over time of the momentum of air per unit of volume ?P sing@, which can be e!pressed asG
P
sing
=
s
2

s
2
vs
2
/
ref
2
1
(
!!
s
)
R%g.m
A2
.s
A2
Q
where
s G air densit: directl: opposite the singularit: R%g.m
A#
Q
s G head loss coefficient of the singularit: RAQ
2vs G flow rate directl: opposite the singularit: Rm
#
.s
A1
Q
/ref G reference surface area lin%ed with the singularit: Rm
2
Q
G 0iracIs function
&"
!s G abscissa of the singularit: RmQ
7.7 Conservation of enthalp#
.=(=88 solves the eFuation e!pressing the conservation of enthalp: as followsG
h
t
+
(uh)
!
=/
enth
where
G air densit: R%g.m
A#
Q
h G specific enthalp: of air R9.%g
A1
Q
A1
Q
/ enth G enthalp: volume source RW.m
A#
Q
t G time RsQ
8he enthalp: source term /enth represents the variation over time of the enthalp: of air per unit of volume
due to theG
+ amount of heat emitted b: the seat of the fire
+ convective heat transfers between air and walls
+ radiant heat transfers between smo%e and walls
+ transfers of heat during the blowing or e!traction of air
8he enthalpy source term S
enth
can therefore be described asG
/
enth
=C
inc
+C
con
+C
ra:
+C
ins
+C
e!t
where
Cinc G amount of heat emitted b: the seat of the fire per unit of volume RW.m
A#
Q
Ccon G variation of enthalp: over time per unit of volume
due to convective transfers between air and walls RW.m
A#
Q
Cra: G variation of enthalp: over time per unit of volume
due to radiant transfers between smo%e and walls RW.m
A#
Q
Cins G variation of enthalp: over time per unit of volume
due to air blowing RW.m
A#
Q
Ce!t G variation of enthalp: over time per unit of volume
due to air e!traction RW.m
A#
Q
7.7.- A"ount of heat e"itted b# the seat of the fire
8he amount of heat emitted b: the seat of the fire corresponds to a local rather than a linear enthalp: source
term. Cowever, as described for the momentum source terms ?or sin%s@ ?see section #.2@, a local source
term can be eFuated to a linear source term using 0iracIs function. 8herefore, the amount of heat emitted b:
the seat of a fire per unit of volume can be written asG
C
inc
=
2
#

2
t
/
(
!!
;
) RW.m
A#
Q
where
2
t
G total amount of heat emitted b: the seat of the fire RWQ
/ G tunnel section or ramp Rm
2
Q
G 0iracIs function
!; G abscissa of the fire RmQ
.=(=88 assumes that onl: two thirds of the total amount of heat emitted b: a fire is transferred to the air via
convection, the other third being dissipated via direction radiation to the tunnel walls directl: opposite the fire.
&&
7.7.2 Conve!tive heat transfers with walls
In the presence of a fire, convective transfers between air and walls induce a variation in enthalp: over time
per unit of volume that can be e!pressed asG
C
con
=
/
h
c
(88
p
) RW.m
A#
Q
where
h
c
=
'
.
p
u
1,0&+12,&(Pr
2
#
1)
.
'
&
where
G perimeter of the tunnel section or ramp RmQ
2
Q
hc G convective transfer coefficient RW.m
A2
.Y
A1
Q
8 G air temperature RYQ
8p G wall temperature RYQ
G (ood: friction coefficient RAQ
.p G specific heat of air at constant pressure ?W1000@ R9.%g
A1
.Y
A1
Q
G air densit: R%g.m
A#
Q
A1
Q
Pr G Prandtl number for air set at 0.& RAQ
7.7.7 Radiant heat transfers with walls
In the presence of a fire, radiant transfers between smo%e, eFuated with a blac% bod:, and walls
8
, eFuated
with a gre: bod: with constant emissivit:, induce a variation of enthalp: over time per unit of volume that can
be e!pressed asG
C
ra:
=
/
h
r
(88
p
) avec h
r
= c
o
+(8+8
p
)(8
2
+8
p
2
) RW.m
A#
Q
where
G perimeter of the tunnel section or ramp RmQ
2
Q
hr G radiant heat transfer coefficient RW.m
A2
.Y
A1
Q
G wall emissivit: RAQ
o G /tefanA<oltEmann constant set at 5."'.10
A'
RW.m
A2
.Y
A3
Q
+ G shape factor RAQ
7.7.1 Transfers of heat durin air blowin
=ir can be blown into a tunnel or ramp b:G
+ distributed blowing vents
+ local blowing vents
+ in;ectors
+ aeraulic transparencies when the difference between the pressure imposed outside and that in the tunnel
is positive
=ir can also enter the tunnel or ramp via one of its portals.
8he variation of enthalp: over time per unit of volume induced b: blown air Cins can therefore be described
asG
& +ormula de Petu%hov
8 in a single-dimension, smoke is assumed to fill the whole tunnel section and any related ramps
&'
C
ins
=C
bsr
+C
bsp
+C
in;
+C
str
+C
st
where
Cbsr G variation of enthalp: over time per unit of volume
due to air blown b: distributed blowing vents RW.m
A#
Q
Cbsp G variation of enthalp: over time per unit of volume
due to air blown b: local blowing vents RW.m
A#
Q
Cin; G variation of enthalp: over time per unit of volume
due to air blown b: in;ectors RW.m
A#
Q
Cstr G variation of enthalp: over time per unit of volume
due to air blown b: aeraulic transparencies RW.m
A#
Q
Cst G variation of enthalp: over time per unit of volume
due to air blown b: portals RW.m
A#
Q
<istributed blowin vents
=ir blown b: distributed blowing vents in a tunnel section or ramp induces a variation of enthalp: over
time per unit of volume ?Cbsr@ that can be e!pressed asG
C
bsr
=
o
/
2
v bsr
h
bsr
RW.m
A#
Q
where
A#
Q
2
Q
2v bsr G blowing vent flow rate per unit of length Rm
#
.s
A1
.m
A1
Q
hbsr G specific enthalp: in the air blown b: the distributed blowing vents R9.%g
1
Q
@o!al blowin vents
=s described above ?see section #.2@, a local source term can be eFuated to a linear source term using
0iracIs function. =ir blown b: local blowing vents induces a variation of enthalp: over time per unit of
volume ?hbs@ which can therefore be e!pressed asG
C
bsp
=
o
/
2
v bsp
h
bsp
(
!!
bsp
) RW.m
A#
Q
where
A#
Q
2
Q
2v bsp G blowing vent flow rate Rm
#
.s
A1
Q
hbsp G specific enthalp: in the air blown b: the blowing vent R9.%g
1
Q
G 0iracIs function
!bsp G abscissa of the blowing vent RmQ
InEe!tors
=s with a local blowing vent, air blown b: an in;ector induces a variation of enthalp: over time per unit of
volume ?Ci@ that can be e!pressed asG
C
in;
=
o
/
2
v in;
h
in;
(
!!
in;
) RW.m
A#
Q
where
A#
Q
2
Q
2v in; G blowing in;ector flow rate Rm
#
.s
A1
Q
hin; G specific enthalp: of in;ector blown air R9.%g
1
Q
G 0iracIs function
Aerauli! transparen!ies
In contrast to local or distributed blowing vents and in;ectors, an aeraulic transparenc: onl: blows air into
a tunnel section or ramp if the difference between the pressure imposed outside and that in the tunnel is
&)
positive. In this case, air blown b: an aeraulic transparenc: induces a variation of enthalp: over time per
unit of volume ?]Cstr@ that can be e!pressed asG
C
str
=
o
/
.
2P
t
P
e
tr
o
/
tr
h
str
(
!!
tr
) RW.m
A#
Q
where
A#
Q
2
Q
Pt G tunnel air pressure directl: opposite aeraulic transparenc: RPaQ
Pe G imposed air pressure outside the aeraulic transparenc: RPaQ
tr G head loss coefficient of the aeraulic transparenc: set at 1.5 RAQ
/tr G crossAsection of the aeraulic transparenc: Rm
2
Q
hstr G specific enthalp: of air blown b: the aeraulic transparenc: R9.%g
1
Q
G 0iracIs function
!tr G abscissa of the aeraulic transparenc: RmQ
Air enterin via the portals
=ir entering a tunnel section or ramp via the portals induces a variation of enthalp: over time per unit of
volume ?Cst@ that can be e!pressed asG
C
st
=
o
/
2
v st
h
st
(
!!
st
) RW.m
A#
Q
where
A#
Q
2
Q
2v st G flow rate entering via a portal Rm
#
.s
A1
Q
hst G specific enthalp: of air entering via a portal R9.%g
1
Q
G 0iracIs function
!st G abscissa of the portal RmQ
7.7.) Transfers of heat durin air e&tra!tion
=ir can be e!tracted from a tunnel or ramp b:G
+ distributed e!traction dampers
+ local e!traction dampers
+ massive e!traction
+ aeraulic transparenc:, when the difference between the pressure imposed outside and that in the tunnel
is negative
=ir can also escape from a tunnel or ramp via one of its portals.
8he variation of enthalp: over time per unit of volume induced b: air e!traction he!t can therefore be
described asG
C
e!t
=C
ter
+C
tep
+C
em
+C
etr
+C
et
where
Cter G variation of enthalp: over time per unit of volume
due to air e!tracted b: distributed e!traction dampers RW.m
A#
Q
Ctep G variation of enthalp: over time per unit of volume
due to air e!tracted b: local e!traction dampers RW.m
A#
Q
Cem G variation of enthalp: over time per unit of volume
due to air e!tracted b: massive e!tractions RW.m
A#
Q
Cetr G variation of enthalp: over time per unit of volume
due to air e!tracted b: aeraulic transparencies RW.m
A#
Q
Cet G variation of enthalp: over time per unit of volume
due to air e!tracted via portals RW.m
A#
Q
'0
<istributed e&tra!tion da"pers
=ir e!tracted b: distributed e!traction dampers in a tunnel section or ramp induces a variation of enthalp:
over time per unit of volume ?Cter@ that can be e!pressed asG
C
ter
=
o
/
2
v etr
h
ter
RW.m
A#
Q
where
A#
Q
2
Q
2v ter G e!traction damper flow rate per unit of length Rm
#
.s
A1
.m
A1
Q
hter G specific enthalp: of air e!tracted b: distributed e!traction dampers R9.%g
1
Q
@o!al e&tra!tion da"pers
=s described above ?see section #.2@, a local sin% can be eFuated to a linear sin% using 0iracIs function.
=ir e!tracted b: a local e!traction damper induces a variation of enthalp: over time per unit of volume
?hes@ which can be e!pressed asG
C
tep
=
o
/
2
v tep
h
tep
(
!!
tep
) RW.m
A#
Q
where
A#
Q
2
Q
2v tep G e!traction damper flow rate Rm
#
.s
A1
Q
htep G specific enthalp: of air e!tracted b: an e!traction damper R9.%g
1
Q
G 0iracIs function
!tep G abscissa of the e!traction damper RmQ
Massive e&tra!tions
=s with an e!traction damper, air e!tracted b: massive e!traction induces a variation of enthalp: over
time per unit of volume ?]Cem@ that can be e!pressed asG
C
em
=
em
/
2
v em
h
em
(
!!
em
) RW.m
A#
Q
where
em G air densit: directl: opposite the massive e!traction R%g.m
A#
Q
2
Q
2v emG massive e!traction flow rate Rm
#
.s
A1
Q
hem G specific enthalp: of air e!tracted b: massive e!traction R9.%g
1
Q
G 0iracIs function
!em G abscissa of massive e!traction RmQ
In contrast to local or distributed e!traction dampers and in;ectors, an aeraulic transparenc: onl: blows air
into a tunnel section or ramp if the difference between the pressure imposed outside and that in the tunnel
is negative. In this case, air e!tracted b: an aeraulic transparenc: induces a variation of enthalp: over
time per unit of volume ?Cetr@ that can be e!pressed asG
C
str
=
tr
/
.
2P
t
P
e
tr
tr
/
tr
h
etr
(
!!
tr
) RW.m
A#
Q
where
tr G =ir densit: opposite the aeraulic transparenc: R%g.m
A#
Q
2
Q
Pt G tunnel air pressure directl: opposite aeraulic transparenc: RPaQ
tr G head loss coefficient of the aeraulic transparenc: set at 1,5 RAQ
/tr G section of the aeraulic transparenc: Rm
2
Q
hetr G specific enthalp: of air e!tracted b: aeraulic transparenc: R9.%g
1
Q
'1
G 0iracIs function
Air e&itin via the portals
=ir e!iting from a tunnel section or ramp via a portal induces a variation of enthalp: over time per unit of
volume ?Cet@ that can be e!pressed asG
C
et
=
et
/
2
v et
h
et
(
!!
et
) RW.m
A#
Q
where
et G air densit: at the portal R%g.m
A#
Q
2
Q
2v et G portal e!it flow rate Rm
#
.s
A1
Q
het G specific enthalp: of air e!iting via the portal R9.%g
1
Q
G 0iracIs function
!et G abscissa of the portal RmQ
7.1 =eatin of walls
8he heat flows transferred with tunnel walls via convection and radiation ?Ccon and Cra:@ factor in the
heating of walls due to conductive heat transfers within the structure and their impact on airflow in the tunnel.
8his heating of walls is factored in using +ourierIs eFuation which is also solved b: .=(=88G
s
.
ps
(8
s
)
t
+
s

2
( 8
s
)
E
2
=0
where
s G densit: of wall materials R%g.m
A#
Q
.ps G specific heat of wall materials R9.%g
A1
.Y
A1
Q
8s G temperature of the structure at depth E RYQ
s G thermal conductivit: of wall materials RW.m
A1
.Y
A1
Q
t G time RsQ
E G depth RmQ
.=(=88 is used to factor in walls made of two different materials at the most. It therefore solves +ourierIs
eFuation using eFuivalent thermoAph:sical properties that are calculated as followsG
s
=p
mat 1
s1
+(1p
mat 1
)
s2
.
ps
=p
mat 1
.
ps1
+(1p
mat 1
).
ps2
s
=p
mat 1
s1
+(1p
mat 1
)
s2
where
pmat 1 G proportion of material 1 to material 2 RAQ
s1 G densit: of wall material 1 R%g.m
A#
Q
s2 G densit: of wall material 2 R%g.m
A#
Q
.ps1 G specific heat of wall material 1 R9.%g
A1
.Y
A1
Q
.ps2 G specific heat of wall material 2 R9.%g
A1
.Y
A1
Q
s1 G thermal conductivit: of wall material 1 RW.m
A1
.Y
A1
Q
s2 G thermal conductivit: of wall material 2 RW.m
A1
.Y
A1
Q
8o solve +ourierIs eFuation, .=(=88 considers that the tunnel section or ramp is an annular section with
thic%ness1" cm comprising ' concentric ringsG
'2
1ing thic%ness
1 0& mm
2 10 mm
# 12 mm
3 15 mm
5 20 mm
" 25 mm
=t each ring i, .=(=88 lin%s a mean temperature for the structure 8sai calculated using +ourierIs eFuation.
8he limit conditions factored in b: .=(=88 are given belowG
+ no conductive heat transfer be:ond a depth of 1" cm
+ conservation of heat flows at the interface between the air and the tunnel wall that can be e!pressed asG
(h
c
+h
r
)(88
p
)=2
s
8
p
8
sa1
e
a1
where
hc G convective transfer coefficient RW.m
A2
.Y
A1
Q
hr G radiant heat transfer coefficient RW.m
A2
.Y
A1
Q
s G thermal conductivit: of the material ma%ing up the structure RW.m
A1
.Y
A1
Q
8sa1 G mean temperature of the wallIs first ring RYQ
ea1 G thic%ness of the first ring set at &.10
A#
RmQ
7.) Ther"od#na"i! eOuations
.=(=88 solves the following thermod:namic eFuationsG
7.).- $Ouation of state
8he air in the tunnel is eFuated to a perfect incompressible gas. Its densit: is therefore assumed to depend
solel: on variations in temperature, and not on variations in pressure, which are deemed too small with
respect to atmospheric pressure.
.=(=88 therefore solves the perfect gas eFuation as followsG
8=
(P
o
1
where
G air densit: R%g.m
A#
Q
( G molar mass of air R%g.mol
A1
Q
Po G atmospheric pressure set at 101 #25 RPaQ
1 G perfect gas constant set at '.#15 R9.mol
A1
.Y
A1
Q
.=(=88 onl: uses this eFuation to calculate air densit: and its temperature 8.
7.).2 Spe!ifi! enthalp#
8he air in the tunnel is eFuated to a perfect gas. Its specific enthalp: therefore depends solel: on its
temperature, and not on variations in pressure, which are deemed too small with respect to atmospheric
pressure.
In addition, the specific heat of air at constant pressure varies ver: little with respect to the temperatures that
ma: be encountered in a tunnel following a fire.
'#
.=(=88 therefore solves the eFuation lin%ing specific enthalp: to air temperature as followsG
h=.
p
8
where
h G specific enthalp: of air R9.%g
A1
Q
.p G specific heat of air at constant pressure set at 1 000 R9.%g
A1
.Y
A1
Q
8his eFuation is used to solve the conservation of enthalp: eFuation.
7.. Transport of a passive s!alar
= passive scalar is a ph:sical Fuantit: that is simpl: sub;ect to transport phenomena, without effecting flow
behaviour. .=(=88 is used to factor in two t:pes of passive scalarG gaseous pollutant concentrations and air
opacit:.
3.6.1 Gaseous pollutants
In *+ire modeN, .=(=88 solves the eFuation e!pressing inAflow gaseous pollutant transport as followsG
(c
p
)
t
+
(uc
p
)
!
=/
p
where
cp G concentration of gaseous pollutant in air R%g.m
A#
Q
A1
Q
/ p G mass source ?or sin%@ of the gaseous pollutant R%g.m
A#
.s
A1
Q
t G time RsQ
In *Pollution modeN, this eFuation is solved in stead: state regime, and therefore becomesG
(uc
p
)
!
=/
p
8he mass source term ?or sin%@ for a gaseous pollutant / pol represents the variation over time of the mass
of the gaseous pollutant per unit of volume that ta%es account ofG
+ gaseous pollutants emitted b: the seat of a fire in *+ire modeN
+ gaseous pollutants emitted b: road traffic in *Pollution modeN
+ gaseous pollutants blown into a tunnel or ramp b:G
K distributed blowing vents
K local blowing vents
K in;ectors
K aeraulic transparencies when the difference between the pressure imposed outside and that in the
tunnel is positive
+ gaseous pollutants e!tracted from a tunnel or ramp b:G
K distributed e!traction dampers
K local e!traction dampers
K massive e!tractions
tunnel is negative
+ gaseous pollutants entering the tunnel or ramp via a portal
+ gaseous pollutants e!iting the tunnel or ramp via a portal
8he variation over time of the mass of a gaseous pollutant per unit of volume can therefore be written asG
/
p
=/
p e
+/
p bsr
+/
p ter
+/
p bsp
+/
p tep
+/
p in;
+/
p em
+/
p str
+/
p etr
+/
p st
+/
p et
where
/p e G variation over time of the mass of the pollutant per unit of volume
due to emissions in the tunnel R%g.m
A#
.s
A1
Q
/p bsr G variation over time of the mass of the pollutant per unit of volume
due to air blown b: distributed blowing vents R%g.m
A#
.s
A1
Q
'3
/p ter G variation over time of the mass of the pollutant per unit of volume
due to air e!tracted b: distributed e!traction dampers R%g.m
A#
.s
A1
Q
/p bsp G variation over time of the mass of the pollutant per unit of volume
due to air blown b: local blowing vents R%g.m
A#
.s
A1
Q
/p tep G variation over time of the mass of the pollutant per unit of volume
due to air e!tracted b: local e!traction dampers R%g.m
A#
.s
A1
Q
/p in; G variation over time of the mass of the pollutant per unit of volume
due to air blown b: in;ectors R%g.m
A#
.s
A1
Q
/p em G variation over time of the mass of the pollutant per unit of volume
due to air e!tracted b: massive e!traction R%g.m
A#
.s
A1
Q
/p str G variation over time of the mass of the pollutant per unit of volume
due to air blown b: aeraulic transparencies R%g.m
A#
.s
A1
Q
/p etr G variation over time of the mass of the pollutant per unit of volume
due to air e!tracted b: aeraulic transparencies R%g.m
A#
.s
A1
Q
/p st G variation over time of the mass of the pollutant per unit of volume
due to air entering via the portals R%g.m
A#
.s
A1
Q
/p et G variation over time of the mass of the pollutant per unit of volume
due to air e!iting via the portals R%g.m
A#
.s
A1
Q
+or calculations in *+ire modeN, the gaseous pollutant factored in for fires is carbon mono!ide ?.-@O however,
it is possible to factor in another pollutant b: changing the pollutant emission flow rate value.
$"issions of aseous pollutants fro" the seat of a fire
4missions of .- from the seat of a fire correspond to a local rather than a linear mass source term.
Cowever, as specified for the momentum source terms ?or sin%s@ ?see section #.2@, a local source term
can be eFuated to a linear source term using 0iracIs function. 8he .- mass source term for the seat of a
fire per unit of volume ?/p e@ can therefore be written asG
/
p e
=
2
m .-
/
(
!!
;
) R%g.m
A#
.s
A1
Q
where
2m .- G mass flow of .- emitted b: the seat of the fire R%g.s
A1
Q
2
Q
G length of the tunnel RmQ
G 0iracIs function
$"issions of aseous pollutants b# road traffi!
4missions of gaseous pollutants b: road traffic are onl: factored in for calculations in *Pollution mode, as
the: are negligible with respect to emissions from the seat of a fire.
8he road traffic found in a tunnel section or ramp induces for each gaseous pollutant a variation over time
of its mass per unit of volume ?/p e@ that can be e!pressed asG
/
p e
=
e
p
/
R%g.m
A#
.s
A1
Q
where
ep G mass flow of the gaseous pollutant per unit of length emitted b: road traffic R%g.s
A1
.m
A1
Q
2
Q
=ir blown b: distributed blowing vents in a tunnel section or ramp induces for each gaseous pollutant a
variation over time of its mass per unit of volume ?/p bsr@ that can be e!pressed asG
/
p bsr
=
c
op bsr
/
2
v bsr
R%g.m
A#
.s
A1
Q
where
cop bsr G concentration of the gaseous pollutant in air blown b: distributed blowing vents R%g.m
A#
Q
2
Q
#
.s
A1
.m
A1
Q
'5
=ir e!tracted b: distributed e!traction dampers in a tunnel section or ramp induces for each gaseous
pollutant a variation over time of its mass per unit of volume ?/p ter@ that can be e!pressed asG
/
p ter
=
c
p
/
2
v ter
R%g.m
A#
.s
A1
Q
where
cp G concentration of the gaseous pollutant in air e!tracted b: distributed e!traction dampers R%g.m
A#
Q
2
Q
#
.s
A1
.m
A1
Q
@o!al blowin vents
0iracIs function. =ir blown b: a local blowing vent induces for each gaseous pollutant a variation over
time of its mass per unit of volume ?/p bsp@ that can be e!pressed asG
/
p bsp
=
c
op bsp
/
2
v bsp
1
(
!!
bsp
) R%g.m
A#
.s
A1
Q
where
cop bsp G concentration of the gaseous pollutant in air blown b: a blowing vent R%g.m
A#
Q
2
Q
#
.s
A1
Q
G 0iracIs function
=ir e!tracted b: an e!traction damper induces for each gaseous pollutant a variation over time of its mass
per unit of volume ?/p tep@ that can be e!pressed asG
/
p tep
=
c
p
/
2
v tep
1
(
!!
tep
) R%g.m
A#
.s
A1
Q
where
cp G concentration of the gaseous pollutant in air e!tracted b: e!traction damper R%g.m
A#
Q
2
Q
#
.s
A1
Q
G 0iracIs function
InEe!tors
=s with a local blowing vent, air blown b: an in;ector induces for each gaseous pollutant a variation over
time of its mass per unit of volume ?/p in;@ that can be e!pressed asG
/
p in;
=
c
op in;
/
2
v in;
1
(
!!
in;
) R%g.m
A#
.s
A1
Q
where
cop in; G concentration of the gaseous pollutant in air blown b: the in;ector R%g.m
A#
Q
2
Q
2v in; G in;ector flow rate Rm
#
.s
A1
Q
G 0iracIs function
Massive e&tra!tions
=s with a local e!traction damper, air e!tracted b: a massive e!traction induces for each gaseous
pollutant a variation over time of its mass per unit of volume ?/p em@ that can be e!pressed asG
'"
/
p em
=
c
p
/
2
v em
1
(
!!
em
) R%g.m
A#
.s
A1
Q
where
cp G concentration of the gaseous pollutant in air e!tracted b: massive e!traction R%g.m
A#
Q
2
Q
2v em G massive e!traction flow rate Rm
#
.s
A1
Q
G 0iracIs function
!em G abscissa of the massive e!traction RmQ
=n aeraulic transparenc: onl: blows air into a tunnel section or ramp if the difference between the
pressure imposed outside and that in the tunnel is positive.
In this case, air blown b: the aeraulic transparenc: induces for each gaseous pollutant a variation over
time of its mass per unit of volume ?/p str@ that can be e!pressed asG
/
p str
=
c
op tr
/
.
2P
t
P
e
tr
o
/
tr
1
(
!!
tr
) R%g.m
A#
.s
A1
Q
where
cop tr G concentration of the gaseous pollutant in air blown b: the aeraulic transparenc: R%g.m
A#
Q
2
Q
Pt G tunnel air pressure opposite the aeraulic transparenc: RPaQ
G 0iracIs function
In other cases, air e!tracted b: the aeraulic transparenc: induces for each gaseous pollutant a variation
over time of its mass per unit of volume ?/p etr@ that can be e!pressed asG
/
p str
=
c
p
/
.
2P
t
P
e
tr
tr
/
tr
1
(
!!
tr
) R%g.m
A#
.s
A1
Q
where
cp G concentration of the gaseous pollutant in air e!tracted b: an aeraulic transparenc: R%g.m
A#
Q
=ir entering a tunnel section or ramp via a portal induces for each gaseous pollutant a variation over time
of its mass per unit of volume ?/p st@ that can be e!pressed asG
/
p st
=
c
op st
/
2
v st
1
(
!!
st
) R%g.m
A#
.s
A1
Q
where
cop st G concentration of the pollutant in air entering via a portal R%g.m
A#
Q
2
Q
#
.s
A1
Q
G 0iracIs function
=ir e!iting from a tunnel section or ramp via a portal induces for each gaseous pollutant a variation over
time of its mass per unit of volume ?/p and@ that can be e!pressed asG
/
p et
=
c
p
/
2
v et
1
(
!!
et
) R%g.m
A#
.s
A1
Q
avec
where
cp G concentration of the gaseous pollutant in air e!iting via a portal R%g.m
A#
Q
'&
2
Q
2v et G flow rate e!iting via a portal Rm
#
.s
A1
Q
G 0iracIs function
3.6.2 Air opacity
+or soot and particulate matter, the passive scalar selected in .=(=88 is air opacit: Fuantified through the
e!tinction coefficient
)
that represents the relative loss in luminous flu! per unit of length.
In *+ire mode,, .=(=88 solves the eFuation e!pressing the transport of opacit: in the flow as followsG
(%)
t
+
(u%)
!
=/
%
where
% G e!tinction coefficient for air Rm
A1
Q
A1
Q
/ p G opacit: source ?or sin%@ Rm
A1
.s
A1
Q
t G time RsQ
In *Pollution modeN, this eFuation is solved in stead: state regime and therefore becomesG
(u%)
!
=/
%
8he opacit: source term ?or sin%@ / % represents the variation over time of opacit: that factors inG
+ soot emitted b: the seat of a fire in *+ire modeN
+ particulates emitted b: road traffic in *Pollution modeN
+ particulates blown into the tunnel or ramp b:G
K distributed blowing vents
K local blowing vents
K in;ectors
tunnel is positive
+ particulates e!tracted from the tunnel or ramp b:G
K distributed e!traction dampers
K local e!traction dampers
K massive e!tractions
tunnel is negative
+ particulates entering the tunnel or ramp via a portal
+ particulates e!iting the tunnel or ramp via a portal
8he variation over time of opacit: can therefore be written asG
/
%
=/
% e
+/
% bsr
+/
% ter
+/
% bsp
+/
% tep
+/
% in;
+/
% em
+/
% str
+/
% etr
+/
% st
+/
% st
where
/% e G variation over time of opacit:
due to emissions in the tunnel Rm
A1
.s
A1
Q
/% bsr G variation over time of opacit:
due to air blown b: distributed blowing vents Rm
A1
.s
A1
Q
/% ter G variation over time of opacit:
due to air e!tracted b: distributed e!traction dampers Rm
A1
.s
A1
Q
/% bsp G variation over time of opacit:
due to air blown b: local blowing vents Rm
A1
.s
A1
Q
/% tep G variation over time of opacit:
due to air e!tracted b: local e!traction dampers Rm
A1
.s
A1
Q
) =lso referred to as the optical absoption coefficient
''
/% in; G variation over time of opacit:
due to air blown b: in;ectors Rm
A1
.s
A1
Q
/% em G variation over time of opacit:
due to air e!tracted b: massive e!tractions Rm
A1
.s
A1
Q
/% str G variation over time of opacit:
due to air blown b: aeraulic transparencies Rm
A1
.s
A1
Q
/% etr G variation over time of opacit:
due to air e!tracted b: aeraulic transparencies Rm
A1
.s
A1
Q
/% st G variation over time of opacit:
due to air entering via the portals Rm
A1
.s
A1
Q
/% and G variation over time of opacit:
due to air e!iting via the portals Rm
A1
.s
A1
Q
$"issions of soot fro" the seat of a fire
4missions of soot from the seat of a fire correspond to a local rather than a linear mass source term.
Cowever, as specified for the momentum source terms ?or sin%s@ ?see section #.2@, a local source term
can be eFuated to a linear source term using 0iracIs function. 8he opacit: source term for the seat of a fire
?/% e@ can therefore be written asG
/
% e
=

%
/
(
!!
;
) Rm
A1
.s
A1
Q
where
% G opacit: flu! emitted b: the seat of the fire Rm
#
.s
A1
.m
A1
Q
2
Q
G length of the tunnel RmQ
G 0iracIs function
$"issions of parti!ulates fro" road traffi!
4missions of particulates from road traffic are onl: factored in for calculations in * Normal e!traction mode,
as the: are negligible with respect to emissions of soot from the seat of a fire.
8he road traffic found in a tunnel section or ramp induces a variation over time of opacit: ?/% e@ that can be
e!pressed asG
/
% e
=
e
%
/
Rm
A1
.s
A1
Q
where
G unit conversion factor Rm
A1
.%g
A1
.m
#
Q
e% G mass flow in particulates per unit of length of road traffic R%g.s
A1
.m
A1
Q
2
Q
=ir blown b: distributed blowing vents in a tunnel section or ramp induces a variation over time of opacit:
?/% bsr@ that can be e!pressed asG
/
% bsr
=
%
o bsr
/
2
v bsr
Rm
A1
.s
A1
Q
where
%o bsr G e!tinction coefficient for air blown b: distributed blowing vents Rm
A1
Q
2
Q
#
.s
A1
.m
A1
Q
=ir e!tracted b: distributed e!traction dampers in a tunnel section or ramp induces a variation over time of
opacit: ?/% ter@ that can be e!pressed asG
/
% ter
=
%
/
2
v ter
Rm
A1
.s
A1
Q
')
where
% G e!tinction coefficient of air Rm
A1
Q
2
Q
#
.s
A1
.m
A1
Q
@o!al blowin vents
0iracIs function. =ir blown b: a local blowing vent induces a variation over time of opacit: ?/% bsp@ that can
be e!pressed asG
/
% bsp
=
%
o bsp
/
2
v bsp
1
(
!!
bsp
) Rm
A1
.s
A1
Q
where
%o bsp G e!tinction coefficient for air blown b: a blowing vent Rm
A1
Q
2
Q
#
.s
A1
Q
G 0iracIs function
=ir e!tracted b: an e!traction damper induces a variation over time of opacit: ?/% tep@ that can be
e!pressed asG
/
% tep
=
%
/
2
v tep
1
(
!!
tep
) Rm
A1
.s
A1
Q
where
A1
Q
2
Q
#
.s
A1
Q
G 0iracIs function
InEe!tors
=s with a local blowing vent, air blown b: an in;ector induces a variation over time of opacit: ?/% in;@ that
can be e!pressed asG
/
% in;
=
%
o in;
/
2
v in;
1
(
!!
in;
) Rm
A1
.s
A1
Q
where
%o in; G e!tinction coefficient in in;ector blown air Rm
A1
Q
2
Q
2v in; G in;ector flow rate Rm
#
.s
A1
Q
G 0iracIs function
Massive e&tra!tions
=s with local e!traction dampers, air e!tracted via massive e!traction induces a variation over time of
opacit: ?/% em@ that can be e!pressed asG
/
% em
=
%
/
2
v em
1
(
!!
em
) Rm
A1
.s
A1
Q
where
A1
Q
2
Q
2v em G massive e!traction flow rate Rm
#
.s
A1
Q
G 0iracIs function
!em G abscissa of the massive e!traction RmQ
)0
=n aeraulic transparenc: onl: blows air into a tunnel section or ramp if the difference between the
pressure imposed outside and that in the tunnel is positive.
In this case, air blown b: the aeraulic transparenc: induces a variation over time of opacit: ?/% str@ that can
be e!pressed asG
/
% str
=
%
o tr
/
.
2P
t
P
e
tr
o
/
tr
1
(
!!
tr
) Rm
A1
.s
A1
Q
where
%o tr G e!tinction coefficient in the aeraulic transparenc: blown air Rm
A1
Q
2
Q
Pt G tunnel air pressure directl: opposite an aeraulic transparenc: RPaQ
Pe G imposed air pressure outside an aeraulic transparenc: RPaQ
G 0iracIs function
In other cases, air e!tracted via aeraulic transparenc: induces a variation over time of opacit: ?/p etr@ that
/
% str
=
%
/
.
2P
t
P
e
tr
tr
/
tr
1
(
!!
tr
) Rm
A1
.s
A1
Q
where
A1
Q
=ir entering a tunnel section or ramp via a portal induces a variation over time of opacit: ?/% st@ that can be
e!pressed asG
/
% st
=
%
o st
/
2
v st
1
(
!!
st
) Rm
A1
.s
A1
Q
where
%o tr G e!tinction coefficient of air entering via a portal Rm
A1
Q
2
Q
#
.s
A1
Q
G 0iracIs function
=ir e!iting from a tunnel section or ramp via a portal induces a variation over time of opacit: ?/% and@ that
/
% et
=
%
/
2
v et
1
(
!!
et
) Rm
A1
.s
A1
Q
where
A1
Q
2
Q
2v et G flow rate e!iting via a portal Rm
#
.s
A1
Q
G 0iracIs function
)1
)2
)#
C3NTRI2%T3RS
*r5d5ri! AINC$NT( Vavier C3NTICB( Antoine M3S and Nean4*ran+ois 2%RZ=ART parti!ipated in
the draftin of this do!u"ent.
www7cetu7develo""eent-durable7gouv7fr
Tunnels Study Centre
25, avenue Franois Mitterrand
Case n1
69674 BRON - FRANCE
Tl. 33 (0)4 72 14 34 00
Fax. 33 (0)4 72 14 34 30
cetu@developpement-durable.gouv.fr

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