Stress

Strain

Stress / Strain Relations

Stress strain relations Prof Schierle 1

Stress / strain test

= /

Pull bar to cause stress and strain Record load P Compute stress f f = P/A A = cross section area Record strain L Compute unit strain = L / L L = unstressed length Plot measure points on stress strain graph Draw line through plotted points

Stress strain relations

Prof Schierle

Stress / Strain Relations

Hookes Law for isotropic material (material of equal properties in any direction) Stress causes strain deformation Stress/strain relations are visualized by a spring as substitute for a rod to amplify stress / strain relations Elongation under tension Shortening under compression Stress / strain graph Applied load Unstressed length Elongation/shortening under load Unit strain = L/L Stress f = P/A (A = cross section area) Elastic modulus E = f / (defines stiffness of material)
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1 2 3 P L L f E

Stress strain relations

Prof Schierle

Stress / Strain
1 2 Test load (increasing from 1 to 5 k) Stress-strain graph For each load the strain is recorded A line through recorded points defines stress / strain relations Slope defines Elastic Modulus E

E=f/
f = P / A = stress P = applied load A = test bar cross-section area = L/L = unit strain L = elongation / shortening L = unstressed length

Stress strain relations

Prof Schierle

Stress / strain graphs

1 2 3 4 5 6 Test loads (1-5) Stress / strain graph Linear material Strain increase linear with stress Nonlinear material Strain increase nonlinear with stress Elastic material (rubber) Resumes initial length after load Plastic material (clay) Remains deformed after load S = permanent set Brittle material (concrete) Ductile material (steel)

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Stress strain relations

Copyright Prof Prof Schierle Schierle 2014

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Poissons ratio (shrinks / expands material normal to applied load) Creep = deformation over time (critical in concrete) C = Creep T = Time Elastic/plastic material Steel (idealized graph)

3 4

5 6

Steel (mild steel) High strength steel

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Concrete Wood (under tensile stress)

Stress strain relations

Prof Schierle

Poissons ratio

= y / x
= lateral strain / axial strain (named after the French scientist Poisson who defined it in 1807)

Creep (deformation over time)

T = Time C = Creep (creep gradually decreases with time)

Note: Concrete creep may exceed elastic strain and cause major problems !

Stress strain relations

Prof Schierle

Stress / Strain
3 Elastic / plastic material E Elastic range P Plastic range

Slope of decreasing stress, parallel to increasing stress, causes permanent deformation

Steel graph (idealized) A Proportional limit B Elastic limit C Yield point CD Yield plateau E Ultimate strength F Breaking point
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Stress strain relations

Prof Schierle

Mild steel (Fy = 36 ksi yield stress)

(Mild steel is increasingly replaced by high-strength steel of 50 ksi yield strength) Allowable stress for Fy = 36 ksi Type of stress Allowable stresses Axial stress Fa = 21.6 ksi (0.6 Fy) Bending stress Fb = 21.6 ksi (0.6 Fy) Shear stress Fv = 14.4 ksi (0.4 Fy) Allowable stress for Fy = 50 ksi Type of stress Allowable stresses Axial stress Fa = 30 ksi (0.6 Fy) Bending stress Fb = 30 ksi (0.6 Fy) Shear stress Fv = 20 ksi (0.4 Fy)

Stress strain relations

Prof Schierle

Typical strength F vs. stiffness E

Material Wood Steel Concrete Masonry Strength F (ksi) 1.4 30 3 1.5 Stiffness E (ksi) Elastic modulus 1,400 30,000 3,000 1,500

Axial deflection L
Derivation of formula f = P/A = L / L E=f/ E = (P/A) / (L/L) E = P L / (A L)

L = PL / AE

Stress strain relations

Prof Schierle

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Examples Elevator cables

Assume 4 cables each, 60% metallic area Breaking strength Fy = 210 ksi Allowable stress (210 ksi / {3x4}) Elastic Modulus Cable length each Load Metallic area Am = 4 x .6 r2 = 4 x .6 0.252 Stress f = P / A = 8 / 0.47 Elongation L = PL / AE = 8k x 700x12 / (0.47x16000)

Fa = 17.5 ksi E=16,000 ksi L = 700 P=8k Am = 0.47 in2 f = 17 ksi 17 < 17.5, ok L = 8.9

Stress strain relations

Prof Schierle

~ 60% metallic
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~ 70% metallic

Cable elevator Suspended on 4 to 8 wire ropes each alone strong enough to support the elevator Safety breaks block elevator if all cables break

Air cushion slows free-fall in case of failure Shock absorber cushions impact in case of failure
Stress strain relations Prof Schierle 12

Settlement effect on curtain wall

Assume Steel structure, aluminum curtain wall 2-story mullion, length L = 30x12 L = 360 Column stress increase during construction f = 15 ksi Elastic modulus (steel) E = 29,000 ksi Column shortening due to stress L = PL / AE Since f = P/ A L = f L/E = 15 ksi x 360 / 29000 Note: To allow settlement without stress in mullion, provide minimum mullion expansion joints (also verify joint width for thermal expansion)

L = 0.19

Stress strain relations

Prof Schierle

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Suspended structure settlement

Assume: Steel columns, strand hangers 10 stories @ 14 = 10x14x12 Average column stress Average strand stress Elastic modulus (steel) Elastic modulus (strand) L = 1680 f = 18 ksi f = 60 ksi E = 29,000 ksi E = 22,000 ksi

Column strain L = PL/AE Since f = P/A L = f L/E L = 18 ksi x 1680/29000 L = 1.0 Strand strain L = 60ksi x 1680 / 22000 L = 4.6 Differential settlement L = 5.6 Note: To reduce differential settlement: Prestress strands to reduce L by half and adjust floor levels for DL and partial LL
Stress strain relations Prof Schierle 14

Happy end

Stress strain relations

Prof Schierle

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