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KDU College Penang Referencing Guide 2009

Harvard style bibliographies and references University of Leeds


Source: http://www.informs.intute.ac.uk/informs_perl/page.pl render!inhale"unit!#$#"folio!%&"id!$$$$$$&c#'%#((ab&)c)*+,&a,*d&b+c"action!none"page!&

-H./ 0S 12321245046 There are several terms you must understand before you can learn ho to reference sources of information! The diagram belo sho s t o "ages from a boo#$ the different elements of the referencing "rocess are labelled! %elect a label from the diagram to &um" to a s"ecific definition of a term or scroll do n the "age to read each definition in turn!

5itation 'hen you refer to$ or (uote$ the or# of other "eo"le in your o n or# this is a citation) you are citing someone else*s ideas! + citation in your te,t must al ays be immediately follo ed ith some details about the source you have used! These details then refer the reader to a reference!

KDU College Penang Referencing Guide 2009

1eference + reference is a "iece of te,t that lists all the information a reader needs in order to identify and locate the source that you have cited in your or#! %ometimes the term citation is used to describe both the entry in your te,t .discussed above/ and the reference .described here/! 7ibliography 8or 1eference List9 +ll the references for a "iece of or# .discussed above/ should be collected together and "ut in a list at the end of the main te,t as a bibliogra"hy! 0t allo s all your references to be gathered together in one "lace and ma#es it easy for a reader to find the details of a s"ecific source! %ome referencing systems re(uire you too "rovide a reference list either instead of or in addition to a bibliogra"hy! 1ore information on this is given in %te" 2 of this tutorial$ but if you are in any doubt hat you need to "rovide$ "lease aas# your tutor! 1unning notes 1unning notes can be used instead of a reference list .discussed above/! 1unning notes collect together the references for all the citations found on a single "age or ithin each cha"ter! They are either "laced at the bottom of each page and are called 3footnotes3 or at the end of each chapter and are called 3endnotes3!

WHY REFERENCE THE SOURCES YOU USE?


ACADEMIC REASONS:
TO SHOW THE WIDE VARIETY OF SOURCES YOU HAVE USED TO SHOW THAT YOU HAVE USED RELEVANT SOURCES TO SUPPORT THE IDEAS AND ARGUMENTS THAT YOU DISCUSS IN YOUR WORK

4ften you ill gain mar#s if you have used a ide range of different sources to &ustify and su""ort your or#! 0f you find information from sources that are not on your reading list it sho s initiative and inde"endent thought! 0f you do not include the details of the different sources of information that you use in your or# it ill not be "ossible for a tutor to see hat you have read and &udge if it is relevant and if you have discovered it yourself! 0f you do not include references in your or# you are li#ely to lose mar#s!

KDU College Penang Referencing Guide 2009

PRACTICAL REASONS:
TO HELP A READER TO TRACE THE SOURCES YOU HAVE USED TO HELP YOU TO RETRACE THE SOURCES YOU HAVE USED IN THE PAST

The number of sources available is increasing at a ra"id "ace! 0t is very difficult to find a s"ecific source ithout #no ing ho the author.s/ are or its title! %ometimes several items have the same title$ therefore more information is re(uired! + reference "rovides enough information about a source for it to be located (uic#ly and efficiently! This hel"s your tutor to find the sources for themselves! Referencing can also be useful for you5 if you ish to find a source that you have used in a "revious assignment its details ill be available in the bibliogra"hy!

LEGAL REASONS
TO AVOID PLAGIARISM

Plagiarism is the use of another "erson*s ideas or or# ithout ac#no ledging them! 0f you tal# about someone*s or# or gain ideas from it ithout referencing the source$ this is "lagiarism! 0f you use a (uotation from someone else*s or# or "ara"hrase ."ut their information in your o n ords/ ithout referencing the source$ this is "lagiarism! The University ta#es "lagiarism very seriously! 0f you do not reference the sources of information that you use in your or# it is li#ely that you ill get a mar# of 6ero! 7ou may also face disci"linary action!

THE HARVARD SYSTEM - OVERVIEW


CITATIONS:
The 8arvard system uses an author:date style for labeling citations! This means that henever you refer to the or# of someone else you must enter the author.s/* name and year of the "ublication into your te,t ithin$ or directly after$ the citation!

REFERENCES:
References are usually entered into a reference list or bibliography at the end of your or#$ and are organised alphabetically by author.s/ surname! 0f a reader ishes to find the reference for a s"ecific citation they should loo# u" the author.s/ name in the reference list! The diagram belo sho s an e,am"le of this5
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KDU College Penang Referencing Guide 2009

FOOTNOTE METHOD (ONLY TO BE USED IF REQUESTED BY YOUR TUTOR):

:ootnotes can be used as an alternative to a reference list and are usually listed at the bottom of each "age in your or#! 0f your tutor re;uires you to use footnotes you should label each citation in your te,t ith a su"erscri"t number .a small number raised above the te,t/ instead of the author;date method! The footnotes are then organised numerically by citation number beneath your te,t on each "age!

The diagram belo sho s the same e,am"le as above but no using the footnote method of referencing5
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KDU College Penang Referencing Guide 2009

ADVANTAGES WITH EACH METHOD:


Reference list method: This allo s a reader to bro se an ordered list of all the sources you have referred to in your or#! The citations in your te,t are not numbered and therefore can be moved around easily and do not need to be re;numbered each time you insert a ne reference! Footnote method (only to be used if requested by your tutor): The references for your sources are #e"t on the same "age as the citations referring to them! This ma#es it very easy for a reader to see a relevant reference (uic#ly! Citations are also given as numbers and therefore do not brea# the flo of your te,t!

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