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SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures


Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
SCSI - The Protocol for all
Storage Architectures
David Deming, President
Solution Technology
SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures
Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Page 2
SNIA Legal Notices
The material contained in this tutorial is
copyrighted by SNIA
Member companies and individuals may use this
material in presentations and literature under the
following conditions:
Any slide or slides used must be reproduced without
modification
SNIA must be acknowledged as the source of any material
used in the body of any document containing material from
these presentations
This presentation is a project of the SNIA
Education Committee
SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures
Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Page 3
Objectives
Brief understanding of SCSI and its history
Understanding of industry standards and the role
of the SCSI Architecture
Understanding the SCSI Architecture model
Understanding the I/O Operation and the
importance behind SCSI Protocol
Learn how parallel SCSI, Fibre Channel, and iSCSI
rely on the SCSI Architecture to support storage
applications
SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures
Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Page 4
Brief History
SCSI-1: In the beginning 1987
SCSI was adapted from the SASI Interface (1979)
Specified a physical interface, transport protocol, and
standard command for disk, tape, and other storage
devices
SCSI-2: Second coming of SCSI
Speed and bus width enhancements
Multi-threading commands and transport protocol
cleanup
Added more storage device type command sets
SCSI-3: Today and beyond
More speed: Ultra-2/Ultra-160/Ultra-320
Separation of Physical Interface, Transport Protocols, and
the SCSI Command Sets
SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures
Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Page 5
SCSI Today and the Future
SCSI Language
SCSI is the Language of Love
Every architecture uses the SCSI command sets
Every architecture uses the SCSI upper layer protocol
SCSI Transport
Defines protocol mapping and control of SCSI language
Fibre Channel Protocol (FCP), Serial Storage Architecture
(SSA), Serial Bus Protocol (SBP), iSCSI, Serial ATA
(SATA), Serial Attached SCSI (SAS)
SCSI Physical Architectures
Serial SCSI the future of the SCSI physical interface
Fibre Channel, SSA, 1394, ATAPI, TCP/IP
Page 6
SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures
Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Introduction to Standards
SCSI Standards and their impact on all
storage interfaces
SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures
Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Page 7
Standards Organizations
T13 ATA
T13 ATA
IEEE-1394
(Firewire)
IEEE-1394
(Firewire)
International Organization for Standards (ISO)
International Organization for Standards (ISO)
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
INCITS
INCITS
Ethernet
(802.x)
Ethernet
(802.x)
IEEE
IEEE
iFCP
iFCP
IETF
IETF
T11 FC
T11 FC
T10 SCSI
T10 SCSI
Internet
Protocol
Internet
Protocol
iSCSI
iSCSI
FCIP
FCIP
SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures
Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Page 8
SCSI Standards
Physical
Interfaces
Shared Command Set
Architectural Model
Device
Specific
Command
Sets
Transport
Protocols
SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures
Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Page 9
Protocol Service Model
SCSI
Application
SCSI
Application
SCSI
Application
SCSI
Application
SCSI Transport
Protocol Services
SCSI Transport
Protocol Services
SCSI Transport
Protocol Services
SCSI Transport
Protocol Services
Interconnect
Services
Interconnect
Services
Interconnect
Services
Interconnect
Services
Application
Layer
Transport
Protocol
Layer
Interconnect
Layer
Command Set
Standards
Transport
Protocol
Standards
Interconnect
Standards
SCSI Transport
Protocol
SCSI Application
Protocol
Protocol Service Interface
Interconnect Service Interface
Client I/O System Server I/O System
Application layer: Clients and servers that originate and process SCSI I/O operations by means of a SCSI
application protocol
Transport protocol layer: Services and protocols through which clients and servers communicate
Interconnect layer: Services, signaling mechanism and interconnect subsystem needed for the physical
transfer of data from sender to receiver.
SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures
Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Page 10
SCSI Command Sets
one of the most appealing feature behind the SCSI
Architecture, i.e. the SCSI language
includes every type of storage device manufactured
today; disk, tape, CD, storage enclosures, etc
manufacturer independent and are common for all
types of devices
SCSI device drivers and operating systems have
utilized SCSI Command Sets since the late 80s
can be used in any storage architecture including Fibre
Channel, iSCSI, InfiniBand, ATA/IDE, SATA (Serial
ATA), SAS (Serial Attached SCSI), 1394 (Firewire)
Page 11
SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures
Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
SCSI Architectural Model
Characteristics of the SCSI-3
Architecture
SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures
Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Page 12
The SCSI Distributed Model
Protocol Service Interface
Service Delivery Subsystem
SCSI is a client-server
protocol.
The client is called the
Initiator (usually the OS I/O
subsystem) and issues
requests to the server.
The server is called the
Target (usually the SCSI
controller that is part of a
storage device) and
receives, executes and
returns Initiator requests
and their associated
responses.
Server Request
Server Response
Client
Server
Client-Server Transaction
Initiator
Target
SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures
Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Page 13
Client-Server Model
A single Initiator can have multiple Application Clients.
Targets have ONE Task Manager and one or more Logical Units (LU), which
are numbered (LUN). The Task Manager:
controls the sequencing of one or more tasks within a LU
carries out the task management functions
has the authority to modify Service Requests that have already been received by the
target
The Device Server processes operations and directs them to a specific LUN.
Task Management Request
Task Management Response
Initiator Target
Application
Application
Application
Application
Clients
Task
Manager
Device
Server
Device Server Request
Device Server Response
Logical
Units
SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures
Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Page 14
Re-cap SCSI Terminology
SCSI is a standard that defines an
interface between an Initiator
(usually a computer) and a Target
(usually a storage device such as a
hard disk, tape backup, or storage
array).
Interface refers to connectors,
cables, electrical signals, optical
signals and the command protocol
that allow initiators and targets to
communicate.
Logical Units are a subset of Target
devices which can allow for
scalability.
Initiator
Target
Interface
Logical Units
SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures
Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Page 15
SCSI Structural Model
SCSI
Device
SCSI
Device
SCSI
Device
SCSI
Device
SCSI
Device
SCSI
Device
SCSI
Device
SCSI
Device
Service Delivery Subsystem
Service Delivery Subsystem
Domain
I/O System
Represents a view of the
elements comprising a SCSI I/O
system as seen by the
application clients interacting
with the system.
The fundamental object is the
SCSI Domain that represents an
I/O system.
a Domain is made up of SCSI
devices
and a Service Delivery
Subsystem that transports
Commands, Data, and related
information
SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures
Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Page 16
Initiator Device Model
SCSI Initiator
Device
SCSI Initiator
Device
Initiator
Device
Name
Initiator
Device
Name
SCSI
Initiator
Port
SCSI
Initiator
Port
Application
Client
Application
Client
Initiator
Port
Name
Initiator
Port
Name
Initiator
Port
Identifier
Initiator
Port
Identifier
A SCSI Initiator device
contains:
Zero or more Initiator device
names
One or more SCSI Initiator
ports each containing
an Initiator Port Identifier
and an optional Initiator Port
Name
One or more Application
Clients
SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures
Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Page 17
Target Device Model
A SCSI Target device
contains:
Zero or more Target device
names
One or more SCSI Target ports
each containing
a Task Router,
SCSI Target Port Identifier,
and an optional Target Port
Name
One or more Logical Units
SCSI Target
Device
SCSI Target
Device
Target
Device
Name
Target
Device
Name
SCSI
Target
Port
SCSI
Target
Port
Logical
Unit
Logical
Unit
Target
Port
Name
Target
Port
Name
Target
Port
Identifier
Target
Port
Identifier
Target
Router
Target
Router
SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures
Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Page 18
Logical Unit Model
A Logical Unit contains:
A Logical Unit Number
If access controls are not in effect, one Logical Unit Number per Logical Unit;
or
If access controls are in effect, one Logical Unit Number per SCSI Initiator
port that has access rights plus one default Logical Unit Number per Logical
Unit;
One or more Logical Unit names
A Device Server
A Task Manager; and
One or more Task Sets each of which may contain zero or more
untagged tasks or a combination of zero or more tagged tasks and zero
or more untagged tasks.
Logical
Unit
Logical
Unit
Device
Server
Device
Server
Task Set
(Queue)
Task Set
(Queue)
Task
Manager
Task
Manager
Untagged
Task
Untagged
Task
Tagged
Task
Tagged
Task
Logical Unit
Name
Logical Unit
Name
Logical Unit
Number
Logical Unit
Number
SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures
Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
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Tasks
Task = the work to be performed by the Logical
Unit
A single Command
A group of linked Commands
Two types of SCSI Tasks
Tagged
Untagged
Untagged Task
Represented by an I_T_L nexus
Tagged Task
Represented by an I_T_L_Q nexus
Nexus
Methodology used to uniquely identify an I/O
Operation between an Initiator, Target, Logical Unit,
and an optional Queue Tag
Initiator
Target
Logical Units
Task
Sets
Queue
SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures
Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Page 20
Task Attributes
There are four types of Task attributes that can affect
how the Target executes each task
Simple
Target can execute in any order
Target will typically apply a performance algorithm to numerous
simple tasks
Ordered
Target must execute all ordered tasks in the order they are received
Any task prior to ordered must be executed before ordered task
Head of queue
Informs Target to insert the task into the front of the queue
Auto Contingent Allegiance (ACA)
Used when the Target enters into an error condition for a command
that has previously executed
Page 21
SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures
Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
I/O Operations
Characteristics of SCSI I/O Operations
SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures
Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
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I/O Operation Model
There are two categories of Protocol Services:
- Execute Command and Confirmation Services
- Data Transfer Services
There are three main phases of an I/O operation
that includes a data transfer:
1.Command: Send required command and parameters via a
Command Descriptor Block (CDB)
2.Data: Transfer data in accordance with the command
3.Status: Receive confirmation of command execution
SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures
Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Page 23
SCSI I/O Operations
At a minimum, SCSI I/O
Operations consist of:
An Initiator issuing a SCSI
Command
A Target returning
completion Status
There is no Data transfer
between Initiator and
Target
Types of Commands that
do not move Data
Test Unit Ready
Start/Stop Unit
Rewind
Interconnecting
Subsystem
Interconnecting
Subsystem
SCSI Command
SCSI Status
Initiator Target
SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures
Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Page 24
Operations that move Data
When an Initiator and Target
need to exchange information
They utilize a Data phase
Data In transmits information from
the Target to the Initiator
Data Out transmits information
from the Initiator to the Target
Data can be transmitted all at
once or take numerous Data
phases to complete information
transfers
Types of Commands
Read or Write
Inquiry
Interconnecting
Subsystem
Interconnecting
Subsystem
SCSI Command
SCSI Status
Read or Write
Data
Initiator Target
SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures
Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Page 25
Command Descriptor Block
A Command is executed by sending a Command Descriptor
Block (CDB) to the Target
For each CDB
The first byte of the CDB is the Operation Code
The last byte of the CDB is the Control Byte
The format of the Operation Code and Control Byte is identical for
every SCSI Command in the SCSI Universe
bit 7 bit 6 bit 5 bit 4 bit 3 bit 2 bit 1 bit 0
byte 0 Operation code
byte 1 Reserved (MSB)
byte 2 Logical block address (if required)
byte 3 (LSB)

byte 4
Transfer length (if required)
Parameter list length (if required)
Allocation length (if required)
byte 5 Control byte

Example
Six Byte CDB
Informs the Target
where to start the
transfer
How many blocks
(512 bytes) to transfer
How many
bytes to transfer
SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures
Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Page 26
Other CDB Formats
bit 7 bit 6 bit 5 bit 4 bit 3 bit 2 bit 1 bit 0
byte 0 Operation code
byte 1 Reserved Service Action (if required)
byte 2 (MSB)
byte 3 Logical block address (if required)
byte 4
byte 5 (LSB)
byte 6 Reserved
byte 7 (MSB) Transfer length (if required)
Parameter List Length (if required)
byte 8 Allocation length (if required) (LSB)
byte 9 Control byte

bit 7 bit 6 bit 5 bit 4 bit 3 bit 2 bit 1 bit 0
Ten Byte CDB
Twelve Byte CDB
CBDs can be:
10 bytes
12 bytes
16 bytes
or even
variable
bytes in
length
byte 0 Operation code
byte 1 Reserved Service Action (if required)
byte 2 (MSB)
byte 3 Logical block address (if required)
byte 4
byte 5 (LSB)
byte 6 (MSB)
byte 7 Transfer length (if required)
byte 8 Parameter list length (if required)
byte 9 Allocation length (if required) (LSB)
byte 10 Reserved
byte 11 Control byte

SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures
Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Page 27
SCSI Commands all Devices
There are standard SCSI
Commands for:
Disk
Tape
Storage Enclosures
Disk Arrays
CD
WORM
Media Changers
Every device imaginable or not
yet created
Op. Code Command Name Type
00h TEST UNIT READY M
03h REQUEST SENSE Z
12h INQUIRY M
15h MODE SELECT(6) Z
18h COPY O
1Ah MODE SENSE(6) Z
1Ch RECEIVE DIAGNOSTIC RESULTS O
1Dh SEND DIAGNOSTIC O
39h COMPARE O
3Ah COPY AND VERIFY O
3Bh WRITE BUFFER Z
3Ch READ BUFFER O
4Ch LOG SELECT O
4Dh LOG SENSE O
55h MODE SELECT(10) Z
5Ah MODE SENSE(10) Z

SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures
Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Page 28
SCSI Status
Any time a SCSI Command
is sent to a Target
The Initiator expects a
completion Status
This status can reflect
successful or unsuccessful
completion of the command
The Status may indicate
Busy or Not Ready
Error condition exists for
another command
Targets task set is full
Page 29
SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures
Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Parallel SCSI
SCSI
Application
SCSI
Application
SCSI
Application
SCSI
Application
SCSI Transport
Protocol Services
SCSI Transport
Protocol Services
SCSI Transport
Protocol Services
SCSI Transport
Protocol Services
Interconnect
Services
Interconnect
Services
Interconnect
Services
Interconnect
Services
Command Set
Standards
SCSI-3
Parallel
Interface
SCSI-3
Parallel
Interface
SCSI Transport
Protocol
SCSI Application
Protocol
Protocol Service Interface
Interconnect Service Interface
Initiator Target
SCSI-3 Parallel Bus
SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures
Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Page 30
Parallel SCSI Characteristics
Half-duplex, daisy chained, shared bus, requires signal
termination
Separate control and data signals
Information can only go in one direction at a time
Each piece (byte) of information if acknowledged
Information transfers are interlocked
A connection protocol is used before any information transfers
Arbitration, Selection, and Message phases
Uses SCSI IDs to identify devices
Utilizes protocol bus phases to accomplish information
transfers
Command (CDB), Data, or Status
Can multi-task by disconnecting
SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures
Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Page 31
Read Command Example
Initiator Target
C
o
nn
ectio
n
A
rbitrate and
S
elect
C
D
B 0x28 00 00 10 00 00 00 0A 00 00 C
o
m
m
an
d P
hase
R
equ
ested R
ead Info
rm
atio
n
D
ata P
h
ase
C
o
m
p
letio
n
Info
rm
ation
0x00
S
tatu
s P
hase
R
equ
ested R
ead Info
rm
atio
n
D
ata P
h
ase
D
iscon
nectio
n
0x00
M
essag
e P
h
ase
Initiator connects to Target
Once Initiator connects to
Target, the Target is in control of
the I/O Process
Initiator sends CDB information
via Command Phases
Target returns requested
information via Data Phase
Target returns completion
information via Status Phase
Target Disconnects via Message
Phase
Page 32
SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures
Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Fibre Channel
SCSI
Application
SCSI
Application
SCSI
Application
SCSI
Application
SCSI Transport
Protocol Services
SCSI Transport
Protocol Services
SCSI Transport
Protocol Services
SCSI Transport
Protocol Services
Interconnect
Services
Interconnect
Services
Interconnect
Services
Interconnect
Services
Command Set
Standards
Fibre Channel
Protocol (FCP)
Fibre Channel)
SCSI Transport
Protocol
SCSI Application
Protocol
Protocol Service Interface
Interconnect Service Interface
Originator Responder
Fibre Channel Serial Interface
SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures
Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Page 33
FC Characteristics
Full-duplex, bidirectional serial links
1 or 2 Gb/s now 4 and 10Gb/s later
Up to 10km links some cases allow 100km
Interconnected via switches and/or hubs
Switched fabric if switches are used
Hubs connect loop devices and requires arbitration
Typically referred to as a Storage Area Network (SAN)
Requires login/logout procedures
Process Login for SCSI Layer
Fabric Login if switches are used
All information is transferred in packets (frames)
SCSI CDB, Data, and Status information is wrapped in Fibre
Channel frames
Utilizes Sessions, Exchanges, and Sequences
SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures
Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Page 34
Fibre Channel Hierarchy
Session
Frame 1
Sequence 1
Frame 2
Frame n
Exchange =I/O Process
Start of
Frame
4 bytes
Header
24 bytes
Payload - up to 2112 bytes
CRC
4 bytes
Optional Header
64 Bytes
StandardPayload
2048 Bytes
End of
Frame
4 bytes
Frame 1
Sequence 2
Frame 1
Sequence 3
Frame 2
Frame n
Frame 1
Sequence n
Frame 1
Last Sequence
Word bits 31 to 24 bits 23 to 16 bits 15 to 8 bits 7 to 0
0 R_CTL D_ID
1 Reserved S_ID
2 TYPE F_CTRL
3 SEQ_ID DF_CTL SEQ_CNT
4 OX_ID RX_ID
5 PARAMETER
Mandatory 6 words used to:
identifies type of frame, where it
came from, where its going to,
contents of payload, and other
Sequence and Exchange identifiers
SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures
Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Page 35
FCP Characteristics
Session - no actual parallel SCSI equivalent
Exchange = SCSI I/O Operation
Sequence - no actual parallel SCSI equivalent
FCP_CMD frame
Equivalent to parallel SCSI Command Phase
FCP_XFER_RDY frame
No actual parallel SCSI Equivalent
FCP_DATA frame
Equivalent to parallel SCSI Data Phase
FCP_RSP frame
Equivalent to parallel SCSI Status Phase
SCSI Function FCP Equivalent
I/O Operation Exchange
Protocol Service Request and Response Sequence
Send SCSI Command Request Unsolicited command IU (FCP_CMD)
Data deli very request Data descriptor IU (FCP_XFR_RDY)
Data deli very action Solicited data IU (FCP_DATA)
Send Command Complete Response Command status IU (FCP_RSP)
REQ/ACK for Command Complete Confirmation IU (FCP_CONF)
SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures
Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Page 36
FCP_CMD frame
The FCP_CMND frame is normally sent as a single-frame
sequence, which is the first sequence of an exchange.
The FCP_CMND contains all the necessary information to
start the I/O Process.
Exec Mgmt Codes
Task Mgmt Flags Task Codes reserved
Single Level LUN
Byte 3 Byte 2 Byte 1 Byte 0
Byte 3 of CDB Byte 2 of CDB Byte 1 of CDB Byte 0 of CDB
Byte 7 of CDB Byte 6 of CDB Byte 5 of CDB Byte 4 of CDB
Byte 11 of CDB Byte 10 of CDB Byte 9 of CDB Byte 8 of CDB
Byte 15 of CDB Byte 14 of CDB Byte 13 of CDB Byte 12 of CDB
Data Length LSB Data Length Data Length Data Length MSB
FCP_LUN
0
FCP_CNTL
FCP_CDB
FCP_DL
1
3
4
5
6
2
7
Word
SOF
4 bytes
Header
24 bytes
Payload
24 bytes
CRC
4 bytes
EOF
4 bytes
SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures
Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Page 37
FCP_XFER_RDY frame
FCP_XFER_RDY specifies the relative offset and length of
any following data sequence
Optional for READ operations
Required for WRITE operation
SOF
4 bytes
Header
24 bytes
Payload
12 bytes
CRC
4 bytes
EOF
4 bytes
reserved reserved reserved reserved
lsb LENGTH BURST msb
lsb OFFSET RELATIVE msb
Byte 3 Byte 2 Byte 1 Byte 0
0
1
2
Word
SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures
Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Page 38
FCP_DATA frame
The Data Payload can be variable up to
2048 bytes in length.
SOF
4 bytes
Header
24 bytes
Payload
128 to 2048 bytes
CRC
4 bytes
EOF
4 bytes
FCP_DATA
128 to 2048 bytes
FCP_DATA
128 to 2048 bytes
SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures
Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Page 39
FCP_RSP frame
The FCP_RSP frame defines the data structure containing the SCSI
status byte, SCSI autosense data, and the FCP response code.
This frame signals the completion of a SCSI command or task
management function.
SOF
4 bytes
Header
24 bytes
Payload
Up to 256 bytes
CRC
4 bytes
EOF
4 bytes
SCSI Status byte Validity Flags reserved reserved
Byte 3 Byte 2 Byte 1 Byte 0
LSB MSB
LSB MSB
LSB MSB
RSP_CODE reserved reserved reserved
reserved reserved reserved reserved
Reserved
0
FCP_STATUS
FCP_RESID
1
3
4
5
6
2
7
Word
FCP_SNS_LEN
FCP_RSP_LEN
FCP_RSP_INFO
FCP_SNS_INFO
... ... Byte 1 Sense Data Byte 0 Sense Data
Byte n Sense Data ... ... ...
8
n
SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures
Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Page 40
Write Command Example
Before devices can
communicate in FC they must
establish a session via login
protocol
Originator sends Write
command to responder
Responder replies with a ready
to receive response
Originator sends Data frames
When all Data is transferred,
Responder sends Status to
Originator
Session could end at this point
but typically doesnt
Originator Responder
Establish Session
(outside scope of this presentation)
F
C
P
_C
M
D
F
ram
e (W
rite)
C
o
m
m
an
d P
hase
F
C
P
_X
F
E
R
_R
D
Y
F
ram
e
(R
espo
nd
er is read
y fo
r D
ata)
F
C
P
_R
S
P
F
ram
e
S
tatu
s P
hase
F
C
P
_D
A
T
A
F
ram
e
D
ata P
hase
F
C
P
_D
A
T
A
F
ram
e
D
ata P
hase
Remove Session
(outside scope of this presentation)
E
x
c
h
a
n
g
e
S
e
q
u
e
n
c
e
Page 41
SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures
Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
iSCSI
IP
Network
IP
Network
FC SAN
FC SAN
iSCSI
Gateway
Interconnect
Services
Interconnect
Services
Data Link
Data Link
IP
IP
TCP
TCP
Interconnect
Services
Interconnect
Services
IP Network
Data Link
Data Link
SCSI
Application
SCSI
Application
SCSI
Application
SCSI
Application
iSCSI Transport
Protocol Services
iSCSI Transport
Protocol Services
iSCSI Transport
Protocol Services
iSCSI Transport
Protocol Services
Command Set
Standards
iSCSI
Protocol
Standard
Internet
Engineering
Task
Force
Standards
iSCSI Transport
Protocol
SCSI Application
Protocol
Protocol Service Interface
Interconnect Service Interface
Initiator Target
IP
IP
TCP
TCP
SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures
Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Page 42
iSCSI Characteristics
iSCSI is a SCSI transport protocol for mapping of block oriented storage
data over TCP/IP networks.
Storage generally identified for this application include disk, tape arrays
and tape libraries.
IP networks most applicable for this purpose are Gigabit Ethernet and in
the future 10 Gigabit Ethernet, however for low performance applications
10/100bT will work.
The iSCSI layer encapsulates the SCSI CDB into a iSCSI Protocol Data
Unit (PDU) and forwards it to the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
layer.
The communications between the Initiator and Target will occur over one
or more TCP connections.
The TCP connections form a session and will carry the iSCSI PDUs. The
sessions are given an ID called a Connection ID (CID). There are two parts
of the ID, Initiator Session ID (ISID) and Target ID (TSID) and together
make up an I_T nexus .
SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures
Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Page 43
iSCSI Encapsulation
Data Data
Initiator Target
Data
Interconnect
Services
Interconnect
Services
Data Link
Data Link
IP
IP
TCP
TCP
Interconnect
Services
Interconnect
Services
Data Link
Data Link
SCSI
Application
SCSI
Application
SCSI
Application
SCSI
Application
iSCSI Transport
Protocol Services
iSCSI Transport
Protocol Services
iSCSI Transport
Protocol Services
iSCSI Transport
Protocol Services
iSCSI Transport
Protocol
SCSI Application
Protocol
Protocol Service Interface
Interconnect Service Interface
IP
PDU Header PDU Data
IP Network
IP
TCP
TCP
Ethernet
Header
Ethernet Frame
IP
Header
IP Packet (Datagrams)
F
C
S
TCP
Header
TCP Segment
C
H
K
SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures
Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Page 44
SCSI Command PDU
Byt e 0 Byt e 1 Byt e 2 Byt e 3
0 .|I| 0x01 F|R|W|. .| ATTR Reserved
8+ Logical Unit Number (LUN)
16 Initiator Task Tag
48 AHS (if any) + Header-Digest (Optional)
+ DataSegment (Command Data)+ Data-Digest (Optional)
28 ExpStatSN
32+ SCSI Command Descriptor Block (CDB)
4 TotalAHSLength DataSegmentLength
20 Expected Data Transfer Length
24 CmdSN
Byt e 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures
Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Page 45
SCSI Response PDU
Byt e 0 Byt e 1 Byt e 2 Byt e 3
32 MaxCmdSN
36 ExpDataSN or Reserved
40 Bi-directional Read Residual Count or Reserved
Byt e 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0
4
8+
16
20
24
28
44
48
+
. |. | 0x21 1|. . |o|u|O|U|. Response St at us
TotalAHSLength DataSegmentLength
Reserved
Initiator Task Tag
SNACK Tag or Reserved
StatSN
ExpCmdSN
Residual Count or Reserved
Header-Digest (Optional)
Data Segment (Optional) + Data-Digest (Optional)
SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures
Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Page 46
SCSI Data-out PDU
Byt e 0 Byt e 1 Byt e 2 Byt e 3
28 ExpStatSN
32 Reserved
40 Buffer Offset
Byt e 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0
4
8+
16
20
24
36
44
48
+
. |. | 0x05 F| Reserved
TotalAHSLength
DataSegmentLength
LUN or Reserved
Initiator Task Tag
Target Transfer Tag or 0xFFFFFFFF
Reserved
DataSN
Reserved
Header-Digest (Optional)
DataSegment + Data-Digest (Optional)
SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures
Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Page 47
SCSI Data-in PDU
Byt e 0 Byt e 1 Byt e 2 Byt e 3
28 ExpCmdSN
32 MaxCmdSN
40 Buffer Offset
Byt e 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0
4
8+
16
20
24
36
44
48
+
. |. | 0x25 F|A|0 0 0|O|U|S Reserved Status or Rsvd
TotalAHSLength
DataSegmentLength
LUN or Reserved
Initiator Task Tag
Target Transfer Tag or 0xFFFFFFFF
StatSN or Reserved
DataSN
Residual Count
Header-Digest (Optional)
DataSegment + Data-Digest (Optional)
SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures
Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Page 48
Ready To Transfer (R2T)
Byt e 0 Byt e 1 Byt e 2 Byt e 3
0 .|.| 0x31 1| Reserved
16 Initiator Task Tag
28 ExpCmdSN
32 MaxCmdSN
36 R2TSN
48 Header-Digest (Optional)
40 Buffer Offset
44 Desired Data Transfer Length
4 TotalAHSLength DataSegmentLength
8+ LUN
20 Target Task Tag
24 StatSN
Byt e 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures
Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Page 49
Write Command Example
Before devices can
communicate in iSCSI they
must establish a session via
login protocol
Initiator sends Write
command to Target
Target replies with a ready to
transmit R2T response
Initiator sends Data frames
When all Data is transferred,
Target sends Status to
Initiator
Session could end at this
point but typically doesnt
Initiator Target
Establish Session
(outside scope of this presentation)
C
o
m
m
an
d P
D
U
(W
rite)
C
o
m
m
an
d P
hase
R
2T P
D
U
(Targ
et is read
y fo
r D
ata)
R
espo
n
se P
D
U
S
tatu
s P
hase
D
ata-O
ut P
D
U
D
ata P
hase
D
ata-O
ut P
D
U
D
ata P
hase
Remove Session
(outside scope of this presentation)
S
e
q
u
e
n
c
e
SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures
Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Page 50
Read Command Example
Before devices can
communicate in iSCSI they
must establish a session via
login protocol
Initiator sends Read command
to Target
Target sends Data frames
When all Data is transferred,
Target sends Status to Initiator
Session could end at this point
but typically doesnt
Initiator Target
Establish Session
(outside scope of this presentation)
C
o
m
m
an
d P
D
U
(R
ead
)
C
o
m
m
an
d P
hase
R
espo
n
se P
D
U
S
tatu
s P
hase
D
ata-In P
D
U
D
ata P
h
ase
D
ata-In P
D
U
D
ata P
h
ase
Remove Session
(outside scope of this presentation)
S
e
q
u
e
n
c
e
SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures
Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Page 51
Summary
SCSI is the language of LOVE
Every storage architecture utilizes the SCSI model
SCSI Commands sets are available for every type of storage device
even including host-to-host
An I/O Process is interface independent and is made up of:
Command Phase
Optional Data Phase
and a Status Phase
SCSI language is here to stay and will be integrated in every
storage architecture
For more information on standards see: incits.org, t10.org, t11.org,
t13.org, ietf.org, scsita.org, fibrechannel.org
SCSI The Protocol for All Storage Architectures
Copyright 2003 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.
Page 52
Credit Slide
Please send any questions or comments on this presentation to: snia-
snw-scsi@snia.org
Many thanks to the following SNIA members for their contributions to
this tutorial:
Developer: David Deming, Solution Technology, ddeming@soltechnology.com
Reviewers:
Rob Elliott, HP, elliott@hp.com
LeRoy Budnik, Knowledge Transfer, lbudnik@ktilwf04.knowledgetransfer.net
Charles Curtis, HP, charles.curtis@hp.com
Antolin Agatep, Xilinx, Antolin.Agatep@xilinx.com

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