Taylor & Francis Standard Reference Style: APA

APA (American Psychological Association) references are widely used in the social sciences, education, engineering and business. For detailed information, please see the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition, http://www.apastyle.org/ and http://blog.apastyle.org/. Contents of this guide References in the text Tables and figures Reference list Book Journal Conference Thesis Unpublished work Internet Newspaper or magazine Report Personal communication Other reference types In the text In the text Placement References are cited in the text by the author's surname, the publication date of the work cited, and a page number if necessary. Full details are given in the reference list. Place them at the appropriate point in the text. If they appear within parenthetical material, put the year within commas: (see Table 3 of National Institute of Mental Health, 2012, for more details) Order alphabetically and then by year for repeated authors, with in-press citations last. Separate references by different authors with a semiIssued 2007; Revised 25 January 2013. Changes in this revision: more guidance on providing URLs. Warning - not controlled when printed. Maintained by Head of Quality Management, Taylor & Francis Journals UK.

Within the same parentheses

colon. Repeat mentions in the same paragraph With a quotation If name and year are in parentheses, include the year in subsequent citations. This is the text, and Smith (2012) says "quoted text" (p. 1), which supports my argument. This is the text, and this is supported by "quoted text" (Smith, 2012, p. 1). This is a displayed quotation. (Smith, 2012, p. 1) Page number One author Two authors Three to five authors (Smith, 2012, p. 6) Smith (2012) or (Smith, 2012) Smith and Jones (2012) or (Smith & Jones, 2012) At first mention: Smith, Jones, Khan, Patel, and Chen (2012) or (Smith, Jones, Khan, Patel, & Chen, 2012) At subsequent mentions: Smith et al. (2012) or (Smith et al., 2012) In cases where two or more references would shorten to the same form, retain all three names. Smith et al. (2012) (Smith et al., 2012) G. Smith (2012) and F. Smith (2008) G. Smith (2012) and F. Smith (2012) Cite first few words of title (in quotation marks or italics depending on journal style for that type of work), plus the year: (Study Finds, 2007) If anonymous, put (Anonymous, 2012). Groups of authors Cite the surnames of the first author and as many others that would as necessary to distinguish the two references, followed by shorten to the comma and et al. same form Organization as author The name of an organization can be spelled out each time it appears in the text or you can spell it out only the first time and abbreviate it after that. The guiding rule is that

Six or more authors Authors with same surname No author

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the reader should be able to find it in the reference list easily. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, 2012) or (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2012) University of Oxford (2012) or (University of Oxford, 2012) Author with two works in the same year Secondary source Put a, b, c after the year (Chen, 2011a, 2011b, in press-a) When it is not possible to see an original document, cite the source of your information on it; do not cite the original assuming that the secondary source is correct. Smith's diary (as cited in Khan, 2012) Classical work References to classical works such as the Bible and the Quran are cited only in the text. Reference list entry is not required. Cite year of translation (Aristotle, trans. 1931) or the version you read: Bible (King James Version). References to personal communications are cited only in the text: A. Colleague (personal communication, April 12, 2011) Unknown date Two dates Notes Tables and figures Tables and figures Reference list Reference list Order Alphabetical letter by letter, by surname of first author followed by initials. References by the same single author are ordered by date, from oldest to most recent. References by more than one author with the same first
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Personal communication

(Author, n.d.) (Author, 19591963) Author (1890/1983) Endnotes should be kept to a minimum. Any references cited in notes should be included in the reference list. Put reference in the footnote or legend.

author are ordered after all references by the first author alone, by surname of second author, or if they are the same, the third author, and so on. References by the same author with the same date are arranged alphabetically by title excluding 'A' or 'The', unless they are parts of a series, in which case order them by part number. Put a lower-case letter after the year: Smith, J. (2012a). Smith, J. (2012b). For organizations or groups, alphabetize by the first significant word of their name. If there is no author, put the title in the author position and alphabetize by the first significant word. Form of author name Use the authors' surnames and initials unless you have two authors with the same surname and initial, in which case the full name can be given: Smith, J. [Jane]. (2012). Smith, J. [Joel]. (2012). If a first name includes a hyphen, add a full stop (period) after each letter: Jones, J.-P.

Book

Book One author Two authors Three authors More authors Author, A. A. (2012). This is a book title: And subtitle. Abingdon: Routledge. Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (2012). This is a book title: And subtitle. Abingdon: Routledge. Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (2012). This is a book title: And subtitle. Abingdon: Routledge. Include all names up to seven. If there are more than seven authors, list the first six with an ellipsis before the last. Author, M., Author, B., Author, E., Author, G., Author, D., Author, R., Author, P. (2001). Organization as author No author American Psychological Association. (2003). Book title: And subtitle. Abingdon: Routledge. Merriam Websters collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.

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Chapter

Author, A. A. (2012). This is a chapter. In J. J. Editor (Ed.), Book title: And subtitle (pp. 300316). Abingdon: Routledge. Author, A. A. (2012). This is a chapter. In J. J. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Book title: And subtitle (pp. 300316). Abingdon: Routledge. Author, A. A. (2012). This is a chapter. In J. J. Editor, P. P. Editor, & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Book title: And subtitle (pp. 300316). Abingdon: Routledge.

Edited

Editor, J. J. (Ed.). (2012). Book title: And subtitle. Abingdon: Routledge. Editor, J. J., Editor, A. A., & Editor, P. P. (Eds.). (2012). Book title: And subtitle. Abingdon: Routledge. Editor, J. J., & Editor, P. P. (Eds.). (2012). Edited online book: And subtitle. Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxx

Edition Translated Not in English

Author, A. A. (2012). Book title: And subtitle (4th ed.). Abingdon: Routledge. Author, J. J. (2012). Book title: And subtitle. (L. Khan, Trans.). Abingdon: Routledge. Piaget, J., & Inhelder, B. (1951). La gense de lide de hasard chez lenfant [The origin of the idea of chance in the child]. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. Author, A. A. (2012). Title of work: Subtitle [Adobe Digital Editions version]. Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxx Always list the city, and include the two-letter state abbreviation for US publishers. There is no need to include the country name: New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Washington, DC: Author Newbury Park, CA: Sage Pretoria: Unisa Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press Abingdon: Routledge

Online Place of publication

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If the publisher is a university and the name of the state is included in the name of the university, do not repeat the state in the publisher location: Santa Cruz: University of California Press Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press Publisher Give the name in as brief a form as possible. Omit terms such as Publishers, Co., Inc., but retain the words Books and Press. If two or more publishers are given, give the location listed first or the location of the publishers home office. When the author and publisher are identical, use the word Author as the name of the publisher.

Journal Journal One author Author, A. A. (2011). Title of article. Title of Journal, 22, 123231. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx Provide the issue number ONLY if each issue of the journal begins on page 1. In such cases it goes in parentheses: Journal, 8(1), pppp. Page numbers should always be provided. If there is no DOI and the reference was retrieved from an online database, give the database name and accession number or the database URL (no retrieval date is needed): Author, A. A. (2011). Title of article. Title of Journal, 22, 123231. Retrieved from http://www.xxxxx If there is no DOI and the reference was retrieved from a journal homepage, give the full URL or sites homepage URL: Author, A. A. (2011). Title of article. Title of Journal, 22, 123231. Retrieved from http://www.xxxxx Two authors Three authors Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (2004). Title of article. Title of Journal, 22, 123231. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (1987). Title

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of article. Title of Journal, 22, 123231. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx More authors Include all names up to seven. If there are more than seven authors, list the first six with an ellipsis before the last. Author, M., Author, B., Author, E., Author, G., Author, D., Author, R., Author, P. (2001). Organization as author No author Not in English American Psychological Association. (2003). Title of article: And subtitle. Title of Journal, 2, 1223. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx Editorial: Title of editorial. [Editorial]. (2012). Journal Title, 14, 12. If the original version is used as the source, cite the original version. Use diacritical marks and capital letters for the original language if needed. If the English translation is used as the source, cite the English translation. Give the English title without brackets. Author, M. (2000). Title in German [Title in English]. Journal in German, 21, 208217. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx Peer-reviewed article published online ahead of the issue Supplementary material Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (2012). Article title. Title of Journal. Advance online publication. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx If you can update the reference before publication, do so. If you are citing supplementary material which is only available online, include a description of the contents in brackets following the title. [Audio podcast] [Letter to the editor] Editorial: Title of editorial. [Editorial]. (2012). Title of Journal, 14, 12. Author, A. A. (2010). Title of review. [Review of the book Title of book, by B. Book Author]. Title of Journal, 22, 123231. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx

Other article types

Conference Conference Proceedings To cite published proceedings from a book, use book

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format or chapter format. To cite regularly published proceedings, use journal format. Paper Poster Presenter, A. A. (2012, February). Title of paper. Paper presented at the meeting of Organization Name, Location. Presenter, A. A. (2012, February). Title of poster. Poster session presented at the meeting of Organization Name, Location.

Thesis Thesis Author, A. A. (2012). Title of thesis (Unpublished doctoral dissertation or master's thesis). Name of Institution, Location. Unpublished work Unpublished work Manuscript Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (2008). Title of manuscript. Unpublished manuscript. Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (2012). Title of manuscript. Manuscript submitted for publication. Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (in press). Title of article. Title of Journal. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxx Author, A. A. (in press). Book title: Subtitle.

Forthcoming article Forthcoming book Internet Internet Website

When citing an entire website, it is sufficient just to give the address of the site in the text. The BBC (http://www.bbc.co.uk). If the format is out of the ordinary (e.g. lecture notes), add a description in brackets. Author, A. (2011). Title of document [Format description]. Retrieved from http://URL

Web page

Newspaper or magazi Newspaper or magazine Author, A. (2012, January 12). Title of article. The Sunday
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Times, p. 1. Author, A. (2012, January 12). Title of article. The Sunday Times. Retrieved from http://www.sundaytimes.com Title of article. (2012, January 12). The Sunday Times. Retrieved from http://www.sundaytimes.com/xxxx.html Report Report Author, A. A. (2012). Title of work (Report No. 123). Location: Publisher. Author, A. A. (2012). Title of work (Report No. 123). Retrieved from Name website: http://www.xxxxxxxx.pdf Personal communicati Personal communication Personal communication includes letters, emails, memos, messages from discussion groups and electronic bulletin boards, personal interviews. Cite these only in the text. Include references for archived material only. Other reference types Other reference types Patent Map Cho, S. T. (2005). U.S. Patent No. 6,980,855. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. London Mapping Co. (Cartographer). (1960). Street map. [Map]. Retrieved from http://www.londonmapping.co.uk/maps/xxxxx.pdf Mental Health Systems Act, 41 U.S.C. 9403 (1988). Taupin, B. (1975). Someone saved my life tonight [Recorded by Elton John]. On Captain fantastic and the brown dirt cowboy [CD]. London: Big Pig Music Limited. Author, A. (Producer). (2009, December 2). Title of podcast [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from
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Act Audio and visual media

http://www.xxxxx.com Producer, P. P. (Producer), & Director, D. D. (Director). (Date of publication). Title of motion picture [Motion picture]. Country of origin: Studio or distributor. Smith, A. (Writer), & Miller, R. (Director). (1989). Title of episode [Television series episode]. In A. Green (Executive Producer), Series. New York, NY: WNET. Miller, R. (Producer). (1989). The mind [Television series]. New York, NY: WNET. Database Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, A. A. (2002). A study of enjoyment of peas. Journal Title, 8(3). Retrieved February 20, 2003, from the PsycARTICLES database. Author. (2011). National Statistics Office monthly means and other derived variables [Data set]. Retrieved March 6, 2011, from http://www.xxxxx.com If the dataset is updated regularly, use the year of retrieval in the reference, and using the retrieval date is also recommended. Computer program Rightsholder, A. A. (2010). Title of program (Version number) [Description of form]. Location: Name of producer. Name of software (Version Number) [Computer software]. Location: Publisher. If the program can be downloaded or ordered from a website, give this information in place of the publication information.

Dataset

Issued 2007; Revised 25 January 2013. Changes in this revision: more guidance on providing URLs. Warning - not controlled when printed. Maintained by Head of Quality Management, Taylor & Francis Journals UK.