1

Cognitive (Mcqs) Shoaib Mirza

Cognitive
1. Experiments involving infants' perception of 3-D figures, when combined with visual cliff data, suggest that a. b. c. d. at least some level of depth perception is innate. depth perception is heavily dependent on skillful motor coordination. depth perception is almost entirely learned. neither innate mechanisms nor learning have much effect on depth perception.

ANSWER: A 2. hen infants are placed in the middle of a visual cliff, the! usuall! a. b. c. d. remain still. move to the shallow side of the apparatus. move to the deep side of the apparatus. approach their mothers when called whether that re!uires moving to the shallow or deep side.

ANSWER: " 3. "f !ou stand in the middle of a cobblestone street, the street will loo# coarse near !our feet and finer if !ou loo# into the distance. $his is called a. b. c. d. te#ture gradient. linear perspective. relative si$e. relative motion.

ANSWER: A %. hen traveling in a car, near ob&ects seem to move past !ou faster than distant ob&ects. $his is called a. b. c. d. aerial perspective. linear perspective. relative si$e. relative motion.

ANSWER: % '. "nternal standards used to &udge stimuli are referred to as a. b. c. d. adaptation level. conte#t. intuition. frames of reference.

ANSWER: %

Cognitive (Mcqs) Shoaib Mirza

(. "llusions are a. b. c. d. distortions of e#isting stimuli. the same as hallucinations. the result of innate mechanisms. not based on e#ternal reality.

ANSWER: A ). *n industrial ps!chologist interested in human factors would most li#el! participate in a. b. c. d. the collection of biodata. vocational interest testing. an assessment center evaluation. machine design.

ANSWER: % +. $he fact that we can wal# and chew gum at the same time illustrates that a. b. c. d. our attention depends on different motor systems. we use selective attention. we use divided attention. we use se!uential attention.

ANSWER: & ,. -ou are sitting in the pit area at the "ndianapolis '... -ou closel! watch one of the cars whi/ around on the trac# in front of the seething mass of humanit! crammed into the stands. -ou have organi/ed this visual scene such that the race car is 0000000000 and the people and the stands are 0000000000. a. b. c. d. figure' ground ground' figure figure' common region common region' camouflage

ANSWER: A 1.. $he fact that ob&ects that are near each other tend to be grouped together is #nown as a. b. c. d. closure. continuation. similarity. nearness.

ANSWER: % 11. $he underl!ing mechanism for perceptual expectancies is a. b. c. d. a misleading perception that distorts or mis(udges a stimulus. top)down processing. the organi$ation of perception by beginning with low)level features. bottom)up processing.

ANSWER: "

Cognitive (Mcqs) Shoaib Mirza

12.

hich of the following is considered a monocular cue for depth1 a. b. c. d. convergence accommodation depth perspective singularity

ANSWER: A 13. "nductive reasoning goes from the specific to the general. analogous to inductive reasoning1 a. b. c. d. top)down processing bottom)up processing perceptual e#pectancies illusions hich of the following is

ANSWER: " 1%. 2ompared to males who had not read a sexuall! arousing written passage, males who had read the passage were a. b. c. d. more likely to perceive a female as attractive. less likely to perceive a female as attractive. no more likely to perceive a female as attractive. greatly affected in their rates of habituation to an attractive female.

ANSWER: A 1'. $he tendenc! to group together ob&ects that are the same si/e, shape, color, or form is #nown as a. b. c. d. closure. continuation. similarity. nearness.

ANSWER: & 1(. *s a door opens toward !ou, !ou perceive it as a rectangular door rather than going through actual image changes on the retina 3from rectangular to trape/oid4. $his is an example of a. b. c. d. perceptual closure. shape constancy. ambiguous stimuli. retinal disparity.

ANSWER: "

1). 2losure, nearness, similarit!, and continuation are categories of

Cognitive (Mcqs) Shoaib Mirza

a. b. c. d.

perceptual *+estalt, organi$ation. cognitive style. cognitive organi$ation. perceptual integration.

ANSWER: A 1+. * man ( feet in height will loo# 5tall5 when surrounded b! others of average height, and 5short5 among a group of professional bas#etball pla!ers. $his is an example of a. b. c. d. inverted vision. active movement. adaptation level. conte#t.

ANSWER: % 1,. $he tendenc! to fill in gaps in the perception of a figure is called a. b. c. d. sensory completion. closure. figure)ground. continuation.

ANSWER: " 2.. $went! extremel! accurate cloc#s are loc#ed in two ban# vaults 3ten in each4. * sub&ect who claims to have paranormal powers concentrates on the cloc#s in one of the vaults, attempting to ma#e them run faster. "f she succeeds, she will have demonstrated a. b. c. d. clairvoyance. telepathy. mesmerism. psychokinesis.

ANSWER: % 21. * ).-!ear-old man defines middle age as '. !ears of age. * 1.-!ear-old child defines middle age as 3' !ears of age. $heir estimates differ because of a. b. c. d. selective attention. perceptual constancy. perceptual defense. their frame of reference.

ANSWER: % 22. $he organi/ational principle demonstrated b! the stimuli below is #nown as -.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.a. continuity.

Cognitive (Mcqs) Shoaib Mirza

b. figure)ground. c. similarity. d. nearness. ANSWER: & 23. $he text's illustration of the police officer's fault! 5e!ewitness5 identification is an example of a. b. c. d. the fact that perceptions are often reconstructions of events. the low degree of accuracy of human psi phenomena. perceptual closure operating in a real life situation. an /innocence of vision/ in stressful situations.

ANSWER: A 2%. -ou observe two cars of identical ma#e and model. *lthough one roars awa! and its image on !our retina is changed, !ou still perceive the cars as identical. $his phenomenon is a. b. c. d. si$e constancy. shape constancy. concept constancy. form constancy.

ANSWER: A 2'. *ttention is aroused b! a. b. c. d. subtle differences in stimuli. bright stimuli. contrast or change in stimulation. subliminal stimuli.

ANSWER: & 2(. Decreased perceptual response to a repeated stimulus is called a. b. c. d. habituation. selective attention. divided attention. hallucination.

ANSWER: A 2). "nterposition is the pictorial depth cue more commonl! #nown as a. b. c. d. relative motion. overlap. linear perspective. motion paralla#.

ANSWER: " 2+. $he most convincing evidence that depth perception is native to humans 3and possibl! other species4 is its

Cognitive (Mcqs) Shoaib Mirza

a. b. c. d.

importance in adaptive activity. early emergence as a perceptual skill. integration with motor skills. reliance on monocular and binocular cues.

ANSWER: " 2,. "mproved research techni6ues in paraps!cholog! have resulted in a. b. c. d. the ability to repeat spectacular results. more positive results. less skepticism among scientists. fewer positive results.

ANSWER: % 3.. 7esearch evidence has shown that the presence of a weapon a. b. c. d. increases the accuracy of the account. reduces the ambiguity of the interpretation of the situation. impairs an eyewitness0s accuracy of a description of a suspect. allows an eyewitness to remember the event longer.

ANSWER: & 31. $he purported abilit! to perceive events at a distance or through ph!sical barriers is termed a. b. c. d. clairvoyance. telepathy. precognition. psychokinesis.

ANSWER: A 32. * cheetah scrambling up a roc#! slope in 8ontana is li#el! to be perceived as a mountain lion because a. b. c. d. perception is guided by e#pectations. figure and ground have been confused. contiguity is a powerful influence on perception. the setting provides an ideal camouflage.

ANSWER: A 33. * white shirt reflects more light outdoors than in a diml! lit room9 however, it is seen as being e6uall! bright in both places. $his demonstrates the role of 0000000000 in perception. a. b. c. d. brightness constancy lightness constancy brightness paralla# visual system limitations

ANSWER: A

Cognitive (Mcqs) Shoaib Mirza

3%. $he most basic source of normal depth perception and stereoscopic vision is a. b. c. d. accommodation. convergence. retinal disparity. linear perspective.

ANSWER: & 3'. 0000000000 processing is li#e putting together a picture pu//le !ou've never seen before. a. b. c. d. "ottom)up 1op)down 2eft)right Selective

ANSWER: A 3(. Deductive reasoning goes from the general to the specific. analogous to deductive reasoning1 a. b. c. d. top)down processing bottom)up processing perceptual e#pectancies illusions hich of the following is

ANSWER: A 3). * ma&or criticism of E:; research is that a. if the e#perimenter really believes in ES3 he or she is much more likely to interpret coincidence as cause)and)effect. b. ES3 researchers have made no attempt to be ob(ective or scientific. c. parapsychological skills are too consistent to be real. d. researchers have been unwilling to investigate psychic phenomena in laboratory settings. ANSWER: A 3+. -ou call the ;s!chic <otline and tal# with a real, live ps!chic. <e tells !ou about future events in !our life that he claims to 5see.5 $he ps!chic would possess which psi abilit!1 a. b. c. d. telepathy precognition clairvoyance psychokinesis

ANSWER: " 3,. $he tendenc! to complete a figure is called a. b. c. d. continuation. similarity. continuity. closure.

Cognitive (Mcqs) Shoaib Mirza

ANSWER: % %.. a. b. c. d. hich of the following is $7=E of e!ewitness testimon!1 4ost victims do not have an ade!uate /weapon focus./ 5ictims certain of their testimony are usually more accurate. Eyewitness testimony is generally very accurate. 3erception rarely provides an instant replay of events.

ANSWER: % %1. $he bodil! depth cue generated b! changes in the shape of the lens is called a. b. c. d. retinal disparity. aerial perspective. accommodation. convergence.

ANSWER: & %2. $he moon illusion is best explained b! a. b. c. d. the effects of depth cues on apparent distance. the perceptual closure effect. magnification caused by the denser atmosphere along the hori$on. convergence.

ANSWER: A %3. * 5guess5 about what a sensation represents that is held until more information is available is referred to as a a. b. c. d. cognitive style. perceptual hypothesis. sensory hypothesis. perceptual closure.

ANSWER: " %%. ;araps!cholog! is a. b. c. d. a pseudopsychology dealing with the prediction of the future. the study of psychic phenomena or psi events. limited to the study of e#trasensory perception. a non)scientific field concerned with clairvoyance magic and witchcraft.

ANSWER: " %'. a. b. c. d. hich of the following illustrates the principle of contiguit!1 the /false dawn/ before a sunrise the shadows cast on a cloudy day a person /lip)syncing/ to a record a darker balloon seen as farther away than a lighter one

ANSWER: &

Cognitive (Mcqs) Shoaib Mirza

%(. 7ecent experiments on e!ewitness testimon! have shown that the relationship between a person's confidence in his or her testimon! and its accurac! a. b. c. d. depends upon whether the witness is male or female. depends upon whether the witness has at least a high school education. has almost no relationship. is more suspect for children than for adults.

ANSWER: & %). * widespread increase in the reported sightings of =>?s following newspaper reports of similar sightings ma! be attributed to a. b. c. d. perceptual defense. coordinated perceptual set. mass hallucination. perceptual e#pectancy.

ANSWER: % %+. $he fact that man! people are unconcerned about the gradual depletion of the o/one can be attributed to the 0000000000. a. b. c. d. pygmalion effect si$e)distance invariance boiled frog syndrome habituation effect

ANSWER: & %,. $he information surrounding a stimulus is #nown as the a. b. c. d. adaptation level. conte#t. aura. internal frame of reference.

ANSWER: " '.. ;si phenomena a. b. c. d. are the sub(ect matter of psychophysicists. include clairvoyance telepathy and precognition. are considered a normal part of the human e#perience. have been found true in all cultures studied thus far.

ANSWER: " '2. "llusions differ from hallucinations in that a. b. c. d. illusions are based on perceptions that have no e#ternal reality. hallucinations are simply mis(udgments of sensory information. illusions are based on perceptual learning. hallucinations are the result of past e#perience.

ANSWER: &

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Cognitive (Mcqs) Shoaib Mirza

'3. *ssembling sensations into usable patterns is called a. b. c. d. attention. evaluation. habituation. perception.

ANSWER: % '%. $he 0000000000 believe that depth perception is learned. a. b. c. d. nativists empiricists humanists structuralists

ANSWER: " ''. hen @ewish sub&ects tried to remember briefl! flashed groups of stimuli, the! recogni/ed fewer items when one was a swasti#a. $his was because a. b. c. d. they were concentrating harder on the other stimuli. the stimuli were figures which had no meaning. their attention was shifted away from other information. their attention span decreased with constant repetition of the stimuli.

ANSWER: & '(. >igure and ground can be switched in a. b. c. d. shape perception. depth perception. reversible figures. nonlinear figures.

ANSWER: & '). Even though the retinal image of an ob&ect ma! change drasticall!, the ob&ect appears unchanged. $his is the principle underl!ing a. b. c. d. perceptual closure. shape constancy. ambiguous stimuli. retinal disparity.

ANSWER: " '+. *n abilit! to 5read5 another person's mind is termed a. b. c. d. clairvoyance. telepathy. precognition. psychokinesis.

ANSWER: "

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Cognitive (Mcqs) Shoaib Mirza

',. $he film :tar ars created illusions of depth b! 6uic#l! changing images of the si/es of planets and starships using the pictorial depth cue called a. b. c. d. convergence. accommodation. linear perspective. relative si$e.

ANSWER: % (.. $he fact that infants will often crawl off tables or beds shows that a. b. c. d. depth perception is completely learned. human depth perception emerges at about 6 months of age. integration of depth perception with motor skills has not yet been accomplished. depth perception is completely innate.

ANSWER: & (1. Experiments with the visual cliff show that a. b. c. d. human infants are aware of shape constancy. human and animal depth perception is entirely learned. perceptual grouping does not begin until a baby is from si# to fourteen months old. human infants perceive depth by the age of si# months.

ANSWER: % (2. 8otion parallax a. is not enough alone to indicate depth when most other cues fail. b. refers to the illusion that distant ob(ects move slightly against a background while closer ob(ects move a si$able distance. c. is responsible for motion sickness. d. is dependent on stereoscopic vision. ANSWER: " (3. $he stimuli below are organi/ed as three columns rather than six columns because of the organi/ational principle of -- -- --- -- --- -- --- -- --- -- -a. similarity. b. nearness. c. closure. d. continuity. ANSWER: " (%. >eatures of the environment, or messages from the bod!, that suppl! information about distance and space are called

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Cognitive (Mcqs) Shoaib Mirza

a. b. c. d.

sensations. depth cues. muscular cues. si$e)distance phenomena.

ANSWER: " ('. a. b. c. d. hich of the following is a monocular depth cue1 linear perspective retinal disparity convergence divergence

ANSWER: A ((. :ensations are organi/ed into meaningful perceptions b! a. b. c. d. perceptual constancies. locali$ation of meaning. perceptual grouping *+estalt, principles. sensory adaptation.

ANSWER: & (). *n imaginar! perception, such as seeing, hearing, or smelling something that does not exist in the external world is called a3n4 a. b. c. d. illusion. hallucination. stroboscopic movement. 47ller)2yer illusion.

ANSWER: " (+. $he abilit! to identif! the direction from which a sound originates is strongl! dependent on having two ears separated in space b! several inches. $he abilit! to perceive visual depth is related to a similar propert! #nown as a. accommodation. b. aerial perspective. c. retinal disparity. d. inverted vision. ANSWER: & (,. $he 0000000000 believe that depth perception is inborn. a. b. c. d. nativists empiricists humanists behaviorists

ANSWER: A ).. 2ross-cultural experiences suggest that pictorial cues for depth perception are

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Cognitive (Mcqs) Shoaib Mirza

a. b. c. d.

universal. learned. irrelevant. illusions.

ANSWER: " )1. $he anal!sis of information starting with pre-existing #nowledge in order to organi/e features into a meaningful whole is #nown as a. b. c. d. perceptual e#pectancy. top)down processing. bottom)up processing. +regory0s phenomenon.

ANSWER: " )2. $he purported abilit! to predict future events is called a. b. c. d. clairvoyance. precognition. psychokinesis. telepathy.

ANSWER: " )3. <ighwa! engineers sometimes paint stripes on freewa! off-ramps to enhance the perception of depth, using the cue of a. b. c. d. aerial perspective. paralla#. te#ture gradients. overlap.

ANSWER: & )%. "n ma#ing a charcoal pencil drawing, which pictorial depth cue could !ou most effectivel! use1 a. accommodation b. retinal fusion c. convergence d. light and shadow ANSWER: % )'. $o perceive the si/e of an ob&ect remaining the same even though the retinal image changes is called a. b. c. d. perceptual closure. si$e constancy. retinal disparity. psychophysics.

ANSWER: " )(. *ssembling a &igsaw pu//le without #nowing what it portra!ed would re6uire

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Cognitive (Mcqs) Shoaib Mirza

a. b. c. d.

bottom)up processing. holistic reasoning. synthesis. top)down processing.

ANSWER: A )). $he idea that man! people seem unable to detect gradual but deadl! trends in modern civili/ation is an example of a. b. c. d. the /8awthorne Effect./ the /"oiled 9rog Syndrome./ the /:eigarnik Effect./ the /von Restorff 3henomenon./

ANSWER: " )+. $he most basic perceptual organi/ation is a. b. c. d. shape constancy. depth perception. figure)ground. si$e constancy.

ANSWER: & ),. * field that focuses primaril! on the ps!cholog! of wor# and adaptation of machines for human use is a. b. c. d. engineering psychology. systems psychology. social psychology. environmental psychology.

ANSWER: A +.. ;erception is a process b! which a. b. c. d. environmental stimuli are sensed. sensations are assembled into meaningful patterns that represent e#ternal events. sensations and e#periences are stored permanently in the brain. many different forms of stimulus energy are converted into electrical signals for use by the nervous system.

ANSWER: " +1. $he abilit! to see three-dimensional space and to accuratel! &udge distances is called a. b. c. d. si$e constancy. shape constancy. depth perception. perceptual organi$ation.

ANSWER: & +2. 8an! natural E:; occurrences are apparentl! a result of

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Cognitive (Mcqs) Shoaib Mirza

a. b. c. d.

practice. coincidence. misrepresentation. unconscious psychological processes.

ANSWER: " +3. Disne!'s cartoons are made up of thousands of still pictures, but we see motion in these cartoons because of a. b. c. d. motion paralla#. linear perspective. stroboscopic movement. the 47ller)2yer illusion.

ANSWER: & +%. hen !ou estimate a distance under '. feet 3as when !ou approach a stop sign or pla! catch4, !ou are using a. b. c. d. convergence. accommodation. retinal disparity. relative si$e.

ANSWER: A +'. ;lacing priorities on sensor! messages occurs in the process of a. b. c. d. selective attention. divided perception. repetitious stimulation. subliminal attention.

ANSWER: A +(. $he binocular cue of convergence occurs a. b. c. d. because the eyes are about ;.< inches apart. when the lens in each eye bends or bulges to focus on nearby ob(ects. (ust as easily in a person with only one eye. when trying to focus on an ob(ect less than <= feet in distance.

ANSWER: % +). $elevision ads that are in blac# and white are &ust tr!ing to ta#e advantage of which attention getting techni6ue1 a. b. c. d. loudness motion contrast repetition

ANSWER: &

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Cognitive (Mcqs) Shoaib Mirza

++. ;s!chologists believe that depth perception is a. b. c. d. innate. learned. imprinted. partly learned and partly innate.

ANSWER: % +,. $he anal!sis of information starting with features and building into a complete perception is #nown as a. b. c. d. perceptual e#pectancy. top)down processing. bottom)up processing. +regory0s phenomenon.

ANSWER: & ,.. hich t!pe of ps!chologist would most li#el! be interested in things such as displa!s, controls, and sensor! and motor capabilities1 a. b. c. d. industrial>organi$ational psychologist social psychologist human factors engineer cognitive psychologist

ANSWER: & ,1. $he illusion that railroad trac#s come together in the distance involves the depth cue of a. b. c. d. atmospheric perspective. te#ture gradient. light and shadow. linear perspective.

ANSWER: %

,2. * person living in the desert calls a (. degree da! 5cold5 whereas one living in *las#a calls it 5warm.5 $heir perceptions differ because of a. b. c. d. attention shifts. their frame of reference. temperature paralla#. perceptual constancy.

ANSWER: "