ABSTRACT ADSL - Assymetric Digital Subscriber Line

ADSL can practically transform the existing public information network from one limited to voice, text and low resolution graphics to a powerful, ubiquitous system capable of carrying multimedia, including full motion video, to everyone's home ADSL works by splitting the phone line into two frequency ranges !he frequencies below " k#$ are reserved for voice, and the range above that is used for data ADSL provides always%on high%speed &nternet access over a single dedicated telephone line' cable modems offer always%on high%speed &nternet access over a shared cable television line (hile cable modems have greater downstream )from the &nternet into the home* bandwidth capabilities, that bandwidth is shared among all users in a neighbourhood, and will therefore vary, perhaps dramatically, as more users in a neighbourhood get online at the same time to compete for bandwidth (ith ADSL, even though both the computer and phone require the same line, both can still operate at the same time as the other !his means that users can leave their &nternet connection open, and still use the phone line for voice calls Speed is one of the main reasons for upgrading from a slower dial up connection ADSL can reach speeds that are +, times faster than a dial%up -odem !his means faster surfing, faster downloads, and faster games ADSL is a distance-sensitive technology. A connection that's up to +,x times faster will let you use the &nternet as it was meant to be (eb pages will snap up on your screen right away, files will download with ama$ing speed, and you'll be able to play network games smoothly !he DSL connection is a dedicated link .nlike &SD/ and analogue modem connections the DSL connection is up +" hours a day !his gives you some additional options like running servers 0n -arch 1, +22+, it was announced that DSL deployment reached 34 5 million subscribers worldwide at the end of +223 DSL will not become outdated for quite some time As long as copper telephone wires are used for transporting data, and voice, DSL will be a viable technology ADSL is competing with technologies such as cable% modem access for high%speed connections from consumers to the &nternet

CONT NTS
3 DSL6 An &ntroduction to ADSL 3 3 (hat is it7 3 + (hat different types are there7 + !he &nner (orkings + 3 (hat is it7 + + #ow it works + + 3 80!S + + + -odems + + 9 Signal Splitting + + " :A8 + + , D-! + + 1 Low%8ass ;ilter + 9 DSL #ardware<equipment + 9 3 DSL !ransceiver + 9 + DSLA9 =arious Applications of Adsl " !>:#/0L0?@ description , :ompetitors And :omparison , 3 #ow it compares , + !he strengths , + 3 Always%0n Service , + + 8hone<&nternet Simultaneously , + 9 Speed , + " Dedicated :onnection , + , >xisting infrastructure , 9 !he weaknesses , 9 3 -aximum range , 9 + Asynchronous , 9 9 /ot available everywhere 1 !he :urrent A ;uture Status 1 3 !he current uses 1 + !he current usage 1 9 !he future of ADSL

1. DSL: An Introduction to ADSL

1.1. What is it?

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) is a technology that brings high bandwidth information to homes and small businesses over the existing 2 wire copper telephone lines. Since DSL wor s on the existing telephone infrastructure! DSL systems are considered a ey means of opening the bottlenec in the of the existing telephone networ ! as telephone companies see cost"effective ways of providing much higher speed to their customers. DSL is a technology that assumes digital data does not re#uire change into analog form and bac . $his gives it two main advantages. Digital data is transmitted to your computer directly as digital data! and this allows the phone company to use a much wider bandwidth for transmitting it to you! thereby giving the user a huge boost in bandwidth compared to analog modems. %ot only that! but DSL uses the existing phone line and in most cases does not re#uire an additional phone line. $he digital signal can be separated or filtered! so that some of the bandwidth can be used to transmit an analog signal so that normal telephone calls can be made while a computer is connected to the internet. $his gives &always"on& 'nternet access and does not tie up the phone line. %o more busy signals! no more dropped connections! and no more waiting for someone in the household to get off the phone.(1) *ecause analog transmission only uses a small portion of the available amount of information that could be transmitted over copper wires! the maximum amount of data that you can receive using ordinary modems is about +, -bps (thousands of bits per second). .ith 'SD% you can receive up to 12/ -bps. $his shows that the ability of your computer to receive information is constrained by the fact that the telephone company filters information that arrives as digital data! puts it into analog form for your telephone line! and re#uires your modem to change it bac into digital. 'n other words! the analog transmission between your home or business and the phone company is a bandwidth bottlenec . DSL however offers users a choice of speeds ranging from 100 -bps to 1.+1bps. $his is 2.+ times to 2+ times faster than a standard +, -bps dial"up modem.(2) $his digital service can be used to deliver bandwidth intensive applications li e streaming audio2video! online games! application programs! telephone calling! video conferencing and other high" bandwidth services.

1.2.

What different types are there?

xDSL refers to different variations of DSL! such as 3DSL! SDSL! 4DSL! and 53DSL. 3ssuming you6re a home or small business is close enough to a telephone company central office that offers DSL service! they may be able to receive data at rates up to ,.1 1bps (millions of bits per second) of a theoretical /.00/ megabits per second! enabling continuous transmission of

motion video! audio! and even 7"D effects. 1ore typically! individual connections will provide speeds that range from 1.+00 1bps to +12 -bps downstream and about 12/ -bps upstream. (7) Several different types of DSL have been developed! and each provides different benefits. $he main type in use today is 3DSL.

2. The Inner Workings

2.1. What is it?

3DSL (3symmetric Digital Subscriber Line) is a broadband communication technology used for transmitting digital information at a high bandwidth on existing phone lines to homes and businesses. 3DSL converts existing copper telephone lines into access paths for multimedia and high speed data communications! and maintains the regular telephone voice services. 8nli e regular dialup phone service! 3DSL provides continuously available! &always on& connection. 3DSL is asymmetric in that it was specifically designed to exploit the one"way nature of most multimedia communication in which large amounts of information flow toward the user and only a small amount of interactive control information is returned. $his meant that it uses most of the channel to transmit downstream to the user and only a small part to receive information from the user. (2) Several experiments with 3DSL to real users began in 199,. 'n 199/! wide" scale installations began in several parts of the 8.S. 'n 2::: and beyond! 3DSL and other forms of DSL are expected to become generally available in urban areas. .ith 3DSL (and other forms of DSL)! telephone companies are competing with cable companies and their cable modem services. 3DSL was conceived originally by researchers at telephone companies for video"on" demand type applications! but has since become focused on providing higher speed 'nternet services! such as the .orld .ide .eb. (+) 3symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (3DSL) can supply the necessary bandwidth for applications such as; fast access to the 'nternet! video conferencing! interactive multimedia! and <ideo"=n"Demand. $his technology is designed to solve the most severe bottlenec in the data access networ between the >entral =ffice and the customer! or end"user.(,) 3s a minimum! 3DSL provides $1 rate or higher in the downstream direction and ,0 bps or higher in the upstream. $he &enhanced performance& 3DSL Standard provides for multiple channels with total downstream rates as high as / 1bps! plus bi"directional channels up to ?,/ bps. Since 3DSL was designed for residential or small" office! home"office (S=4=) type services! it was designed from the outset to operate with @plain old telephone serviceA (B=$S) simultaneously on the same line! so that an additional copper line would not need to be installed at each location. $herefore 3DSL simultaneously accommodates analog (voice) information on the same line.

2.2.

Ho

it

orks

$he copper wires have lots of room for carrying more than your phone conversations "" they are capable of handling a much greater bandwidth! or range of fre#uencies! than that demanded for voice. DSL exploits this &extra capacity& to carry information on the wire without disturbing the lineCs ability to carry conversations. $he entire plan is based on matching particular fre#uencies to specific tas s. (2)

2.2.1. POTS
=ne of the ways that B=$S ma es the most of the telephone companyCs wires and e#uipment is by limiting the fre#uencies that the switches! telephones and other e#uipment will carry. 4uman voices! spea ing in normal conversational tones! can be carried in a fre#uency range of : to 7!0:: 4ertD (cycles per second). $his range of fre#uencies is tiny. $he wires themselves have the potential to handle fre#uencies up to several million 4ertD in most cases.(1) $he use of such a small portion of the wireCs total bandwidth is historical "" remember that the telephone system has been in place! using a pair of copper wires to each home! for about a century. *y limiting the fre#uencies carried over the lines! the telephone system can pac lots of wires into a very small space without worrying about interference between lines. 1odern e#uipment that sends digital rather than analog data can safely use much more of the telephone lineCs capacity. DSL does Eust that.

2.2.2. !ode"s
B=$S connects your home or small business to a telephone company office over copper wires that are wound around each other and called twisted pair. $raditional phone service was created to let you exchange voice information

with other phone users and the type of signal used for this ind of transmission is called an analog signal. 3n input device such as a phone set ta es an acoustic signal (which is a natural analog signal) and converts it into an electrical e#uivalent in terms of volume (signal amplitude) and pitch (fre#uency of wave change). Since the telephone companyCs signalling is already set up for this analog wave transmission! itCs easier for it to use that as the way to get information bac and forth between your telephone and the telephone company. $hatCs why your computer has to have a modem " so that it can demodulate the analog signal and turn the values into a string of 1s and :s.(9) $his is called digital information. 3nalog modems send their signals through the public switched telephone networ ! the same one that connects ordinary telephones.(7) 3DSL modems &piggybac & their signals on top of the voice signal. =n the phone companyCs premises! the line gets split " the voice calls are sent to the public switched telephone networ ! and the data transmission goes to the 'nternet. $his method moves data off the phone companiesC lines and instead uses connections optimiDed for carrying 'nternet traffic.

2.2.3. Signal Splitting

3DSL wor s by splitting the phone line into two fre#uency ranges. $he fre#uencies below 0 4D are reserved for voice! and the range above that is used for data. Several modulation technologies are used by various inds of DSL! although these are being standardiDed by the 'nternational $elecommunication 8nion ('$8). Different DSL modem ma ers are using either Discrete 1ulti"$one $echnology (D1$) or >arrier"less 3mplitude 1odulation (>3B). 3 third technology! nown as 1ultiple <irtual Line (1<L)! is another possibility. Bresented here are the two competing and incompatible standards for 3DSL. $he official 3%S' standard for 3DSL is D1$. 3ccording to e#uipment manufacturers! most of the 3DSL e#uipment installed today uses D1$. $he earlier and more easily implemented standard was the >3B system! which was used on many of the early installations of 3DSL. .hile both accomplish the same result with similar speeds! D1$ and >3B are distinctively different in design and application! and are not compatible with each other.

2.2.4. CAP

>3B operates by dividing the signals on the telephone line into three distinct bandsF <oice conversations are carried in the : to 0 -4D ( ilohertD) band! as they are in all B=$S circuits. $he upstream channel (from the user bac to the server) is carried in a band between 2+ and 1,: -4D. $he downstream channel (from the server to the user) begins at 20: -4D and goes up to a point that varies depending on a number of conditions (line length! line noise! number of users in a particular telephone company switch) but has a maximum of about

1.+ 14D (megahertD). $his system! with the three channels widely separated! minimiDes the possibility of interference between the channels on one line! or between the signals on different lines. (1)

2.2.5. DMT

D1$ also divides signals into separate channels! but doesnCt use two fairly broad channels for upstream and downstream data. 'nstead! D1$ divides the data into 20? separate channels! each 0 -4D wide. =ne way to thin about it is to imagine that the phone company divides your copper line into 20? different 0"-4D lines and then attaches a modem to each one. Gou get the e#uivalent of 20? modems connected to your computer at onceH Iach channel is monitored and! if the #uality is too impaired! the signal is shifted to another channel. $his system constantly shifts signals between different channels! searching for the best channels for transmission and reception. 'n addition! some of the lower channels (those starting at about / -4D)! are used as bidirectional channels! for upstream and downstream information. 1onitoring and sorting out the information on the bidirectional channels! and eeping up with the #uality of all 20? channels! ma es D1$ more complex to implement than >3B! but gives it more flexibility on lines of differing #uality. (1)

2.2.6. Low-Pass Filter

>3B and D1$ are similar in one way that you can see as a DSL user. 'f you have 3DSL installed! you were almost certainly given small filters to attach to the outlets that donCt provide the signal to your 3DSL modem. $hese filters are low"pass filters "" simple filters that bloc all signals above a certain fre#uency. Since all voice conversations ta e place below 0 -4D! the low"pass (LB) filters are built to bloc everything above 0 -4D! preventing the data signals from interfering with standard telephone calls. (0)

2.3.

DSL

ar!ware"e#$ip%ent

$o interconnect multiple DSL users to a high"speed bac bone networ ! the telephone company uses a Digital Subscriber Line 3ccess 1ultiplexer (DSL31). $ypically! the DSL31 connects to an asynchronous transfer mode (3$1) networ that can aggregate data transmission at gigabit data rates. 3t the other end of each transmission! a DSL31 de"multiplexes the signals and forwards them to appropriate individual DSL connections. (/) 3DSL uses two pieces of e#uipment! one on the customer end and one at the 'nternet service provider! $elephone >ompany or other provider of DSL

services. 3t the customerCs location there is a DSL transceiver! which may also provide other services. $he DSL service provider has a DSL 3ccess 1ultiplexer (DSL31) to receive customer connections.

2.3.1. DSL Trans&ei'er

1ost residential customers call their DSL transceiver a &DSL modem.& $he engineers at the telephone company or 'SB call it an 3$8"5. 5egardless of what itCs called! itCs the point where data from the userCs computer or networ is connected to the DSL line.(2) $he transceiver can connect to a customerCs e#uipment in several ways! though most residential installation uses 8S* or 1: base"$ Ithernet connections. .hile most of the 3DSL transceivers sold by 'SBs and telephone companies are simply transceivers! the devices used by businesses may combine networ routers! networ switches or other networ ing e#uipment in the same platform.

2.3.2. DSLAM
$he DSL31 at the access provider is the e#uipment that really allows DSL to happen. 3 DSL31 ta es connections from many customers and aggregates them onto a single! high"capacity connection to the 'nternet. DSL31s are generally flexible and able to support multiple types of DSL in a single central office! and different varieties of protocol and modulation ""

both >3B and D1$! for example "" in the same type of DSL. 'n addition! the DSL31 may provide additional functions including routing or dynamic 'B address assignment for the customers. $he DSL31 provides one of the main differences between user service through 3DSL and through cable modems. *ecause cable"modem users generally share a networ loop that runs through a neighbourhood! adding users means lowering performance in many instances. 3DSL provides a dedicated connection from each user bac to the DSL31! meaning that users wonCt see a performance decrease as new users are added "" until the total number of users begins to saturate the single! high"speed connection to the 'nternet. 3t that point! an upgrade by the service provider can provide additional performance for all the users connected to the DSL31.(2)

7.=arious Applications of ADSL

!he success of new multimedia services on the information highways with ever%present access by residential customers including faster internet, faster access to multimedia, e g =oD)=ideo on Demand* and digital !=, home shopping and home access to corporate networks will depend on cost effective solutions and the ability to reach as many subscribers as possible ADSL provides high%speed digital services and is being adopted by many telephone companies around the world !he following is a comparison of download speeds between ADSL modems and other modems6 -odem !ype Download Speed )for a short video B 5 , -C* 1 -bps ADSL 3 , -bps ADSL 3 , -bps :able 3+4 Dbps &SD/ +4 4 Dbps 3" " Dbps 32 sec "2 sec "2 sec 5 mins 9, mins 53 mins

(ith the increase of speed of the internet, more applications arise, like education !he internet promises to revolutionise educational opportunities

for future children #owever at the moment, to avail of sufficient technology for this can be expensive and slow ADSL offers a fast on%ramp to the internet, other schools, communities colleges and universities, libraries at a low cost !ulti-Service Selection is the ability to access information )e g financial and medical records* regardless of physical location using the internet, :orporate LA/s and on%line databases &t is very beneficial to businesses ADSL will increase the benefits furthermore, mainly because it increases the data services speed by up to 922 times Real state professionals need better access to market and property specifications so they have the latest listing information and can provide this information to their clientele Agents will then be able to better manage the time spent with clients and match properties to the specific needs of the buyer -uch of this information is very large and therefore would be difficult to access easily and take an very long amout of time to download over conventional modems An ADSL system delivers high speed downloading and allows the selling agent to provide a more detailed graphical content of listed properties So the buyer can see each property % from several angles' external views, internal rooms and features B and determine if the property is suitable "ideo Con#erencing meets the need to meet face%to%face in business &t removes the barriers of location and enhances the customer experience while creating saving in travel cost and time =ideo conferencing requires access to high speed communications media ADSL is the optimum media solution for video conferencing due to its ability to make use of the approximately 5,2 million lines currently available to virtually every location on the planet

" !echnology Description

ADSL is a maEor advance in the information technology field !he main concept was to be able to work in larger bit rates with more efficiency over the present copper line technology &t is being viewed as a quick way to deliver data e g -8>? videos and live video conferencing over the existing copper lines (ith an embedded base of over 3+, million local loops in the .nited States alone, it makes sense to find a way to reuse this infrastructure !here are however few basic requirements that ADSL had to satisfy6 F ;ull use of the copper line frequency spectrum )3 3-h$* F An advanced coding<decoding method

F Ability to work simultaneously with 80!S on the same copper line

&n the simplest version of this architecture a customer would only need a new ADSL modem !his modem would have GH%33 Eacks that would support the existing analog telephone service )S>> D&A?GA- 3* .sing the existing subscriber line already installed from the central office to the customer's premises, two ADSL devices are connected to both ends of the local loop )S>> D&A?GA- +* !he ADSL functions at the central office are handled by the A!.%: )ADSL !erminal .nit* !he A!.%: transmits high% speed simplex channels downstream, and sends and receives lower%speed duplex channels !he A!.%: units may either be standalone, or mounted with others in an equipment shelf &n the future, the A!.%: will be integrated into access nodes and remote access nodes !he A!.%: is paired with its mirror image, an ADSL remote terminal unit )A!.%G* !he A!.%G is generally a standalone device, and receives downstream data and transceives corresponding duplex data A 'splitter' )which is a filter*, one at the user end and one at the exchange end, separates the telephony signal from the ADSL signal )S>> D&A?GA- 3* !his means that telephone calls can be made at the same time that data is being sent or received )i e a customer can surf the &nternet and still make telephone calls*

ADSL :hannel :onfigurations ;requency Division -ultiplexing );D-* is used for ADSL over a 3 -#$ spectrum Diagram 9 illustrates the general allocation of the frequency spectrum above the voice band !he downstream )high capacity* data rate is largely dependent on the length of the subscriber line from the central office and the gauge of the twisted pair cable Gichard Darpinski outlines the length and gauge requirements in !able 3

!able 36 :haracteristics of ADSL )Darpinski +1*

Diagram96 ;D- for ADSL Cesides the 2%9 " -#$ band of voice communications, ADSL provides for a low speed upstream channel )from subscriber to central office* and a high speed downstream channel )from central office to subscriber* !he baseband occupied by 80!S )8lain 0ld !elephone Service* is split from the data channels which guarantees 80!S services in the case of ADSL system failure )e g passive filters* Depending on the loop length and cable gauge, an upstream channel of I 1 to 94" kb<s provides for the subscriber's need to transmit data, while a downstream channel of 3 ,"" to 5 222 -b<s delivers !=, video on demand and computer network connectivity ADSL can provide =:G%type functionality, like fast forward, rewind, free$e frame, pause, etc % on demand !here are two main methods of handling the ;D- cinnection, :A8 and D-!

5. Co%petitors ( Co%parison
.hen you connect to the 'nternet! you might connect through a regular modem! through a local"area networ connection in your office! through a cable modem or through a digital subscriber line (DSL) connection. DSL is a very high"speed connection that uses the same wires as a regular telephone line.

5.1.

Ho

it co"pares

'n order to achieve data transmission rates of up to 7:: times faster than analog modems! DSL technologies use a wider band of fre#uencies. 3lso! because DSL uses a digital signal! unli e todayCs analog modems! DSL transmissions do not pass through the regular analog voice telephone networ . $his element of DSL can clear the &congestion& that a lot of dial"up 'nternet traffic causes (the cause of delayed dial tone in certain high"'nternet use areas). 3DSL provides always"on high"speed 'nternet access over a single dedicated telephone line; cable modems offer always"on high"speed 'nternet access over a shared cable television line. .hile cable modems have greater downstream (from the 'nternet into the home) bandwidth capabilities! that bandwidth is shared among all users in a neighbourhood! and will therefore vary! perhaps dramatically! as more users in a neighbourhood get online at the same time to compete for bandwidth. >able modem upstream (from the home to the 'nternet) traffic will in many cases be slower than 3DSL! either because the particular cable modem is inherently slower! or because too many people in a neighbourhood are trying to send or receive data at the same time. (+) $he big difference between 3DSL and cable modems! however! is the number of lines available to each. $here are no more than 12 million homes today that can support two"way cable modem transmissions! and while the figure is growing steadily! it will not catch up with telephone lines for many years. =nly about 2: percent of homes are ready for cable modems now! compared to the +: to ,: percent of homes that are ready for 3DSL service. 3dditionally! many of the older cable networ s are not capable of offering a return channel; conse#uently! such networ s will need significant upgrading before they can offer high bandwidth services.

3.2.

The strengths

3.2.1. Alwa)s-On Ser'i&e

3lways on service means that 3DSL users are automatically connected. $here is no need to dial to the 'SB to establish a connection. $his means that there will be no more problems such as busy signals. Dial up connections meant that they re#uire a constant connection to the server and any number of problems can plague the connection. .ith an 3DSL always on service! users won6t have to deal with dropped connections and disconnections.

3.2.2. P*one"+nternet Si%$ltaneo$sl)

.ith dial up connections! users had to tie up and occupy the phone line whenever they were using the internet. Some users even installed a second line so they could use both at once. .ith 3DSL! even thought both the computer and phone re#uire the same line! both can still operate at the same

time as the other. $his means that users can leave their 'nternet connection open! and still use the phone line for voice calls.

3.2.3. Spee!
Speed is one of the main reasons for upgrading from a slower dial up connection. 3DSL can reach speeds that are 2+ times faster than a dial"up 1odem. $his means faster surfing! faster downloads! and faster games.

3.2.4. De!i&ate! Conne&tion

Jrom the technical standpoint! 4J> cable networ s have high capacity! although this capacity is shared by all the customers connected! meaning that the actual data rate is much lower. 3lso! most cable networ s are designed for broadcast and are therefore one"way networ s.

3.2.5. ,-isting in.rastr$&t$re

DSL doesnCt necessarily re#uire new wiring; it can use the phone line you already have. $he ey benefit of DSL is that by transmitting on an existing telephone line! it reuses the existing infrastructure of installed copper cables. $his saves the costs (as much as K1:::"1+:: per home) of installing a new dedicated wide bandwidth fibre optic cable. DSL is therefore very attractive for those with access to existing copper telephone lines.

3.2.6. Costs are in&re%ental

8nli e most alternatives! DSL technology does not re#uire a large upfront expenditure. 'ndividual modem lin s can be provided as new customers demand service! and therefore costs are incremental. Some competitive methods such as hybrid"fibre coax (4J>! or cable) demand a high"up front expenditure to deploy head"end and cable infrastructure. $his is often a high fixed cost regardless of how many customers are initially connected. Such systems are therefore highly sensitive to service penetration (i.e. the percentage of homes that ta e a service).

3.2./. +ntegrate! !iagnosti&s an! %aintenan&e .eat$res

$here are no problems with using DSL over old copper " thatCs the beauty of DSL. DSL technology is designed to cope with worst"case interference from adEacent cables (crosstal ) and has spare margins in the design. 4owever! a

telephone region may contain a percentage of very old! very poor #uality cables with poor connections and poor deployment practice. Some DSL transceiver technologies! such as D1$ are able to adapt the signals sent over the line. D1$ type systems can therefore avoid fre#uency regions that are not suitable for transmission. DSL modems have integrated diagnostics and maintenance features which provide useful indicators to the operators of line conditions and trends in cable loss. $hese features help with operations and management of the lin . 'f a geographic region is of particularly poor #uality it may already be affecting the #uality and reliability of the regular telephone service and will often be targeted for rehabilitation with new cables.(?)

3.3.

The

eaknesses

3.3.1. Ma-i%$% range

3DSL is a distance"sensitive technologyF 3s the connectionCs length increases! the signal #uality decreases and the connection speed goes down. 'n general! the maximum range for DSL without a repeater is +.+ m! though for speed and #uality of service reasons many 3DSL providers place a lower limit on the distances for the service. 3t the extremes of the distance limits! 3DSL customers may see speeds far below the promised maximums! while customers nearer the central office have faster connections and may see extremely high speeds in the future. 3nother factor is the gauge of the copper wire. $he heavier 20 gauge wire carries the same data rate farther than 2, gauge wire. 'f you live beyond the +.+ ilometre range! you may still be able to have DSL if your phone company has extended the local loop with optical fibre cable. (7)

3.3.2. As)n&*rono$s
$he connection is faster for receiving data than it is for sending data over the 'nternet. $his means that some services that re#uire a high upload speed will be useless on an 3DSL connection.

3.3.3. 0ot a'aila1le e'er)w*ere

$he service is not available everywhere. $his has got to do mainly with distance. 'f distance is a limitation for DSL! then why itCs not also a limitation for voice telephone calls. $he answer lies in small amplifiers called loading coils that the telephone company uses to boost voice signals. 8nfortunately! these loading coils are incompatible with 3DSL signals! so a voice coil in the loop between your telephone and the telephone companyCs central office will

dis#ualify you from receiving 3DSL. =ther factors that might dis#ualify you from receiving 3DSL includeF

*ridge taps " $hese are extensions! between you and the central office! that extend service to other customers. .hile you wouldnCt notice these bridge taps in normal phone service! they may ta e the total length of the circuit beyond the distance limits of the service provider. Jibre"optic cables " 3DSL signals canCt pass through the conversion from analog to digital and bac to analog that occurs if a portion of your telephone circuit comes through fibre"optic cables. Distance " Iven if you now where your central office is (donCt be surprised if you donCt "" the telephone companies donCt advertise their locations)! loo ing at a map is no indication of the distance a signal must travel between your house and the office.

4. T*e C$rrent ( F$t$re Stat$s

#.1. The current uses

3 connection thatCs up to 2+x times faster will let you use the 'nternet as it was meant to be. .eb pages will snap up on your screen right away! files will download with amaDing speed! and youCll be able to play networ games smoothly. $he DSL connection is a dedicated lin . 8nli e 'SD% and analogue modem connections the DSL connection is up 20 hours a day. $his gives you some additional options li e running servers. DSL is basically a high speed data &pipe& that can be used to transmit any high speed data application! such as video conferencing! fast 'nternet access! interactive multimedia! on"line home ban ing! remote office or remote L3% applications. Jor example! an advertising agency might use a DSL modem in order to send heavy graphic files bac and forth for client approvals. $hey could then submit the print advertisement to the publication in the same way! in a matter of seconds. 3nother application is nown as telecommuting! or wor "from"home. 3n employee with a DSL modem at home will be able to be connect at nearly L3% speeds to their office networ ! using their regular telephone line width B=$S (plain old telephone service) remaining available for telephone calls! faxes! and so on.(1:)

4.2.

T*e &$rrent $sage

=n 1arch ,! 2::2! it was announced that DSL deployment reached 1/.? million subscribers worldwide at the end of 2::1. &$hese figures confirm DSL as the worldCs leading broadband technology! exceeding global cable modem subscribers by more than five million!& said DSL Jorum chairman! .illiam

5odey. &.ith 1//L global growth in 2::1 and accelerating deployment in many mar ets a round the world! DSL broadband is well on the way to a global mass mar et.&(11)
Region Asia-Pacific North America Western uro!e South " South ast Asia Latin America astern uro!e #iddle ast " Africa $lobal Totals Total DSL Subscribers Residential Residential Business DSL Business DSL % of Users Subscribers % of Users Subscribers 7,949,000 6,970,000 87.7 979,000 12.3 5,510,000 4,232,000 4,267,000 3,523,000 77.4 83.2 1,242,000 709,000 22.6 16.8

499,000 380,000 53,000 48,000 18,671,000

374,000 271,000 32,000 37,000 15,473,000

75 71.3 60.4 77 82.9

125,000 110,000 21,000 11,000 3,196,000

25 28.7 39.6 23 17.1

&$oday! most DSL enabled phone lines are residential!& said 5odey! &but many are already being used for business purposes by people wor ing at home outside normal office hours! telecommuting or eeping in touch with colleagues wor ing in other time Dones. .ith the deployment of S4DSL services specifically designed for small and medium"siDed businesses! particularly in Iurope during 2::2! we will expect to see additional growth in business phone lines enabled by DSL! in parallel with residential subscriber growth.&

#.$.

The future of ADSL

Supporters and users rave about it; critics say it is too good to be true. .hether you are a sceptic or disciple of Digital Subscriber Line technology! one thing is trueF DSL is here! and eeps on getting better and faster. DSL Jorum chairman! .illiam 5odey says @8bi#uitous broadband access is an essential for every nation wishing to have a competitive economy in the 21 st century. $he sooner the broadband industry! with the support of government and regulators! ma e that happen! the faster we can all enEoy the very real economic and lifestyle benefits that broadband can deliver.A(11) $hese benefits are not Eust the time saving aspects of high"speed access to the 'nternet at wor ! at school or at home M although that is an immediate and ever appreciated improvement over the Nworld"wide wait6. $here is much more that broadband can deliver! such as the

3dvantage of having medical diagnostic images reviewed by the best experts in the world! live! from your local hospital or doctor6s surgery

3bility to wor from home while connected to your office computer networ ! creating a Nvirtual office6 with data! voice and video" conferencing services available in real time as if you were at wor Bower to chec on your home from wor ! or your office from home! using cameras for security or even to see the cat =pportunity to bring your family closer together using video" conferencing! sharing photographs! videos or family tree information #uic ly and easily Botential for fast"moving! challenging interactive games for all the family M it is interesting to note that a single online game has been the most important driver of broadband ta e up in the world6s largest installed base of DSL M -orea.

$o achieve these purposes! there exist some areas in which 3DSL needs to grow and develop. $he ey re#uirements are content development! regulation! service provision! and user"friendly installation. @'nstalling DSL at home M or at wor M needs to become as straightforward as plugging in a new telephone! >D or D<D player! if not even easier!A says 5odey. @1ost of us are used to being able to add new e#uipment and services to our information and entertainment resources #uic ly and effectively. DSL will become Eust as accessible M it is a technology for everyone! not Eust for '$ specialists.A(11) DSL will not become outdated for #uite some time. 3s long as copper telephone wires are used for transporting data! and voice! DSL will be a viable technology. 3lthough advances in digital signal processing research and chip fabrication continually increase the power of DSL chips and ma e new features possible! the real world useful life"cycle of the end"products is much slower and longer. 't often ta es years from concept and prototype demonstration! to reach high volume networ deployments of approved products! and once approved for use! such products typically have useful lifetimes of more than a decade. Jurthermore as the overall costs reduce during the product lifetime! new applications of the mature technology can sometimes emerge. Jor example! when copper telephone lines were installed decades ago! no one ever dreamed that these lines would remain in use for more than Eust voice service! and yet the services that they can carry have been continuously and incrementally upgraded over the years. 3DSL is competing with technologies such as cable"modem access and satellite 'nternet access for high"speed connections from consumers to the 'nternet. 3ccording to 'D>! a mar et"analysis firm based in Jramingham! 13! approximately 77:!::: households in the 8nited States were connected to the 'nternet via DSL in 1999! compared to 1!7+:!::: households with cable modems. *y 2::7! 'D> estimates that the number of households with cable modems will have risen to /!9/:!:::! while DSL will have raced into the broadband lead with 9!7::!::: households.

Conclusion
ADSL was born of the need for speed coupled with the desire for low cost dedicated remote network access !here is no doubt that ADSL will revolutioni$e the way we see the (orld (ide (eb, and quite possibly witness the demise of home entertainment as we know it As the phoenix from the flames we will see ADSL emerge heralding the coming of a new age of remote multimedia !here is little doubt that ADSL will be around for a long time to come, albeit under another name &f we are to truly realise the potential of the cyberspace concept we will need to access it with as much convenience as turning on the television (ith the internet influencing our lives more and more each day, it will be high speed ADSL connections that power the revolution &n the future people will view ADSL like they view cable != !hat such a small obEect as an ADSL card may weild such an influence over our lives may seem a little unbalanced, or is that asymmetric

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