Professional Documents
Culture Documents
This workbook explains and uses the correlation coefficient with several examples.
This workbook begins with an example based on SAT data for applicants admitted to Wabash College one year in the mid 199
The SATHist sheet gives summary statistics on the Verbal and Math SAT scores and asks you to draw rough pictures
The SATScatter sheet presents the same data in a bivariate scatter plot and allows you to plot the SD line and point of
This sheet contains data on 527 applicants to Wabash College in a recent year.
Verbal
Math
510
690
470
Average
470
SD
512
630
Average
89
560
SD
440
710
660
730
600
650
450
510
500
420
580
610
400
500
490
650
490
570
340
460
320
380
560
550
400
470
450
610
510
710
730
680
510
560
570
690
690
770
510
620
480
560
590
660
500
650
660
660
360
460
470
640
540
560
560
640
440
480
620
610
560
590
450
400
470
400
500
490
60
50
40
Verbal SAT
700
740
500
540
550
560
650
530
70
60
50
40
40
560
540
650
520
450
590
650
500
370
520
480
640
560
450
540
400
480
700
490
420
580
500
610
420
460
500
470
580
380
690
440
600
660
490
560
460
620
590
550
490
520
450
620
620
490
400
590
420
540
300
600
360
30
20
10
650
610
520
680
500
640
760
600
610
670
640
720
460
460
640
550
560
710
540
440
730
530
700
580
620
570
620
740
560
540
420
650
640
600
590
750
690
640
560
640
650
490
730
690
610
500
640
460
500
610
710
490
30
20
10
0
440
370
440
480
490
400
540
440
500
500
480
470
460
580
510
540
540
440
540
500
480
530
500
360
560
490
510
430
650
680
480
480
510
390
360
660
650
580
660
630
490
440
430
480
580
530
630
520
470
570
410
400
460
370
680
490
460
550
640
570
600
740
580
690
500
570
560
630
500
540
560
710
660
550
620
740
570
560
730
510
680
720
570
620
530
450
520
780
700
610
750
600
630
560
600
610
720
700
650
570
500
690
570
530
480
430
440
600
390
570
460
500
420
640
440
520
460
510
490
350
630
400
470
630
440
540
570
510
590
520
400
410
440
580
440
580
440
530
450
440
720
510
380
540
500
490
460
670
620
480
420
480
540
500
560
420
560
500
590
690
470
450
520
580
560
660
620
720
480
560
550
510
650
560
500
760
610
650
600
580
630
440
640
510
480
580
480
680
540
680
570
510
580
590
480
630
630
610
560
600
570
570
560
580
700
560
800
660
490
420
420
580
580
470
540
450
430
520
590
540
540
530
580
570
600
700
440
490
530
500
470
380
360
480
600
430
500
540
470
470
400
620
470
390
530
460
600
450
560
500
660
440
520
450
490
490
510
620
460
490
490
560
420
740
620
610
500
500
470
690
700
600
450
690
710
670
650
730
670
470
480
600
560
420
500
500
680
510
560
560
560
470
630
580
480
520
530
670
700
350
580
420
730
650
580
660
610
540
480
690
570
430
660
550
410
470
680
560
360
620
500
440
580
360
480
650
590
430
400
400
550
540
600
560
350
440
430
450
540
600
450
670
400
540
520
520
560
440
470
450
560
660
580
500
550
560
780
670
510
470
420
520
480
670
590
780
590
460
760
570
440
520
560
660
580
550
480
500
730
600
520
570
690
620
670
660
600
600
380
580
530
590
550
700
430
650
520
480
600
530
620
580
620
730
730
560
620
560
800
670
600
530
550
660
650
670
530
690
540
580
470
600
580
560
620
380
430
320
480
480
460
570
580
550
610
450
520
550
660
570
630
450
480
400
480
500
420
580
720
400
420
610
470
390
340
400
500
340
430
380
570
600
420
550
600
420
560
500
540
670
740
590
610
650
660
620
740
560
390
450
500
660
570
660
590
600
740
600
590
690
690
570
690
540
650
600
560
560
560
710
700
490
540
730
550
530
650
530
570
580
550
530
680
500
540
720
700
460
670
600
720
490
600
430
540
400
500
370
560
600
640
640
530
530
500
500
680
560
560
500
470
600
740
360
660
560
580
510
600
360
510
720
460
500
460
470
400
440
600
510
500
610
680
740
550
450
400
620
540
570
450
430
760
530
580
430
730
690
650
580
650
620
550
640
640
610
720
620
680
640
500
570
520
760
780
660
800
690
650
660
670
480
560
730
530
600
620
560
460
460
670
740
650
570
740
530
580
430
540
650
600
600
650
480
460
500
540
540
540
580
570
370
520
590
540
640
490
580
460
600
380
660
670
580
560
580
440
450
430
580
660
490
480
470
580
490
380
640
510
430
590
490
430
450
660
480
650
540
600
460
570
530
380
420
520
500
650
480
650
350
640
710
680
490
560
680
670
630
650
560
500
660
590
540
680
650
560
730
600
530
380
560
600
500
470
500
570
480
520
730
520
480
620
660
550
590
720
660
540
690
690
570
690
660
560
560
610
610
470
700
540
500
510
630
440
490
510
590
620
500
730
560
580
420
340
350
370
620
460
720
400
440
530
510
380
440
590
480
400
400
470
510
440
440
400
590
520
480
330
540
480
640
510
650
550
350
400
350
390
520
680
660
600
610
640
750
600
610
510
620
700
560
610
580
570
500
500
590
460
700
530
630
580
560
760
540
560
540
630
670
620
500
570
640
510
560
470
680
680
540
560
530
430
650
660
630
590
700
470
530
590
600
500
410
410
490
430
450
430
590
430
560
550
400
660
520
530
680
350
560
570
680
440
610
580
620
490
670
530
640
450
550
730
560
610
710
480
670
595
87
400
600
Verbal SAT
The Verbal SAT histogram starts in cell B37 and the 3Hist is below. Click the Make
Math SAT
3D Histogram
500-599
500-599
400-499
Verbal SAT
Math SAT
Scatter Analogue
Math SAT
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
800
200
400
600
800
Verbal SAT
and the 3Hist is below. Click the Make 3DHist button to learn how to make one..
3D Histogram
100
80
Math SAT
700 and above
600-699
500-599
80
60
40
20
Frequency
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
89
87
0.55
A Scatter Diagram
750
650
Math
660
600
450
500
580
400
490
490
340
320
560
400
450
510
730
510
570
690
510
480
590
500
660
360
470
540
560
440
620
560
590
450
400
470
400
500
490
560
540
650
520
450
590
650
500
SD Line
SDx
SDy
550
450
350
250
250
350
450
550
Verbal
650
370
520
480
640
560
450
540
400
480
700
490
420
580
500
610
420
460
500
470
580
380
690
440
600
660
490
560
460
620
590
550
490
520
450
620
620
490
400
590
420
540
300
600
360
440
370
440
480
490
400
540
440
610
670
640
720
460
460
640
550
560
710
540
440
730
530
700
580
620
570
620
740
560
540
420
650
640
600
590
750
690
640
560
640
650
490
730
690
610
500
640
460
500
610
710
490
460
370
680
490
460
550
640
570
A Scatter Diagram
750
750
SD Line
750
750
600
740
580
690
500
570
560
630
500
540
560
710
660
550
620
740
570
560
730
510
680
720
570
620
530
450
520
780
700
610
750
600
630
560
600
610
720
700
650
570
500
690
570
530
560
500
590
690
470
450
520
580
650
650
Math
Math
500
500
480
470
460
580
510
540
540
440
540
500
480
530
500
360
560
490
510
430
650
680
480
480
510
390
360
660
650
580
660
630
490
440
430
480
580
530
630
520
470
570
410
400
480
430
440
600
390
570
460
500
550
550
450
450
350
350
250
250250
250
350
350
450
450
550
550
Verbal
Verbal
650
650
420
640
440
520
460
510
490
350
630
400
470
630
440
540
570
510
590
520
400
410
440
580
440
580
440
530
450
440
720
510
380
540
500
490
460
670
620
480
420
480
540
500
560
420
490
420
420
580
580
470
540
450
560
660
620
720
480
560
550
510
650
560
500
760
610
650
600
580
630
440
640
510
480
580
480
680
540
680
570
510
580
590
480
630
630
610
560
600
570
570
560
580
700
560
800
660
490
560
420
740
620
610
500
500
A Scatter Diagram
750
650
SD Line
470
690
700
600
450
690
710
670
650
730
670
470
480
600
560
420
500
500
680
510
560
560
560
470
630
580
480
520
530
670
700
350
580
420
730
650
580
660
610
540
480
690
570
430
590
780
590
460
760
570
440
520
Math
430
520
590
540
540
530
580
570
600
700
440
490
530
500
470
380
360
480
600
430
500
540
470
470
400
620
470
390
530
460
600
450
560
500
660
440
520
450
490
490
510
620
460
490
660
550
410
470
680
560
360
620
550
450
350
250
250
350
450
550
Verbal
650
500
440
580
360
480
650
590
430
400
400
550
540
600
560
350
440
430
450
540
600
450
670
400
540
520
520
560
440
470
450
560
660
580
500
550
560
780
670
510
470
420
520
480
670
530
690
540
580
470
600
580
560
560
660
580
550
480
500
730
600
520
570
690
620
670
660
600
600
380
580
530
590
550
700
430
650
520
480
600
530
620
580
620
730
730
560
620
560
800
670
600
530
550
660
650
670
540
670
740
590
610
650
660
620
620
380
430
320
480
480
460
570
580
550
610
450
520
550
660
570
630
450
480
400
480
500
420
580
720
400
420
610
470
390
340
400
500
340
430
380
570
600
420
550
600
420
560
500
720
490
600
430
540
400
500
370
740
560
390
450
500
660
570
660
590
600
740
600
590
690
690
570
690
540
650
600
560
560
560
710
700
490
540
730
550
530
650
530
570
580
550
530
680
500
540
720
700
460
670
600
760
530
580
430
730
690
650
580
560
600
640
640
530
530
500
500
680
560
560
500
470
600
740
360
660
560
580
510
600
360
510
720
460
500
460
470
400
440
600
510
500
610
680
740
550
450
400
620
540
570
450
430
460
500
540
540
540
580
570
370
650
620
550
640
640
610
720
620
680
640
500
570
520
760
780
660
800
690
650
660
670
480
560
730
530
600
620
560
460
460
670
740
650
570
740
530
580
430
540
650
600
600
650
480
650
480
650
350
640
710
680
490
520
590
540
640
490
580
460
600
380
660
670
580
560
580
440
450
430
580
660
490
480
470
580
490
380
640
510
430
590
490
430
450
660
480
650
540
600
460
570
530
380
420
520
500
470
700
540
500
510
630
440
490
560
680
670
630
650
560
500
660
590
540
680
650
560
730
600
530
380
560
600
500
470
500
570
480
520
730
520
480
620
660
550
590
720
660
540
690
690
570
690
660
560
560
610
610
680
660
600
610
640
750
600
610
510
590
620
500
730
560
580
420
340
350
370
620
460
720
400
440
530
510
380
440
590
480
400
400
470
510
440
440
400
590
520
480
330
540
480
640
510
650
550
350
400
350
390
520
500
410
410
490
430
450
430
590
510
620
700
560
610
580
570
500
500
590
460
700
530
630
580
560
760
540
560
540
630
670
620
500
570
640
510
560
470
680
680
540
560
530
430
650
660
630
590
700
470
530
590
600
570
680
440
610
580
620
490
670
430
560
550
400
660
520
530
680
350
560
530
640
450
550
730
560
610
710
480
670
650
750
512
512
350
800
512
333.66
595
421
300
780
595
595
689.83
769
SD Line
650
650
750
750
SD Line
650
750
Correlation Coefficient
18
16
14
12
Right Shoes
Person
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
10
Left Shoes
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
Correlation Coefficient
-1
11
10
0
Person
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Correlation = 0
SAT
Height (inches)
1100
70
1070
71
860
67
1370
75
1030
73
1230
71
1070
73
1420
77
980
79
1500
66
Correlation Coefficient
0.0
80
78
76
74
72
70
68
66
64
0
Done.
Return to SATScatter sheet
500
1000
10
15
20
Left Shoes
10
1500
2000
Demonstrating Correlation
2
80
Parameters
r
Avg Y
SD Y
70
0
20
20
60
50
40
Descriptive Statistics
X
Y
Average
24.5
SD
14.4
r
0.000
30
20
10
20
20
0
-10 0
10
20
30
40
50
-20
X
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Y
39.41
23.83
8.14
0.06
4.01
47.98
14.98
24.21
7.83
24.33
-5.99
-30
free
nonlinear
0.5
2 Remember to click the Generate Y button after chaning a parameter.
60
y
-0.35319
1
0
2
<--Change cell B2 and click Understanding Correlation-->
0.317457
Point of Averages
SD Line
1.397798
Average x
2
SDx
0.82
Average y
1.238 SDy
0.70
r -0.35
2.5
2
1.5
x
1
2
3
1
0.5
SDLine
0
0
2 0.317457
2
2
2 1.238418
0.78 2.282537
1 1.238418
3 1.238418
3.22
0.1943
C Share
70.7
71.3
71.9
76.3
76.5
75.2
73.8
73.3
74.2
71.3
71.7
70.4
69.2
68.1
71.4
67.9
70.1
70.4
70.8
69.9
69.6
66.8
66.8
65.1
64.5
64.6
62.7
63.5
65.1
63.5
61.8
63
62.6
62.9
63
63.8
62.6
63.2
63.6
63.8
64.3
64.9
64.9
I Share
11.8
12.6
14.4
13.5
12.2
12.6
13.9
14.6
11.5
14.2
12.6
12.8
14.3
15.7
11.6
17.6
13.7
14
13
14.2
14.8
17.4
15.1
16.8
17.3
15.4
18.5
20.5
19.2
20
21.4
14
11.3
14.6
15.1
15.9
19.7
19.5
17.7
18.4
18.6
15.9
18.9
25
23
21
19
17
15
13
11
9
7
5
55
60
65
Average
SD
r
70
C Share
67.7
4.3
-0.7
The data for this example came from version 5.6 of the Penn World T
http://datacentre2.chass.utoronto.ca/pwt56/docs/country.html
If you use a different version of PWT, the data are different.
slope
intercept
75
80
I Share
15.5
2.7
85
-0.637
58.651
SD Line
13.594
13.211
12.829
10.025
9.897
10.726
11.618
11.937
11.363
13.211
12.956
13.785
14.550
15.251
13.147
15.378
13.976
13.785
13.530
14.103
14.295
16.079
16.079
17.163
17.545
17.481
18.692
18.182
17.163
18.182
19.266
18.501
18.756
18.565
18.501
17.991
18.756
18.373
18.118
17.991
17.672
17.290
17.290
This sheet contains data on Nomimal GDP and Money Stock for the United States from 1959 to 1996.
The Velocity of Money is calculated by dividing NomGDP by the Money Stock.
Create scatter diagrams of Velocity over time and LN Velocity over time from 1959 to 1981 AND 1959 to 1996. Report the corr
For which cases is the correlation coefficient a good descriptor of the data?
For which cases is the correlation coefficient a poor descriptor of the data? Why?
Year
Nom M1 (bill $) Nom Output (bill $)
1959
140
507.2
1960
140.7
526.6
1961
145.2
544.8
1962
147.8
585.2
1963
153.3
617.4
1964
160.3
663
1965
167.8
719.1
1966
172
787.8
1967
183.3
833.6
1968
197.4
910.6
1969
203.9
982.2
1970
214.4
1035.6
1971
228.3
1125.4
1972
249.2
1237.3
1973
262.8
1382.6
1974
274.2
1496.9
1975
287.4
1630.6
1976
306.3
1819
1977
331.2
2026.9
1978
358.4
2291.4
1979
382.9
2557.5
1980
408.9
2784.2
1981
436.8
3115.9
1982
474.6
3242.1
1983
521.2
3514.5
1984
552.2
3902.4
1985
619.9
4180.7
1986
724.4
4422.2
1987
749.7
4692.3
1988
787
5049.6
1989
794.2
5438.7
1990
825.8
5743.8
1991
897.3
5916.7
1992
1025
6244.4
1993
1129.8
6558.1
1994
1150.7
6947
1995
1129
7265.4
1996
1081.1
7636
Velocity
3.62
3.74
3.75
3.96
4.03
4.14
4.29
4.58
4.55
4.61
4.82
4.83
4.93
4.97
5.26
5.46
5.67
5.94
6.12
6.39
6.68
6.81
7.13
6.83
6.74
7.07
6.74
6.10
6.26
6.42
6.85
6.96
6.59
6.09
5.80
6.04
6.44
7.06
ln Velocity
1.287
1.320
1.322
1.376
1.393
1.420
1.455
1.522
1.515
1.529
1.572
1.575
1.595
1.602
1.660
1.697
1.736
1.781
1.812
1.855
1.899
1.918
1.965
1.922
1.909
1.955
1.909
1.809
1.834
1.859
1.924
1.940
1.886
1.807
1.759
1.798
1.862
1.955
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
1950
0.87
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Ave GDP
5218.0 r(GDP,IMR)
SD GDP
5231.5
Ave IMR
46.6
Problems
SD IMR
1. Open the workbook IMRGDP.xls. Find out what's being
graphed in the scatter diagram, reproduced on the right.
Explain why the summary statistics, average IMR, average
GDP, and the correlation coefficient taken together don't tell the
whole story.
2. Change cell B16 in the Computing r sheet (you need to click
the Computing r button in the Corr sheet first) in this workbook
to some very large value (1000) and look at how the table
changes. If necessary, hit F9 or Ctrl-= to make the sheet
recompute. What intuition does this give you as to why r can
never be less than - 1 or more than 1?
3. Give an example of two variables which have some
correlation but in which one variable does not cause the other
variable. You don't need actual data, just a plausible case.
Notes on Patterns Sheet
You can alter the randomness of the "Nonlinear, Random"
option by changing the "nonlinear" parameter. Make it bigger in
absolute value and you get more noise.
You can change the shape of both the nonlinear, deterministic
and nonlinear, random options by changing the free parameter.
39.7
-0.735