THE HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEM In the Harvard referencing system, cited publications are referred to as citation in the text

by giving the authors family n ame and the year of publication, and the details are listed in the reference list at the end of the text/work. The process of citing references consists of two inter-related parts: i. Citing - the way a writer refers from the text to the sources used in the assignment. ii. Referencing - the process of creating a reference list of each source a writer has used in writing the assignment. CITATION IN THE TEXT When writing a piece of work, you will need to refer to materials written or produced by others. This procedure is called citing or quoting references. The system that you have used to cite the sources must be consistent and accurate to enable readers to identify and locate the materials to which you have referred to. The same set of rules should be followed every time you cite a reference.

When you cite references in the text of your assignment, include: the author or editors family name (or organisation responsible) - do NOT include given names or initials the year of publication page(s) of publication (if appropriate and where available) THE REFERENCE LIST The reference list in the Harvard referencing system: is titled References is arranged alphabetically by authors family name is a single list books, journal articles and electronic sources are listed together and not arranged in a separate list includes the full details of your citation in the text is NOT a bibliography you do not need to produce a bibliography for your assignments unless specifically asked to do so by your lecturer. A bibliography lists everything you may have read but did NOT use it in the course of doing the assignment while a reference list is limited to the citation in the text references used in your assignment. The entry in the reference list

EXAMPLES OF REFERENCING Material Single author Two or three authors BOOKS Four or more authors Electronic book Chapter in an edited book Single author JOURNAL Two or three authors An example of citation in the text An important factor is (Cameron 2002, p. 158) Khoo (1977, p. 45) argues that According to Kim and Mauborgne (2005), As suggested by Sandler et al. (1995, p. 14) The industry (Leeders et al. 1996) Gottshalk and Solli-sather (2006) contend that Ezhar (2001) notes that Ho (2007, p. 2) argues that Bilosvalavo and Lynn (2006, p. 774) acknowledge The impact of IT (Li & Clifford 2007, p. 163). Journal article from an electronic journal using electronic database A World Wide Web site ELECTRONIC PUBLICATIONS Electronic book Media releases on the World Wide Web Discussion lists or newsgroups Email Conference paper SPECIAL PUBLICATONS & MATERIALS and this has been established by Eisend and Schucherta (2006). The result of the test can (Potter 2005). Holland (2004) maintains that Ong (2007) notes that sustainable living Marsh (2007) postulates that Amir confirmed this by email on 1 July 2007 It has been shown (Chang 2003) that Chang (2003) contends that As Fernandez (2007) notes in his articles, in the Sun (31 July 2007, p. 3). The strategic approaches include (Ministry of Agriculture 1998). Lee (1995) recommends that The Service Tax (Amendments) (2000) states that Cameron, SS 2002, Business students handbook: Learning skills for study and employment, Prentice Hall, Harlow. Khoo, KK 1977, The western malay states, Oxford University Press, Kuala Lumpur. Kim, WC & Mauborgne, R 2005, Blue ocean strategy: How to create uncontested market space and make the competition irrelevant, Harvard Business School, Boston. Guelich, S, Gundavaram, S & Birznieks, G 2000, CGI programming with perl, 2nd edn, OReilly, Cambridge. Sandler, MP, Patton, JA, Coleman, RE, Gottschalk, A, Wackers, FJ & Hoffere, PB 1995, Diagnostic nuclear medicine, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore. Leeders, SR, Dobson, AJ, Gibbers, RW, Patel, NK, Mathews, PS, Williams, A & Marriot, DL 1996, The Australian film industry, Dominion, Adelaide. Gottschalk, P & Solli-saether, H 2006, Managing successful <http://site.elibrary.com/lib/tarc/document/display.jsp?docID=1008436&page=1>. IT outsourcing relationship, viewed 30 July 2007,

Ezhar, T 2001, Working with foreigners, in Understanding Malaysian workforce, eds Asma Abdullah & A Low, Malaysian Institute of Management, Kuala Lumpur, pp. 179-196. Ho, S 2007. Knowledge sharing - a fear factor, Malaysian Management Review, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 1-22. Bilosvalavo, R & Lynn, M 2006, Mission statements in Slovene enterprises: Institutional pressures and contextual adaptation, Management Decision, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 773-788. Li, G & Clifford, N 2007, When a talking computer agent is half human and half humanoid, Human Communication Research, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 163-193. Eisend, M & Schucherta, P 2006, Explaining counterfeit purchases: A review and preview, Academy of Marketing Service, vol. 2006, no. 2, viewed 31 July 2007, <http://www.amsreview.org/articles/eisend12-2006pdf>. Potter, J 2005, The big five personality test, viewed 11 July 2007, <http:// www.outofservice.com/bigfive>. Holland, M 2004, Guide to citing internet sources, 2nd edn, <http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/library/using/guide_to_citing_internet_source.html>. updated 2 November 2005, viewed 10 July 2007,

Ong, KT (Minister of Housing and Local Government) 2007, Sustainable living in Malaysia, media release, 16 June, Ministry of Housing and Local Government, Kuala Lumpur, viewed 30 July 2007, <http://aplikasi.kpkt.gov. my/ucapan.nsf>. Marsh, A <marsha@gmail.com> 2007, Time management, list server, 28 March, Google Recreational Gardens, viewed 30 July 2007, <http://groups.google.com/group/rec.gardens/browse_thread/thread/e0ec899/2956944565b8e75c#2956944565b8e75c>. Personal communications such as conversations, letters and personal email messages are not included in a reference list. Chang, CC 2003, Malaysias outline perspective plan towards prosperity in the trend of globalisation, in Proceedings of the Seventh World Chinese Entrepreneurs Convention, 21-26 July 2003, Sunway Resort, Petaling Jaya, The Associated Chinese Chambers of Commerce and Industry of Malaysia, ACCIM, Kuala Lumpur, pp. 28-38. Fernandez, T 2007, I didnt make any threats: Kayveas, Sun, 31 July, p. 2. Note: The in the English language newspaper title is omitted. Sun 2007, Master plan boost for northern corridor, 31 July, p. 3. Ministry of Agriculture 1998, The third national agriculture policy, Ministry of Agriculture, Kuala Lumpur. Lee, CW 1995, Characteristics of rubber products for mining applications, Unpublished final year advanced diploma project, Tunku Abdul Rahman College. Service Tax (Amendments) 2002.

Newspaper article with author Newspaper article with no author Government article Thesis Acts of Parliament

QUICK GUIDE TO HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEM

Compiled by Dr Chook Ka Joo Quality Assurance Department and Mr Johnny Chin Fui Chung School of Social Science and Humanities

For more examples of Harvard Referencing System, please refer to the TARC Harvard Referencing System through your lecturer.