What is Comparative Police Systemx? It is the science and art of investigating and comparing the police system of nations.

It covers the study of police organizations, trainings and methods of policing of various nations.

What is the Comparative Criminal Justice? It is subfield of the study of Criminal Justice that compares justice systems worldwide. Such study can take a descriptive, historical , or political approach. It studies the similarities and differences in structure, goals, punishment and emphasis on rights as well as the history and political stature of different systems.

What are the 3 basic functions of criminal justice system? policing adjudication corrections

What is the International Criminal Justice? It involves the study and description of one country s law, criminal procedure, or justice !"rika #airchild$. Comparative criminal justice system attempts to build on the knowledge of criminal justice in one country by investigating and evaluating, in terms of another country, culture, or institution.

What is transnational crime? It is a term that has been used in comparative and international criminal justice study in recent years to reflect the comple%ity and enormity of global crime issues. It is defined by the &nited 'ations !&'$ offences whose inception, proportion and(or direct or indirect effects involve in more than one country. "%amples are) *oney laundering +rug trafficking ,errorism -uman trafficking Cyber crimes

What is International Crime?

+efined as crimes against the peace and security of mankind !.dler, *ueller, and /aufer, 0112$. ,he &' has identified the following as international crimes. .ggression !by one state against another$ ,reat of aggression 3enocide !destroying a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group$ ,errorism +rug trafficking

What is meant by model system? *odel system is used to described the countries being used as topics of discussion. ,hese countries are chosen not because they are greater than others but because they are the focus of comparison being studied.

Why compare systems and issues in criminal justice? .ccording to -arry +amner there are many reasons why we need to compare but the basic reasons are) ,o benefit from the e%perience of others ,o broaden our understanding of the different cultures and approaches to problems ,o help us deal with the many transnational crime problems that plague our world today

What are the 4 types of societies? ,he following are the four types of societies in the world that comparativists study) #olk4communal societies are also called primitive societies. . folk4communal society has little codification law, no specification among police, and a system of punishment that just lets things go for a while without attention until things become too much, and then harsh, barbatic punishment is resorted to. Classic e%amples include the early 5oman gentles, .frican and *iddle "astern tribes, and 6uritan settlements in 'orth .merica !with the Salem 7with trials8$. &rban4commercial societies, which rely on trade as the essence of their market system. .n urban4commercial society has civil law !some standards and customs are written down$, specialized police forces !some for religious offenses,

others for enforcing the 9ing s /aw$, and punishment is inconsistent, sometimes harsh, sometimes lenient. *ost of Continental "urope developed along this path. &rban4industrial societies, which produce which produce most of the goods and services they need without government interference. .n urban4industrial society not only has codified laws !statutes that prohibit$ but laws that prescribes good behavior, police become specialized in how to handle property crimes, and the system of punishment is run on market principles of creating incentives and disincentives. "ngland and the &.S. followed this positive legal path. :ureaucratic societies are modern post4industrial societies where the emphasis is upon techni;ue or the 7technologizing8 of everything, with the government. . bureaucratic society has a system of laws !along with armies of lawyers$, police who tend to keep busy handling political crime and terrorism, and a system of punishment characterized by over criminalization and overcrowding. ,he &.S. and perhaps only eight other nations fit the bureaucratic pattern. Juvenile delin;uency is a phenomenon that only occurs in a bureaucratic society. What are the ! types of criminal justice la" in the "orld? Common #a" System ,hese are also known as .nglo4.merican justice, and e%ist in most "nglish4speaking countries of the world, such as the &.S., "ngland, .ustralia, and 'ew <ealand. ,hey are distinguished by a strong adversarial system where lawyers interpret and judges are bound by precedent. Common law systems are distinctive in the significance they attach to precedent !the importance of previously decided cases$. ,hey primarily rely upon oral systems of previously in which the public trial is a main focal point. Civil #a" System

.lso know as Continental justice or 5omano43ermanic justice, and practice throughout most of the "uropean &nion as well as elsewhere, in places such as Sweden, 3ermany, #rance, and Japan. ,hey are distinguished by a strong in;uisitorial system where fewer rights are granted to the accused, and the written law is taken as gospel and subject to little interpretation. #or e%ample, a #rench ma%im goes like this) 7If judge knows the answer, he must not be prohibited from achieving it by undue attention to regulations of procedure and evidence. :y contrast, the common law method is for a judge to at least suspend belief until the sporting event of a trial is over. /egal scholarship is much more sophisticated and

elitist in civil law systems, as opposed to the more democratic common law countries where just about anybody can get into law school. 5omano43ermanic systems are founded on the basis of natural law, which is a respect for traditional and custom. ,he sovereigns, or leaders, of a civil law system are considered above the law, as opposed to the common law notion that nobody is above the law. Socialist Systems ,hese are also known as *ar%ist4/eninist justice, and e%ist in many places, such as .frica and .sia, where there has been a Communist revolution or the remnants of one. ,hey are distinguished by procedures designed to rehabilitate or retrain people into fulfilling their responsibilities to the state. It is the ultimate e%pression of positive law, designed to move the state forward toward the perfectibility of state and mankind. It is also primarily characterized by administrative law, where non4legal officials make most of the decisions. #or e%ample, in a socialist state, neither judges nor lawyers are allowed to make law. /aw is the same as policy, and an orthodo% *ar%ist view is that eventually, the law will not be necessary. Islamic System .re also known as *uslim or .rabic justice, and derive all their procedures and practices from interpretation of the 9oran. ,hese are e%ceptions, however. =arious tribes !such as the Siwa in the desert of 'orth .frica$ are descendents of the ancient than the harsher Shariah punishments. Islamic systems in general are characterized by the absence of positive law !the use of law to move societies forward toward some progressive future$ and are based more on the concept of natural justice !crimes are considered acts of injustice that conflict with tradition$. 5eligion plays an important role that Islamic systems, so much a role that most nations of this type are theocracies, where legal rule and religious rule go together. What is $lobali%ation? 3lobalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and government of different nations, as process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. ,his process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well4being in societies around the world. In economic conte%t, it refers to the reduction and removal of barriers between national borders in order to facilitate to flow of goods, capital, services and labor.. .lthough considerable barriers remain to the flow of labor.

What are &ffects of $lobali%ation to #a " &nforcement in the Philippines? '() *elos Santos+ ,he facilitation of transnational crimes and criminals can be easily achieved. ,here is a need for transnational policing. ,he cooperation among police organization in the world is vital. ,raining instructional for incoming law enforcement officers must include advance computer to prepare them as cyber cops so they can be better prepared to deal with cyber crimes. +evelopment of new strategies to deal with international organized crimes is a must. 6rovisions of law enforcement with updated legislations related to modernization theory of crime. What are the ,hreats to #a" &nforcement -rou.ht by $lobali%ation International criminal networks have been ;uick to take advantage of the opportunities resulting from the revolutionary changes in world politics, technology, and communication that have strengthened democracy and free markets, brought the world s nations closer together, and given the some countries unprecedented security and prosperity. 3lobalization allowed international criminals to e%pand their networks and increase their cooperation in illicit activities and financial transactions. Criminals have taken advantage of transitioning and more open economies to establish front companies and ;uasi4legitimate businesses that facilitates smuggling, money laundering, financial frauds, intellectual property piracy, and other illicit ventures. Criminal groups have taken advantage of the high volume of legitimate trade to smuggle drugs, arms, and other contraband across national boundaries. Criminals are able to e%ploit the comple%ity of the international system to hide drugs or other contraband or to conceal the true origin and ownership of cargo within contraband is hidden. ,hrough the use of computers, international criminals have an unprecedented capability to obtain, process, and protect information and sidestep law enforcement investigations. ,hey can use the interactive capabilities of advanced computer and telecommunications systems to plot marketing strategies for drugs and other illicit commodities, to find the most efficient routes and methods for smuggling and moving money or banking security. International criminals also take advantage of the speed and magnitude of financial transactions and the fact that there are few safeguards to prevent abuse of the system to move large amounts of money without scrutiny. *ore threateningly, some criminals

organizations appear to be adept at using technology for counter intelligence purpose and for tracking law enforcement activities. What are the *ifferent Police $lobal /r.ani%ations? ,he different police international associations in the world are .S".' Chiefs of 6olice "uropol I.C6 Interpol &' policing When "as 0S&01 Chiefs of Police &stablish? .seanapol !.S".' Chiefs of police$ was established in 011>. What are the member of countries of 0S&01 CP? Indonesia *alaysia 6hilippines Singapore ,hailand :runei +arussalam =ietnam /ao 6+5 *yanmar Cambodia

What are the objectives of 0S&010P/#? "nhancing police professionalism #orging stronger regional co4operation in police work and promoting lasting friendship among the police officers of .S".' countries.

What is &23/P/#? It means "uropean 6olice ?ffice or "uropol "uropal is the "uropean &nion s criminal intelligence agency. It became fully operational on 0 July 0111.

What is the aim of &uropol?

"uropol s aim to improve the effectiveness and co4operation between the competent authorities of the member states primarily by sharing and pooling intelligence to prevent and combat serious international organized crime. Its mission is to make a significant contribution to the "uropean &nion s law enforcement efforts targeting organized crime. What is the mission of &uropol? ,he mission of "uropol is to make a significant contribution to the "uropean &nion s law enforcement action against organized crime and terrorism with an emphasis on targeting criminal organizations. 4o" does &uropol 0ssist 5ember States Investi.ations? "uropol supports the law enforcement activities of the member states by) #acilitating the e%change of information between "uropol and "uropol /iaison ?fficers !"/? s$ are seconded the "uropol by the *embers States as representatives of their national law enforcement agencies, thus they are not under the command of "uropol and its +irector as such. #urthermore, they act in accordance with their national law. 6roviding operational analysis and support to *ember States operations@ 6roviding e%pertise and technical support for investigations and operations carried out within the "&, under the supervision and the legal responsibility of the *ember States@ 3enerating strategic reports !e.g. threat assessment$ and crime analysis on the basis of information and intelligence supplied by *ember States or gathered from other sources. What is &uropol6ss mandate? "uropols supports the law enforcement activities of the member states mainly against) Illicit drug trafficking Illicit immigration networks@ ,errorism@ #orgery of money !counterfeiting of the euro$ and other means of payment@ ,rafficking in human beings !including child pornography$@ Illicit vehicle trafficking@ *oney laundering.

*oes &uropol only act on re7uest?

Aes, "uropol only acts on re;uest at present. -owever, the 6rotocol of the B> 'ovember BCCB amending the "uropol convention, allows "uropol to re;uest the competent authorities of the *ember States to investigate. .rticle D b$ of the 6rotocol states that 7*ember States should be deal with any re;uest from "uropol to initiate, conduct or co4ordinate investigations in specific cases and should give such re;uests due consideration. "uropol should be informed whether the re;uested investigation will be initiated8. What is the added value of havin. &uropol as a &uropean la" enforcement a.ency? ,here are numerous advantages for the "uropean law enforcement community. "uropol is uni;ue in this field as it is multi4disciplinary agency, comprising not only regular price officers but staff members from the various law enforcement agencies of the *ember States and covering specialized areas such as customs, immigration services, intelligence services, border and financial police. What is Interpol? Interpol is the short form of International Criminal 6olice ?rganization. It began in 01BD, and at the same time its name was International Criminal 6olice Commission. In 01EF, its name became International Criminal 6olice ?rganization. ,he word Interpol was a short of International Criminal 6olice ?rganization. ,his short form served as the address to receive telegrams. Slowly, the name of this international organization became famous as Interpol. 'ow, Interpol is the second biggest international organization@ the &nited 'ations is the first. Some important information about Interpol) Interpol is crime fighting organization, just like your local police department. Instead, they help other member countries that need to co4operate by connecting all members of Interpol by a network of files of criminals and cases if any of Interpol s 0>B nations need them. What does Interpol do? Interpol records any information about something that was in a criminal case, e%) information on criminals, type of crime, vehicles, anything to help any police officer with information about a certain crime. Why "as Interpol created? ,he countries in "urope needed a co4operation between countries. ,his was needed because criminals would commit crimes in one country in "urope

and then skip to another country to avoid prosecution. Since "urope is a tightly packed continent, police didn t have enough time to catch criminals, and the idea was created. What is I0CP? It stands for International .ssociation of Chiefs of 6olice. ,he International .ssociation of Chiefs of 6olice is the world s oldest and largest nonprofit membership organization of police e%ecutives, with over BC,CCC members in over >C different countries. I.C6 s leadership consists of the operating chief e%ecutes of international, federal, state and local agencies of all sizes. What are the 5issions of I0CP? ,he I.C6 shall .dvance professional police services@ 6romote enhanced administrative, technical, and operational police practices, foster cooperation and the e%change of information and e%perience among police leaders and police organizations of recognized professional and technical standing throughout the world. What is ,ransnational /r.ani%ed Crime? ,ransnational organized crime involves the planning and e%ecution of illicit business ventures by groups or networks of individuals working in more than one country. ,hese criminal groups use systematic violence and corruption to achieve their goal. Crimes commonly include money laundering@ human smuggling@ cybercrime@ and trafficking of humans, drugs, weapons, endangered species, body parts, or nuclear material. ,ransnational crime ring activities weaken economies and financial systems and undermine democracy. ,hese networks often prey on governments that are not powerful enough to oppose them, prospering on illegal activities, such as drug trafficking that bring them immense profits. In carrying out illegal activities, they upset the peace and stability of nations worldwide, often using bribery, violence, or terror to achieve their goals. What the 5ajor ,ransnational /r.ani%ed Crime $roups? ,ransnational crime often operate in well4organized groups, intentionally united to carry out illegal actions. 3roups typically involve certain hierarchies and are headed by a powerful leader. ,hese transnational organized crime groups work to make a profit through illegal activities. :ecause groups operate internationally, their activity is a threat to global security, often weakening governmental institutions or destroying legitimate business endeavors.

Gell4known organized crime groups include) 5ussian *afia. .round BCC 5ussian groups that operate in nearly FC countries worldwide. ,hey have been involved in racketeering, fraud, ta% evasion, gambling, drug trafficking, ransom, robbery and murder. /a Cosa 'ostra. 9nown as the Italian or Italian4.merican mafia. ,he most prominent organized crime group in the world from the 01BC s to the 011C s. ,hey have been involved in violence, arson, bombings, torture, sharking, gambling, drug trafficking, health insurance fraud, and political and judicial corruption. Aakuza Japanese criminal group. ?ften involved in multinational criminals activities, including human trafficking, gambling, prostitution, and undermining licit businesses. #ukChing. Chinese organized group in the &nited States. ,hey have been involved in smuggling, street violence, and human trafficking. ,riads. &nderground criminal societies based in -ong 9ong. ,hey control secret markets and bus routes and are often involved in money laundering and drug trafficking. -eijin ,aiwanese gangsters who are often e%ecutives in large corporations. ,hey are often involved in white collar crimes, such as illegal stock trading and bribery, and sometimes run for public office. Jao 6ho. ?rganized crime group in ,hailand. ,hey are often involved in illegal political and business activity. 5ed Ga. 3angsters from ,hailand. ,hey are involved in manufacturing and trafficking methamphetamine. What is 4uman ,raffic8in.? -uman ,rafficking is the illegal in human beings for the purposes of commercial se%ual e%ploitation or forced labor) a modern4day form of slavery. It is the fastest growing criminal industry in the world, and tied with the illegal arms industry as the second largest, after the drug, trade. -uman ,rafficking is a crime against humanity. It further defined as an act of recruiting, transporting, transferring, harboring or receiving a person through a use of force, coercion or other means, for the purpose of e%ploiting them. "very year, thousands of men, women and children fall into the hands of

traffickers, in their own countries and abroad. "very country in the world is affected by trafficking, whether as a country of origin, tansit or destination for victims. &'?+C, as guardian of the &nited 'ations Convention against ,ransnational ?rganized Crime !&',?C$ and the 6rotocols thereto, assists States in their efforts to implement the 6rotocol to 6revent, Suppress and 6unish ,rafficking in 6erson !,rafficking in 6ersons 6rotocol$. What are the &lements of 4uman ,raffic8in.? ?n the basis of the definition given in the trafficking in persons protocol, t is evident that trafficking in persons has three constituent elements@ ,he .ct !Ghat is done$ 5ecruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of persons ,he *eans !-ow it is done$ ,hreat or use of force, coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or vulnerability, or giving payments or benefits to a person in control of the victim ,he 6urpose !Ghy it is done$ #or the purpose of e%ploitation, which include e%ploiting the prostitution of others, se%ual e%ploitation, forced labor, slavery or similar practices and the removal of organs.

,o ascertain whether a particular circumstances constitutes trafficking in persons, consider the definition of trafficking in the ,rafficking in 6ersons 6rotocol and the constituent elements of the offence, as defined by relevant domestic legislation. What is *ru. ,raffic8in.? +rug trafficking involves selling drugs and drug paraphernalia, whether is it local e%change between a user and a dealer or a major international operation. +rug trafficking I a problem that affects every nation in the world and e%ists in many levels. +rug trafficking is the commercial e%change of drugs and drug paraphernalia. ,his include any e;uipment used to manufacture illegal drugs or use them. Ghat are CybercrimesH Cybercrimes are generally defined as any type of illegal activity that makes use of the Internet, a private or public network, or an in4house computer system. Ghile many forms of cybercrime revolve around the appropriation of proprietary information for unauthorized use, other e%amples are focused more on a invasion of privacy. .s a growing problem around the world, many countries

are beginning to implement laws and other regulatory mechanisms in an attempt to minimize the incidence of cybercrime. What is 5oney #aunderin.? *oney /aundering is the process of creating the appearance that large amounts of money obtained from serious crimes, such as drug trafficking, originated from a legitimate source. It is a crime in many jurisdictions with varying definitions. It is a key operation of the underground economy. Ghat is ,errorismH ,he use of violence and threats to intimidate or coerce, especially for political purposes. ,he state of fear and submission produced by terrorism for terrorization. . terroristic method of governing or of resisting a government.

,errorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion. .t present, the International community has been unable to formulate a university agreed, legally binding, criminal law definition of terrorism. Common definitions of terrorism refer only to those violent acts which are intended to create fear !terror$, are perpetrated for a religious, political, or ideological goal, and deliberately target or disregard the safety of non4combatants !civilians$. Some definitions also include acts of unlawful violence and war. ,his history of terrorism organizations suggest that they do not select terrorism for its political effectiveness. Individual terrorists tend to be motivated more by a desire for social solidarity with other members of their organization than by political platforms or strategic objectives, which are often murky and undefined. Who is the only 9ilipino 9ormer President of the Interpol? Jolly 5. :ugarin was the #ilipino 6resident of the Interpol in 01>C I 01>2 after the term of Carl 3. 6ersson of Sweden.