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S '.- S ' S &.) H Gc3F <`JO G L_G ."HPh-" GI iO Gc3F O (Lc?JF dy c?JF `JF) MJi Gc=I Lc?JF NG[P gGO
GPO < NGh`F vJ Lc` `W .L`ZF "HPh" MCt L`Z :7? c 0I cGF .'' S &+ S && S - S *.+ S )
.() '.- 0I (.) 8T) M[PF qP NF`ZI
.< Fc Q]_< GPGI Lc?JF YGP@ G dF dJ G #dT< F:t Q]_< GPGI GZGP@ Lc?JF N_F_e@ G dF dp G

:D=ZSo|<
.LcqF O KFW _GI< mP Mh` 8] dO #gGi[F yiF LcqF mO P Lc?JF dJ :uF Ml< ]_ J
".c?JF `JF"H iO Gc=I dO NGh`F O gGO
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_ G c?JF `JF _Fe G .(+., Mh` O G L_G eG/F HFI< L_W/F Md[iF 0F Mh` h< GT/F Jh )
t qO cG|5 < < '%% Gc< NGh` `^PiO FdGF F`W L`I dpG dqP GT/F Jh ) Lcq/F MFfF t
. F`W
:NGD MS8T NGh`F O iO
:(normal lens) MyhP/F NGh`F
Mt pGO d}O 7 #G=I Fd G JmO GJdO < .M>dF F c` G T zhP mI LcqF dpGF d}O NGh`
. F`W MhF NGW < F`W
:(wide angle lens) MhFF NGh`F
.0F c`O ` G h< M>c MFe d}O NGh`
:(telephoto lens) MuF NGh`F
.0F c`O ` G t< MFe d}O NGh`
Mh` KbO c?JF `JF dO G` `^PiPh Mh` < M7` T W cFce< dO MX`/F LdqF NFdGF ``F
.t< < h<
.jF Mt Mh` MhF Mh` KbO U[I #c?JF `JF LdP Mh` fF Mh`F :X|<
dPF OFF fF }) Lcq dP@ dJPI fF Mh` vPiO NFdGF vI :Digital Zoom uV|< X|<
0I MdP .u< mI pGPF zPO 7 c mI Lcq dJO _dX I MXPF j y 7 Fb #(NGh`F dJ dqI j
.Digital Zoom Optical Zoom Gh=I NFdGF dO P NGh`GI dqJF fF dF fF
.dqJF fF z _GP5F dF fF mO ` Lcq/F L_XF j {G[ #u

12

: HdF `JF d d]< MdqI dpG GP _`[ G GPF Mh`F cGP]@


:(focus) BU@|<
NFdG NGh`I .pGPF M_ G/F M[tF M MGi `I PF dpGF JqO c?JF `JF Mh`F Lc?I FPO G`
.YtI GP>c `d dpGF < cq/F cGP^ d]1 G (focus) Lc?JF d[O Lc`F LdT
_` `I PF dpGF YtI zP 8T yJt #FdGF F`I F`3F < cGP3GI _`[ (focus) jF < Lc?JF
.FdGF cGP3F 0
``F T) MdPF < #GOc?I dO Mh`F d`O MZ dx MG yJt Lc` O ` MP^ NGyI dS=P dP dq Lc?JF
iO 7 U[I MCGO < #GiI Lc?JF dPI FdGF O LcqF MGF dpGF ``[O dx (MT`[F MGF OFF
.GiI zJuGI O G [PGI `^Pi FdGF
:(minimum distance) BU@}| R1< SO|<
GJd cq dq cG|5 Lc?JF zJt 7 < < .GP[O YtI dqF cG|@ 7 #Lc?JF dP _< `Z G NGh`F
IG d d]3 Mh` P^ _3F `[F Fb .(minimum distance) MGi _3F `[GI i Fb .dJ mI Mh`F
.L`ZFF Mh`F `P
MJdF dpGF wGP@ 7 Jp< MGi _3F `[F Gx G (MuF NGh` Hd<) Mh` c?JF `JF _Fe G LdJ MJiI
MJdF dpGF wGP@ Jp< MGi _3F `[F dq G (MhFF NGh` Hd<) Mh` c?JF `JF G #Mh`F
.Mh`F
:(depth of field) {=M/< n
PF (FdGF F`I F`3F < cGP3GI gGO PF) MGi/F t < h `
.GX/F I iO YtI GP>c
tF mI MG d}O PF d]< My My MGi/F GX/F
.tF d mI d} FdG G `I< < MGi/F b Hd< G .LcqF
.Mh`F  G< MP^ NGyI dS=P dP dq GX/F #Lc?JF T
M[tFF LcqF z NFdPPi q ` t GX G MuF NGh`G
q ` hF GX G MhFF NGh`F .tF d a F`G
.M[tFF LcqF NFdP
QGt G (aperture) Lc?JF M[P GX/F dS? bF d]1F dqF
.GX/F dq G (Gc v^@ <) M[PF Qh G #GX/F Gx G (Gc Oc@ <) M[PF
:Ul/<
:cq/F c}/F dO Gu< NGh`F
d}O G< < . G< vI dpGF `JO GI F c}/F zuO MuF NGh`F .Jx mI c}/F d}O MyhP/F NGh`F
WF dpG Ki GJO 7 G3 0T/F W NGy dqP `^PiO GT/F Jh .M[F G Hd< GuI 0I _GI3F
.G O I
.M[F G `I< GuI 0I _GI3F d}O G< < . G< vI dpGF HdO GI F c}/F hO MhFF NGh`F
.M[F G h< dF d}O c}/F GJO G3 _GF d NGy dqP `^PiO GT/F Jh

13

:Ua}| CvF|< b:=aQ|<


mF LdG| G .7 < dpGF PI dS=PO ` cq d]< rCGq] G #MdqJF GOFdS=O GIGh Lcb/F dpGF KGW @
.Lcq GXF F
:(White Balance) }|< W<F|<
(Mf/F NGJF T) cFdp6 CG :uF c`q G FaA .Fd G M dJ dS=O :uF Ml3 #Fb G dTF 7
.ce4 F< dPO Fd G (cGF :t T) ce4 CG :uF c`q G Fa@ .dp4 F< dPO Fd G
< GI G< .:uF c`q dS=O `I #[qF GyI GFd PF F3F c` GdO LcqF [PI F G=I a d G`
KhGO F3F zJt dmJF `^Pi iO MpG] GI My/F F3 yPO G dO [O yPi GI j NFdGF
.vI3F e < F eFPGI MpG^F b iO .cq/F /F

)0GF L`Z F`^PhGI :uF c`q LcFdZ gGI F eFPF gG P


(cGF T) Gce dT< :uF Jp< G 0GF c _Fe G .Kelvin (K
. FcFdZ@ dT< :uF Jp< 0GF c G
G3F (MF GPWc_ <) jmF :t LcFdZ GJdO < P/F Jp<
0G 5600 :M_GF
dJPO PF (MF GPWc_ <) M_GF NGJF :t LcFdZ GJdO <
0G 3200 :8 L:Gt6 iCdF c`q/F

L` M NFcGP]@ `Z3 :Fh MpG^F b dO MdF NFdGF


WB MpG^F b fc G L_G .iI G_`[O M MWc` < GJi
:`^Pi/F :uF c`q `O NG8 L` GI

14

vPiP FdGF ` zIfPF Fb .MF GPWc_ KJiI :Gce :Ft< M cGF A GOGO j .cGF :t `O jmF
Fb .cFdZ6 CG G L_G bF GqF :uF `O MJF .dZ3F GI `JPiO 0G 5600 MWc`I ce3F F
MP^ M NGcGi d]3F NG8F .ce3F GI `JPiO 0G 3200 MWc`I dZ3F F vPiP FdGF ` zIfPF
yPiO GPGI #MCGF 8] MJhG/F MF MWc`F zJuI [iO NFdGF vI .1F G yPiO #d]3 FdG dPO
.vI3F F gGh< zJt cGP]@ GI MdF NFdGF ``F .LcqF :u MF MWc` KhG/F 0GF c cGP^O <
`P dS=PF Fb FdGF _GP #L:Gt5F c`q dS=O GI #dqPF vI3F F < FdG d}O < Od
. Gu< G_GO d]3F F3F F L:Gt5F c`q dS=O ` Ki[O M_G/F b gGh< `G[/F vI3F
:D<iQ|< T @E9 CvVi|< T? }|< W<F|< j?X|
`PO PF L:Gt5F F I LdS=P O QF j #8G cq/F c_GF 4P M} :GuI Mc tF mI FdGF G< uO (GT/F Jh M`^Pi/F MJF :t d GuO) dqPF G
:P8 cGP]5 HGbF MIGiF WB MCG j Ka@ -

vI3F [ GWP FdGF =iPh #Ld M8F b zt@ .MG LcqF F< HGiZ `O PZ FdGF d}P@ `=PF zt@ S FdGF McGI ` NGJS `=O :MiP
GI dpGF d} XiJF F L`G[ 8T/ F3F [O G G[PF FdGF MI [PF M Oc` `I
du]3F
:(Resolution) Ua/< MO|< BRM|<
.sdF wG _` yF wG _`I cq/F c_GF XZ M7`F U[I KOdPGI Mqpd wGF MX MdF LcqF
LcqF pGPF Q G wGF _` G #(Resolution) L_XF QOcF LcqF pGPF N_Fe G wGF _` _Fe G
.(Resolution) L_XF Qu^F
(Pixel) "LcqF"H iO Lcq L`ZFF MyF
15

.(.F 720 < 1080 <) GI PF M3F wy^F X[I cqF gGO L_G .M< d]< Mh<c Gxy] Fb wGF rpdO q
g_GiF IFdF GTF z^F) MWe d]< (F jG^F UGTF 3F z^F) M_d Gxy] G Jqh M3F wy^F Gc Fa@
[GI i MWfF wy^F X (Odd/Upper Field) F < _dF [GI i c_GF ]F_ M_dF wy^F X . F
.(Even/Lower Field) iF < WfF

d]< NFdG G< (Progressive) "`PF i/F" XiPF MdyF b iO G mI c_G XiO NFdGF vI
iO #F_ Fb d]< Ld M_dF S MWfF wy^F S G`Z M_dF wy^F XiO
(Interlaced) "]F`P/F i/F" MdyF b
c_GF q z Xi ]F`P/F i/G
.NGGJF HGPh@ FdGF Lc` d i/F Pdx 0I cGF
Md[F M_ dS? QF j .F
XiPF FdGF h< dp< /F XZ GPGI M}[F
.M_ u< GPGI M[tF MG NFc_G Xi `PF i/G NFc_GF

/F .NFcGP]5F vI I NFdGF
#dO 7 QIGS `ZF cq XZ L_W FdG O L_G
NGpF PZ G`^Pi PF FdGGI MpG^F XiPF Mdx X[F < Md
.Lcq/F L_G/F
:MCGmF GXZ3F vI
PAL G}I Standard Definition hGF fPF dqP dpG/F X[F 720x567
HO FdT `^Pi vdF c_G CGmF X[F 1280x720
High Definition L_XF G dqP hGF X[F 1920x1080
.cGP]5F MDi yO dpGF b [PGI iO G`^PiO PF FdGF QG Fa@
LcqF 0I cGF < dbO O 7 #7 Fa@ G<
PF cGP]5F MDiF LcqF L`XF
._GF gc`F d}< .F

16

:Ua}| C|=M|< b:=aQ|<


:UR=y|< MN
j JPO G NFc_GF GXZ3 (L_GuP GGZ< ) LdGP LdT NGdO G . cq/F c}/F MFfF t < h `
GGXZ3 NGdO Qi GPGI #GI bF dmJF dq MJi NFc_GF GXZ< dO L_GF NdW G dmJF G< GI .y/F
.cq/F t/F dPI dPO MPIGS
: GXZ3F
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FdT #GGI My[/F MDJF tO MyF b `F . Gy GF d 7 #L`I MGi d}/F d #hF L``l NGyF
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C}=y|< Civ}|< *
bF `mF XO Mcdt b "G1F MZGi" .P[O MGi MGi GcGO c_GF } dqPI bF :mF P[ G`
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CiZF/< Civ}|< +
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(g<dF PZ zhF ) r^mF F :fXF MyhP/F MyF d} #oG^l<
C@Vv|< CiZF/< Civ}|< ,
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C@Vv|< Civ}|< d}O < `I qPGI [8 yF g<c MyF d}O cqF b .qPGI cq bF :mF < r^mF d}O MJdF MyF
.I My[/F MDJF
>Vv|< BSS^ Civ}|< .
.F # #Jp@ :cq/F r^mF < G/F #t/F MqO d}O

17

d} MW Md /F .F #OG8 #My[/F PDI #dGm #r^mF MP^ NG O dO G MP^/F GXZ3F dqPF :GS<
`Gi Lcq/F GFfF GXZ3F O _W Gu< .CGO mI XZ < dqO _dX j .dqO _q/F X[F FdGF
VGP/GI oG^F qF d}<) `Gm/F HbW `Gi #VGP/F GXZ4 _q KOdO :GI 8] .MP^ d} NGW

:yF|<
.OFa `Z MGW M < f < ` 0 KOdPI c_GF ]F_ GXZ3F Gl3F PF eO PF
vI . GdqI c_GF P My^/F dpGF }O cGP]F M G #d]1 cq P^ :l LcqF O cGP]F
:Gl3F M>c M `GiO PF MJyF L_W/F wy^F #GX/F j/F MdPiiF G dPF PF dpGF
#M MGXF MF .NG/F _GX@ ``[P G dP d3F #XiP G`^Pi Mh #0 _dX FdGF < FdbO .
F GCF_ dbP G_ #G 0i[O G NF_Glc7F vI G .`W mI LdF pP dpGF b `^Pi 3F
.Gd] GCF_ yPi G #G`GiO F G 0FF vI
:(@T|< iv/<) H5I1< BSn=u
(( d/F d}< qP)
L_Gl cq G` c_G zy^P Q dP G` L`GF b JyO .`W c_G ^ M< R8S< F Ga LcqF iO
0y] 0F 0y] dx Mi LcqF F F^O .dqPF :GS< GmO G MlGmF d}O MJl GI NFdGF vI .8T
.xGPF wG ` wy^F b yI GdqPI PF dpGF t KX #R8S3F L`G GJx #MGiP :FfW< . F 0h<c
G JbF y KdPI PF c_GF :GI F`^Ph@ P PF LF uF xF ``[O `Gi iPF Fb
.Lcq/F Py MGW M u
D=s}Q|<
F``[O N8IG/F < @ MGt5GI .MGt@ NG pO :Gt@ cq/F dqF < r^mF M] `GiO N7G[F
MFf cGJP@ t MIG/F dqO cGP]@ < u .R`[P/F mG bF t/F GPPmO < GP8 MG NG^F JqO
.Fb PO ` PF NG^F Lcq/F
cp F`^PhF #]F_ dqPF G FaF #t/F M] Lf M8 < J W #WcG] dqPF G Fa@ GT/F Jh
.G P bF MFF QS`Z bF G/F 8T .F/`F tI M8 G M] cGP]F FGZ .F NFcGl
8T #dqI QPmO MyiI :Gl< KJiPO L_G cq/F r^mF fdPF VdP/F QPm :l `W 7 F `=PF M^F `O KX
.LcqF f mI d}O MP7 < cq/F r^mF g<c Vd^ = d} :l
:0o|< giP
[ .d]1F r^mF Ld} < 0 GJI dy^ G < A #d]; r^l 0I I NdW NGS_G[ < dO oG^l< dbO QGZ Fa@
MIG r^l cqO Q FaA # FdT dqPF Fb dbO KX .y d R_G[PF GPF K< .03GI vI R_G[ dmJ
. F`W FdGF dO < KX 8T
:G[@ yO Gu< GIc M[d d `JO MIG/F X {[ 8P]F < #cG[/F 0 Pi j VdP/F 0 O < LGFd KX
0I MGi/F .Pi/F j uF cG[/F U[I hFdF zJt KX #_Ph dqPF MGZ . Hd d gGiZGI
GXO@ Gu< .MyiGI gGiZF y Fb #KP ] jX uF dqO ` 8T #:GF GJPhF dS?O Gt uF cG[/F
dJ< O G L_G M[F MZGi/F G y r^mF 0 G< O PF MZGi/F c_GF .NG8F MZGi/GI GO dS? 03F
.(MJiF MZGi/F) ] PF MZGi/F
18

:<V=y|< CxVN
d[O MCF`F MJdF Gu< Fb P .dqPF :GS< d[PF GZ cq/F i G F`W M] OFF NFdGF ``F
GGO `F NGJS GCF_ YdP) Fd G c` < `Gm MG LdP cq/F t MJhG/F NGPF QJTO dbO Wd .dqPF :GS< `
.(sdF VGP MJhG L_G cq/F ` PZ d]1 O d[PF J MGS (% L`/ dqPF :GS<
Fa@ .:FdmF J G Md[F l KdXO GJdXO `I G _GP5F PF Mq]dF LdqF FdGF FZ ``F G
` MZFc PZ) dqPF :GS< 0Fca GCF_ _GP5F `F MZFc cGJP@ `I7 `GI dqPF FdG GZ dP
.(QJO Fa@
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FdG G[F FcbGI d]3F iO `F `ZAI iO < #`I MZG 0PZGF iO < LdqF NFdG d]< GT
.Wc3F S8S FdGF GZ JmO dJ< FeGOc@ yO PZ
B7=d2< UR=a
.dqPF M MdW M8 [qF udPI :uF M8 .FdGF b .:uGI 7@ dO 7 0F
.MWF/GI dm :uF G FaF GF #Z W Fb q ] :uF G FaG #F W cGP]F :uF `Gi
dqO MFe dO #I cqO bF G/F :uF dFP Fa@ #cq/F dqF G :t _W GCF_ dbPO < KX
#cqO W EuO jmF XO < GCF_ dbO GWcG] cqO Q Fa@ cGGI GT/F Jh .cqO G :uF wiI iP
.cqO < G I EuO (F #cGl c #N8[ c) `I L:Gt@ c`q `XO < `I7 GI
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8 # <S:<W # =;^ w= y 4< !VaF|< 7=I8 # <SL <T =Sn=[Z !VaF|< ~@u Cs}FQ/< V`=o|< 0? W<F|< vOE AM
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19

Da|<
:[|< CL
cGJP5F t GCF_ `I7 Fb .`I < GJd #i G Xi NqF #FdO G _`[O FdGF .LcqF T j NqF
Point Of Hearing "iF MW"H iO MyiJF LdF b .d G_ Hy/F Nq F XiO
.r^mF G i @ M NFa d `XF dqPF G # GCF_ cGJP5F L`XF iF MW t `I7
:<V=y|< rVy? Da|< ~M[E
T d]< GFf :G L_W NFcGP]5F u< j Fb .]F_ dI NqF XiO OFF MX`/F NFdGF ``F
.zJu < GP b]=O #XiP Gt@ r^m VGPZ5F ` LcF_5F Mh
.`W mI Op wGP5 r^mF MG MGi OGF < FdGF HFdP@ PFc Fa@ F`W MJ M L_W q[F
mI Op d < r^mF KyF Gu< .(F - NFcGh < h :Gtt - NGG - cGy) G GOp dpG _GPI5F
.G G MG XiO FuP
:LU=P rVy? Da|< ~M[E
#_ G u< Xi Z Gy wGP@ MFe d .NGd/F F< dPO < `I7 WcG] dI XiO Q Fa@
.``[O I [PF 7 NqF < UZ GyF Fb VcG] MGF NFp3F 7 Fb
Shotgun Microphone y^F d/F
ci/F z^GI G fd h< MFe #(|) z^GI G fd Mt MFe O G L_G .z G4 P[dl GXO@ Xi d/F Fb
.OqF FPi FdT v^ MFfF b Vd^ G .(\)
Dynamic Microphone [F d/F
v^O G@ Np Hd< z XiO F`W Mt MZ P[dl .MfPF FdJF N8[F Gl dT3F F Fb
.cGmF cq bF dTF u Fb #`I3F NFp3F
.R`[P/F I ` FdJF 0b/F dO Fb # F`W NqF Xi 7@ R`[P/F FdT IFdP@ `I7 < `ZF J
Condenser Microphone T/F d/F
.Pi/F j pP GT GiP mI My[/F NFp3F Xi (8 mI [F Gy G L_G) MdCF_ Jl PFe
.My[/F MOqF NGy/F MXP u< Xi 3 (8T LdG}) tF `ZF R`[P GI j PF RF`Z3F dqP KhG
.[F Gy PFe G G< `^Pi/F F Md 3F #MhGh3F F3F b NGd/F LdT d]< F< G
:LGFd FZ3F `I8 NqF XiO M d}F vI
d]1F :`F Kx K `W 7 #R`[P/F r^mGI My[/F My/F :` cq/F r^mF U`Z :GS< Np < RF`Z@ ` dqPF F?iGI CGF r^mF :` (dqPF `^PiO Q Fa@ 7@) My[/F MGF OFF OG 8@ :bQ^ BR=^ ~M[E 8 C}?=v 8 U<N ~n 7=I8
:O1F FdbO #`W OG Op P[/ #NqF L_W F`I
FaG" F=h@ "!Fb Q " F=iO 7 :GT) G MtGPh5F yPi #7 < I r^mF G KX 7 PF MDh3F F?h ("" "Q

20

"h h@ G<"H MIGW5F u r^mF h@ Q=h Fa@ #GT) F?h MuP MG M/F < r^mF GCF_ Kx< ("h" _dX 7`I
`W 8 `I G Kd yh Fb < dbO < u . `d G cGu[PhF c_G G[dPi R`[P/F r^mF XO < GZ .zJ^O < dOO Fa@ Q < PF Mm

21

=== ~M[F|< 8 VaF|< ~@u VxTF}| ===


VaF|< ~@u
(GdbO Gu< NGcGyJ VGP[O MWcG] LfW< < d Fa@) M[m MG NGcGyJF bO f/F dqPF KiZ dT< < Gt@ NcG #Qf PF L_G/F GG] NcGF NGJmF dT 7 Gl MymF #dqP WGP[O G I MJOd MymF :ViQ|< VaF|< r C5[|< D<U=@Fn9
Ncp Fa@ Gpq] .Lcq/F MGF L_G/F MDJ^P G L_G/F b]< MG[ < vJF MGZ dqPF `I `JPi dp NcG !P?i L_G/F P8h #P[q `t `^Pi < ` ` El G r^l
< JF < [F < _h3F u du]3F < dZ3F T Lf F< < jJ ` Gu< .dqPF Ge G/ MJhG M[d jI8 ._GdF
.F :GS< d[O IGP cqO FaG QF < d dT< < r^l VaF|< 7=I8
FdO G MXP u< q[F M PF GCF_ dbO .diPO 7 MGI My cp . vdO u3 MFfF FdGF zJt L:Gt5F c_Gq U[JF dbO .NqF c`q NqF Xi < :iF MW VaF|< So?
_GF dqP KOdPF ZGmF NGcGyJF t .NcGF i KOd G MG Lcq/F L_G/F fO -

22

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