NATIONAL

EXAMINATIONS 98 -CIV -B4

-MAY

2002

Engineering Hydrology
3 Hours Duration

Notes:

I.

If doubt exists as to interpretation of any question, the candidate is urged to submit a clear statement of any assumptions made with the answer paper. Candidates may use one of two calculators, a Casio FX-991 or a Sharp EL-540. This is a closed book examination.

2.

3,

Equations, graph paper and any other required material are provided with this examination. Any five questions constitute a complete examination. Only the first five questions as they appear in your examination book will be marked. All questions cany equal weight.
Each part of a question carries equal weight.

4.
5.

6. 7.

This examination paper consists of eight pages, including this cover page and two pages of probability paper. (The horizontal scale of the probability paper is in percent.)

Page 1 of 8

Briefly answer each of the following (5 to 10 lines each), using sketches where
1.

appropriate.
1)

2)
3)

4)
5) 6)

2. 4 25 6 45 8 35
10 25 14 15 16 10
18 5

Time (hours) O Flow (m3/s) 5

I)

2 5

12 20

Calculate the 4 hour unit hydro graph for the watershed using hydro graph ordinates of m3/s for the times listed.

Calculate the direct runoff in mm from the watershed, and the runoff coefficient for the 2) watershed Calculate the runoffhydrograph that would have resulted if the storm lasted 8 hours
3)

instead of 4 hours. A storage facility is to be built to reduce peak flows from this watershed to 25 m3ls. Estimate the volume required for this facility. State any assumptions used.

4)

98 -CIV

-B4,

May

2002

Page

3 of 8

3.

The following

annual floods were recorded at a river gauging site.

Year

Flow

Year 6 7 8 9
10

Flow
3.1

Year
11

Flow

Year
16 17 18 19

Flow
7.3
3.5

4.4
2

4.3 4.7
11.0 6.0 2.8

3.3

6.5
5.5

12
13

3 4 5

7.0
8.3 2.3

5.6 5.0

4.0
9.0

14
15

a) b)

Using probability paper, detennine the 2,5, 10 and 100 year return period floods. What is the probability that the annual flood will be larger than 11 m31sat least once in the next 5 years? A fishing camp operator is proposing to upgrade his dock near this gauge, and has detennined that his facilities could withstand floods up to 11 m3/s. He has also detennined that if a flood greater than this value occurs once in a 5 year period the facility can be repaired and the operation will be profitable over the 5 year period. If a larger flood occurs, the operator will lose money. What is the probability that the operator will be profitable in a given 5 year period?

c)

Plotting position: Risk(R): Probability

p = m / (n+ 1) m = rank (from largest to smallest)

p = probability of exceedance n = number of years ofrecord

R= l-(l-p)D ofExceedance: p = I/ Tr

Tr = Return Period (years)

98 -CIV

-B4,

May

2002

Page

4 of 8

4.

A dam at a lake outlet is being considered for rehabilitation hydroelectric power development.

to provide storage for

The lake has an area of 10 krn2. The outlet of the dam is controlled by stop logs, and the elevation of the bottom of the stop log bays is 100 m. The total width of the stop log bays is 10 m. The 100 year design stonn inflow hydrograph to the lake is provided below.

Time period (hours)

Inflow (m3/s) 5
10

Time period (hours)

20-25 25-30 30-35
35-40

[nf1ow
(m3/s) 240
255

Time period (hours) 40-45

45-50 50-55 55-60

Inflow

Time period

Inflow
(m3/s) 25
15

(rn3/s) 130

(hours)

0-5
5-10
10-15

60-65 65-70 70-75 75-80

90 60

50
160

225
180

10

15-20

40

Assuming no initial outflow from the lake, and an initial stop log elevation of 105 m, detern1inethe outflow hydrograph from the dam and the maximum elevation the lake will reach for the 100 year inflow hydrograph. Assume weir flow over the stop logs, and that the lake can be considered to have vertical sides.
Weir flow equation:

Q = C L h3/2where Q = discharge (m3/s), C = weir coefficient (use 1.5), L = weir length (m), and h = head over the weir (m) I -0 = ~S / ~t, where I = average inflow over time period (m3/s), O = average outflow over time period (m3/s), ~S ~t = change in storage over time period (m3), and = time period (sec).

Continuity equation

98 -CIV

-B4,

May

2002

Page

5 of 8

5.

The following

hydrograph was measured at the upstream end of a river reach.

a)

Calculate the hydro graph at the end of the reach using the Muskingum routing method, given that the parameters K and x were determined to be K = 12 hours and x= 0.2. The Muskingum routing equations are:

02 = Co 12 + C1 II + C2 01 , where Co = ( C1 = ( -Kx + 0.5 ~t) / (K -Kx Kx + 0.5 ~t) / (K -Kx + 0.5~t) + 0.5!:1t) + 0.5~t)

C2 = (K -Kx + 0.5 ~t) / (K -Kx Co + C1 + C2 = 1 II' 12 = Inflows

to reach at times 1 and 2 respectively from reach at times 1 and 2 respectively

01 , O2 = Outflows ~t = time step

b)

How would you detemline the hydro graph at a point two thirds of the way downstream for the same inflow hydro graph. No calculations are required, but explain your answer in tenns of the parameters used for the Muskingum routing method. What would the peak discharge at the end of the reach be using the time lag routing method?

c)

6. a) porosity piezometric surface storage coefficient transmissi vi ty specific yield hydraulic conductivity

2)