2.

Analysis of Well foundation

Correct evaluation of passive relief is a important factor in the design of a well foundation. Views differ regarding the assumptions and methods to be adopted for working out its values. The main points to be addressed while deciding for the method are. I) Whether the rotation of the foundation takes place only at the base or at points above or below the base. ii) Whether the skin friction on the sides can be considered in the calculation of well resistance and iii)What fraction of applied moment is resisted by soil resistance on the sides and base resistance. 2.1 Method of Analysis Several methods are available for computing the stability of a well foundation. 1) Terzaghis Analysis based on Bulkhead concept(1943). 2) Banerjee and Gangopadhyay method(1960) . 3) IRC Method(IRC:45-1972). i) Elastic Theory Method. ii) Ultimate soil resistance method.

3. Theoretical study of Terzaghis Analysis based on Bulkhead concept.

The simplest approach of analysing the stability of well foundation. The following are the assumption considered in analysis. i) Bulkhead is weightless. ii)There is no contribution of base reaction. iii) There is no wall friction.

3.1 Analysis for Light Wells: Let qmax be the horizontal force per unit length.
qmax H H B qmax

y 0

D
H

D
H

C D1
H

A E F D( )

G Fig1 Forces on a free Rigid Bulkhead in a sand Deposit D( )

Resultant total pressure per unit length = qmax

Fig2 Earth pressure on a free Rigid Bulkhead in a sand Deposit = Area of pressure diagram

=(P1,- P2,)at a point of ultimate failure =Area of BGE-CGF ( ( Moment of Force about the base , From equation 3.1 ( )( ( * ) ) ( )+ (3.2) (3.3) ( ) ( ) ( ) ) )( ( ) ) (3.1)

From D1, get qmax , Qmax= qmax x L Assuming FS=2 Applied force 3

(3.4)

3.2 Analysis for heavy Well A heavy well under a lateral load will rotate above its base

qmax H

qmax

D H H

D/3

Fig3 Force and Deflection diagram of a well for rotation about base

The value of qmax be computed by taking moment about the base, ( ( ) ) (3.5)

For unscoured soil of thikness above maximum scour level effect of earth pressure considered ( Total resisitance horizontal force i.e = qmax x B With FS against passive resistance of soil, Allowable horizontal force . IF Qa
.

(3.6)

(3.7)

Qa=

(3.8)

Moment at the base Mb due unbalance horizontal force (Q- Qa ) MB=(Q- Qa ) (H+D) 4

(3.9)

The maximum and minimum foundation pressure at the base.

(3.10)

4.Theoretical study of Banerjee and Gangopadhyay method .

As per Banerjee and Gangopadhyay the well foundation can be analysed based on the following assumption. i)The well is acted upon by a unidirectional force P in a direction across the pier. ii)The well is founded in the sandy stratum. iii)The resultant unit pressure on soil at any depth is in simple proportion displacement. iv)The ratio between contact pressure and corresponding displacement is independent of the pressure. v)The coefficient of vertical subgrade reaction has the same value for every point of the surface acted upon by contact pressure. 4.1Analysis of heavy wells Horizontal soil reaction. Let a rigid well embedded in sand move parallel to its original position under the action of horizontal force P, assume the wall movement e1moblised fully the active and passive earth pressure on the well. The unit pressure (passive) at depth Z below the surface= The unit pressure (active) at depth Z below the surface= Therefore, resultant unit pressure ( Here =unit weight of soil )

From assumption 3

and 5

m is know as the coefficient of horizontal soil reaction. In fig4 let the well rotate at a point A, situated at a depth D1 below the scour line. the induced reaction are shown in above fig4.

Fig5

Fig4

Let e1=horizontal displacement of the centre line of the well at the scour line. e2=horizontal displacement of the line of the well at the base level of the well. e3=vertical downward displacement of one edge of the well at its base. =vertical upward displacement of the well on the lower part of right face . P1=Resultant passive reaction of the well on the left face. P2=Resultant passive reaction of the well on the lower part of the right face. R= Resultant vertical reaction at the base of the well. P1 =Skin friction on the left face of the well. P2=Skin friction on the right face of the well. R=Frictional resistance of the soil at its base.

from statics, the conditions of equilibrium are as follows. P=P1-P2- R

Z

P H

M1=Moment at the scour line produced by P1.

D

M2=Moment at the scour line produced by P2. M3=Moment of the vertical soil reaction at the base. The reaction between the various displacement is as follows.

Fig6

(4.1)

Determination of P1 from equation

( ( And * (

) )

) + (4.2)

Determination of P2 from equations

P

) )

D D

Fig7

Determination of moment M1 produced by P1. ( ) ( ) (4.3) Determination of moment M2 produced by P2. ( ( ) ) (4.4)

Determination of vertical reaction R Modulus of vertical sub-grade reaction is.

e = vertical deflection of soil corresponding to vertical reaction p. =e3 (4.5) Determination of moment M3 produced at the base to vertical soil reaction P.The rotation of the well is also resisted by a moment M3 acting at the base on account of the downward deflection of the heel.see fig.

B/2

B/2 X
0

Fig8

(4.6) 8

but

e (4.7)

Determination of Base Pressure. Let pt and ph be the unit pressure exerted on the soil under the base.at the toe and heel respectively.
B/2 B/2

Then,
Pt

Ph

And

Fig9

Analysis of no plastic flow condition. If no plastic flow is allowed in the soil, horizontal soil reaction p at any depth must not exeed (pz)max. for that depth, i.e. ( ) ( ( ) ) (4.8) (4.9)

It is evident that sand strata to flow as soon as slope = ,see fig.

Also from equation ( ) ( )

( ) For Z=D1, ( ) Equating (

(

)
)

(4.10)

And ( ) 9 (4.11)

Substituting, the value of ( ( ( And ( ) ) ) )

in equations (4.12) (4.13) (4.14)

(4.15)

Analysis of heavy wells. In the case of heavy wells,the reaction R at the base will be very high. Therefore, sliding at the base will take place. see fig.Let F be the force required at the base to prevent sliding. The equations of equilibrium are as follows:

PH=M3-M1+ F.D+ P1 And W= P1 On comparing the values of P1,M1 and M3 will become as under
( )

(4.16) ) (4.17) ) [Type a quote from the document or

the summary of an interesting point. You can position the text box P the document. Use the anywhere in Text Box Tools tab to change the formatting of the pull quote text H B box.]

( (

(4.18)

Analysis of heavy wells with non-rectangular base.

R

10

Let. L=Maximum well base length. B=Well Base width. Ba=Average base width. Mb=Total moment induced due to tilting in the base. F1=Total horizontal reaction at the base. R1=Total vertical reaction at the base. W1=Total vertical load of the well. The equilibrium equations may be written as

PLH=Mb-M1L+ F.D+ P1 W= P1 If pt and ph be the maximum toe and heel pressure.

( Adding equation

(4.19)

5.Numerical Study:

Q1)Using Terzaghis Method, check the adequacy of design of the pier well foundation of a Bridge. Use the following data of loads and soil properties. Loading: Total horizontal force.P=1755 kN Moment at base = 43180 kN. Total Effective down ward load on the well =13790kN. Depth of embedment of well below scour level, D=12.678m Maximum width of well base,B=5.576m, Angle of internal friction = Submerged unit weight of soil, = 19.2kN/m2. Safe bearing capacity of soil at base of the well 800kN/m2

Solution: i)Height of point of application of horizontal load about base level. = =24.6m

Height above the scour level, i.e. h1=24.60 - 12.678 = 11.925m ii)Maximum horizontal force per unit length,i.e ( For, = 330 , ( = 893.43kN/m2. iii)Total Resisting maximum horizontal force i.e. =5.576 893.43 =4981kN )

= 0.294 )

= 3.39

With a factor of safety against passive resistance of soil. Allowable horizontal force i. e.

Allowable horizontal force i. e.

= 2490kN 1755 kN. hence safe iv)Foundation Base Pressure i.e

=564.74kN/m2 .v)Check for Factor of safety Against Overturning: .

kN/m2

hence safe

=1.2 vi)Check for Factor of safety Against Sliding

( ) ( )

= = 1.27 vii)Check for Factor of safety Against Bearing

=1.41 Q2) Using Banerjee and GangopadhayMethod, check the Stability of the well foundation by assuming no plastic flow of the soil below scour level.

Loading: Total horizontal force.P=1755 kN Moment at base = 43180 kN. Total Effective down ward load on the well =13790kN. Depth of embedment of well below scour level, D=12.678m Maximum width of well base,B=5.576m, Angle of internal friction = Coefficient of vertical friction between sand and walls of well=.364 Submerged unit weight of soil, = 19.2kN/m2. Safe bearing capacity of soil at base of the well Solution:Let For, = 330 , 800kN/m2

=coefficient of passive and active earth pressure.

= 0.294

= 3.3

Computation of P1 ,M1 and M3 i)Resultant passive reaction of the well on the left face ,i.e. P1.
( ( ) )

= =1592.4kN/m ii)Moment at the scour line produced by P1

( ( )
.

= =10094.4kN.m/m iii)Moment of the vertical soil reaction at the base.i.e.M3.

( ( ) )

= =67.73kN.m/m. Using equilibrium equation . . kN Pt and ph be the maximum toe and heel pressure. (1)

(2) Solving equation (1 )and (2) We get, = 414.13kN/m2 =450.57kN/m2 iv)Check for Factor of safety Against Overturning: . = =1.45 v)Check for Factor of safety Against Sliding

kN/m2

hence safe

= =1.03 vi)Check for Factor of safety Against Bearing

=1.77

Q3) Using IRC method, check the adequacy of design of the pier well foundation of a bridge, use the following data of loads and properties.

Loading: Total horizontal force .P=1755 kN Moment at base = 43180 kN. Total Effective down ward load on the well =13790kN. Depth of embedment of well below scour level, D=12.678m Maximum width of well base, B=5.576m, Angle of internal friction = Submerged unit weight of soil, = 19.2kN/m2. Safe bearing capacity of soil at base of the well Angle of friction between wall and soil =20 consider permissible setlement of 1.5% of well diameter Solution: i)Height of point of application of horizontal load about base level. = =24.6m 800kN/m2

Height above the scour level, i.e. h1=24.60 - 12.678 = 11.925m ii)Let =coefficient of passive and active earth pressure. KA=
( )

=.26
)

KP=

= 7.32
)

KP- KA= 7.32-0.26 = 7.06 m= ( ) =9.2x7.06x =61.04

iii)Determination of the parameter. =5.576 m L=.9.B=.9x5.5 =4.95m

( (

) =47.4527m4 ) =840.57 m4

0.1381

( ( ) = 7.33406

) = 972.52 m4

iv) condition1: Base Friction is less than . ( ) = -748.7kN Satisfied(<H)

v) condition2: Direction of Rotation is compatible. ( ) = 14024kN Satisfied(>H)

vi) condition3: Soil remain elastic =50.06 ( ) = 64.96 Satisfied(>mM/I)

vii) condition 4: Base pressure = = 6641

603 kN/m2 328.12kN/m2 Satisfied(< qa)

vi)Check for Factor of safety Against Overturning:

= 5.6

vii)Check for Factor of safety Against Sliding.

( ) ( )

= 45.87.

vii)Check for Factor of safety Against Bearing.

=1.32

5.2 Comparison of Factor of safety for Different Method of Analysis.

Methods of Analysis Terzaghis Method, Banerjee and GangopadhayMethod IRC Method 1.2 1.45 5.6 1.27 1.03 45.87 1.41 1.77 1.32

6. Future Work i) Study of Problems on Analysis Of light Well. ii) Parametric study.

7. References

1) Bindra S.P.(1983) Principles and practice of Bridge Engineering Dhnapat Rai and Sons publication ,New Delhi,pp,262-275. 2)IRC:45-1972 Recommendation for Estimating the Resistance of Soil below the maximum scour level in the Design of Well Foundation of Bridge, The Indian Roads congress, New Delhi, India. 3) Saran. (2010) Analysis and Design of substructures, Oxford and IBH Publishing company (second edition), pp.511-548. 4) Som N.N. and Das S.C.(2003) Theory and Practice of foundation design, Prentice hall of Indian pvt.ltd., New Delhi, India, pp-286-293. 5) Varghese P.C(2005) Foundation engineering ,PHI Learning Private limited, New Delhi, pp.359-379.

Content

1) Previous Work. 2) Study of Method Of Analysis 3) Theoretical Study of Terzaghis Method . 4) Theoretical Study of Banerjee and Gangopadhay Method 5) Numerical study.. 6) Future Work. 7) References.

1.Previous Work.

i)Theoretical Study Of Well Foundation. ii)Typical Design for Well Foundation.