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Lecture #2
1/21/2013
Print version
Lecture#2 (modelingfundamentals&massbalance)
Chapra, L1
(pp. 3-20)
X
David A. Reckhow CEE 577 #2 2
CEE 577
Lecture #2
1/21/2013
Evolutionofmunicipalsystems
Safewatersupply
Needrecognizedby
studiessuchasJohn Snows
WastewaterCollection
Firstjustremoval Thenneedfortreatment LaterquantifiedinWLA
Objectives(cont.)
TMDL total maximum daily load Themoregeneralprocessofwasteloadassessment andcontrolinawatershed Encompassingpointsources(WLA)andnonpoint sources(LA)
David A. Reckhow
CEE 577 #2
CEE 577
Lecture #2
1/21/2013
WaterQualityManagement
Objectives(cont.)
Toxics Modeling
Errors?
David A. Reckhow
CEE 577 #2
CEE 577
Lecture #2
1/21/2013
BOD NH3, org N, Low DO Fishery Organic solids (dissolved Recreation Phytoplankton, DO Ecological health oxygen) Water supply, High bacterial Total coliform bacteria, Recreation levels Fecal coliform bacteria, Fecal streptococci, Viruses Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Excessive 3 Tastes and odors-blue green algae Water supply, plant growth, Phytoplankton Recreation, Aesthetic beach nuisances, algal Ecological health (Eutrophicati mats "Pea soup" Unbalanced on) ecosystem Metals Radioactive High toxic Water supply 4. Carcinogens in water supply substances Pesticides chemical Fishery closed-unsafe toxic levels, Fishery Herbicides Toxic product Ecological health levels Ecosystem upset; mortality, chemicals reproductive impairment
David A. Reckhow CEE 577 #2 7
Rates
Determination of Mass Loading
Point Sources - General Concepts
W(t)=Q(t)c(t)
ImportantConversionFactors
8.34
David A. Reckhow
CEE 577 #2
CEE 577
Lecture #2
1/21/2013
Rates(cont.)
RelatedRates Volumetricflowrate
Q=UAc
MassFluxrate
m W Uc tAc Ac
And therefore, W=JAc
9
ModelImplementations
TheModel concentration,c,isproportionaltoloading,W,by thereciprocalofanassimilationfactor,a SimulationMode c=W/a DesignModeIAssimilativeCapacity W=ac DesignModeIIEnvironmentalModification a=W/c
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CEE 577 #2
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CEE 577
Lecture #2
1/21/2013
TwoApproachestoModeling
EmpiricalModeling basedoninductiveapproach heavilydependentonstatisticalanalysis ofexisting data MechanisticModeling basedondeductiveapproach moredependentontheory ofunderlyingprocesses emphasizedinChaprasbook
David A. Reckhow
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MassBalanceorMassInventory
Alsoknownasconservationofmass KeytomechanisticWQmodeling
constantandweareatsteadystate:
Accumulation 0
Separatemassbalanceswrittenforeachsubstance
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CEE 577 #2
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CEE 577
Lecture #2
1/21/2013
TypicalMechanisticModel
Loadings
Transport In
Substance A
Reactions
Transport Out
Substance B
Components
Based on: Figure 1.5 from Chapra, 1997
David A. Reckhow CEE 577 #2
System Response
13
Spatial/TemporalResolution
Whenspatialortemporalconcentration differencesareimportant,systemmaybedivided intosubvolumesortimes
Segmentationistheprocessofdividingspaceand
matterintoincrements
space:1,2or3dimensions
Resolutionisthedegreetowhichspace,timeandmatter
aresegmented
David A. Reckhow
CEE 577 #2
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CEE 577
Lecture #2
1/21/2013
HistoricalDevelopmentofMechanistic Modeling
19251960:StreeterPhelps
DOmodeling,basedonBOD,SOD
19601970:Computerization
greatercomplexity,resolutionpossible
19701977:Biology
eutrophicationmodeling,basedonN,P,light
1977present:Toxics
partitioningofhydrophobics,complexphysical,
chemicalandbiologicaltransformations
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Evolving Issues
CEE 577
Lecture #2
1/21/2013
Economicsofpollutioncontrol
Asstandardsbecomemore
strict
Costsgoup
Tonextlecture
David A. Reckhow
CEE 577 #2
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