Handout phonetics I

SPANISH VOWELS
i u close
e o mid
a open
front central close
ENGLISH VOWELS
Neutral
o_ __ Spread
Close
_ q_ _ Rounded
__ mid
, _
o_ open
front central back
VOWELS
Are sounds produced with no obstruction of the air.
CONSONANS
Are sounds produced with some obstruction of the air.
SE!"CONSONANS
There are exceptions /j/ /w/ are called consonants but they are produced with no
obstruction of the air. They are called consonants because of their position, before
vowel. Are called semiconsonants, are they semivowels?
- 1 -
Handout phonetics I
VOWELS
Articulator# phonetics. $ow sounds are produced. We ha%e & criteria to define the
%owels.
1.- A vowel can be: Close, Mi an O!en.
Close' when there is a short distance between the ton(ue and the palate.
O!en: when there is bi( distance between the ton(ue and the palate.
Mi: when the distance between the ton(ue and the palate is neither short nor bi(.
And can be'
".- #$on%- Cen%$al- &ac'.
hese depend on the part of the ton(ue we use) tip) centre) or back.
(.- he position of the lips )o*ne- Ne*%$al- S!$ea.
VOWELS
C+ec'e *short+ ,$ee *lon(+
;g _
Need to be followed
b# a consonant
E,cept the
-ure diphthon(s
m___q__
Centrin( Closin(
_
.rontin( /ackin(
_ _
- 2 -
Handout phonetics I
CHEC-E. VOWELS
Sonio /as b$eve 0 /as ne*%$o 1%i$ano +acia la e2 3*e la i es!a4ola bi%
_ Checked) close) mid) front) spread.
0i1 spellin( 2 comun' sit, ship, kid, ill
001' many, pretty, sorry
Common in non producti%e prefi,es'
Become, belon, decide, prefer.
Respect build' built, build, builder, always _
Sonio !a$ecio a la e es!a4ola en el sonio /esa /e% Ho/o!+ones
Checked) mid) front) spread.
0e1' bed, men, held, red.
0ea1' bread, spread, read !past") because read !present"is xo_.
less usual'
0a01 says
0ai1 said
0a5..01 many, any
0ie1 friend
0*1 bury
#Thames$ !river+ @o
0ei1 leisure
Sonio al6o /as b$eve 0 ne*%$o 3*e el e la a es!a4ola c*!
_ Checked) mid3open) central) neutral.
in spellin( it can ne%er be a. alwa0s o,*
0o1 worry, money, brother, mother, monkey, tonue, son, onion
0o*1 country, double, trouble)
0oo1 blood, flood,
gn 0o*6+1 enouh, rouh)
0*1 cup, bus, sun sun and son are homophones
:_q:_q
cup and cap are minimal pairs
x_ x,
0oe1 does_._
- 3 -
Handout phonetics I
Sonio !$o*cio con los labios /as e7%enios 3*e !a$a a$%ic*la$ *na a. La !osici8n se ace$ca a
la e ,a%
; Checked) mid) open) front) spread.
0a1 cat, man, map.
0a 9 $$1 marry, carry but 0 a 9 $ 1 is _
it can ne%er be spelt o, *. alwa#s a
e,ception 0 merin(ue1 o_x,_
Sonio si/ila$ a la o es!a4ola, !e$o con los labios /enos $eoneaos o6
Checked) back open) rounded.
0o1 lon, od, lot, pot, plot, ot.
03*a1 %uality, %uantity, s%uash. 4ualit# xo___
0wa1 want, wander want q_
Sonio /:s b$eve 0 /:s ne*%$o 1 %i$ano +acia la o2 3*e en la * es!a4ola boo'
_ Checked) mid3close) central3back) rounded.
0*1 !& sh // & ll" push, bush, pull.
0oo1 ood, foot.
0o*l1 could, should, would.
Also) %er# e,ceptionall#' 0o1 woman, wolf.
I, %+e ;oo< is ,ollowe b0 ;'< %+e so*n is _book, look, took
Es /*0 =bil. Es one no $ecae el acen%o
his %owel can correspond to an# spellin( in unstressed s#llables.
Checked) mid) central) neutral.
0e$1 normall# professions. .inal 0er1 teacher) plumber.
0a1 final 0a1 Sarah) China.
When there is13bt 1 at the end) don5t pronounce b
When there is 03mb 0 at the end) don5t pronounce b
- 4 -
Handout phonetics I
#)EE VOWELS
Sonio /as la$6o 3*e en la i es!a4ola
o_ .ree) close) front) spread. *%er# similar to Spanish+
0ee1 see, sheet, need.
0ea1 sea, pea, seat, beat.
-roducti%e prefi,es. 0re30. 0de30 sound' i '
Less usual' 0ie1 relief, believe, achieve.
0ei1 receive.
0i1 in forei(n words' police, pi''a, machine
notice %uay mm_ and people @vm_v
Si/ila$ al sonio ,$anc=s e*$.
q_ .ree) central) mid) neutral.
Alwa#s correspond to %owel plus 0$1.
0e$1 term, permanent, permit.
0ea$1 learn, earn.
0*$1 burn, turn, purple.
0i$1 ;i0< first, bird, shirt, skirt. myrtle @oq_ @
0wo$-0 word, work, world, worm
Sonio /as la$6o 3*e la a es!a4ola. Se a$%ic*la en la !a$%e !os%e$io$ e la cavia b*cal. #a%+e$
_ Open) central back) neutral.
0a$1 car, far, park, farm.
Not alwa#s 0a$1 sounds 6a:> e,ample' warm' __o War' __
When before there is a w the sound is __
0al1 calm, palm *l) doesn5t sound+
0al,1 calf, half. *l) doesn5t sound+
0a/1 example
0as'1 ask, basket, flask !arrafa", mask.
0an1 answer, plants, branch.
0ass1 pass, rass.
in some cases' aunt __@
bath o_
hearto_
- 5 -
Handout phonetics I
Sonio /as la$6o 3*e la o es!a4ola, a$%ic*lano con los labios bien $eoneaos. Paw
__ mid open) back) rounded.
0a*1 automatic, auction, auditory, laundry.
0aw1 awful, saw, law, paw
0all1 all, tall, call, small.
0wa$1 warm, war, warnin,
"n some cases' four n_
sore c_
%uarter @m_@
Ou(ht) au(ht3333333___
Sonio /as la$6o 3*e la * es!a4ola
__ Closed) mid3back) rounded.
0ew1 new, few, view, review. cons 2 7 2u'
0o*1 you but normall# in last position. "n other positions can be sound or _.
0o*1 there are some cases that is pronounced as diphthon( au. E,ample' mouse, hour(
0oo1 food, root, boot.
0*1 rude.
0o1 do, two)
8ouble 0oo1 followed of 9 is alwa#s _
0*e1 blue, true, clue.
0*i1 fruit, juice.
0oo5.e1 loose, choose.
0o5.e1 lose, move, whose.
other cases __ shoe, beautiful, on_ @ n
SOME ?)ANSC)IP?ION
Worm q_o
Lau(h o_.
Lo%e o_
!onda# _o_q._
uesda# __o__:._
hursda# _q_x:._
Wednesda# _q:._
.rida# _.x_._
Saturda# _:,_._
Sunda# _:_q._
- 6 -
Handout phonetics I
.IPH?HONGS
_ Closin( frontin(.
0a:.e1 ape, late, pae. ate, @@
0a#1 pay, say, ay, bay.
0ai1 available, aim, pain, aain. @o_@o_
0ea1 break, steak.
0e#1 they.
0ei(h1 eiht, weiht) e7ce!%ion: +ei6+% @om@
_ Closin( frontin(.
0i:..e1 pipe, side, bike, like.
0ie1 pie, tie.
0i(h1 miht, siht, fiht.
0#:.e1 thyme *tomillo+
0#1 why, shy, cry, bye, by.
__ Closin( frontin(.
0oi1 avoid, coin, noise, soil.
0o#1 boy, toy, joy, enjoy.
_ Closin( bakin(
0o:..e1 poke, hope, home, close, those.
0333333o1 potato, tomato, o, no.
0oa1 soap, toad, load. 8iff. Soup :__soap : _
0oe1 toe.
0ow1 flow, know, own, rown, snow.
0o 2ld1 old, cold, sold.
_ Closin( bakin(
0ou1 house, blouse, trousers.
0ow1 now, how, cow.
- 7 -
Handout phonetics I
CENR"N;.
_ centrin(
0ear1 ear, fear, tear *la(rima+
0eer1 beer, cheer.
0<ia1 )ndia, sylvia.
0<ier6iest1 happier, happiest) *comparati%e and superlati%e+
centrin(
0ear1 tear *ras(ar+) pear, bear.
0air1 air, pair, fair, fairy.
0are1 fare, care, prepare.
Curiosit#' pear = pair are homophones
.are = fair are homophones.
_ a %eces suena __
0oor1 poor.
0<ure1 sure) pure' @vn_
?)IPH?HONGS
e_x _ _ | _ oe_x.oe_x_ex@o_m
our o_m _m flour no_ m
flower no_ m
0ouer1 __ > _ power) lower.
_) la pronunciaci?n es mu# rela7ada
__ sa#er c m pa#er.
__ 0iar1 liar *mentiroso+.
2 *33er+ hi(her) sh#er.
0ire1 fire ,o m tired @o n
___ ro#al@m emplo#er o@v
- 8 -
Handout phonetics I
CONSONAN?S
Can be' VO"CELESS *p) t+ without %owel) doesn5t %ibrate.
VO"CE8 *b) d+ with %owel) %ibrates.
33%ocal cards %ibrate.
Voiced consonants %owels
33%ocal cards don5t %ibrate %oiceless consonants
33%ocal cards wide apart
33%ocal cards ti(htl# pressed ;lottal stop *p) t) k+ sometimes in final position.
Manne$ o, a$%ic*la%ion
-losi%es
.ricati%es
Affricates
Lateral *cons+
Nasal *cons+
Semiconsonants 6 semi%owels
PLOSIVES
he# are consonants produced when we stop the air and then we release it.
Labial al%eolar %elar
Voiceless' _ x
Voiced' o . o
Spanish' dental %elar
_ x
o . o
labial' lips
al%eolar' al%eolar rid(e 2 ton(ue
%elar' ton(ue 2 u%ula
this _c
that _;@
do n_
v@mAspirated in initial position.
- 9 -
Handout phonetics I
Second *middle+ no %er# aspirated.
"f the# followed an S the# are ne%er aspirated.
he spellin( is the same that the sounds' 0p1) 0 t 1) 0b1) 0d1
m 0c 91a)o)u+1 cake, coke, count, cup, customer.
c 0c 2 *e)i+1 sound ceremonial, ceramic, cinema, city.
03* 91er)or 2 < li%uor, con%uer.
m 04u 2:1 %uote, %uestion, %uite, %uiet.
mos4uito o c@mm_@_
o 06 2 *a)o)u+1 arden, o, un.
0( 2 *e)i+1 in (enerall# it sounds n\ but sometimes it sounds o (irl.
#)ICA?IVES
he consonants produced when the air is (o out constant.
labiodental dental al%eolar palatal
Voiceless . :
Voiced ' ne%er at the end onl# in the middle. 1ele%ision1
he fricati%e %elar >@> in En(lish oesnA% e7i%
P$oble/a%ic s!ellin6
: almost alwa#s
0c 2 *e)i+1 cinema, circle.
0s333333330 some, so.
0ss1 essay, pass.

0@1 @oo) @ebra.
EBCEP?ION
.esse$% .__q__
Posses _:
IMPO)?AN?
0sh1 shoe, ship.
- 10 -
Handout phonetics I
0ch1 in .rench words.' moustache
0s1 suar, sure.
_ 0tion1 information.
"mportant word' ocean @__
\ 0s1 television, pleasure, leisure.
* Lexical words: nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs
* Grammatical words: articles, determinants, prepositions, conjunctions.
0th1
/esides) some proper noun' $A!ES @@o
A##)ICA?ES
he# are one plosi%e add one fricati%e.
- 11 -
_
"n le,ical words'
hink
hird
"n (rammatical words'
the
the#
that
Latin = ;reek words'
Author
!ethod
!athematics
An(lo3Sa,ons words '
/rother @omg_
!other @og_
.ather @n__
/ath
-ath
/reath
/athe om_ /reathe
omm__
Handout phonetics I
@ 0ch1 church, chair.
"n words came to Latin or ;reek is pronounced as m' Chemistr#) Choir) -s#cholo(#.
0ture1 nature, adventure.
!inimal pairs $omophones6 hetero(raphs $omo(raphes 6 heterophones
Cup 3 mgv
Cap 3 m;v
@3 witch
@ 3 which
/ow 3 @o_
/ow 3 @o_
@ "s %oiceless. No %ibration
n\ "s %oiced..
.' 0(1AA1( 2*e)i+1 iraffe, entleman, in, eneral
here are some e,ceptions' (et) ;irl.
071 jam, jump, join, enjoy.
NASAL
he# are sound produced when the air escape throu(h the nose'
o _
bilabial al%eolar %elar
o = _ in the spellin( are the same phoneme) 0m1 and 0n1.
03n(1 sin*c son* c_
fin(er @no' if n() are !a$% o, %+e $oo% of the word) these split apart and
then) %$ansc$ibe bo%+ and o.
03n(30 sin(3er @c' when the word is made with a suffi,) the 0(1 and the 0n1 7oin
them in one
EBCE- when the words are comparati%e and superlati%e. E,ample'
LON;ER _o_o then transcribe two' _o
EBAMPLES
hun(er
ogo
lon(in(

han(er
@o;
thin(

LA?E)AL
he air escapes throu(h the side of the ton(ue.
- 12 -
Handout phonetics I
al%eolar
- 13 -
Handout phonetics I
APP)OBIMAN?S
m n
palato3al%eolar palatal bilabial
To produce then the articulations approach each other but they touch complete.
Car'@m_ carpet' @m_v;@ red' @mn
/ut when we find these words in a sentence we do 0linkin( 0r1.
.or instance' !# car is (reen.
o m_m @omm__
0#1' n #es' nc
0w1'
EBAMPLES
lorr#
@m
worr#
gm
truk
@@mgm
animals
@;_o

?E)MINA?ION ;-e<
C. E,ample' WOR93E8 _q_x_
When a %erb ends in voiceless consonant to make the past we add a e, this termination
sound as @.
D. E,ample' L"VE38o_.
When the %erb ends in a voiced consonants or a vowel) the termination e) sound as n.
&. E,ample' WAN3E8 _ q__.
When the %erb ends in a @ or in a n) it then soundsn.
?E)MINA?ION ;-s<
3S3 -lural3nouns) third person) (eniti%e) contraction.
Can sound' c m
C+ Sound c when the previous sound is a voiceless consonant: WOR93S _q_x:
D+ Sound when the previous sound is voiced or a vowel: L"VE3S _o_
&+ Sound when the previous sound is a Sibilal consonant c \@ n\
-ASS3ES_,:_
?$ansc$i!%ion o, Ho/o6$a!+s > +e%e$o!+ones.
- 14 -
Handout phonetics I
ear 8on5t tear the pa(e. @@
ear She has tears on the cheek. @@m
Record Can #ou record that son(E m@m_n
Record Can " borrow #our El%is -resle# recordE @mm n
Lead this machine is made of lead. n
Lead do #ou want to lead this (roupE m_n
?$ansc$i!%ion o, Ho/o!+ones > +e%e$o6$a!+s.
_.o_
.lower
_:_
So
.lour Sew
_:o_
Sea
__o
"5ll
See Aisle
___
Witch
_o_
$ere
Which $ear
_o_
$i
_o_
$ire *rent+
$i(h $i(her
_
$eir
_x.
Read
Air Red
_o
$air
_oo__
/lue
$are /lew
_oo__ !eat ____ oo
!eet wo
E7a/!les
Watches
@ @
Oran(es
@ m_n\
Report
m@v_@
ele%ision
@@\_
Castle
@m;c
Foun(er
@ngo
IMPO)?AN?:
3tion' _
3sion' \_
30%1' 6%6
30f1' 6f6 normall#
E7a/!les
Guestion
@mc@_
Rained
@m_n
- 15 -
Handout phonetics I
8ropped
@nmv@
-olluted
v@_@n
Arri%ed
@mn
-osted
__:__.
.inished
@n_@
-assed
@v_c@
!ended
@o_nn
Washed
@ @
Walked
@m@
Lau(hed
@_n@
Consonan%s VOICELESS
_x_.:o
SCLLA&LES
What elements to make up a s#llables
One consonant 2 %owel no _
Cons 2 %owel 2 consonant #es nc
Vowel 2 consonant e(( o
Vowel "
CONSONAN?S CLDS?E) *two or more consonants to(ether+
D consonants 2 %owel bra om_
Vowel 2 D consonants arms @_o
& consonants 2%owel strawberr# c@@m_om
Vowel 2 & consonants ants @;_@c
- 16 -
Handout phonetics I
S?)ESS
-et' 6p e t6 CO.A
s0llable
Onse%
NDCLEA)
E,amples' monos#llabic words.
-ear' v chair' @ bear' o there'_
ouch' @g@ much' og@ 8utch' ng@ such' cg@
Seen' cm__ bean' om__ mean' om__ (reen' omm__
!ap' o;v tap' @;v cap' m;v clap' m;v
Sit' c@ bit' o@ pit' v@ lit' @
6k l a i m d6 wo$
onse% NDCLEA) CO.A
"f we want to ha%e a rh#me we must ha%e the same NHCLEAR and the same CO8A.
E.(' ni(ht' _qo_
the sounds are the same
mi(ht' _oo_
Wo$
he nuclear in the words is the s%$ess s0llable
E,ample'
Remember' x__ooo ooo
September' :__oo _oo
he nuclear of one SFLLA/LE can be a %owel or a s#llabic consonant'
_:_.q _:_.q|
- 17 -
Handout phonetics I
S%$ess
Simple words
Stem 2 suffi,
Comple, words
-refi, 2 stem
Compound words *e,' 0(ood lookin(1+ two or more le,ical elements.
Connected speech *in a sentences+.
Si/!le wo$s
he words ha%e two or more s#llables ha%e the stress in the CI s#llable'
J$un(r#) JCarpenter) Jable) Jeacher.
E,ceptions' When the words can mean two thin(s or can be a %erb and a noun) or
ad7ecti%e:
Jabstract *ad7ecti%e+ abs5tract * %erb+
When the# are %erbs) alwa#s put the stress in the last s#llable.
"f the words ha%e K or more s#llables carr# the stress in the two before last s#llable.
E,' de5mocrac#. "n5telli(ent.
/ut) in fact) there are man# e,ceptions in simple words.
Co/!le7 wo$s 1-s%e/ 9 s*,,i72
here are & (roups of suffi,'
CL.3When the suffi, carr# the stress'
0ee1 m_ addre5ssee. Emplo#5ee
0eer1 en(i5neer
0ese1 m_ 7apa5nese
0ette1 @ ci(a5rrette
0aire1 millio5naire
0ain1 _ enter5tain
0i4ue1 m_m tech5ni4ue
0oon1 __ after5noon) car5toon) ba5lloon.
DL.3 When the suffi, doesn5t chan(e the stress of the word
03al1 o a5rri%al) pro5posal) Jburial.
03er1 Jcarpenter) Jteacher
03ess1 : stewardess) hostess
03less1 o: homeless
03ness1q: tenderness
03ed1 _.. li%ed) wanted
03in(1 __ li%in(
03ish1 _ "rish) childish
03ship1 _ relationship
03#1 _ funn#
03l#1 o_ normall#
03able1 oo comfortable
03a(e1 _.' stora(e
03like1 6o_x businesslike
03wise1 _ likewise) clockwise
03f#1 ._ identif#
03ous1 : poisonous
03dom1 .o freedom) kin(dom
03some1 :_o handsome
03ism1 _o terrorism
- 18 -
Handout phonetics I
03ment1 oq_emplo#ment) en7o#ment
&L.3 When the suffi, chan(e the stress of the word.
03eous1 n@__@n\ ;n _@@ n\c
0it#1 @n__q_c n__@q_c @m
0ion1 @vq_nm@ v@nm_
0ious1 _ n\ _@n\_mm c
0i%e1 @mm_ nmc m@nm c
0ic1 @mo o @ mo@o;@m
0ical1 @m_om m_ m@_om
0ian1 @v;mc v@m m_
03(raph#1 @n_ @_ n@@omnm
Co/!le7 wo$s 1!$e,i7 9 s%e/2
When one word has a prefi,) the stress (oes on the CI s#llable of the stem.
E,ample' for5(i%e) de5frost) be5lie%e:
"n the prefi, OH) OVER) HN8ER) it depends on) if the# are to make %erbs or nouns.
"f the# are to make %erbs) we put the stress on the stem of the %erb.
E,' out5do) o%er5look) under5estimate:
"f the# are to make nouns the stress (oes on the prefi,.
E,' Joutput) Jimput) Junderwear) Jo%ercoat
Co/!o*n wo$s
Nouns
Ad7ecti%es
Verbs
Compound -ronouns
Ad%erbs
Co/!o*n No*ns:
Hsuall# the stress (oes on the first noun) or element.
E,' Jt#pe writer.
E,ceptions' when the word is referred to localisation or materials) the stress (oes on the
second element.
E,' A plastic Jba(M he football J(rown
A Jplastic ba( *is a ba( to introduce plastics inside+
A plastic Jba( *is a ba( made of plastic+
"f we stress in 0white house1 both of them words) we ha%e a normal white house.
- 19 -
Handout phonetics I
/ut if we stress onl# the first one word' JWhite $ouse) we are referrin( to where the
president of the HSA li%es.
Co/!o*n A@ec%ives:
E,' J(ood lookin(' if use before a noun 0a J(ood lookin( man1
;ood Jlookin(' if use after a %erb 0he is (ood Jlookin(1
Co/!o*n Ve$bs:
E,' o%er5come' normall# the stress (oes on the %erb.
Co/!o*n Ave$bs:
E,' head5 first' usuall# the stress (oes on the second element.
Noth5east
Co/!o*n P$ono*n:
"n the pronoun refle,i%es) we stress on the second one' m#5self) #our5self..
"n some, any, no' the stress (oes in the first element' Jnobod#) Jnothin() Jan#where)
Jsomewhere.
CONNECE8 S-EEC$
3We are (oin( to stress the le,ical words *nouns) %erbs) ad7ecti%es) and ad%erbs+
3And we are NO (oin( to stress the (rammatical words *pronouns) articles)
prepositions) possessi%es) con7unctions) au,iliar# %erbs and modal %erbs+ NOR!ALLF)
NO ALWAFSN
3"n the interro(ati%es or ne(ati%es sentences we !HS stress the (rammatical words
3he demonstrati%es' we ha%e to stress both of them) ad7ecti%es and pronouns.
3-ossessi%es' onl# stress the pronouns not the ad7ecti%es.
.eatures of connected speech
;radation' weak form 6 stron( form
Linkin('
Elision'
Assimilation'
;radation' some (rammatical words can ha%e two pronunciations' a weak form and a
stron( form.
Hsuall# (rammatical words are WEA9 form with weak %owels.
/ut is SRON; in certain conte,t. .or instance' the# are SRON; when the# are
emphatic.
- 20 -
Handout phonetics I
.e%e$/inan%s Wea' S%$on6 1ve$0 $a$e2
A 6 an q ___,q
he _ ___WEA9 before a consonant) SRON; before a %owel
$is _o_ _o_"n initial position in a sentence with h
$er x o ox _oq__oq_xWith r if this word is before a %owel
Four o ox _o___o__x With r if this word is before a %owel
Our _ _x __ x
Some : o _:_o
P$ono*ns Wea' S%$on6
$e _ o_ _oo_
She _ _o_
We _ _o_
$im _oo_o _o_o
$er x o ox _oq__oq_x
Hs : __:
Fou o _o__
We _ _o_
hem .o o _o
here x __ x.or ad%erb we use SRON;) for 0there are1 WEA9
E,ample' here is a map there.
x__o,_x
Con@*nc%ions Wea' S%$on6
And q _,q.
As _,
/ut o_ _o__.or 0si no1 we use SRON;) for 0pero1 we use WEA9
han q _,q
hat _ _,_
P$e!osi%ions
he# are stron( when are emphasi@ed and in final position.
Wea' S%$on6
At _ _,_
.or ..x _.__
.rom .x o _.x o
- 21 -
"!-ORAN
o ha%e when means 0tener1
we use the SRON; form
and to do) too.
o be is alwa#s weak.
Handout phonetics I
Of _Sometimes 0%1 in WEA9 form is omitted.
o ___ ______ in WEA9 form when the ne,t word start with a %owel
A*7ilia$0 ve$bs
We use the stron( form in final position. Normall# the# are weak.
Wea' S%$on6
Am o _,o
"s _ __
Are x __
Was _
Were x _q_
$a%e o _o,
$as o _o,
$ad o. . _o,.
8o .._ _.__
8oes . _._
Shall o _,o
Should ._. __.
Will oo __o
Would . _. __.
Can x q _x,q
Could x. x_. _x_.
!ust o :o :_ _o_:_Omit the 0t1 in WEA9 form when ne,t word start with cons.
"f the meanin( of must it5s a prediction) we ha%e to use the stron( form.
he %erb to be is alwa#s weak
he %erb to ha%e is alwa#s stron( e,cept when is au,iliar#
Con%$ac%ions an ne6a%ive a*7ilia$0 ,o$/s
Let5s o_:
"5m o_o
We5re _ax1r1 if after (oes a %owel
Fou5re o__ax
he#5re
"5ll _o
Fou5ll o_ooo
She5ll _o
here5ll o xo
"5%e _
"5d _.
$e5d o_.
"sn5t __a q_
Aren5t __q_
$asn5t _o,a q_
$a%en5t _o, q_
$adn5t _o,.a q_
8on5t _._q_
8oesn5t _._a q_
8idn5t _._.aq_
- 22 -
Handout phonetics I
Can5t _x_q_
Couldn5t _x_.a q_
Shouldn5t __.aq_
Wouldn5t __.a q_
Wasn5t _a q_
Weren5t _q_q_
Won5t __q_
!ustn5t _o_:aq_
LIN-ING
C. Linkin( x
@o;@m_
_@m_mo@oo
D. Linkin( o
_ _ o_oo@o_@
last sound 2 %owel
o_ __ @nc@nonon@cnn
&. Consonant 2 Vowel @mo@;v
_@;c@on
Vowel 2 Consonant o@mc
o@c@gn
K. Consonant 2 Consonant' if the second consonant is labial or %elar) the consonant
before is labial or %elar b# assimilation.
LA/"AL ASS"!"LA"ON' _ 2 labial sound > 0that map1
. 2 labial sound > o
q 2 labial sound > o
VELAR ASS"!"LA"ON' _ 2 %elar sound > x 0that cake1
. 2 %elar sound > o
q 2 %elar sound > _
- 23 -
Handout phonetics I
EN?ONA?ION
?ONALI?C
he units in the spoken lan(ua(e' ONE HN". "t corresponds to the punctuation marks
in write lan(ua(e) between two pauses.
66" like chips66
Sub7ect
66he man who come #esterda# 6 said:66
Sub7ect -ause when the sub7ect is %er# lon(
66"f #ou want to come 6 (i%e me a rin(66
Subordinated !ain
-ause that separated the main and subordinated
66Fou like apples 6 don5t #ouE66
-ause in a 4uestion ta(
?ONICI?C
"n the tone unit we ha%e a stressed word) that is the most important' it5s the tonic
s#llable.
he important information usuall# (oes at the end) in the last stressed s#llable.
/ut if we want emphasise another s#llable) we can chan(e the tonic s#llable) then the
meanin( of the sentence chan(es.
-eter5s Spanish is perfect.
_o___:,q____q_.x_
Compared to another person "s and no isn5t -erfect) not bad
Compared to another lan(ua(e
" am listenin(
o@c_
What are #ou doin(E
@;oc _
Are #ou listenin(E
@ oc _
Who is listenin(E
" like red cars
@m mn@m_
-eople talkin( about likes
@m mn@m_
When #ou answer a 4uestion about do #ou like
m@mn@m_
Compare with other colours
- 24 -
Handout phonetics I
When #ou mentioned before the information we cannot put the tonic s#llable in this
s#llable.
- 25 -
Handout phonetics I
?ONES
he melod# used in the pronunciation of a tone unit.
HALLI.AC *O tones+.
1. #ALLING.
3Hsed when #ou sa# somethin( and the messa(e is complete) positi%e or ne(ati%e.
3Also used in W$ 4uestion *when) wh#:+
D. R"S"N;.
3W$ 4uestion in polite situations.
3Fes6No 4uestions.
3!essa(e that #ou (i%e and #ou want that the listener talks with #ou) e,cept to
continue.
3Enumeration of thin(s *all thin(s e,cept the last one+.
&. LEVEL.
3When #ou read a list in class) call people on a class or countin(:
3-arents to little children *bab# talk+.
E. #ALLING-)ISING.
3"t is used when #ou sa# somethin( but #ou sa# too a but: Fou ha%en5t finished.
ransmite a feelin( of the speaker. "t5s a little false tone. -olite.
3When #ou make a re4uest.
O. R"S"N;3.ALL"N;.
3Some that the tone C) but more emphatic' a(reement) disa(reement: emphatic
wa#.
one be(in in the tonic s#llable and end at the end of the tone unit.
FDES?ION ?AGS
Fou are tired6) D aren5t #ouE' e,pect an answer or confirmation.
Fou are tired6) C aren5t #ouE' it5s a commentar#.
- 26 -