Coriander

Booklet No. 150 Condiments and Spices Production: CSPS-3

Contents Preface I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. XIII. XIV. XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX. Preface India is t"e largest producer) consumer and e#porter of condiments and spices in t"e world. Coriander is an important seed spice er* widel* grown and consumed all o er t"e countr*. De elopment of some "ig" *ielding arieties of coriander "as made t"e culti ation of t"is crop er* profita&le too. !"is &oo+let contains up,to,date information a&out t"e culti ation of coriander. Dr. K. . C!and"# $%ricultural & 'n(ironmental 'ducation ). )ntroduction Coriander -Coriandrum sativum. is a minor aromatic annual condiment and spice crop. It is nati e to Mediterranean region and commerciall* grown in India) Morocco) e#,%SS$) %S/) Hungar*) Poland) $umania) Me#ico) etc. India is t"e largest producer of coriander in t"e world. It is &eing culti ated in an area of a&out 0 la+" "ectare. !"e important states in w"ic" it is grown in India are $a1ast"an) /nd"ra Prades") !amil 2adu) Mad"*a Prades") Ma"aras"tra) 3u1arat and 4arnata+a. Its lea es and fruits are used in fla ouring food and to suppress offensi e odours in p"armaceutical preparations. Its fruits are e#ported to an e#tent of $s 05 million. It is a "ig"l* remunerati e crop. )). Climate Coriander is a tropical crop. It can &e successfull* grown on a wide range of climatic conditions &ut it t"ri es well in sunn* locations. / temperature range &etween 657C to 857C is suita&le for its seed germination and &etween 697C to 857C is fa oura&le for its egetati e Introduction Climate Soil Varieties Field Preparation Manures and Fertilizers Irrigation Seed and Sowing Weed Control Insect Pests Diseases Har esting !"res"ing Mi#ed Cropping Crop $otation %nfa oura&le Climate Medicinal Value %ser's Products (conomics of Culti ation

growt". / dr* and cold weat"er fa ours "ig"er seed production. Cloud* conditions at flowering and fruiting stage increases pest and disease incidence. ))). Soil Coriander can &e grown on all t*pes of soils. %nder irrigation w"en sufficient organic matter is a aila&le in t"e soil and under rainfed conditions) &lac+ cotton soils) "a ing "ig" water "olding capacit* are t"e &est soils suita&le for its growt". It can grow on a wide range of soils from sand* loam to &lac+ cla*e* soils) also in slig"tl* al+aline -PH :.9. and non,saline soils. )*. *arieties Important arieties of coriander are descri&ed &elow. 1. C+-3 !"is ariet* was de eloped at Coim&atore as pure line selection. It "as "ig" *ield potential) dual purpose and is less suscepti&le to wilt and grain mould. !"e grain is medium in size) &rownis" *ellow in colour "a ing 9.;< oil. It matures in =9 da*s) *ielding >;9 +g?"ectare. ,. CS-,-. !"is ariet* was de eloped at Coim&atore &* recurrent selection from CS,> ariet* of /nd"ra Prades". It is a s"ort duration ariet* "a ing small &old grains. It is tolerant to wilt and grain mould. Suita&le for rainfed tracts) it matures in @: da*s *ielding 569 +g?"ectare. 3. /am Sel. CS-, !"is ariet* was de eloped at 3untur &* mass selection. It is a medium tall) &us"* t*pe ariet* wit" more num&er of &ranc"es. It is a grain purpose ariet*) tolerant to pests and diseases wit" good Aualit* grain "a ing 9.;< oil. It matures in 669 da*s *ielding 6099 +g? "ectare. 0. 1D-,0 !"is ariet* was de eloped at Bo&ner. It is a medium tall plant wit" &old grains. It matures in 699,669 da*s *ielding 66@5 +g? "ectare. 5. Pusa Selection-320 It is recommended for $a1ast"an and Ma"aras"tra states. Plant "eig"t is a&out >9 cm. It produces large num&er of um&ellets per plant and *ields a&out ;9 g of grains?plant. It *ields a&out 6859 +g?"ectare. 2. 1D-,1 !"is ariet* was de eloped at Bo&ner -$/%.. Medium tall ariet* w"ic" matures in =9 da*s) produces a&out 86 um&els wit" @5 um&el lets per plant. It *ields a&out @99 +g?"ectare. .. Cimpo --33 !"is is a new promising ariet* introduced from Culgaria. It is late maturing wit" taller growt" "a&it. It "as fine seeds) ric" in essential oil,content -6.0 per cent.. It matures in 6:9,6=9 da*s *ielding 6:,89 Auintals of grains per "ectare. -. C+-, CD,8 is a popular dual purpose and a widel* culti ated ariet*. It is suita&le for culinar* purpose as well as for production of grains. It gi es a leaf *ield of 699 Auintal? "ectare in ;9 da*s after sowing and >,: Auintal of grains per "ectare in 699 da*s. !"e essential oil content is. moderate i.e. 9.0 to 9E;: per cent.

3. 4orrocan Medium sized seeds wit" "ig" oil content. Fields a&out 69,68 Auintals grains per "ectare) maturing in 659 da*s. 10. 56alior No-5325 It is a medium,tall s"ort duration ariet*) maturing in :5 da*s wit" &us"* t*pe &ranc"es. It is free from powder* mildew disease due to its earl* maturing "a&it. Hence it is recommended for areas w"ere dew fall is "ig". 11. 7ussian (arieties Strains li+e /,8>) /,8;@) /, @9; and $oose "a e &een de eloped in $ussia. !"ese are "ig" *ielding arieties) wit" "ig" essential oil contents. *. 8ield Preparation %nder rainfed conditions t"e land is ploug"ed 0,; times wit" t"e onset of monsoon. Ploug"ing and "arrowing continues w"ene er it is possi&le during rain* season to remo e t"e weeds and ot"er plant residues. Fields are +ept open to a&sor& ma#imum lain water. /fter rain* season) ploug"ing is followed &* plan+ing to conser e t"e soil,moisture reAuired for sowing. %nder irrigated conditions) t"e fields are irrigated after rain* season is o er and pre ious +"arif crop "as &een "ar ested. It is ploug"ed 8,0 times) "arrowed to collect weeds and stu&&les and finall* plan+ed to conser e soil moisture for sowing. /fter sowing) field &eds and water c"annels are made. *). 4anures and 8ertili9ers /pplication of 69,65 tonnes of well rotten farm*ard manure at t"e time of last ploug"ing one mont" &efore sowing is &eneficial. In addition to it) 89 +g nitrogen) 09 +g p"osp"orus and 89 +g potas" per "ectare in t"e form of fertilizers is recommended for a good crop under rainfed conditions. For irrigated crop) t"e nitrogen s"ould &e increased to >9 +g per "ectare and it s"ould &e split into two eAual doses. First one is applied as &asal dose and t"e second one a&out ;5 da*s after sowing. *)). )rri%ation Coriander sown under rainfed conditions or on &lac+ cotton soils reAuire mostl* no irrigations. Cut ot"erwise) num&er of irrigations for lig"t soil ar* wit" seasonal rains. 2ormall* 0, ; irrigations are reAuired during w"ole crop period. First one at two,leaf stage i.e. 09 da*s after sowing) t"e second at &ranc"ing or flowering stage i.e. @5 da*s after sowing and t"e t"ird at seed filling stage i.e 669 da*s after sowing. It is &eneficial to maintain sufficient a aila&le soil moisture at t"e time of flower irrigation stage. *))). Seed and So6in%.. . Important aspect of sowing coriander are descri&ed "ere. 1. Selection of seed /&out 68,65 +g of seed is reAuired for sowing in one "ectare. !"e seeds are split into "al es &* ru&&ing &efore sowing. !"e split seeds germinate a little earlier t"an ot"er seeds. Soa+ing t"e seeds in water for 68,6; "ours and dr*ing t"em in s"ade for 68 "ours also "elps to o&tain Auic+er germination. ,. Seed treatment

Cefore sowing) seeds are treated wit" suita&le fungicides li+e !"iram at t"e rate of 8.5 g per +ilogram seed as a measure against stem gall disease. 3. Spacin% and so6in% !"e seeds are sown in lines wit" a spacing of 85 cm &etween rows and 65 cm &etween plants. !"ree to four seeds are sown per "ill) later on t"inned to two plants per "ill. Some times seeds are sown &* &roadcasting and after t"at t"e* are mi#ed wit" t"e soil using ra+e. Seed gem6inates in a&out 69,68 da*s. 0. ime of so6in% !"e &est period for its culti ation is from Gcto&er to Fe&ruar*. /n irrigated crop is raised in Bune,Bul* and Septem&er,Gcto&er. ):. ;eed Control Weed control) wit" t"e "elp of "and "oe or +"urpi is ad antageous) as it -6. remo es t"e weeds t"oroug"l* and gentl*) -8. produces mulc" to conser e soil moisture as is t"e reAuirement of rainfed condition) -0. impro es soil aeration) and finall* -;. t"inning and spacing of plants is also done w"ile "oeing. %nder irrigated condition) additional one or two "oeings sometimes are gi en to reduce t"e weed menace. :. )nsect Pests / num&er of insect pests are found to attac+ coriander. Some important pests are discussed "ere. 1. $p!ids /p"id -Hyadaphis coriandra. is a prominent pest damaging t"e crop &* suc+ing t"e cell sap from inflorescence -um&el. in Fe&ruar* and Marc") !o control ap"ids -6. grow relati el* resistant arieties li+e %D,89) Pusa Selection 0>9 etc.) -8. spra* t"e crop &efore flowering wit" (ndosulfan or P"osp"amidon or Monocrotop"os H 9.90 per cent) and -;. predators li+e Coccinellai repunctata) Menochilus sexmaculatus and Adonia variegata control t"e ap"ids &* feeding on t"em. ,. Bro6n 6!eat mite !"e &rown mite -Petrobia latens. appearsE during t"e first wee+ of Marc". It can &e controlled &* spra*ing &efore flowering wit" (ndosulfan or P"osp"amidon or Monocrotop"os 9.90 per cent. Man* ot"er insects) causing minor damage to coriander crop are Iucerne caterpillar -Spodoptera exigua.) pentatomid &ug -Agnoscalis nubila.) surface grass "opper -Chrotogonus trachypterus.) w"ite fl* -Bemisia tabica.) green peac" ap"id -Myzus persicae. and t"rips -Thrips tobaci.. !"ese can &e effecti el* controlled &* spra*ing Monocrotop"os or 2u acron I9.95 per cent at 69 ,65 da*s inter al) or 4elt"ane -Dicofol. at t"e rate of 0 ml per litre of water or spra*ing 9.95 per cent Dimecron or $ogor. :). Diseases /mong diseases) powder* mildew) wilt and stem gall are important. !o control t"ese diseases -i. spra* wetta&le sulp"ur 9.85 per cent at flowering stage) and su&seAuentl* at 65,89 da*s inter al or dust t"e crop wit" 89,85 +g sulp"ur per "ectare. !"is will control t"e powder* mildew disease effecti el*. !"ere are no direct control measures a aila&le for wilt disease. Howe er) selection of disease free seeds) seed treatment wit" fungicides) use of crop rotation) etc. are some of t"e pre enti e measures suggested to control t"e wilt disease. Stem,gall

disease is also difficult to control. Some pre enti e measures suggested to control t"is disease are -i. sowing seed of resistant arieties li+e %D,;6 or 4aran) -8. treating seed wit" /grosan 32 H 8.5 gJ +g seed &efore sowing) and -0. use of 0,; *ears crop rotation. :)). <ar(estin% Har esting of coriander for seed is done w"en @5 to :9 per cent of seed capsules in t"e um&el turn *ellow. Dela* in "ar esting s"ould &e a oided) since it will cause s"attering of seeds during "ar esting. Plants ma* &e "ar ested during earl* "ours of t"e da* to reduce loss due to s"attering and "ar ested plants ma* &e cured in s"ade to get good colour to t"e final fruit produce and to a oid loss of fla our. :))). !res!in% !"e seeds are e#tracted &* &eating wit" a wooden stic+ and are winnowed and cleaned. !o minimize moisture content) t"e* are dried in open &rig"t sunlig"t and stored in pol*t"ene &ags. :):. 4i=ed Croppin% !"e plants of coriander do not create an* pro&lem in space and competition for sunlig"t) "ence can er* well &e grown as mi#ed crop) or sow a few lines in crops li+e w"eat) linseed) rapeseed and mustard) sugarcane) potatoes) winter egeta&les etc. :*. Crop 7otation Coriander crop can &e sown after t"e "ar est of +"arif crops. !"erefore) it can &e grown in arious com&inations. 6. Padd*,coriander,w"eat K 8. Maize,coriander,sorg"um) 0. Cotton,coriander,maize ) ;. Maize, coriander,green manuring ,potato Lsugarcane -ratoon.) 5. Ca1ra,coriander,w"eat,maize Since it is a s"ort duration crop) it ma+es adoption of cropping wit" most of t"e crops. 6. Maize,coriander,moong) 8. So*a&ean,coriander,io&ia) 0. Maize,coriander,c&eena. :*). 1nfa(oura>le Climate Hea * rains and wind climates are not suita&le for its growt". Fluctuations in atmosp"eric temperature immediatel* after germination cause wilting and poor crop stand. Hea * rains and frost during plant growt" period cause rotting. Hig" "umidit* at t"e flowering and fruiting increases pest and disease incidence and causes poor seed set. :*)). 4edicinal *alue !"e lea es and tender stems of coriander are used for t"e treatment of ailments li+e d*spepsia) flatulence and piles. !"e dried seeds are said to "a e diuretic) ap"rodisiac properties. Coriander is also used as an ingredient in man* /*ur edic medicines prescri&ed for curing ailments concerning indigestion) diarr"ea) d*senter*) cold and urinar* trou&les. It "as pleasant aroma and) t"erefore) used to arrest offensi e odours in p"armaceutical preparations. Fruits are also used in medicines as stimulant) carminait e) stomac"ic and "eart tonic. :*))). 1ser?s Products Iea es and fruits of coriander plant are fragrant. !"e pleasant aroma is due to an essential element called d,linalol or cordianderol. !"e oil content ranges from 9.6 to 6.0 per cent in dr* seeds. !"e dried ground fruits are used as condiment and is a ma1or constituent of curr* powder for fla ouring curries and soups. !"e w"ole or ground fruits are also used to fla our food li+e sauces) pic+les and confectioner*. !"e essential oil o&tained &* distilling t"e fruits is

used in perfumes) soups) cand*) cocoa) c"ocolate) to&acco) meat) products) alco"olic &e erages and to mas+ offensi e odours in p"armaceutical preparations. !"e lea es and tender sterns are used raw in salad and are ric" source of itamin C and /. Cesides) t"eir culinar* uses t"e* are also used for t"e treatment of ailments li+e d*spepsia) flatulence and dried seeds are used in arious medicines. !"e oil in western countries is used for flo ouring liAuors li+e gin) &e erages and ariet* of foodstuffs. It is also used for t"e s*nt"esis of citrol from linalol w"ic" t"e oil contains and su&seAuent s*nt"esis of itamin' /' from citrol. Cesides essential oil) t"e seeds contain 86 < of fatt* oils w"ic" are used in t"e manufacture of soaps. Coriander is e#ported to countries li+e Mala*sia) Singapore) /ustralia and Central (uropean countries to earn foreign e#c"ange wort" $s.05 million e er* *ear. :):. 'conomics of Culti(ation Most of t"e coriander growers do not maintain farm record or accounts properl*) so it is er* difficult to ma+e out w"et"er t"e enterprise is at loss or profit. !"is is due to t"e ignorance of proper met"od of cost &enefit calculations. 3i en &elow is a format for determining t"e cost &enefit of coriander culti ation. From t"is format a grower can c"oose) w"ate er is applica&le to "im. $. 8i=ed cost @ 6. Cost of t"e land $s 8. Cost of farm &uilding storage structure) etc. $s 0. Cost of fencing $s ;. Cost of t"e clearing) le eling and &unding $s. 5. Cost of mac"ines) implements instruments and ot"er accessories $s. >. Cost of ot"er permanent or semi,permanent structures $s B. 7ecurrin% cost 6. Cost of seeds $s 8. Cost of manures and fertilizers $s 0. Cost of insecticides) fungicides and weedicides $s ;. Cost of farm power $s 5. !ransportation $s >. Cost of farm la&our -paid and unpaid. $s a. Cost of land preparation $s &. Cost of Irrigation $s c. Cost of Weeding $s d. Cost of application of fertilizers and manures $s e. Cost of application of insecticides and fungicides $s f. Cost of ot"er intercultural operations $s g. Har esting and t"res"ing $s ". Processing $s i. Storing $s 1. /n* ot"er $s @. Interest on fi#ed cost -H 69<. $s :. $ent or re enue paid for land $s =. Depreciation a. Farm structure $s &. Farm implements $s 69. $epair and maintenance $s 66. Crop Insurance $s 68. !otal recurring cost $s

)ncome 6. 3rain *ield $s 8. 3reen crop sale $s 0. /n* ot"er $s 3ross income $s 2et profit M 3ross income ,!otal recurring cost Purc"ase alue ,Bun+ alue Depreciation M ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Iife span $emar+K Bun+ alue is calculated onl* on t"ose articles t"at are salea&le after t"eir life span. Iife span of &uilding and mac"iner* is 65 *ears and 69 *ears) respecti el*. <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<