Newcastle City Council

Highway Tree Design Guide

STANDARD DETAILS & SPECIFICATIONS for HIGHWAY TREE PLANTING

Formally Adopted by the Executive of Newcastle City Council on 17 May 2006

STANDARD DETAILS & SPECIFICATIONS for HIGHWAY TREE PLANTING

This document aims to provide a set of guidelines and details for tree planting within or adjacent to the public highway and for the various situations and conditions that are likely to be encountered. The document is divided into five sections: 1 2 3 4 5 Introduction, background and supporting documentation for the Specifications The planting operation a work sequence Specifications Recommended trees lists of species suitable for Newcastle upon Tyne Detail drawings

1.00

INTRODUCTION

1.1

THE CASE FOR HIGHWAY TREES

1.1.1 There is a compelling case for trees in the centre of our towns and cities, alongside main highways, in suburban streets and on development sites. In 1993, the UK Strategy for Sustainable Development stated Trees in towns are an important resource which enhances the quality of our urban environment. (1) The aesthetic argument is often the strongest but often the most difficult to prove. Expressed most simply, it could be said that trees improve our quality of life. More obvious benefits include:noise reduction control of airborne pollutants improvements to energy efficiency benefits for wildlife.

1.1.2 The City of Newcastle upon Tyne has formally adopted a tree strategy: Trees Newcastle, A Tree Strategy for Newcastle upon Tyne. (2) This document contains policy and guidance on the care and maintenance of the Citys tree stock and for increasing the number of trees throughout the City to improve amenity, biodiversity and to make Newcastle a greener and more attractive city. There is also a five year Action Plan to achieve these objectives. Objective 7 states that the City
2

will.develop a programme to plant more street trees.increase the number of street trees..increase the number of trees in the City centre. 1.1.3 It is quite easy to demonstrate that trees have a powerful impact on peoples perceptions of the visual quality of streets and urban spaces. Not only do people feel better in a tree-lined environment (whether or not the individual recognises this) but they are prepared to pay to live in one. Studies in the United States have demonstrated property values of up to 20% higher in a tree-lined street than identical properties in a street without trees.(3) (There is no indication of how this relates directly to the UK housing market). Conversely, deformation of pavings, problems caused by fallen leaves and branches, damage to adjacent services and adjacent buildings, and safety issues have all been cited at one time or another as a reason not to plant trees. With correct detailing of the planting area, careful choice of species and good management most of the problems can be overcome, hence the reason for this document. 1.1.4 Large, mature trees are the most valuable. Not only do they provide a much

needed sense of scale for people in the built environment but a mature Beech for example can produce enough oxygen for ten people every year and fix over 2 kg of carbon dioxide an hour. (4) 1.1.5 The survival of newly planted trees cannot be left to chance. Estimates for the survival of new trees in urban areas start as low as 50%, with only 10% of dead trees caused by vandalism. (5) This need not be the case. Trees are highly adaptable to hostile environments and with the correct specifications, choice of species and variety and attention to detail at all stages of the project, there is no reason why survival and subsequent growth should not be comparable to a non-urban situation. (Research indicates that mean shoot extension of urban trees is only 58% of that in similar trees in a nursery or arboretum environment). (6)

1.2

SPECIFICATION GUIDELINES AND SUPPORTING INFORMATION

1.2.1 The following sections propose methods for successful tree planting in situations that are commonly encountered in Newcastles highway areas and provides background information to the specifications. They include both paved and unpaved sites and cover a range of tree sizes.
3

Where specific guidelines are given then reference should be made to the relevant specification and drawn detail as indicated. . The guidelines are set out under the following headings 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 The Site Planting Pits Soil Root Barriers Drainage Tree Support Irrigation & Aeration Tree Selection Tree Guards Tree Grilles & Pit Surfaces The Planting Procedure Establishment & Maintenance (years 1 5 inclusive) Page 4 Page 5 Page 7 Page 8 Page 9 Page 9 Page 11 Page 12 Page 15 Page 15 Page 16 Page 17

1.3

THE SITE CONSTRAINTS

1.3.1 When an area is identified for tree planting there are a number of check procedures that must be undertaken before a detailed design can be agreed Underground services - contact all Public Utility Companies to establish the exact location of pipes, cables, etc.. Tree planting shall not take place directly over live services unless they are in excess of 3m deep, or in the case of mains water and drains, 5m deep. Aerial services trees must not be planted where, as they increase in size, they may foul overhead cables, block windows or interfere with street lighting or CCTV cameras. Carry out a visual survey for constraints such as nearby street lighting, overhead lines, road signs, and nearby junctions. The presence of any of these may not prevent tree planting but it is advisable to contact City Engineering Services, City of Newcastle upon Tyne, for advice. They will also be able to

advise on sight lines at the approach to any junctions or turnings. Existing trees will affect the growth of the new trees due to shading and competition and will affect the proposed planting location. New trees will not thrive or grow evenly under the canopy of existing trees.
4

1. 3.2 Risk management tree planting in highway situations, as in any other location, has a number of attached risks that must be taken into account during the planning and implementation of the scheme. Long term risks from established trees include damage to persons or property from falling trees or debris from trees such as branches, leaves and fruit. damage caused by growing roots to surrounding pavings creating a hazard for pedestrians and vehicles. damage caused by roots to nearby property including building foundations, drainage and other service lines. obstructing sightlines, street lighting and road signs for drivers of vehicles therefore creating a potential hazard to road users.

Risks to be considered during the planting operations access to verges etc. from active highway, possibly with traffic management implications excavation of tree pits and manoeuvring of soil, trees, paving materials adjacent to active highway and pedestrian areas. dangers to site operatives from vehicles on the adjacent highways.

1.4

THE PLANTING PIT

1.4.1 Existing Ground excavate one planting pit to act as a trial pit that will enable the following to be established: quality of topsoil possible drainage problems the presence of underground services

1.4.2 Quality of topsoil as defined in BS 3882:1994. It is possible to assess the quality of soil by using a simple finger and thumb test as outlined in the BS but essentially a light, sandy and open texture is required. Where the excavated topsoil from the planting pit, and the surrounding soil, is of a suitable quality then it is of little benefit to add any other medium during the planting operation with the exception of a slow release fertiliser (such as Bonemeal or Scotts Enmag ), applied at the time of planting and at manufacturers recommended rates.
5

If the soil has a poor texture then it is possible to improve this with conditioners such as peat-free compost made from recycled organic materials as available from Parks and Countryside Training (PACT) within the area of the planting pit and applied at an approximate quantity of 3 parts soil to one part compost. It is not possible to make long term improvements to, say, pH or nutrient content, to such an extent as to benefit the tree for more than its initial establishment period. It is also important to recognise that digging a pit in clay soils and backfilling with a lighter, free draining planting medium, is likely to result in the creation of a sump into which water from the surrounding ground will flow. In these circumstances, a drainage layer at the base of the planting pit should be provided or connection to an established drainage system via pipework. (see section 1.7)

1.4.3 New Ground In new ground, or in areas of major excavation, it is possible to create conditions that will give new trees the best possible start and minimise future disruption to the surrounding area. This will include: adequate soil volumes good quality topsoil protection to surrounding pavings and adjacent services drainage provision if necessary

In urban areas, where little or no existing soil is within reach of growing roots, the size of the planting pit and the quality of soil are the two most important factors that will have a bearing on the future growth of the trees.

1.4.4 Pit Size - Soil Volumes The volume of soil required to support a mature tree depends on type and ultimate size of the tree, water availability and ground water storage, particularly during drier seasons. While formula are available to calculate the volume of soil required, 20 cu m appears to be required to maintain reasonable growth in a paved situation. (7) When planting into existing areas this volume may be difficult to achieve but it must be recognised that trees planted in a lower volume of soil may not reach their ultimate mature size and maintain good leaf growth/ shoot extension, unless their roots can extend beyond the pit into adjacent soil areas, e.g., grass verges, gardens, etc. (8)
6

Where possible a minimum soil volume of 5 cu m should be provided. The shape of the soil area need not be regular and can be altered to suite site conditions. Volume cannot be achieved by providing extra depth. The maximum useful depth of topsoil for tree planting is 900mm. It is acceptable for more than one tree to utilise the same soil. For example, a tree pit 900 mm deep x 3 m wide x 8 m long containing 21 cu. m. of soil could support two trees planted at 6 m centres. A similar pit 16 m long containing 43 cu. m. would support three trees, and so on. (see Diagram No. 6)

1.5

SOIL

1.5.1 Imported topsoil shall be of good quality, with a light texture, and conform to BS 3882 General Purpose Category. Unless the topsoil is from a reliable source that previously supported good plant growth the following tests are required: pH organic matter Nitrogen (N) Phosphorous Potassium Magnesium the soil pH should be between 5.5 7.8 which should be greater than 5% which should be greater 0.2% which should be greater than 45 mg/kg which should be greater than 240 mg/kg which should be greater than 80 mg/kg

More involved tests for phytotoxic elements (e.g. copper, nickel, zinc) and zootoxic elements (e.g. arsenic, lead, mercury) need only be undertaken if there is any doubt regarding the origin of the topsoil. The tests must be undertaken by a recognised testing laboratory and presented to the client prior to importing topsoil to the site.

1.5.2 The planting pit shall be backfilled only when the weather is dry and the soil in a relatively dry condition. The pits should be backfilled in layers not exceeding 300 mm and lightly settled rather than compacted between each layer. As long as the soil is not wet or heavy this is best achieved by light treading.

1.5.3 Areas of new ground - there are two alternatives for a planting medium - topsoil or a manufactured soil (often referred to as Amsterdam or load bearing tree soil). The main reason behind the development of 'load bearing tree soil was the search for a planting medium that could be compacted sufficiently to withstand vehicles on
7

a surface paving material while maintaining optimum conditions for root growth. Compaction of typical topsoil sufficient to support vehicular paving will result in the removal of the voids that water and oxygen would have filled. Correctly installed, the tree soil is the ideal medium in this situation; it will not deflect more than a few mm even when vehicles regularly use the surface. While tree soil is easy to specify and clean to use, it is expensive and, more importantly, has a limited nutrient content. In the long term, supplementary feeding is likely to be necessary to maintain tree growth. Where vehicle overrun is likely to be only

occasional then topsoil, with a reinforced paving surface, is to be preferred.

1.5.4 If the organic content is low or the structure of the soil can be demonstrated to be poor (see 1.5.1 above) then a peat-free planting compost should be added at the suppliers recommended rates. Alternatively, compost from a reliable source (see note re PACT above) can be added at a rate of 1:3, by volume, ameliorant to topsoil. In all cases the mixing must be carried out before adding the soil to the excavated tree pit in order to obtain a homogenous mix. It is important to realise that the gradual decomposition of organic material in the soil, resulting in a series of small but linked voids, is one cause of settlement in surface paving adjacent to tree pits. For this reason, load bearing tree soils are exceptionally low in organic

matter, not exceeding 5% by volume. (For compaction specification see 2.02)

1.6

ROOT BARRIERS

1.6.1 Where there is concern that adjacent services, such as gas and water pipes and electricity cables, might be affected by growing root systems then an impenetrable barrier should be installed which will prevent damage by future root growth.

1.6.2 A properly installed root barrier will, in effect, form a container and should be fitted to the edges of the pit. Where there is danger of damage to services on just one side, or any other reason why roots should be prevented from growing in one direction such as building foundations, a strip barrier is preferable such as Greenleaf Reroot 1000. The barrier must be installed from surface level to a minimum of 1.0 m below surface level with joints overlapped by 300 mm. (see Appendix 1)

1.6.3 In a new build situation, within 8m of building foundations or adjacent to service runs that are deeper than 1m the barrier must extend to a depth of 2m Greenleaf Reroot 2000 or similar. (see Appendix 1)

1.6.4 Where excavation is limited to the area of the planting pit a pre-formed barrier (e.g. Greenleaf Root Directors) shall be installed to manufacturers instructions. The barrier must be manufactured in such a way as to discourage the tree roots to spiral around the inside but encourage them to grow in a downward direction. In paving, the backfill surrounding the root director must be compacted sufficiently to support the paved surface material and discourage roots that emerge from the base of the director from reaching back up to the surface layers. (see Diagram No. 4).

1.7

DRAINAGE

1.7.1 It is a prime requirement of any tree planting situation that planting pits do not hold water and become waterlogged. In new construction the minimum requirement is a layer of stone consisting of 200 mm deep of clean aggregate 50mm nominal size in the base of the pit topped with a geotextile blanket, e.g Terram, to reduce contamination of the drainage layer by fines. This will allow surplus water to drain freely from the rooting zone. The optimum solution is to connect this drainage layer of individual tree pits via pipes to an existing surface water drainage system. In adopted highway this must be done in full consultation with City Engineers (telephone number 0191 232 8520).

1.8

TREE SUPPORT STAKING AND GUYING

1.8.1 The purpose of staking and guying is to anchor the tree and stabilise the rootball until new roots are established into the surrounding soil, it should not be seen as a method of protecting from vandalism or physical damage. For this reason, support is required until the roots, damaged during the lifting process, have made sufficient new growth. In reasonable growing conditions this should be achieved within three seasons after planting. Above ground supports must be removed as soon as the tree is growing strongly, an indication that the roots are re-established, thus allowing the main stem to bend and sway in the wind which leads to increased thickening of the trunk. Trees where the removal of the stakes has been delayed may exhibit a reduced girth, and
9

therefore a weakened stem, in relation to the crown growth that can lead to the stem snapping in a strong wind.

1.8.2 There are two main methods of supporting a newly planted tree, either above ground by timber stakes, or underground with taut cables. Additionally there may be cause to use a hybrid of the above systems which uses tightly anchored cable to support the trees above ground in the form of guys however this is to be discouraged in public areas where the cables may present a health and safety hazard. Above ground staking is unlikely to be successful with trees having a girth greater than 30cm and a below ground system should be used.

1.8.3 Staking usually consists of one, two or three untreated softwood timber stakes, 75100 mm diameter, driven at least 300 mm into the base of the pit. Research indicates that the height at which the stake is attached to the tree has a direct bearing on the subsequent growth and establishment of the tree. A tree will establish anchor roots and increase stem girth more quickly if it is allowed to move with the wind (while remaining firmly fixed at ground level). This is best achieved by either using low stakes which are attached to the tree at approximately 600 mm above ground level or by a higher triple stake system which allows the tree a degree of movement between three ties. A further advantage of low stakes is that snapping a young tree is much more difficult when the lever point is low as opposed to a rigid point 1.5 m or so above ground.

1.8.4 The tree should be fixed to the stake using proprietary rubber ties or a material such as canvas hosing. Whatever product is used it is essential that it is firmly fixed and that a spacing device prevents the tree chafing against the stake. (see Diagram No.s 1E,2A,2B, 2C & 3A)

1.8.5 Support below ground is achieved by the use of cables, tensioned between anchoring devices located at the base of the pit, across the rootball. It can only be reliably used where the tree has a solid, firm rootball, which is supported by hessian wrapping within an ungalvanised wire mesh basket. If underground staking is proposed then it must be specified that the supplying nursery lifts and prepares the

10

rootball using this method. The wire mesh basket should extend across the top of the rootball thus providing protection to the roots from the taut cables. It must be noted that, in nursery conditions, some varieties of trees never establish a root structure that is dense enough to provide a solid rootball, e.g., some Sorbus aria varieties. These trees cannot be supported by this method and double staking will be required. Again, the supplying nursery will provide advice.

1.8.6 Specialist proprietary ground anchor systems, such as Platipus, are available for anchoring the cables and are useful where the ground below the base of the pit makes driving a timber stake difficult.

1.8.7 In reasonable ground conditions, a triangular system of timber stakes 75 100 mm diam., connected to each other using 5 mm diam. multi -strand galvanised wire fixed with staples, and driven adjacent to the rootball so that the wires are drawn taught across the top of the rootball. The mesh basket must not be cut or loosened, it will rot away naturally without any danger of restricting root growth. The mesh should also protect roots from the wire but if there is likelihood of damage the wire can be sheathed in a length of plastic hose. On no account must stakes be driven through a rootball as root damage is inevitable. Timber stakes increase in size when in contact with ground water and, as a result, hold tighter than metal stakes. For this reason timber stakes are to be strongly preferred. (see Diagram No.s 1A,1B & 1D)

1.8.8 Alternative methods of anchoring the trees such as timber or concrete deadmen in the base of the pits may be considered where it is not possible to drive stakes. These must be placed at the time of pit excavation and fitted with all necessary wire cables prior to back filling the pit and planting the tree. Tensioning of the wire is by turnbuckle or ratchet systems. (see Diagram No. 1C)

1.9

IRRIGATION & AERATION

1.9.1 Research has shown that a proactive rather than a reactive approach to tree irrigation during the first two or three seasons will have huge benefits to establishment and longer-term growth. Applying water to newly planted trees that are starting to show signs of drought stress may well keep them alive but will not

11

stop stem die-back. This will result in poor establishment and possible long term structural problems.

1.9.2 Surface irrigation is appropriate at planting time, particularly if this is towards the end of the planting season when bud-burst may only be few weeks away, and with bareroot stock. A thorough soaking of the ground around the base of the tree will ensure that soil is washed into voids around the fine roots of a bareroot tree or that a rootball becomes thoroughly soaked. A rootball composed of a different soil type to that in which it is planted may shrink leading to voids between it and the sides of the pit which new roots are unable to cross.

1.9.3 Later in the season, particularly during hot summer months, surface watering is rarely efficient as the water is unlikely to penetrate the deeper root zone. It may also result in roots remaining near the surface, which is to be avoided as much as possible in a paved situation. For future irrigation, the best method of ensuring correct water placement is by use of a pipe leading from the surface to a point approximately 2/3 of the depth of the rootball. From this point the pipe should encircle the rootball or, in the case of a bare root tree be immediately adjacent the outer roots, and the water dispersed through perforations in the pipe. Proprietary systems are available e.g Greenleaf Root Rain system. It is important to provide a removable cap to the open, above ground, end of the pipe to prevent blocking by debris. Water fed directly into the system via a hosepipe will be placed at exactly the correct location while waste through spillage and evaporation will be minimised.

1.10

TREE SELECTION

1.10.1 The following issues must consideration when making a choice of trees for planting adjacent to the public highway: ultimate mature height - small to approximately 10m - medium to approximately 15m - large greater than 15m

12

- ultimate shape and spread in general, when planting adjacent to highways, particularly where high sided vehicles regularly pass, it is preferable to select a variety with relatively upright growth that will not require regular pruning or be damaged by the passage of vehicles. Away from the immediate kerb line a broader crown could be considered. site conditions as long as the soil is free draining and near-neutral pH then most commonly specified street trees will grow well. Exposure, particularly to strong and cold winds, may be a problem for some trees particularly those with large leaves, a weak branch structure or brittle wood. species specific or varietal features which may be good or bad. For example, a tree that has good spring flowers, autumn berries or autumn colour may be positive features, while fruit that causes problems on footpaths or is attractive to children is likely to be considered negative qualities by some and should be avoided in the public realm.

1.10.2 A list of trees suitable for planting adjacent to the highway in Newcastle upon Tyne, and those that are not, is included in Section 4.

1.10.3 Size of Planting for street planting trees will be selected from one of the following girth sizes:

Standard

8-10 cm

where damage is unlikely, or the tree can be adequately protected, and initial impact is not a priority

Selected Standard Heavy Standard Extra Heavy Standard

10-12 cm

the above comments apply

12-14 cm

likely to require protection in a public situation but will provide a greater initial impact

14 -16 cm

more resistant to casual damage and generally the preferred minimum size in a public location

13

Semi Mature

16-35 cm

trees of this size will provide good resistance to casual damage and provide excellent initial impact. However they require specialist handling and greater attention during the establishment period.

Mature

35 cm +

the above comments apply.

1.10.4 It is generally accepted that the smaller a tree is at planting the quicker it will establish and start into new growth. There is evidence to suggest that a small tree, say 8-10 cm girth, growing quickly, will catch up with and initially overtake in size a tree planted at, say 16-18cm. Smaller trees are also cheaper to purchase and to plant. Drawbacks to planting the smaller sizes include lack of immediate impact and ease of damage through vandalism. (A tree with a girth of 17cm is 35 times stronger than one with a 7cm girth, explained by the formula 0.0491 x d4 where d = diameter). Some genera are considered less tolerant of transplanting at larger sizes eg. Beech, Birch and Oak. However, modern nursery practice and a greater understanding of root preparation has improved the situation. If the tree is purchased from a reliable source, size and type should not be a major factor in its survival after planting. For urban situations it is recommended that newly planted trees have a minimum girth of 14cm. Where there is a high risk of damage then the minimum recommended girth is 18cm.

1.10.5 Root Type - bareroot v. rootballed v. containerised these are the three choices of root preparation available and on which a decision must be made at the time of specifying the trees from the supplying nursery. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages. Bareroot trees are, usually, cheaper than other root types, especially as the trees tend to be sold while younger and smaller. It is also generally accepted that, providing correct nursery and subsequent handling practices are followed, a bare root tree will establish quicker than any other type. This is largely because when a tree is lifted for rootballing or containerisation (as opposed to a tree that has been

14

grown in a container throughout its life) many of the fine roots are left behind and have to be regenerated before the tree can take up moisture and nutrients. Bareroot trees retain much of the essential fine root system if lifted, handled and protected correctly in the nursery, during transportation and on site. Bareroot supply is the preferred option for trees of 18cm girth and below. Above this, the advantages do not apply as rootballs are larger and to achieve a bare root without much fine root loss would make the size of the root impractical for handling and storage purposes. The damage caused to the roots is much less with the larger rootball, the trees are well protected against drying out so handling and storage is not so critical. Above 18cm girth a rootballed tree is the preferred option. Both containerised and rootballed trees can be used to extend the planting season, in theory a container tree can be planted at any time of the year but irrigation is essential (see 13.01).

1.11

TREE GUARDS

1.11.1 The aim of tree guards is to reduce the likelihood of damage, either deliberate or accidental. The main requisite of any guard is that it is fixed rigidly vertical, usually by fixing either to or under a grille, and of sufficient height to reduce the likelihood of the tree being snapped at the top of the stake or at arms height. The top edge should be of a design that reduces the likelihood of damage to the tree by chafing. Tree guards used within the City of Newcastle upon Tyne will be selected from the Greenleaf range or similar to approval (see appendix 1) Where damage from manoeuvring vehicles is likely, such as car parks or on a verge where vehicles habitually park, a raised kerb detail surrounding the planting pit is to be used. (see Diagram No.5)

1.12

TREE GRILLES & PIT SURFACING

1.12.1 In a highway or street situation where trees are not planted in a grass verge or shrub bed, there are three options for the surface of the planting pit - bare soil, decorative grille or a porous aggregate.

1.12.2 Bare soil has inherent problems. It needs regular maintenance to keep it weedfree, the surface is likely to become compacted and sink below the surrounding paving level and, in suburban areas particularly, is likely to become a dogs latrine.
15

1.12.3 Decorative grilles, either metal or plastic polymer, give protection to the soil around the base of the tree. Polymer types have the advantage of not rusting or changing colour and they have no scrap value, but limitations of the material and the manufacturing process result in a restricted range of patterns and designs. There are virtually no limitations to the patterns of metal grilles. Where site conditions allow, it is generally better to use the largest size grille possible, thus maximising the amount of surface water reaching the planting pit. This is only of benefit during the early years of the tree. Once the roots extend beyond the area of the pit the area of open grille is of limited benefit to the tree and its function is mostly decorative. Unless future removal or an exchange of grilles can be guaranteed, it is also wise to avoid a small central aperture. While a larger opening, a minimum diameter of 400 mm is recommended, may appear too large at the time of planting it will allow room for trunk growth. Some grilles are supplied with inner rings that may be removed to accommodate the increase in stem girth. It is essential that grilles, of any material, be supported by a frame which, in turn, is supported on at least two sides. Laying the grille, with or without a frame, directly onto the soil of the planting pit will, eventually, result in an uneven surface as the soil sinks in the pit. Where a guard is to be used it is important that the design is compatible with the grille and integral fixings are provided.

1.12.4 For trees in the adopted highway the pit surface is to be finished with a porous resin bound aggregate with no grille. Where regular vehicular overrun is likely the addition of a honeycomb cell matrix that provides additional rigidity and support is required. This system requires careful handling by the contractor in order to ensure the correct mixing of the resin binder and aggregate. Manufacturers instructions must be strictly adhered to. (see Appendix 1 and Diagram No.s 1B,2D, 4,5 & 6)

1.12.5 Where trees are to be planted into a bitumen macadam surface then the area surrounding the pit surface and overlying the soil into which the roots will grow should be constructed using an open-textured permeable bitmac. This will be a 60mm thick wearing course of 10mm aggregate laid over no-fines aggregate or a porous no-fines concrete.
16

1.13

THE PLANTING PROCEEDURE

1.13.1 Planting time - it is generally accepted that the planting season for trees runs from mid November to mid March, when deciduous trees remain dormant. Rootballing, cold storage and containerisation can, to some extent, extend this period. However any tree planted after early March will be on the verge of coming into leaf. Additional stress, through root damage or drought, at this critical period will lead to poor leaf and root development from which the tree may never recover. Death, though not inevitable, may occur some years later and be beyond the contract defects period. Any planting beyond the March deadline must only be carried out if a comprehensive and regular irrigation programme can be guaranteed. As a general rule tree planting must only take place between mid November first week of March.

1.13.2 Planting depth - The depth must be measured against the tree, either by trial and error for a tree that is easily lifted or by measuring from the base of the rootball to the collar at the base of the trunk where it starts to thicken out above the roots. A straight edge laid horizontally over the pit, edge to edge, will provide a gauge by which to judge the correct depth. Traditionally trees have been planted at a depth indicated by the nursery mark, a dark area of stem extending above the root zone. Recent research shows that this is not a reliable indicator of the correct planting depth and may be the cause of many tree deaths. (Bib) This mark must not be used as a method of establishing the correct planting depth.

1.14

AFTERCARE & MAINTENANCE

1.14.1 Maintenance of newly planted trees for at least 3 years, after planting is essential to their long term survival and growth. Larger trees in particular, those above 25 cm girth, can take several years to finally die, living off stored resources rather than newly acquired ones. A guarantee period of at least 3 years, 5 years for trees of 35 cm girth and above, must be imposed on all new tree planting.

1.14.2 Incorrect handling at any stage of the works, failure to prepare the planting pit correctly, poor planting techniques and lack of moisture at first bud-burst can lead to poor establishment during the first 12 months of the tree in its new position. A tree may be in leaf at the end of its first growing season but unless it has made
17

sufficient growth to sustain it well into the next season it is likely to be on a downward spiral from which there is no return. A tree showing lack of vigour at the end of its first growing season should be treated the same as a dead tree and scheduled for replacement.

1.14.3 -

Operations to be carried out during the maintenance period must include: Watering a minimum of 90 litres / tree shall be applied at fortnightly intervals between the period 1st May to 30th September. If April is dry, newly planted trees should be watered during this month at the same frequency. If particularly wet weather occurs, supplementary watering may be

unnecessary. The use of larger quantities of water at greater time intervals is not an adequate alternative and is not acceptable. Pruning at the time of planting any damaged branches must be cut back to a main junction or stem. Also beneficial to the tree is the reduction of crown growth by removing weaker side branches. At the end of the first season of growth, any branches showing signs of dieback must be cut back to live wood. Pruning must take place during the dormant period except for Prunus species when mid-summer pruning is recommended to reduce the likelihood of disease. Pruning cuts shall not be painted with any type of wound sealing paint. Support Check trees for stability and if necessary re-tie or expose underground supports to tighten the wires. Tree pits shall be kept clear of weeds and trees planted in grass must have a bare circle of soil at least 1m in diameter maintained around the trunk. This reduces competition from grass and the likelihood of damage from mowing machines.

1.14.4 Long term management and maintenance of the trees should not be forgotten after the defects period is complete. Monitoring of growth, and for damage by storm, by vehicles or by vandalism should be carried out on a regular basis and any necessary remedial action taken. Timber stakes must be removed three years after planting and when the tree is showing signs of strong growth. Maintenance of an area of bare soil around the base of the tree helps to reduce damage by mowers and other grass maintenance equipment.

18

2.00 2.01

THE PLANTING OPERATION A WORK SEQUENCE Planting in existing ground Prior to work commencing on site: obtain service and utility information and complete a visual inspection for possible constraints to the proposed scheme (para. 1.3.1) carry out a risk management assessment for site operatives and users during the entire planting and maintenance operations of the trees (para. 1.3.2) consult existing residents / occupiers of adjacent properties and inform them of the draft proposals and programme make any necessary amendments to the proposals in response to comments following the public consultation Site works: excavate one tree pit to investigate soil quality and drainage and assess surrounding ground conditions (para 1.4.1) excavate that number of tree pits which can be planted during the same day. Any open pits must not be left uncovered when operatives leave the site. Provision must be made to cover open pits with a board and warning tape erected around the area. where necessary carry out amelioration of the excavated topsoil, mixing on a board outside the pit to obtain a homogenous mix (para 1.4.2) where required install a drainage layer of clean stone and cover with a sheet of geotextile material (para 1.7.1) where instructed install the pit drainage system and connect to existing drains. This work must be carried out in full consultation with City of Newcastle upon Tyne Engineering Services departmentt. where instructed, and adjacent to known service runs install a root director or root barrier (see Diagram No. 4 & para 1.6.4) check the correct depth of the excavated pit by use of a straight edge against the stem of the tree, or by measurement if the tree is too heavy to lift easily (para 1.13.2). Remember to take into account any proposed surface treatment such as tree grilles and increase the depth accordingly. where no drainage layer has been installed break up the base of the pit with a fork. Where no root director has been installed scarify the sides of the pit with a fork.
19

lower tree into the centre of the pit and ensure that it is set vertical. check, with a straight edge that the tree is sitting at the correct depth. If it is not, remove the tree and adjust the base levels accordingly. staking: for bare root trees position the stakes / stake so that the root system is not

damaged, remove the tree and drive the stakes so that they are firm and to the correct depth (see Diagram No.s 2A, 2B & 2C, para 1.8.3). Re-set the tree between or adjacent to the stakes / stake. for rootballed trees position the stakes, for either above ground or below

ground systems, adjacent to but clear of the rootball and drive them until the wires hold the tree firmly and vertically with no movement at the base of the rootball (see Diagram No.s 1A, 1B, & 1D, para 1.8.3 & 1.8.7) backfill the pit with topsoil or topsoil / compost mix in layers 300 mm deep and lightly firm each layer (para 1.5.2). With bare roots ensure that the soil is carefully worked around the roots and air pockets are eliminated. Install an irrigation / aeration pipe after backfilling to one third depth of the rootball and install prior to completing the backfilling (para 1.9.3) above ground stakes tie the tree to the stakes, at 600 mm above ground level or just below the lowest branches of the tree depending on the system being used, with rubber ties and spacers or canvas hosing (see Diagram Nos1E, 2A, 2B & 2C, para. 1.8.4), and cut off the top of the stakes if damaged during driving or of excess length. apply 25 ltrs of water over the surface of the pit (para 1.9.2) install surface treatment if specified. 2.02 Planting in new ground Prior to work commencing on site: obtain service and utility information and complete a visual inspection for possible constraints to the proposed scheme (para 1.3.1) carry out a risk management assessment for site operatives and users during the entire planting and maintenance operations of the trees (para 1.3.2) consult existing residents / occupiers of adjacent properties and inform them of the draft proposals and programme make any necessary amendments to the proposals in response to comments following the public consultation

20

Site works: excavate the area to be topsoil to at least 1.1m deep (final depth will require an allowance for the thickness of the specified paving / surface treatment) (See 1.4.4 for required topsoil volumes). install a drainage layer, 200 mm deep of clean stone and cover with a sheet of geotextile material (para 1.7.1) If necessary, install pipe drainage from the base of the stone layer and connect to an adequate outflow point. where specified and where there are adjacent foundations or services install a root barrier at least 1.2m deep to the sides of the pit, ensuring 300 mm overlap at joints, or root protector (see Diagram Nos 4 & 6, paras. 1.6.2 & 1.6.4) install approved topsoil or, if specified, load-bearing tree soil into the planting area in 300 mm deep layers. Topsoil must be lightly compacted by treading each layer prior to spreading the next layer. Tree soil must be compacted by using an elephants foot type whacker plate - one pass over the entire surface of the first two layers, two passes over the surface of the top layer, compacted to 2 kg / cm2 and measured at a compaction of 0.2 with a penetrometer. (para 1.5.3) after backfilling the planting area cover the topsoil with plastic sheeting or tarpaulin to protect from wet weather until the finished surface is constructed. excavate that number of tree pits which can be planted during the same day. Any open pits must not be left uncovered when operatives leave the site. Provision must be made to cover open pit with a board and warning tape erected around the area. check the correct depth by use of a straight edge against the stem of the tree, or by measurement if the tree is too heavy to lift easily (para 1.13.2). Remember to take into account any proposed surface treatment such as tree grilles and increase the depth accordingly. lower tree into the centre of the pit and ensure that it is set vertical. check, with a straight edge that the tree is sitting at the correct depth. If it is not, remove the tree and adjust the base levels accordingly. staking: for bare root trees position the stakes / stake so that the root system is not

damaged, remove the tree and drive the stakes so that they are firm and to the correct depth (para 8.03). Re-set the tree between or adjacent to the stakes / stake.

21

for rootballed trees position the stakes, for either above ground or below

ground systems, adjacent to but clear of the rootball and drive them until firm, and for underground support systems until the wires hold the tree firmly and vertically with no movement at the base of the rootball (see Diagram No.s 1A, 1B, 1D & 1E, para 1.8.3 & 1.8.7) backfill the pit with topsoil or topsoil / compost mix in layers 300 mm deep and lightly firm each layer (para 1.5.2). With bare roots ensure that the soil is carefully worked around the roots and air pockets are eliminated. Where an irrigation / aeration pipe is to be installed, backfill to one third depth of the rootball and install prior to completing the backfilling (see Diagram No. 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 2D, 3B, para 1.9.3) above ground stakes tie the tree to the stakes, at 600 mm above ground level or just below the lowest branches of the tree depending on the system being used, with rubber ties and spacers or canvas hosing (para 1.8.4), and cut off the top of the stakes if damaged during driving or of excess length. apply 25 ltrs of water over the surface of the pit (para 1.9.2) install surface treatment if specified.

22

PART 3

3.00

SPECIFICATION

Contents: 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8

General Specification and Requirements for Tree Planting Planting Bareroot Trees (general guidance) Packaging and Handling of Semi-Mature Trees Post Planting Maintenance and Aftercare Rootballed Trees in Grass or Shrub Areas Underground Support Rootballed Trees in Paving Underground Support Rootballed Trees in Grass or Shrub Areas Double Stakes Bareroot Trees in Grass or Shrub Areas Triple Stakes with Mesh Guards

3.9 3.10

Bareroot Trees in Paved Areas Triple Stakes with Mesh Guards Bareroot Trees in Grass or Shrub Areas Single and Double Stakes (no tree guard)

3.11

Trees in Paving Resin Bound Aggregate Surface Finish to Tree Pit including Raised Edge Surround

3.12
3.13

Trees in Paving Construction of Reinforced Paving Surround

Trees in Paving Root Barrier / Root Director

23

3.00

SPECIFICATIONS

3.1 GENERAL SPECIFICATION AND REQUIREMENTS FOR TREE PLANTING The following British Standards apply: BS 4428:1989 Code of practice for general landscape operations (excluding hard surfaces) BS 4043:1989 Recommendations for transplanting root-balled trees

1. PLANTING SEASON & CONDITIONS Carry out the work while soil and weather conditions are suitable for the relevant operations. Bare root and rootballed trees should normally only be transplanted during the recognised dormant season beginning of November to the end of February. Planting outside the period above - it may be possible to plant bare root or rootballed trees in March but this is dependent on the tree species involved and the prevailing weather conditions and adequate provision of watering. There must be no assumption that planting can be continued after February and the Contractor will seek advice if programming of works dictates planting at this time of the year. Tree planting between April and November - usually only possible by using container grown material. The tree will be in leaf and adequate provision must be made for irrigation at the time of planting and for continuing throughout the summer months.

2. MACHINES AND TOOLS Use only machinery and tools suitable for the site conditions and the work to be carried out. Use hand tools around trees, plants and in confined spaces where it is impracticable to use machinery.

3. WATER to be provided for watering-in immediately following planting at 25 ltrs. / tree

24

NOTICE PRIOR TO PLANTING Make advance arrangements with the Client to give him the opportunity of being present during: Setting out During excavation of the tree pits. Planting of trees into previously dug pits Each site visit during maintenance period.

STORAGE Plants which are not to be planted on day of delivery to site to be stored as follows: Root balled plants: Place close together and cover root balls with sand, moist compost/soil or wet straw. Bare root plants: for short periods, up to three days, they can be stored in strong black plastic bags in a cool location. For longer periods the roots must be temporarily covered by soil in a shallow trench (heeled-in)

TRANSPORTATION AND MOVING TREES In accordance with BS 4043:1989. Machinery for moving the trees must be appropriate for the size and weight of the trees. Supporting slings must be located under the rootball, not around the stem. Branches to be tied in to avoid damage during transport.

7. DELIVERY All trees must be stacked in such a way that breakage or crushing, by weight of the trees above or the securing of ropes will not occur. Where an open vehicle is used for delivery the whole consignment of trees must be completely covered with opaque windproof sheeting and secured. Trees must not be transported by rail or post. Mishandling of trees during lifting, packaging or delivery resulting in damage to the root system or aerial parts of the tree may result in rejection after reinspection of the trees on arrival at the landscape contractors nursery or the site.

25

8. TREATMENT OF WOUNDS any minor damage that occurs to branches during handling shall be cut cleanly back to sound wood using sharp, clean tools. Position cuts so that water will not collect on the cut area. Do not apply fungicide or sealant unless instructed by the Contract Administrator. Major damage to branches or damage to the trunk must be reported immediately to the CA and the tree should remain unplanted, but with the roots protected, until an inspection has been made and a decision made on whether to replace the tree.

10 PROTECTION OF SURROUNDING GRASS existing grass during planting operations by laying boards or sheeting. Do not place excavated material directly on to grass.

11. TREE PIT CONSTRUCTION excavate by hand or mechanical means to the sizes quoted in the detailed specifications. Ensure that the base of the pit is broken up and the sides are scarified. Do not excavate pits during periods of extreme weather or allow the pits to fill with standing water. If, after excavation, water appears to be rising into the base of the pit inform the CA and wait for further instructions. A tree shall not be planted into a site where there is a high water table or other drainage problems unless adequate drainage can be provided.

12. PLANTING protect bare root trees during the planting operation. Roots must be kept covered by sacking or polythene to prevent from drying out. Immediately after planting water the tree root area with approximately 25 litres of water to ensure that the contact between the root or rootball and the planting soil is uniformly moist. Refer to the applicable specification for details of planting the root type being used.

26

13. CROWN PRUNING AT PLANTING Unless previously carried out by the supplying nursery provision should be made for thinning the crown of the tree at the time of planting by up to 25% or as directed by the Contract Administrator. Thinning should be made to lateral branches and weak side growth. The leading shoot must not be pruned.

14. SURPLUS MATERIAL including subsoil, stones, debris, wrapping material and prunings to be removed from site. Leave the site clean and tidy.

27

3.2

SPECIFICATION - PLANTING BAREROOT TREES (GENERAL GUIDANCE) BS 4043 applies.

1. PIT SIZE AND CONSTRUCTION Pits: shall be 300 mm wider than the spread of the root and with a minimum size of 800 x 800 mm. Minimum excavated depth of 600 mm. Where necessary the depth shall be increased to accommodate the depth of the root and to obtain the correct planting level. Break up bottom of pit to 150 mm deep and scarify the sides of the pit with a fork.

2. PLANTING Protective packaging trees must be delivered to site covered and the roots protected from desiccation at all times and shall be removed from the packaging immediately prior to planting. Trees whose roots show signs of having been damaged or drying out should be rejected and returned to the supplier. Horticultural Trade Association advice requires that bare root trees must be placed into co-extruded bags immediately they are lifted. The tree must be stored in the co-extruded bags, delivered, and kept on site in the same bags. (Co-extruded bags are white inside and black on the outside and made from heavy gauge polythene). Trees which are delivered to site in an unprotected or insufficiently protected manner must be rejected and returned to the supplier. After excavation, but before driving the stakes, hold the tree in the pit to assess the correct depth. A straight-edge laid horizontally across the pit from each side will enable the correct position of the root collar to be established in relation to the existing ground level. Plant trees upright and, unless otherwise instructed, in centre of pit. Backfill the pit to a sufficient depth so as to support the tree at the correct level. Planting depth the natural thickening between the trunk and the root collar shall be at the top surface of the surrounding soil. Establish the position of the stake or stakes so as not to interfere with the roots, remove the tree then drive the stakes to make them firm. Burred or split stakes shall be cut off at a point below the damage.

28

Locate the tree at the correct level and, in paved areas or in mown grass, fit an irrigation/aeration pipe. Backfill the pit with specified material in 150 mm layers, shaking the tree slightly to ensure thorough and even distribution through the roots. Tread the last two last layers lightly to consolidate. Fix the tree to the stake using a proprietary tree-tie with a spacing device to prevent the tree rubbing against the stake. The tie shall be nailed to the stake with one galvanised clout nail, minimum 25 mm long and with 10 mm heads, to prevent the tie slipping.

3. DRAINAGE & AERATION UNIT Proprietary system installed in accordance with the manufacturers instructions or 60 mm perforated plastic drainage pipe of sufficient length to encircle the rootball at approximately 2/3rds depth and reach vertically to the surface of the pit. A removable perforated end cap to be placed on the surface end of the pipe to prevent blockage by debris.

4. SUPPORTING BAREROOT TREES: Stakes: softwood, peeled chestnut or larch, free from projections and large edge knots with one end pointed. Minimum stake sizes:

Staking height / Tree size Light Standard / Heavy Standard at approximately 1/3rd height of tree above ground level Light Standard Heavy Standard at a point immediately below the lowest branches

Overall Length of Stake

Cross Section of Stake

1800

75 100 mm

2700

75 100 mm

29

Extra Heavy Standard and above at approximately 1800 100mm 1/3rd height of tree above ground level Extra Heavy Standard and above at a point immediately below the below the lowest branches 2700 100 mm

5. WATERING: At planting ensure that all trees are given at least 25 ltrs. of water, applied over the surface of the planting pit, to ensure thorough soaking of the rootball and the surrounding ground.

6. CROWN PRUNING Unless previously carried out by the supplying nursery provision should be made for thinning the crown of trees immediately prior to planting by up to 25%. Thinning should be made to lateral branches and weak side growth and include the removal of any damaged branches. The leader shoot must not be pruned.

7. SITE CLEANLINESS Remove soil from all hard surfaces and grassed areas and leave the works in a clean tidy condition at Practical Completion. Adjacent surfaces must be protected during the course of the works by laying timber sheeting or heavy gauge polythene onto which arisings can be temporarily placed.

30

3.3

SPECIFICATION FOR THE PACKAGING AND HANDLING OF SEMI-MATURE TREES

1. PACKAGING Packaging must be adequate for the protection of the trees and such as to avoid heating-up or drying-out and must conform to the following:Root-balled and container grown trees must not be bundled. Root-balls must be moist, supported by elastic banding, string netting or stronger material where required to prevent collapse. The rootball must be protected against drying-out by wrapping firmly with moisture retentive, porous material such as sacking. Where wire-netting is used to support the rootball, any moisture-retentive material must be outside the netting. All extra heavy standard, heavy standard, selected standard and standard trees must be individually packaged. Each packaged tree must be individually labelled with species, variety size and where appropriate the quantity, whether bare-root, root-balled or container grown. Lateral branches and the head of the tree must be tied-in with ribbon or other supple materials, but not coarse string which can cut into the bark, to protect the crown from damage during handling and delivery and the planting process.

2. DELIVERY All trees must be stacked in such a way that breakage or crushing, by weight of the trees above or the securing of ropes will not occur. Where an open vehicle is used for delivery the whole consignment of trees must be completely covered with opaque windproof sheeting and secured. Trees must not be transported by rail or post. Mishandling of trees during lifting, packaging or delivery resulting in damage to the root system or aerial parts of the tree will be subject to rejection, upon reinspection of the trees on arrival at the landscape contractors nursery or the site.

31

3.4

SPECIFICATION - POST PLANTING MAINTENANCE AND AFTERCARE

The period of time for which the contractor is responsible for the defects and maintenance of the tree shall be a minimum of 3 years unless otherwise specified.

1. PLANTING MAINTENANCE During the Defects Liability Period and specified maintenance period carry out the following operations: Make visits at approximately monthly intervals during the growing season and as necessary to fulfil the requirements of this specification. Inform CA at least three days in advance of any maintenance operations to be undertaken. During the maintenance visits carry out the following checks: Check condition of stakes, ties, guys and guards. Replace broken or missing items and adjust ties if necessary to prevent rubbing of bark. Trees that are supported by underground guys should be checked for stability. If necessary the wires will need to be exposed and tightened. Cut back any damaged bark to a clean healthy area. Trees in grass must be kept clear of grass or weed growth over an area of 1m diameter for trees up to 30cm diam. girth, 2m diameter for bigger trees, by hand during the first year after planting or by approved herbicides during subsequent years. Prune trees to remove dead or dying and diseased wood and suckers and to promote healthy growth and natural shape. Pruning should take place between November and the end of February or early July to early August. Vandalised, ripped and hanging branches shall be removed immediately whatever the time of year.

2. WATERING Water as indicated below. Visits to be recorded and CA informed.Once during the maintenance period, in March or April, apply liquid fertilizer to each tree, in accordance with the manufacturers instructions. during the establishment period arrangements should be made to provide at least 90 litres of water per tree at fortnightly intervals during the period
32

1st May to 30th September unless weather conditions dictate otherwise. It may be necessary to commence watering earlier during a dry Spring. Where fitted, watering should be via the irrigation pipe otherwise over the area of the planting pit.

3. FAILURES OF PLANTING Where the contractor is responsible for the replacement of trees that die during the specified maintenance period the following shall be applied: Any trees which are dead, dying or otherwise defective at the end of the Defects Liability Period will be regarded as defects due to materials or workmanship not in accordance with the Contract. They must be replaced by approved equivalent trees at the next suitable planting season unless otherwise instructed. This will not apply if the defects are caused by malicious damage after Practical Completion unless stated otherwise in the Contract. The Defects Period for trees up to and including Standard size will be 12 months. The Defects Period for semi mature trees will be 36 months. All trees will be assessed for growth throughout the defects period. A detailed inspection will be undertaken during July/August, reporting by 31st August each year, of the first, second and third year of the defects period. If, in the opinion of the CA, the trees are dead, making insufficient growth or showing crown dieback, or have a percentage of dormant buds over and above that which could reasonably be expected, then they shall be replaced under the Defects Liability and to all relevant specifications. If it becomes necessary to replace a tree or trees the Contractor will be required to arrange for the protection of all paved and grass areas surrounding the trees and on the access to them, and for lifting and reinstating tree grilles and guards if fitted. Protection for surrounding areas will be by the use of plywood boards and sheeting of sufficient dimensions to cover the area of the work. After replanting, damaged areas of whatever material will be reinstated to the satisfaction of the CA.

33

3.5 SPECIFICATION

ROOTBALL TREES IN GRASS OR SHRUB AREAS,

UNDERGROUND SUPPORT

BS 4043 & BS 4428 apply Refer to Diagram No. 1A and 1C 1. PIT SIZE AND CONSTRUCTION Pits: shall be 600 mm wider than the diameter of the rootball with a minimum size of 900 x 900 mm. Minimum depth to be 750 mm. Where necessary the depth shall be increased to accommodate the depth of the rootball and to obtain the correct planting level. Break up bottom of pit to 150 mm deep and scarify the sides of the pit with a fork.

2. PLANTING Remove any moisture-retentive material used to prevent the rootball drying out during transport from the nursery but protect the rootball from sun and wind during the planting operation. Move the wire mesh support and root packing away from the trunk of the tree but do not cut away from the main rootball, the integrity of the wire mesh must not be damaged. Do not cut the wire mesh. Plant trees upright and, unless otherwise instructed, in centre of pit. Planting depth the natural thickening between the trunk and the root collar shall be at the finished top surface of the planting medium. A straight edge placed across the pit at finished surface level and adjacent to the tree will assist in gauging the correct level. If necessary, the depth of the pit must be adjusted to ensure the correct planting level. Install below-ground irrigation and aeration system e.g. Greenleaf Root Rain Urban ensuring that the top of the filler pipe is flush with finished surface levels. Backfill around the rootball with specified material in 150 mm layers, treading lightly to compact each layer to a level approximately halfway up the side of the rootball. The underground support should be installed prior to completing the backfilling of the pit. Immediately after planting the tree shall be watered with approximately 25 ltrs. of water to ensure that the contact of soil between the rootball and backfill material is uniformly moist.
34

3. UNDERGROUND SUPPORT Driven stake system (Diagram No. 1A) 1 No. underground support per tree for trees up to 8m high. For trees 8m and above two support systems should be used. Stake and wire system comprising of 3No. timber stakes, 1.75m long x 75100mm diam., peeled but untreated with preservative and free of knots likely to cause weak points. Galvanised wire, 5mm diam. multi-strand attached to each stake with staples and to form a triangular cage over the rootball. Stakes shall be at equi-distant spacing around the rootball and driven at an angle under the rootball leaving at least 500 mm above the level of the pit for final tensioning. Attach the wire as described, bringing it as tight as possible by means of fencing pliers or similar. Final tightening of the wire over the top surface of the rootball mesh is achieved by continuing to drive the stakes until the wire is as tight as possible. After final tightening the top of the stakes shall be cut off below finished surface level. For trees in excess of 8m high the above specification applies but with the use of two independent kits per tree i.e. 6No. stakes. Where ground conditions below the pit prevent the use of driven timber stakes then one of the following may be employed Ground anchorage system such as: Platipus Systems Rootball Fixing Kit Supplied by Platipus Anchors Limited, Perrywood Business Park, Honeycrock Lane, Salfords, Nr Redhill, Surrey RH1 5DZ Tel: 01737 762300 All work to be manufacturers instructions.

Deadman System (Diagram No. 1C) 1 No. underground support system comprising: 2No. deadmen located at opposite sides of the rootball. Deadmen shall be timber or concrete, rectangular in section and of sufficient mass to prevent movement when buried below the soil. (For example, for a tree 5m tall a timber deadman should have a section approximately 150mm wide x 100mm thick x 1200 long.) The deadmen and wire must be fixed prior to backfilling the pit or placing the tree.
35

5mm diam. multi-strand wire stapled around each deadman shall be tensioned by turnbuckle or ratchet devices after the tree is in its final position.

36

3.6

SPECIFICATION SUPPORT

ROOTBALL TREES IN PAVING, UNDERGROUND

BS 4043 & BS 4428 apply Refer to Diagram No. 1A or 1C

1. PIT SIZE AND CONSTRUCTION Pits: shall be 600 mm wider than the diameter of the rootball with a minimum size of 900 x 900 mm. Minimum depth of topsoil to be 900 mm, the depth of the excavated pit will be sufficient to accommodate the rootball and to obtain the correct planting depth. Break up bottom of pit to 150 mm deep and scarify the sides of the pit with a fork.

2. PLANTING Any moisture-retentive material used to prevent the rootball drying out during transport from the nursery must be completely removed prior to planting but protect the rootball from sun and wind during the planting operation. Move the wire mesh support and root packing shall be away from the trunk of the tree but do not cut away from the main rootball, the integrity of the wire mesh must not be damaged. Do not cut the wire mesh. Plant trees upright and, unless otherwise instructed, in centre of pit. Planting depth the natural thickening between the trunk and the root collar shall be at the finished top surface of the planting medium. A straight edge placed across the pit at finished surface level and adjacent to the tree will assist in gauging the correct level. If necessary, the depth of the pit must be adjusted to ensure the correct planting level. Backfill around the rootball with specified material in 150 mm layers, treading lightly to compact each layer to a level approximately halfway up the side of the rootball. The underground support should be installed prior to completing the backfilling of the pit. Immediately after planting the tree shall be watered with approximately 25 ltrs. of water to ensure that the contact of soil between the rootball and backfill material is uniformly moist.

37

3. UNDERGROUND SUPPORT Driven stake system (Diagram No. 1A) 1 No. underground support per tree for trees up to 8m high. For trees 8m and above two support systems should be used. Stake and wire system comprising of 3No. timber stakes, 1.75m long x 75100mm diam., peeled but untreated with preservative and free of knots likely to cause weak points. Galvanised wire, 5mm diam. multi-strand attached to each stake with staples and to form a triangular cage over the rootball. Stakes shall be at equi-distanct spacing around the rootball and driven at an angle under the rootball leaving at least 500 mm above the level of the pit for final tensioning. Attach the wire as described, bringing it as tight as possible by means of fencing pliers or similar. Final tightening of the wire over the top surface of the rootball mesh is achieved by continuing to drive the stakes until the wire is as tight as possible. After final tightening the top of the stakes shall be cut off below finished surface level. For trees in excess of 8m high the above specification applies but with the use of two independent kits per tree i.e. 6 No. stakes. Where ground conditions below the pit prevent the use of driven timber stakes then one of the following may be employed Ground anchorage system such as: Platipus Systems Rootball Fixing Kit Supplied by Platipus Anchors Limited, Perrywood Business Park, Honeycrock Lane, Salfords, Nr Redhill, Surrey RH1 5DZ Tel: 01737 762300 All work to be manufacturers instructions.

Deadman System (Diagram No. 1C) 1 No. underground support system comprising: 2 No. deadmen located at opposite sides of the rootball. Deadmen shall be timber or concrete, rectangular in section and of sufficient mass to prevent movement when buried below the soil. (For example, for a tree 5m tall a timber deadman should have a section approximately 250mm wide x 100mm thick x 1500 long.) The deadmen and wire must be fixed prior to backfilling the pit or placing the tree. 5mm diam. multi-strand wire stapled around each deadman shall be tensioned by turnbuckle or ratchet devices after the tree is in its final position.
38

5.

DRAINAGE / AERATION UNIT The drainage / aeration pipe such as Greenleaf Root Rain Urban should be installed after the underground support to prevent damage to the pipe. The drainage / aeration pipe, 60 mm diameter, shall fully encircle the rootball at approximately 2/3 rds its depth with a vertical tail reaching to the surface of the pit. A removable perforated end cap should be used at ground level to prevent debris blocking the pipe. For semi mature trees with a rootball in excess of 1200 mm diameter the pipe should form a spiral with at least two complete turns encircling the rootball.

39

3.7

SPECIFICATION DOUBLE STAKES

ROOTBALL TREES IN GRASS OR SHRUB AREAS,

BS 4043 & 4428 apply. Refer to Diagram No. 1E 1. PIT SIZE AND CONSTRUCTION Pits: shall be 600 mm wider than the diameter of the rootball with a minimum size of 900 x 900 mm. Minimum depth to be 750 mm. Where necessary the depth shall be increased to accommodate the depth of the rootball and to obtain the correct planting level. Break up bottom of pit to 150 mm deep and scarify the sides of the pit with a fork.

2. PLANTING Remove any moisture-retentive material used to prevent the rootball drying out during transport from the nursery but protect all roots from sun and wind during the planting operation. Move the wire mesh support and root packing shall be away from the trunk of the tree but do not cut away from the main rootball, the integrity of the wire mesh must not be damaged. Do not cut the wire mesh. Plant trees upright and, unless otherwise instructed, in centre of pit. Planting depth the natural thickening between the trunk and the root collar shall be at the finished top surface of the planting medium. A straight edge placed across the pit at finished surface level and adjacent to the tree will assist in gauging the correct level. If necessary the depth of the pit must be adjusted to ensure the correct planting level. Backfill around the rootball with specified material in 150 mm layers, treading lightly to compact each layer to a level approximately one third up the side of the rootball. Install the double stake support system in accordance with the specification below. Immediately after planting the tree shall be watered over the soil surface with approximately 25 ltrs. of water to ensure that the contact of soil between the rootball and backfill material is uniformly moist

40

3. DOUBLE STAKE SUPPORTStaking kit comprising 2No. stakes 2 m long x 70 mm approximate diameter and 2No. ties. Stakes shall be peeled, free of stubs or large knots and untreated with preservative. Ties shall be either proprietary rubber strapping 25 50 mm wide or rubber/nylon hosepipe. Stakes shall be set at an equal distance from the trunk of the tree and clear of the rootball. Use a pinch bar or similar to produce a vertical guide hole then drive the stake until firm and at least 300 mm below the base of the tree pit. The final height of the stake shall be approximately one third the clear stem height of the tree. Loop the tie around the trunk, one from each side of, and firmly nail to each stake with 2No. galvanised clout nails. Ties to be fixed as tight as possible to prevent the tree moving at the base of the trunk.

41

3.8

SPECIFICATION TRIPLE STAKES

BAREROOT TREES IN GRASS OR SHRUB AREAS -

To be used for bare root trees with a stem girth of 18 cm or above BS 4428 applies. Refer to Diagram No. 2C

1. PIT SIZE AND CONSTRUCTION Pits: shall be 600 mm wider than the root spread of the tree with a minimum width of 800 x 800 mm. Minimum depth to be 600 mm. Where necessary the depth shall be increased to accommodate the depth of the root and to obtain the correct planting level. Break up bottom of pit to 150 mm deep and scarify the sides of the pit with a fork.

2. PLANTING Remove any moisture-retentive material used to prevent the root drying out during transport from the nursery but protect all roots from sun and wind during the planting operation. Prior to installing the stakes place the tree into the pit to check the correct planting depth, that the pit can accommodate the fully spread root system and place the stake / stakes in positions that will not damage the roots. Remove the tree and cover the roots with protective material. Install the stake support system in accordance with the specification below. Plant trees upright and, unless otherwise instructed, in centre of pit, spreading the roots carefully and evenly over the base of the pit. Planting depth the natural thickening between the trunk and the root collar shall be at the finished top surface of the planting medium. A straight edge placed across the pit at finished surface level and adjacent to the tree will assist in gauging the correct level. If necessary the depth of the pit must be adjusted to ensure the correct planting level. Backfill around the root, gently shaking the tree will aid settlement and ensure that no air spaces exist, with specified material in 150 mm layers, treading lightly to compact each layer.

42

Immediately after planting the tree shall be watered over the soil surface with approximately 25 ltrs. of water to ensure that the contact of soil between the roots and backfill material is uniformly moist.

3. TRIPLE STAKE SUPPORT Staking kit comprising 3No. stakes 2 m long x 70 mm approximate diameter and 3No. ties. Stakes shall be peeled, free of stubs or large knots and untreated with preservative. Ties shall be either proprietary rubber strapping 25 50 mm wide or rubber/nylon or canvas hosepipe. Stakes shall be set at an equal distance from the trunk of the tree and clear of the rootball and at equi-distant spacing. Angle each stake back from the vertical by approximately 5 deg. Use a pinch bar or similar to produce a guide hole then drive the stake until firm and at least 300 mm below the base of the tree pit. The final height of the stake shall be approximately one third the clear stem height of the tree. Loop the tie around the trunk, one from each side of, and firmly nail to each stake with 2No. galvanised clout nails. Ties to be fixed as tight as possible to prevent the tree moving at the base of the trunk. After driving the stake, if the top has split or burred this should be cut back to sound wood prior to fixing the tie.

43

3.9

SPECIFICATION

BARE ROOT TREES IN GRASS OR SHRUB AREAS,

TRIPLE STAKES WITH MESH GUARD To be used for bare root trees in locations likely to receive high levels of interference and damage. BS 4043 applies Refer to Diagram No. 3A

1 . PIT SIZE AND CONSTRUCTION Pits: shall be 600 mm wider than the root spread of the tree with a minimum width of 800 x 800 mm. Minimum depth to be 600 mm. Where necessary the depth shall be increased to accommodate the depth of the root and to obtain the correct planting level. Break up bottom of pit to 150 mm deep and scarify the sides of the pit with a fork.

PLANTING Remove any moisture-retentive material used to prevent the root drying out during transport from the nursery but protect all roots from the sun and wind during the planting operation. Prior to installing the stakes place the tree into the pit to check the correct planting depth, that the pit can accommodate the fully spread root system and place the stakes in positions that will not damage the roots. Remove the tree and cover the roots with protective material. Install the stake support system in accordance with the specification below. Plant trees upright and, unless otherwise instructed, in centre of pit, spreading the roots carefully and evenly over the base of the pit. Planting depth the natural thickening between the trunk and the root collar shall be at the finished top surface of the planting medium. A straight edge placed across the pit at finished surface level and adjacent to the tree will assist in gauging the correct level. If necessary the depth of the pit must be adjusted to ensure the correct planting level. Backfill around the root, gently shaking the tree will aid settlement and ensure that no air spaces exist, with specified material in 150 mm layers, treading lightly to compact each layer.

44

Immediately after planting the tree shall be watered over the soil surface with approximately 25 ltrs. of water to ensure that the contact of soil between the roots and backfill material is uniformly moist.

3. TRIPLE STAKE SUPPORT Staking kit comprising 3No. stakes 2.7 m long x 70 mm approximate diameter and 3No. ties. Stakes shall be peeled, free of stubs or large knots and untreated with preservative. Ties shall be either proprietary rubber strapping 25 50 mm wide or rubber/nylon hosepipe. Stakes shall be set at an equal distance (approximately 300 mm) from the trunk of the tree and clear of the rootball and at equi-distant spacing. Use a pinch bar or similar to produce a vertical guide hole then drive the stakes until firm and at least 300 mm below the base of the tree pit. The final height of the stake shall be just below the lowest branches of the tree. Loop the ties, at 400 mm below the top of the stakes, around the trunk and firmly nail to each stake with 2No. galvanised clout nails. Ties to be fixed as tight as possible to prevent the tree moving at the base of the trunk. After driving the stakes, if the top has split or burred this should be cut back to sound wood prior to fixing the tie.

4. MESH GUARD The guard shall be formed from a sheet of 50 x 50 mm x 2.5 gauge welded mesh, plastic coated in black or green. The mesh shall be fixed to the outside of each stake to form a cage 1500 mm high with a 200 mm gap at the base. Fixing shall be with galvanised staples, 4No. to each stake at an equal distance between the top and the bottom of the mesh. The cut ends of the mesh must be bent back inside the cage to remove the possibility of sharp snag ends.

45

3.10

SPECIFICATION

BAREROOT TREES IN GRASS OR SHRUB AREAS,

SINGLE AND DOUBLE STAKES (NO TREE GUARD) BS 4428 applies. Refer to Diagram No. 2A (single stake) & 2B (double stake)

1. PIT SIZE AND CONSTRUCTION Pits: shall be 600 mm wider than the root spread of the tree. Minimum depth to be 600 mm. Where necessary the depth shall be increased to accommodate the depth of the root and to obtain the correct planting level. Break up bottom of pit to 150 mm deep and scarify the sides of the pit with a fork.

2. PLANTING Remove any moisture-retentive material used to prevent the root drying out during transport from the nursery but protect all roots from sun and wind during the planting operation. Prior to installing the stakes place the tree into the pit to check the correct planting depth, that the pit can accommodate the fully spread root system and place the stake / stakes in positions that will not damage the roots. Remove the tree and cover the roots with protective material. Install the stake support system in accordance with the specification below. Plant trees upright and, unless otherwise instructed, in centre of pit, spreading the roots carefully and evenly over the base of the pit. Planting depth the natural thickening between the trunk and the root collar shall be at the finished top surface of the planting medium. A straight edge placed across the pit at finished surface level and adjacent to the tree will assist in gauging the correct level. If necessary the depth of the pit must be adjusted to ensure the correct planting level. Backfill around the root, gently shaking the tree will aid settlement and ensure that no air spaces exist, with specified material in 150 mm layers, treading lightly to compact each layer. Immediately after planting the tree shall be watered over the soil surface with approximately 25 ltrs. of water to ensure that the contact of soil between the roots and backfill material is uniformly moist.

46

3. STAKE SUPPORT Single staking kit comprising 1No. stake 2.7m long x 70 mm approximate diameter and 1No. tie. Double staking kit comprising 2No. stakes 2 m long x 70 mm approximate diameter and 2No. ties. Stakes shall be peeled, free of stubs or large knots and untreated with preservative. Ties shall be proprietary rubber or plastic ties with a spacing block located between the tree and the stake. The tie must be securely fixed to the stake with a galvanised clout nail. Stakes shall be set at a point that does not interfere with the roots of the tree. Use a pinch bar or similar to produce a vertical guide hole then drive the stake until firm and at least 300 mm below the base of the tree pit. The final height of the stake shall be approximately one third the clear stem height of the tree or just below the lowest branches, which ever is appropriate to the site. After driving the stake, if the top has split or burred this should be cut back to sound wood prior to fixing the tie.

47

3.11

SPECIFICATION SUPPORT

ROOTBALL TREES IN PAVING, UNDERGROUND

AND RESIN-BOUND AGGREGATE SURFACE FINISH

BS 4043 & BS 4428 apply Refer to Diagram No. 1B (where tree pit surface will be flush with surrounding paving), or No. 5 (where a raised surround to the tree pit is required) For planting in a continuous soil trench also refer to Specification 3.12

1. PIT SIZE AND CONSTRUCTION Pits: the minimum size of the tree pit will be 1200 x 1200 x 900mm deep. Excavate a planting hole 600 mm wider than the diameter of the rootball. The depth of the excavated pit will be sufficient to accommodate the rootball and to obtain the correct planting depth. Break up bottom of pit to 150 mm deep and scarify the sides of the pit with a fork.

2. PLANTING Any moisture-retentive material used to prevent the rootball drying out during transport from the nursery must be completely removed prior to planting but protect the rootball from sun and wind during the planting operation. The wire mesh surrounding the rootball must not be cut or loosened except around the stem of the tree where it should be pulled clear to ensure no damage to the tree. Plant trees upright and, unless otherwise instructed, in centre of pit. Planting depth the natural thickening between the trunk and the root collar shall be 75mm below the finished levels of the surrounding paving. A straight edge placed across the pit at finished surface level and adjacent to the tree will assist in gauging the correct level. If necessary, the depth of the pit must be adjusted to ensure the correct planting level. Install the drainage aeration unit (see 3.11.5 below) and backfill around the rootball with specified material in 150 mm layers, treading lightly to compact each layer to a level approximately halfway up the side of the rootball. The underground support should be installed prior to completing the backfilling of the pit.

48

Complete backfilling the pit, the finished soil level shall be 125mm below the finished levels of the surrounding paving. Immediately after planting the tree shall be watered with approximately 25 ltrs. of water to ensure that the contact of soil between the rootball and backfill material is uniformly moist.

3. UNDERGROUND SUPPORT Driven stake system (Diagram No. 1B) 1 No. underground support per tree for trees up to 8m high. For trees 8m and above two support systems should be used. Stake and wire system comprising of 3No. timber stakes, 1.75m long x 75100mm diam., peeled but untreated with preservative and free of knots likely to cause weak points. Galvanised wire, 5mm diam. multi-strand attached to each stake with staples and to form a triangular cage over the rootball. Stakes shall be at equi-distance spacing around the rootball and driven at an angle under the rootball leaving at least 500 mm above the level of the pit for final tensioning. Attach the wire as described, bringing it as tight as possible by means of fencing pliers or similar. Final tightening of the wire over the top surface of the rootball mesh is achieved by continuing to drive the stakes until the wire is as tight as possible. After final tightening the top of the stakes shall be cut off below finished surface level. For trees in excess of 8m high the above specification applies but with the use of two independent kits per tree i.e. 6No. stakes. Where ground conditions below the pit prevent the use of driven timber stakes then one of the following may be employed Ground anchorage system such as: Platipus Systems Rootball Fixing Kit Supplied by Platipus Anchors Limited, Perrywood Business Park, Honeycrock Lane, Salfords, Nr Redhill, Surrey RH1 5DZ Tel: 01737 762300 All work to be manufacturers instructions. or, Deadman System (Diagram No. 1C) 1 No. underground support system comprising:

49

2No. deadmen located at opposite sides of the rootball. Deadmen shall be timber or concrete, rectangular in section and of sufficient mass to prevent movement when buried below the soil. (For example, for a tree 5m tall a timber deadman should have a section approximately 250mm wide x 100mm thick x 1500 long.) The deadmen and wire must be fixed prior to backfilling the pit or placing the tree. 5mm diam. multi-strand wire stapled around each deadman shall be tensioned by turnbuckle or ratchet devices after the tree is in its final position.

4.

DRAINAGE / AERATION UNIT The drainage / aeration pipe such as Greenleaf Root Rain Urban should be installed after the underground support to prevent damage to the pipe. The drainage / aeration pipe, 60 mm diameter, shall fully encircle the rootball at approximately 2/3 rds its depth with a vertical tail reaching to the surface of the pit. A removable perforated end cap should be used at ground level to prevent debris blocking the pipe. For semi mature trees with a rootball in excess of 1200 mm diameter the pipe should form a spiral with at least two complete turns encircling the rootball.

5.

RAISED EDGE (Diagram No. 5) Where there is the possibility of regular vehicle overrun a raised edge to the tree pit will be constructed. In a pavement situation there must be a minimum total width of 3m and there shall be a minimum clear path of 1.5m. construct the raised edge using Marshalls Keykerb units (code KL Bullnosed) or similar to approval, to provide an upstand of 125mm. colour to be Brindle unless otherwise specified. kerb blocks to be set on a concrete bed 100mm thick and haunched to rear. The haunching shall be sufficient to hold the blocks firm but shall not extend any further than 100mm into the pit and shall allow for a full covering of the surface aggregate. kerb blocks will be butt jointed with no pointing

6.

RESIN-BOUND AGGREGATE PIT SURFACE Resin-bound surfacing shall be the Greenleaf Arboresin system or similar to approval and laid in accordance with the manufacturers instructions.

50

Aggregate shall be 6-12mm, double washed and dried and a colour to approval of the Authority. Lay a sheet of porous geotextile material over the area to be covered with the aggregate. Spread loose aggregate over the geotextile mat to a depth of 50mm. (This must not be resin-bound) Lay resin-bound aggregate to a depth of 75mm over the entire area to be surfaced with the exception of a 50mm gap around the tree trunk. This void shall be filled with loose un-bound aggregate. The top of the irrigation pipe will finish flush with aggregate surface.

51

3.12

SPECIFICATION TREES IN PAVING PLANTED IN A CONTINUOUS SOIL TRENCH AND / OR REINFORCED POROUS CONCRETE SURROUND BS 4043 & BS 4428 apply Refer to Diagram No. 6 For full details relating to the resin bound aggregate surface refer to detail Specification 3.11

1. TRENCH SIZE AND CONSTRUCTION Trenches: the minimum size for a continuous soil strip will be 2.5m wide x 1.2m deep. The length will be as long as possible to maximise the volume. In situations where there are adjacent services or foundations the sides of the trench a root barrier will be installed to form an unbroken barrier to one or both sides of the trench (see para 1.6.1). In the base of the trench place clean aggregate, 50mm nominal size, to a depth of 200mm. Cover the stone with a geotextile mat. If approval is given by City of Newcastle upon Tyne Engineering Services dept., lay a 50mm diam. perforated plastic land drain pipe at the base of the stone layer throughout the complete length of the trench. The pipe is to be connected, at its lowest point, to an adjacent drainage system in accordance with details supplied and approved by the City of Newcastle upon Tyne. Backfill the trench using good quality topsoil with a light texture and conforming with BS 3882 General Purpose Category (see para 1.5.1). Topsoil to be placed in layers 300mm and settled by light treading between each layer. In areas where vehicle overrun is likely on a regular basis then a load-bearing soil should be used and installed as paragraph 2.02.

2. PLANTING & UNDERGROUND SUPPORT refer to Specification 3.11

REINFORCED PAVING SURROUND An area of porous surface paving shall be laid over the topsoil and shall cover an area of at least 8 sq. m. and be adjacent to the resin bound aggregate surface of the planting pit. The porous paving shall comprise a Geotextile sheet laid over the topsoil; 150mm no-fines concrete reinforced with Tensar Geogrid (Netlon); Geotextile sheet overlaying the concrete; the specified paving material laid on a sand bed
52

and sand jointing only, no mortar. This surface shall be constructed prior to tree planting commencing.

4.

DRAINAGE / AERATION UNIT refer to Specification 3.11

53

3.13 SPECIFICATION TREES IN PAVING ROOT DIRECTOR / ROOT BARRIER

BS 4043 & BS 4428 apply Refer to Diagram No. 4 For full details relating to the resin bound aggregate surface refer to detail Specification 3.11 For full details relating to planting rootballed trees with underground support refer to Specification 3.6. For full details relating to bare root trees 3.9 or 3.10

1. PIT SIZE AND CONSTRUCTION Pits: the minimum size of the tree pit will be 1200 x 1200 x 1100mm deep. Excavate a planting hole 600 mm wider than the diameter of the rootball. The depth of the excavated pit will be sufficient to accommodate the rootball and to obtain the correct planting depth. Install a layer of clean stone or granular material such as reclaimed broken bricks to a settled depth of 200mm. Cover with a geotextile sheet to filter fine particles.

2. INSTALLATION OF ROOT DIRECTOR / ROOT BARRIER Supply and install a Root Director (product code RD1050) as supplied by Greenleaf, Haywood Way, Hastings, East Sussex. TN35 4PLInstallation Installation to be in accordance with the suppliers instructions but the following points should be noted backfill the pit with topsoil to cover the drainage layer by 320mm depth after light compaction. the lower flange of the Root Director must be level thus ensuring that the top lip is level and positioned correctly in relation to the finished surface levels. backfill the planting pit simultaneously with backfilling the outside with compacted GSB. The compacted GSB must not be deeper than the depth of the Root Director. topsoil within the Root Director must not overflow the top flange.

54

PART 4
4.00 TREES SUITABLE FOR STREET PLANTING IN NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE

This list is for guidance only and is not intended to be exhaustive.

4.01

Small Trees height unlikely to exceed 10m within 25 years

Acer campestre Streetwise

an upright form of Field Maple, good autumn colour

Malus species Crab Apple: Malus hupehensis Malus trilobata Malus tschonoskii red fruit large flowers, occaisional fruit excellent upright street tree, good flowers but rarely fruits Prunus species Flowering Cherry: Prunus Ichiyo Prunus padus Albertii Prunus padus Prunus Pandoro upright tree, pink flowers, an excellent street tree. very free flowering, strong upright growth the native Bird Cherry upright tree with excellent juvenile and autumn leaf colour Prunus sargentii Rancho Prunus x schmittii Prunus Sunset Boulevard upright form of the above pright growth, polished brown bark upright Cherry, pink flowers and excellent autumn colour

55

Pyrus Ornamental Pear : Pyrus Beech Hill upright, narrow, growth, flowers in profusion, very few fruits Pyrus Chanticleer another excellent tree similar to the above

Sorbus species Rowan & Whitebeam : Sorbus aria Majestica round-headed tree, large leaves very silver in the spring, bright red fruit upright form bearing large Sorbus aucuparia Cardinal Royal Sorbus commixta Embley compact growth, excellent autumn colour and yellow berries Sorbus intermedia Swedish Whitebeam, tough tree that tolerates exposed sites, silver foliage in the spring and good crops of autumn berries Sorbus x thuringiaca Fastigiata formal lollipop shape, does not spread wide, good autumn fruit. quantity of red berries

4.02 Medium Trees height unlikely to exceed 15m within 25 years B Acer platanoides Columnare e t Alnus cordata u Betula pendula Tristis Corylus collurna an upright form of Norway Maple excellent autumn colour Italian Alder tolerates dryer soils and retains leaves until mid- winter reliable form of Silver Birch Turkish Hazel, upright growth, good autumn colour, (may eventually get large in good growing conditions) Fraxinus angustifolia Raywood variety of Ash with fine, light foliage that turns purple in the autumn

56

Ginkgo biloba

Maidenhair Tree, narrow when young, broadening later, good autumn colour

Prunus avium Plena Quercus robur Fastigiata

the native Cherry upright form of the English Oak

Tilia cordata Green spire

Lime, more free of aphid problems than other Limes

4.03

Large height likely to exceed 15m within 25 years, with a spread of 6 m + good form of Norway Maple, tolerates some exposure

Acer platanoides Emerald Queen

Acer platanoides Deborah

form of Norway Maple, young leaves tinged purple

Fagus sylvatica Fagus sylvatica Dawyck Fagus sylvatica Riversii

Common Beech - ultimately a very large tree a very narrow upright form of Beech a purple-leaved form of Beech makes a bold landscape statement but should not be over-used

Fraxinus excelsior Westhofs Glory Liquidambar styraciflua

a good form of Ash, very tough and will survive most situations Sweet Gum - foliage turns crimson and gold in the autumn

Liriodendron tulipifera

Tulip Tree young leaves bright yellow turning light green very striking appearance

Platanus x hispanica

London Plane ultimately a huge tree, but where space permits the ideal city tree. Very tolerant of pollution interesting fruit in abundance. Large leaves are slow to break down and may block gullies etc.

Quercus palustris Tilia x euchlora

Pin Oak bold foliage and scarlet autumn colour Lime - virtually free of aphids and associated problems

Tilia tomentosa Brabant

Lime a dense conical tree excellent for avenues

57

4.04

The following trees are not suitable for planting in a highway situation for the reasons indicated. However this list is advisory, a tree which is not suitable in a vehicular area e.g. Horse Chestnuts where Conkers attract children, may be considered for a grass verge set well back from the highway and adjacent property.

Acer pseudoplatanus Sycamore

a large tree that can attract aphids in summer causing a sticky honey dew to drop onto paths, vehicles, seat etc. However it is also recognised that the same aphid population is valuable to some species of urban birds as a food source during the nesting season.

Acer saccharinum

an attractive tree but with a weak branch structure that can be damaged and drop in exposed locations

Aesculus species

All the Aesculus (Horse Chestnut), species with the exception of the variety Baumannii, produce Conkers which attract children in season with the associated danger from traffic. All varieties tend to be large and wide-spreading with a very dense canopy. For these reasons they cannot be recommended adjacent to highways. However, they make superb trees where space permits.

Betula pubescens

a form of Silver Birch propagated from seed and therefore of inconsistent form. They also tend to be very shallow rooting which will cause problems in paved areas, and may suffer heavy aphid infestation with the resulting problems of honeydew.

Eucalyptus species

liable to become very top heavy and fall in high winds unless correctly managed at an early age

Malus varieties

although suitable Malus are listed in the small trees category above the following varieties include some of those likely to produce a large amounts of fruit which can cause problems on pavements or roadways, particularly in wet weather Malus floribunda; M. Golden Hornet; M. John Downie; M. Rudolf

58

Populus and Salix species

Poplars and Willows have extensive and vigorous roots that actively seek water and damp ground. They should never be planted in paved areas adjacent to buildings or where services (particularly water or drainage) are present.

Robinia species

fast growing trees that are not tolerant of exposed conditions and may drop heavy branches.

Tilia europaea & T. platyphyllos

Limes that suffer from heavy infestations of aphids resulting in showers of sticky honey dew.

Also be aware of the following

Prunus species and varieties

the Cherries make superb flowering street trees but often suffer from a canker disease that is currently prevalent in parts of the British Isles. If this disease takes hold in Newcastle Prunus could no longer be recommended for large scale planting. Additionally, Prunus have a vigorous, farsearching and shallow root system that will cause damage to pavings. For this reason it is recommended that a form of root director be used at the time of planting in locations where damage to surface paving may cause a problem.

59

Appendix 1 List of Suppliers: 1 Root Barriers and Root Control Systems Herrings Lane, Cross-in-Hand, Heathfield, East Sussex, TN21 0UG Tel 01435 862992 Sweethills Park, Nun Monkton, York YO26 8ET Tel. 01423 332100 Haywood Way, Hastings, East Sussex. TN35 4PL PO Box 97, Aldington, Ashford, Kent TN25 7EA Tel. 01233 720097 Hamil House, Hamil Road, Burslem,Stoke-on Trent ST6 1AQ Tel. 01782 825101 Mamhilad, Pontypool, Gwent, NE4 0YR Tel. 01495 767444

English Woodlands (Burrow Nursery) Green-Tech Ltd Greenleaf Horticulture Hy Tex (UK) Ltd Peter Scott Tree Care Terram Ltd

Tree Guards and Tree Grilles Rowhurst Industrial Estate, Chesterton, Newcastleunder-Lyme, Staffordshire ST5 6BD Tel. 01782 564411 PO Box 6, High Flatworth, Tyne Tunnel Trading Estate, North Shields, Tyne & Wear, NE29 7SJ Samlesbury Bottoms, Preston, Lancs PR5 0RN Tel. 01254 852127

Broxap Ltd

The Great British Bollard Company Ollerton

Porous Surfacing for tree pits Addagrip Surface Treatments UK Ltd Addagrip House, Bell Lane Industrial Estate, Uckfield, East Sussex TN22 1QL Tel. 01825 761333 Unit 32, Deveril Rd. Trading Estate, Sutton Verney, Warminster, Wiltshire, BA12 7BZ Tel. 01985 841260

SureSet UK

Below-ground Anchoring Systems Platipus Anchors Ltd. Kingsfield Business Centre, Philanthropic Road, Redhill, Surrey, RH1 4DP Tel. 01737 762300

60

Bibliography & Literary Citations

1 2 3

UK Strategy for Sustainable Development. DoE Consultation Paper, July 2003. Trees Newcastle, A Tree Strategy for Newcastle upon Tyne. April 2002 Ryan, HDP (1985) Vegetations Impact on Urban Infrastructure. Journal of Arboriculture 11 (4): 112 115

Bernatzky, A, (1982) The Contribution of Trees and Green Spaces to a Town Climate. Energy & Buildings 5 (1): 1-10

Edwards, T & Gale, T, (1993) Specification Guide; Trees in Paving. Plant User 13: 2

6 7

As (5) : Table 1 Lindsey, PA & Bassuk, N (1991) Specifying Soil Volumes to Meet the Needs of Urban Street Trees and Trees in Containers. Journal of Arboriculture 17.6 :141 148.

Landscape Architecture, January 1991. From the Ground Down pp 66 - 68

61

Extract from Street Trees Guidance 2006

4.00

TREES SUITABLE FOR STREET PLANTING IN NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE

This list is for guidance only and is not intended to be exhaustive.

4.01

Small Trees height unlikely to exceed 10m within 25 years

Acer campestre Streetwise

Upright form of Field Maple, good autumn colour

Malus species Crab Apple: Malus hupehensis Malus trilobata Malus tschonoskii Red fruit Large flowers, occaisional fruit Excellent upright street tree, good flowers but rarely fruits

Prunus species Flowering Cherry: Prunus Ichiyo Prunus padus Albertii Prunus padus Prunus Pandoro Prunus sargentii Rancho Prunus x schmittii Prunus Sunset Boulevard Upright tree, pink flowers, an excellent street tree. Very free flowering, strong upright growth Native Bird Cherry Upright tree with excellent juvenile and autumn leaf colour Upright form of the above Upright growth, polished brown bark Upright Cherry, pink flowers and excellent autumn colour

Pyrus Ornamental Pear : Pyrus Beech Hill Pyrus Chanticleer Upright, narrow, growth, flowers in profusion, very few fruits Another excellent tree similar to the above

Ginkgo biloba Prunus avium Plena

Maidenhair Tree, narrow when young, broadening later, good autumn colour Native Cherry

Quercus robur Fastigiata Tilia cordata Green spire

Upright form of the English Oak

Lime, more free of aphid problems than other Limes Sorbus species Rowan & Whitebeam : Round-headed tree, large leaves very silver in the spring, bright red fruit upright form bearing large quantity of red berries

Sorbus aria Majestica Sorbus aucuparia Cardinal Royal

Acer platanoides Columnare Alnus cordata

Sorbus commixta Embley Sorbus intermedia Sorbus x thuringiaca Fastigiata

Upright form of Norway Maple excellent autumn colour Italian Alder tolerates dryer soils and retains leaves until mid- winter Compact growth, excellent autumn colour and yellow berries Swedish Whitebeam, tough tree that tolerates exposed sites, silver foliage in the spring and good crops of autumn berries Formal lollipop shape, does not spread wide, good autumn fruit.

4.02 Medium Trees height unlikely to exceed 15m within 25 years reliable form of Silver Birch Betula pendula Tristis Corylus collurna Turkish Hazel, upright growth, good autumn colour, (may eventually get large in good growing conditions) Variety of Ash with fine, light foliage that turns purple in the autumn

Fraxinus angustifolia Raywood

4.03

Large height likely to exceed 15m within 25 years, with a spread of 6 m + Good form of Norway Maple, tolerates some exposure Form of Norway Maple, young leaves tinged purple Common Beech - ultimately a very large tree Very narrow upright form of Beech Purple-leaved form of Beech makes a bold landscape statement but should not be over-used

Acer platanoides Emerald Queen Acer platanoides Deborah Fagus sylvatica Fagus sylvatica Dawyck Fagus sylvatica Riversii

Fraxinus excelsior Westhofs Glory Liquidambar styraciflua Liriodendron tulipifera Platanus x hispanica

Quercus palustris Tilia x euchlora Tilia tomentosa Brabant

Good form of Ash, very tough and will survive most situations Sweet Gum - foliage turns crimson and gold in the autumn Tulip Tree young leaves bright yellow turning light green very striking appearance London Plane ultimately a huge tree, but where space permits the ideal city tree. Very tolerant of pollution interesting fruit in abundance. Large leaves are slow to break down and may block gullies etc. Pin Oak bold foliage and scarlet autumn colour Lime - virtually free of aphids and associated problems Lime a dense conical tree excellent for avenues

4.04

The following trees are not suitable for planting in a highway situation for the reasons indicated. However this list is advisory, a tree which is not suitable in a vehicular area (e.g. Horse Chestnuts where conkers attract children,) may be considered for a grass verge set well back from the highway and adjacent property. Large tree that can attract aphids in summer causing a sticky honey dew to drop onto paths, vehicles, seat etc. However it is also recognised that the same aphid population is valuable to some species of urban birds as a food source during the nesting season. Attractive tree but with a weak branch structure that can be damaged and drop in exposed locations All the Aesculus (Horse Chestnut), species with the exception of the variety Baumannii, produce conkers which attract children from mid to late summer with associated danger from traffic. All varieties tend to be large and wide-spreading with a very dense canopy. For these reasons they cannot be recommended adjacent to highways. However, they make superb trees where space permits. A form of Silver Birch propagated from seed and therefore of inconsistent form. They also tend to be very shallow rooting which will cause problems in paved areas, and may suffer heavy aphid infestation with the resulting problems of honeydew. Liable to become very top heavy and fall in high winds unless correctly managed at an early age

Acer pseudoplatanus Sycamore

Acer saccharinum

Aesculus species

Betula pubescens

Eucalyptus species

Malus varieties

Suitable Malus are listed in the small trees category above but the following varieties include some of those likely to produce a large amounts of fruit which can cause problems on pavements or roadways, particularly in wet weather - Malus floribunda; M. Golden Hornet; M. John Downie; M. Rudolf

Populus and Salix species

Poplars and Willows have extensive and vigorous roots that actively seek water and damp ground. They should never be planted in paved areas adjacent to buildings or where services (particularly water or drainage) are present. Fast growing trees that are not tolerant of exposed conditions and may drop heavy branches. Limes that suffer from heavy infestations of aphids resulting in showers of sticky honey dew.

Robinia species Tilia europaea & T. platyphyllos

Also be aware of the following Prunus species and varieties the Cherries make superb flowering street trees but often suffer from a canker disease that is currently prevalent in parts of the British Isles. If this disease takes hold in Newcastle Prunus could no longer be recommended for large scale planting. Additionally, Prunus have a vigorous, far-searching and shallow root system that will cause damage to pavings. For this reason it is recommended that a form of root director be used at the time of planting in locations where damage to surface paving may cause a problem.