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Latin Grammar Abstract Verbs

VOICE MOOD CONJUGATION TENSE: Present Stem: (minus vowel) 1 laudst

ACTIVE VOICE (Subject is the doer of the action)

INDICATIVE MOOD (Statements of Fact)


2 monnd

3 mitt-

rd

4 aud-

th

SUM

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (Wishes, Exhortations, Purpose Clauses, cum in Secondary Seq.) Present Stem 1st 2nd 3rd 4th SUM
(minus vowel) laudshE monrEAds mittA auddIAry

PRESENT
Primary

am/are/is do/does verb(ing) PL:

-o -as -at -amus -atis -ant -abam -abas -abat -abamus -abatis -abant -abo -aris -abit -abimus -abitis -abunt laudav+

-eo -es -et -emus -etis -ent -ebam -ebas -ebat -ebamus -ebatis -ebant -ebo -ebis -ebit -ebimus -ebitis -ebunt monu+ -i -isti -it -eram -eras -erat

-o -is -it -imus -itis -unt -ebam -ebas -ebat -ebamus -ebatis -ebant -am -es -et -emus -etis -ent mis+ -imus -istis -erunt -eramus -eratis -erant

-io -is -it -imus -itis -iunt -iebam -iebas -iebat -iebamus -iebatis -iebant -iam -ies -iet -iemus -ietis -ient audiv+

sum es est sumus estis sunt eram eras erat eramus eratis erant ero eris erit erimus eritis erunt fu+

(that) SN may be verbed

PL:

-em -es -et -emus -etis -ent

-eam -eas -eat -eamus -eatis -eant

-am -as -at -amus -atis -ant mittere+ -m -s -t -mus -tis -nt

-iam -ias -iat -iamus -iatis -iant audire+ -m -s -t -mus -tis -nt

sim sis sit simus sitis sint esse+ -m -s -t -mus -tis -nt

IMPERFECT
Secondary

was/were verbing PL:

INFINITIVE + ending (that) SN might be verbed PL:

laudare+ monre+ -m -m -s -s -t -t -mus -mus -tis -tis -nt -nt

FUTURE
Primary

shall/will be verbing PL:

Nb: Abl. of Means: Ablative w/o preposition expresses the NON-living agent.
Abl. of Accompaniment: cum w/ablative expresses accompaniment or association. Abl. of Separation: w/verbs of separating, freeing, depriving, etc. use the ablative w/ no prep. with things, and the ablative w/de, ex, ab with persons. Abl. of Agent: or ab w/the ablative is used to express the LIVING agent. Use b before words beginning with vowels and h-; use before all other words. Perfect Stem + whether SN verbed laudav+ monu+ -erim -eris -erit -issem -isses -isset mis+ -erimus -eritis -erint -issemus -issetis -issent audiv+ fu+

PERFECT
Secondary

Perfect Stem: has/have/did verbed

PLUPERFECT
Secondary

Perfect Stem + had verbed

Perfect Stem +

whether SN
had verbed

Nb: Primary Sequence Tenses: Present, Future, Future Perfect

FUTURE PERFECT
Primary

Perfect Stem + shall/will have

-ero -eris

-erimus -eritis

verbed

-erit

-erint

Secondary Sequence Tenses: Imperfect, Perfect, Pluperfect (all past tenses) Adjectives match their noun in Gender, Number, Case. Quantity adjectives precede the noun, quality adjectives follow the noun. Possessive Adjectives sit after the noun. A Pronoun agrees with the word to which it refers in gender & number; its case depends on its use in its own clause. In w/ablative tells location; in w/accusative expresses movement/motion.

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