AECS Lab Manual

JOGINPALLY JOGINPALLY B. R.
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
ADVANCED ENGLISH COMMUNICATION SKILLS LAB MANUAL (B. Tech-Third Year-R09 Syllabus-JNTUH) - V. CHANDRA SEKHAR RAO
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1. INTRODUCTION Introduction The introduction of the English Language Lab is considered essential at 3rd year level. At this stage the students need to prepare themselves for their careers which may require them to listen to, read, speak and write in English both for their professional and interpersonal communication in the globalised context. The proposed course should be an integrated theory and lab course to enable students to use good English and perform the following:

Gather ideas and information, to organize ideas relevantly and coherently. Engage in debates. Participate in group discussions. Face interviews. Write project/research reports/technical reports. Make oral presentations. Write formal letters. Transfer information from non-verbal to verbal texts and vice versa. To take part in social and professional communication.
Generally, Standard English today does not depend on accent but rather on shared educational experience, mainly of the printed language. Present-day English is an immensely varied language, having absorbed material from many other tongues. It is the official language of air transport and shipping; the leading language of science, technology, computers, and commerce; and a major medium of education, publishing, and international negotiation.
Frankly speaking, it is highly essential to know the language for communication. In general, the most popular language is English. In this computer age, English is the only language that
V. CHANDRA SEKHAR RAO

M. A (Eng). M.Phil. PGCTE (CIEFL), (Ph.D)
Associate Professor in English (JBREC), Mobile No. 9603727368, Email: csrao46@gmail.com
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JOGINPALLY JOGINPALLY B. R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE

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anyone can understand. So to say, it has become as an ideal language for expressing our feelings. First, we have to learn the language and then we have to gain fluency in the language. The next step is learning the grammar of the language. It is quite simple and very systematic compared with other languages. There are certain rules and regulations for each and every topic in grammar of this language.
The presentation is the most important factor in communicating your feelings. So, naturally you must be sure while you are presenting what you really wish to say.
Students are advised to practice computer-adapted grammar exercises

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2. FUNCTIONAL ENGLISH (Presentation Skills) Introduction Management is the art of getting things done. A presentation is a fast and potentially effective method of getting things done through other people. In managing any project, presentations are used as a formal method for bringing people together to plan, monitor and review its progress. Presentations are a way of communicating ideas and information to a group. Learning Objectives Deliver dynamic, persuasive presentations that are concise and clear. Build audience rapport through eye contact, vocal delivery and body language. Prepare an effective presentation by organizing key points. Apply innovative multimedia tools to enhance the presentations. Capture and maintain audiences interest and attention using interactive techniques. What Is A Presentation? A presentation is a technique or a method of communicating ideas and information to a group of people. It carries the speakers personality better and allows interaction among all the participants. Most of the people attending presentation will ask WII-FM (whats in it for me).Therefore, a presentation that has been designed keeping the needs of the audience in mind is most likely to have a powerful impact. Elements of an Effective Presentation Relevant Subject Matter: The subject matter of a presentation must be crisp and to the point. The presentation should not contain extraneous material. All the content included in a presentation must be of interest the audience.
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Organized Arrangement: A presentation must be arranged in a logical and systematic manner. An effective presentation has an opening, a body and a closing. Its length must conform to the attention span of the audience. Appearance: The overall look of a presentation is important. It must have a professional look and aesthetic appeal. Human Component: The presenter is an integral part of a presentation. A powerful presentation may look boring if a person presents it ineffectively.
The Presenter The presenter is a vital component of any presentation, and must pay attention to certain key factors, such as: Personal appearance Body language and facial expression Voice modulation, Listening skills
Personal Appearance First impression influences the audiences attitudes. So, your appearance is a vital factor that will either encourage people to respond positively to you, or prevent people from listening to you.
Hair: Does it look well groomed or are you having yet another bad hair day? If so, get a good haircut and learn how to style it.

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Outfit: Make sure you are entirely comfortable and feel confident in what you are wearing, as all eyes will be on you. Make sure the color you wear compliments your skin, tone, hair and eye color and does not over power you. Polish your shoes as these are often at eye level and make sure you are not noted for being down-at heel.
Stance: When you are on a stage, your stance and posture will convey a great deal about you. Make sure your stance does not convey boredom; at best you can use your body as a dynamic tool to reinforce your rapport with the audience.
The perennial problem is what to do with your hands. These must not wave aimlessly through air, or fiddle constantly with a pen. The key is to keep your hands still, except when used in unison with your speech.
Body Language and Facial Expression
The importance of body language and facial expressions cannot be overstated. The audience not only listen to what the presenter is saying, but they also watch the presenter.
A few effective behavioural modes during a presentation are listed below: Maintain eye contact with the audience as this establishes your credibility and also convey warm attention, and involvement. Look at the audience as much as possible, but do not fix on an individual-it can be intimidating. Use gestures while speaking. When making a presentation in a large room, you may appear aloof and distant. You can avoid this by moving around the room as you speak. Never turn your back to the audience. Maintain a respectable distance from the audience. In a small room, the members of the audience may feel uncomfortable if there is too much proximity with the audience
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3. VOCABULARY BUILDING (synonyms and antonyms, word roots, one-word substitutes, prefixes and suffixes, study of word origin, analogy, idioms and phrases)
Synonyms and Antonyms: The Synonyms and Antonyms form an integral part of the English Language. Acquaintance with the vocabulary of the English language is a necessity for effective expression either in the written or in the oral from.
Synonym is nothing but the similar meaning of a particular word or its semantic relation. So, it is a word or a phrase that means the same as another word or a phrase in the same language.
Antonyms are the negative connotation of a particular word. An Antonym is a word or phrase that is opposite in meaning to a particular word or a phrase in the same language. Examples: Acquisition Synonyms: accumulation, appropriation, obtainment, ownership, proprietorship, attainment; purchase, gain, profit, earning; recovery, redemption Antonyms: loss, consumption, decrease, exhaustion, depletion, expenditure, forfeiture; squandering, waste; deprivation, relinquishment, expropriation, cession, surrender; disbursement, outgoings, spending Giving Synonyms: bestowal, presentation, apportionment, portioning, allotment, allocation,
appointment; division, sharing; transfer, transmittal, conveyance, transference, transmission, consignment; sale, exchange, payment, deliverance Antonyms: receiving, acceptance, acquisition, receipt, purchase

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Justice Synonyms: fairness, equity, impartiality Antonyms: injustice, partiality, unjustness, bias, inequity, prejudice, inclination, favoritism
Word Roots: A root, as its name suggests, is a word or word part from which other words grow, usually through the addition of prefixes and suffixes. The root of the word vocabulary, for example, is voc, a Latin root meaning "word" or "name." This root also appears in the words advocacy, convocation, evocative, vocal, and vociferous. Understanding the meanings of the common word roots can help us deduce the meanings of new words that we encounter. But be careful: root words can have more than one meaning and various shades of meaning. In addition, words that look similar may derive from different roots. So when you meet up with a new word, be sure to rely on a dictionary to check its definition. The table below defines and illustrates 30 of the most common Greek and Latin roots. The letter in parentheses indicates whether the root word is Greek (G) or Latin (L). Word Roots ROOT -ast(er)-(G) -audi- (L) -auto- (G) -bene- (L) -bio- (G) -chrono- (G) -dict- (L) -duc- (L) -gen- (L) -geo- (G) -graph- (G) -jur-, -jus- (L) -log-, -logue- (L) -luc- (L) MEANING Star Hear Self Good Life Time say lead, make give birth earth write law thought light EXAMPLES asteroid, astronomy audible, audience automatic, autopsy benefit, benign biography, biology chronic, synchronize dictate, diction deduce, produce gene, generate geography, geology autograph, graph jury, justice logic, obloquy lucid, translucent

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-man(u)- (L) -mand-, -mend- (L) -mis-, -mit- (L) -omni- (L) -path- (G) -phil- (G) -phon- (G) -photo- (G) -port- (L) -qui(t)- (L) -scrib-, -script- (L) -sens-, -sent- (L) -tele- (G) -terr- (L) -vac- (L) -vid-, -vis- (L)
hand order send all feel love sound light carry quiet, rest write feel far off earth empty see
manual, manure demand, recommend missile, transmission omnivorous empathy, pathetic philosophy, bibliophile phonics, telephone photograph, photon export, portable acquit, tranquil ascribe, script resent, sensitive telecast, telephone terrain, territory evacuate, vacate visible, video
One-Word Substitutes: One word substitution is very important to write precisely and speak in a single word. Generally, we speak or write in a garrulous way. But, it is seen that precise words are always understood easily by all. At times we become verbose but sometimes the verbosity is not required and we are required to talk or speak precisely. In English language there are a lot of single words for a group of words. So, speak precisely and avoid the fear of being misunderstood. Let us study the following one word substitutes.

Abolish: Do away with wholly. Abbreviation: A shortened form of a word or phrase. Accelerate: To increase the speed; to hasten the progress of: Actuary: One who calculates premium: Aggravate: To increase the gravity of an offence or the intensity of a disease: Alienate: To turn friends in enemies. Amateur: One who does something not professionally but for pleasure. Amphibian: a land animal that breeds in water.

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Aristocracy: people of noble families or the highest social class. Also, government of a country by a small group of people, especially hereditary nobility. Cannibal: somebody who eats human flesh. Diplomat/Envoy: A diplomatic minister of the higher order sent by a country to another: Ambassador. Ambiguous: Statements open to more than interpretation. Ambivalent: Having opposing feelings. Amnesty: General pardon. Anonymous: A letter, poem etc. whose author is unknown: Anarchy: Absence of government: Answerable: A person liable to be called to account for his action: Appreciate: To rise in value: Atheist: One who does not believe in the existence of God. Auditor: One who makes an official examination of accounts. Autobiography: The life story of a man written by himself: Biography: Life story of a man written by other: Bureaucracy: Government by the officials: Biology: The science which treats with life. Bigot: One who has narrow and prejudiced religious views. Bourgeois: A member of the middle class. Colleagues: People working together in the same office or department. Congenital: Belonging or pertaining to an individual from birth. Contemporary: Men living in the same age: Cosmopolitan: One who can make himself at home in all countries. Credulous: A person who believes easily whatever he is told. Democracy: Government by the people: Depreciate: To go down in value: Disenfranchisement: To take away some ones right to vote. Delegate: To give ones authority to another. Drawn/ Tie: A game or batter in which neither party wins. Edible: A thing that is fit to be eaten. Ecology: Study of environment. Egoist: One who thinks only for oneself, a person who is selfish, self absorbed and self centered. Eligible: One who is qualifies for election. Elucidate: To explain something mysterious or difficult. Emphasize: To lay special stress on. Epitaph: inscription on a tombstone. Equilibrium: A state of perfect balance: Eradicate: To root out an evil, disease: Extempore or Impromptu: A speech delivered without any previous preparation: Embezzlement: Misappropriation of money. Fanatic: A man who has too much enthusiasm for his own religion: Facsimile: An exact copy.

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Fastidious: One who is not easily pleased. Germicide: A medicine that kills germs. Hung: Assembly or parliament in which no party has got clear majority Honorary: Work for which no salary is paid: Humanitarian: One who feels sympathetic towards human beings: Illegible: That which cannot be read: Illicit: That is prohibited by law: Illiterate: One who cannot read or write: Inaudible: A sound that cannot be heard. Incomprehensible: A statement which cannot be understood: Incorrigible: One who cannot be corrected: Inexplicable: That which cannot be explained: Infallible: A remedy which never fails. Impervious: a person who remains unmoved and unaffected by other people's opinions, arguments or suggestions. Illiterate: a person who cannot read or write. Infallible: incapable of making a mistake. Infanticide: the killing of an infant. Inflammable: something that is quickly and easily set on fire and burned. Inimitable: A method that cannot be imitated. Insatiable: That which cannot be satisfied. Insolvent: One who is unable to pay his debts. Invulnerable: That which cannot be hurt. Invulnerable: That which cannot be hurt. Introspection: The action of looking back on past time. Invisible: A thing that cannot be seen with human eyes. Introspection: Looking into ones own thoughts. Irrelevant: Remarks which do not ally apply to the subject under discussion. Irreparable: A loss of damage that cannot be compensated. Irrevocable: That cannot be altered or withdrawn. Jurisdiction: The area over which an official has control: Maiden: The first speech made by a person. Misanthropist: Hater of mankind. Mercenary: somebody who works or serves only for personal profit. Also, a professional soldier paid to fight for an army other than that of his or her country. Misogynist: a person who hates women. Misogamist: a person who does not believe in the institution of marriage. Numismatics: Science of coins or medals. Omniscient: a person who knows everything. Omnivorous: an animal or a human being that eats any kind of food. Omnipotent: a person who has power over all. Philanthropist: Lover of mankind. Panacea: a supposed cure for all diseases or problems. Parasite: a person supported by another and giving him/her nothing in return.

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Potable: Water fit for drinking. Psephology: Systematic study of election trends. Soporific: a drug or other substance that induces sleep. Philistine: One who does not care for art, literature etc. Sinecure: An office with high salary but no work. Theist: One who believes in God. Vandal: One who damages public property.
Prefixes and Suffixes: Prefixes and suffixes are grammatical and lingual "affixes." Prefixes are affixed before and suffixes after a base word or word stem to add information. For example, with the word "prehistoric," the prefix is "pre-" meaning "before," the base word is "history" meaning "recorded events and knowledge", and the suffix is "-ic" meaning "relating to the science of." In other words, "prefix" simply refers to an attachment before or in front of, in this case, a shorter word or stem. In lingual terms, a "stem" is the main part of a word to which prefixes and suffixes can be added.
Prefix
ab, ad, ac, af, ag, an, ap, ar, as, at Ambi an, a Ante Anti Arch Be Bi
Meaning
from, away from
Usage
Abduct, abjure accord, affliction, annexation, appease, arraignment, assumption arrogance, , attendance ambiguous, ambivalent anarchy, amoral antecedent, antediluvian antipathy, antithetical archetype, archbishop bedaub, befuddle bicameral, biennial
to, forward
both without before against, opposite chief, first over, thoroughly two

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Cata Circum com, co, col, con, cor contra, contro De Demi Di Dia dis, dif Dys ex, e extra, extro
down around
catastrophe, cataract, catapult circumnavigate, circumspect, circumscribe combine, coeditor, collateral, connected, conference, corroborate
with, together
against down, away partly, half two across not, apart faulty, bad out beyond, outside
contravene, controversy debase, decadence demigod dichotomy, dilemma diagonal, diameter discord, differ dysfunctional exit, exodus, extracurricular, extraterritorial, extrovert
Suffix able, ible ac, ic acious, icious Al ant, ent Ary Ate
Meaning capable of (adjective suffix) like, pertaining to full of pertaining to full of like, connected with to make (verb suffix) drinkable legible Zodiac ,democratic audacious, avaricious Beneficial, logical eloquent, ardent
Use
Revolutionary, temporary desecrate

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Ation Cy eer, er, or Escent Fic Ity Fy Iferous il, ile Ism Ist Ive ize, ise Oid Ose Osis Ous Tude
that which is (noun suffix) state of being (noun suffix) person who (noun suffix)
irritation Democracy, obstinacy Engineer, teacher, advisor,
becoming (adjective suffix) Evanescent, pubescent making, doing (adjective suffix) state of being (noun suffix) to make (verb suffix) producing, bearing (adjective suffix) pertaining to, capable of (adjective suffix) doctrine, belief (noun suffix) dealer, doer (noun suffix) like (adjective suffix) to make (verb suffix) resembling, like (adjective suffix) full of (adjective suffix) condition (noun suffix) full of (adjective suffix) state of (noun suffix) Fantastic, terrific sagacity Magnify, petrify Pestiferous, vociferous Civil, docile Monotheism, deism Realist, dentist Quantitative, Harmonize, revolutionize Ovoid, anthropoid verbose Psychosis, hypnosis Nauseous, ludicrous Fortitude, servitude

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Study of Word Origin The English language has developed from an Anglo-Saxon base of common words: household words, parts of the body, common animals, natural elements, most pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions and auxiliary verbs. Other modern words in English have developed from five sources. These are discussed below. Words Created From Nothing Examples of words that have just appeared in the language out of nothing
are byte, dog (replacing the earlier hund), donkey, jam, kick, log, googol, quasar and yuppie. The latter two are acronyms (words made from initials). Shakespere coined over 1600 words including countless, critical, excellent, lonely, majestic, obscene. From Ben Johnson we
got damp, from Isaac Newton centrifugal and from Thomas More: explain and exact. Words Created In Error The vegetable Pease was thought to be a plural so that the individual item in the pod was given the name pea. The verb laze was erroneously created from the adjective lazy. The word buttonhole was a mis-hearing of button-hold. Borrowed and Adopted Words English has borrowed words from a variety of sources and other languages. Three examples show this.
Orange The name of the fruit was NARANJ in Sanskrit. This language was spoken in ancient India. Indians traded with Arabs, so the word passed into Arabic as NARANJAH. The Spaniards were ruled by North African Arabs who passed the fruit and word into Spanish as NARANJA (pronounced as NARANHA).

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This came into English where the fruit was a NARANJ. Words ending in J are not common in English so the spelling quickly changed to a NARANGE. The initial N moved to the A because of mis-hearing to give an ARANGE (this is called metanalysis). Over time, the initial A became an O to give an ORANGE. Changes in Words Many words used in modern English have changed their meaning over the years. This is shown in the table below. Word Awful Brave counterfeit Cute Girl Guess Knight Luxury Neck notorious Original Meaning deserving of awe cowardice (as in bravado) legitimate copy bow-legged young person of either sex take aim Boy sinful self indulgence parcel of land (as in neck of the woods) Famous
Many common words have been shortened from the original term as in the table below. Modern Word Bus Exam Gym Knickers Lab Mob Original Form omnibus (Latin: for everyone) Examination Gymnasium Knickerbockers Laboratory mobile vulgus (Latin: fickle crowd)

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Where Surnames Come From English and British surnames (family names) have four main sources: the person's occupation, the place of origin, a nickname and relations. Examples of these can be seen in the tables below. Occupations Name Archer Bishop Butcher Carpenter Fletcher Fuller Miller Shepherd Smith Places Name Devonshire French Lincoln Kent Preston Scott Walsh Nicknames Name Armstrong Campbell Goldwater Kennedy Morgan Russell Whistler Whitehead Analogy:
Meaning bow and arrow user bishop's man meat worker wheel repairer arrow maker cloth cleaner grain grinder herder of sheep metal worker
Origin an English county from France an English city an English county an English city from Scotland from Wales
Meaning strong armed crooked mouth urine (derogatory) Gaelic: ugly head Welsh: white haired French: red haired one who whistles white headed
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Analogy is the comparison of two pairs which have the same relationship. The key is to ascertain the relationship between the first so you can choose the correct second pair. Part to whole, opposites, results of or types of relationships you should find. Example: hot is to cold as fire is to ice OR hot: cold::fire: ice Analogy is just a term that means "word relationships". Analogies are sometimes formatted as follows: [word 1] : [word 2] : : [word 3] : [word 4] In this analogy format, : reads "is to" and : : reads "as" This means that water: liquid : : ice : solid is read as Water is to liquid as ice is to solid. Category Synonyms Antonyms Worker and Tool Used Worker and Object He Creates Cause and Effect Material Used and End Product Part to Whole Sample Analogy end: terminate artificial: real photographer: camera poet: poem negligence: accident lumber: house leaf: tree
Age Person and Closely Related Adjective
infant: adolescent commander: competent

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Idioms and Phrases: An idiom is a phrase where the words together have a meaning that is different from the dictionary definitions of the individual words, which can make idioms hard for ESL students and learners to understand. All-nighter do something (for instance a study session) that lasts all night We pulled an all-nighter to get ready for the exam. The graduation party was an all-nighter. All over something very fond of something He's all over the latest fashions. Peter's all over antique furniture. All shook up extremely excited, worried, or disturbed about something He's all shook up about his mother's illness. Wow! I'm all shook up about Alice. All the way (with go) do something completely He's going all the way for the scholarship. We went all the way to California on our vacation. Dash it all! Expression used when very upset Dash it all! I didn't do very well. Dash it all! She can't come this weekend. For all I know based on what I know (usually expressing displeasure) For all I know, he'll come and win the prize. They've decided to hire Jack for all I know. Free for all crazy, non-restricted activity (generally a fight) It was a free for all! Everyone went crazy! They stepped in to break up the free for all. Have it all together be very poised, successful He has it all together. The house, the wife, the kids, the great job - everything! I was very impressed with the candidate. She seemed to have it all together. Hold all the aces have all the advantages Unfortunately, Tom holds all the aces right now. You'll have to do what he says. I'm holding all the aces so I can do whatever I want. Know all the angles be very clever about something

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Jack knows all the angles. Be careful! The salesman knew all the angles, and by the end of our talk I had bought a new computer! Once and for all finally (usually putting an end to something) I'm going to stop his behavior once and for all! Let's get this over once and for all. Pull out all the stops make every possible effort to do something He pulled out all the stops on the exam. We're going to pull out all the stops on our presentation.

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4. GROUP DISCUSSION Introduction The concept of Group Discussion has not been a part of the regular academic curriculum in Colleges and Universities. So, students usually face a lot of problem in this area of the Selection Process. Let us first understand why Group Discussion is conducted. Most institutes today are very clear about the skills and knowledge that they look for in a student while screening. This was not the case a couple of years ago. Group Discussion has been a part of the Selection process for admission into most of the top Business Schools. The skills that are usually assessed in a Group Discussion are:

Communication Skills Interpersonal Skills Leadership Skills Motivational Skills Team Building Skills Tolerance Clarity over Ambiguity Divergent Thinking Listening skills Presentation Skills Analytical / Logical skills
So, it's important to assess your current strengths in all these areas and accordingly put efforts to strengthen your weaknesses. GDs are used to assess certain group skills that cannot be evaluated in an interview. These include reasoning ability, leadership ability, Inspiring ability, flexibility, creativity/out-of-thebox thinking, social skills, listening and articulation skills, situational handling ability, interpersonal ability to function as a team player, body language and attitude. These are the skills which are very much required to become a successful professional which in turn works as an asset for the institutes at time of campus placements. Another important reason for institutes to keep GD as an elimination round is because of the crowd factor. At the peak time of admissions, an institute has to deal with 1000s of aspiring students. In a GD, they can analyze up to 15 aspirants in 10 minutes.

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Group Discussion means: Group Discussion is a modern method of assessing students personality. It is both a technique and an art and a comprehensive tool to judge the worthiness of the student and his appropriateness for the job. The term suggests a discussion among a group of persons. The group will have 8 to 10 members who will express their views freely, frankly in a friendly manner, on a topic of current issue. Within a time limit of 20 to 30 minutes, the abilities of the members of the group are measured. Prerequisites of a Group Discussion Topics given by panelists Planning and preparation Knowledge with self-confidence Communication skills/ power of speech Presentation Body Language and personal appearance Being calm and cool Extensive knowledge base related to state, country and globe. Areas are politics, sports, science &trade commerce, Industry and Technology, MNC, etc. Analyze the social, economical issues logistically. Listening skills Co-operation. Benefits in Group Discussion Stimulation of thinking in a new way. Expansion of knowledge Understanding of your strength and weakness.
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Your true personality is revealed and qualities of leadership crystallize Provides chance to Expose Language skills Academic knowledge Leadership skills People handling skills Team work General knowledge Salient Features of G D Topic may be given to judge your public speaking talent. Discussion revolves around a specific subject. The examiner does not interfere once he announced the topic. Maintain cordiality and free expression of thought and opinion. Do`s in Group Discussion Appropriate to the issue. Make original points & support them by substantial reasoning. Listen to the other participants actively &carefully. Whatever you say must be with a logical flow, & validate it with an example as far as possible. Make only accurate statements. Modulate the volume, pitch and tone. Be considerate to the feelings of the others. Try to get your turn. Be an active and dynamic participant by listening. Talk with confidence and self-assurance.
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Dont s during Group Discussion Being shy /nervous / keeping isolated from G.D Interrupting another participant before his arguments are over. Speak in favour ; example: Establish your position and stand by it stubbornly. Changed opinions. Dont make fun of any participant even if his arguments are funny. Dont engage yourself in sub-group conversation. Dont repeat and use irrelevant materials. Addressing to the examiner. Worrying about making some grammatical mistakes, for your interest the matter you put across are important. Important Points in Group Discussion Be assertive: An assertive person is direct, honest, and careful about not hurting others selfrespect. A patient listener: listening to another person is one way of showing appreciation. Right language: Words can make friends & right words at the right time make the best results. Be analytical and fact-oriented: It is necessary to make relevant points which can be supported with facts and analyzed logically. Accept Criticism If any member of the group criticizes or disapproves a point, it is unwise to get upset or react sharply. In case the criticism is flimsy, the same can be pointed out politely. Maximize participation; one must try to contribute fully, vigorously & steadily throughout the discussion. Show leadership ability: A group discussion also evaluates your leadership qualities.
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Accept someone's point of view Praise the argument Accept the contradicts view Tips for Summarizing a Discussion Avoid raising new points. Avoid stating only your viewpoint. Avoid dwelling only on one aspect of the GD. Keep it brief and concise. It must incorporate all the important points that came out during the GD. If the examiner asks you to summarise a GD, it means the GD has come to an end. Do not add anything once the GD has been summarized.

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5. INTERVIEW SILLS Introduction You are supposed to have an interview. You have done well to get this far you are 90% of the way to getting that job. The employer wants to meet you to find out more about you, to see if you will fit in the organization, whether you are committed and motivated and to find out more about your skills and achievements. The purpose of an interview is two-fold: to market your skills and relevant experience to the interviewer and to evaluate the organization's appropriateness for you. You accomplish this by showing the interviewer that you have the ability, communication skills, personality, growth potential, maturity, and intelligence to do a good job for that organization. Prepare For Your Interview What was in your CV or application form which interested the employer? Those being interviewed probably have similar skills and achievements, so you need to show that you are the right match. You need to check the company website and look at any company literature (if there is any) to find out as much as you can about the organization. Remind yourself what you put on your application form/CV.
A valuable tool you need to prepare is a statement about yourself so you can answer the key question which is often asked Why are you applying for this job? Can you list two or three things you are good at? Can you list two or three skills and combine them all into a sentence or two?
Make sure you know exactly where the interview is taking place. The building may have several floors so you need to allow time to get to the right floor. Plan your route how long will it take to get there? You need to allow time for problems with transport, parking, bad weather etc.
Do you know who will be interviewing you? This is not essential but it may give you some idea about their focus.
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Dress for Success You also need to prepare what you are going to wear in advance. What you wear does not have to be new, but it does have to be clean and neat. Dress smartly in an outfit which is comfortable to wear and fit. It should be preferred to wear a suit of a dark, plain colour and men should wear a tie. Women can wear a skirt or smart trousers with a coordinating jacket. Your shoes should comfortable and clean. Your hair should be neat and remember to keep any jewellery to a minimum. Your visual appearance is very important and you want to make the right impression. Looking good will also boost your confidence. Before The Interview Take a copy of your application form/CV with you in a folder, a pen and paper and the interview contact number, just in case you are delayed and need to contact them.
Make sure you arrive in plenty of time, but not too early. About 10 minutes is perfect as this gives you time to freshen up, calm yourself, perhaps with deep breathing exercises and to take the opportunity to get a feel of the place. Remember your interview starts the moment you enter the building and anyone you speak to may feed back to the interviewer.
Be pleasant to the receptionist and take time when waiting for your interview to note what is happening around you. You should have turned off your mobile phone by now. Can you get a feel of the atmosphere of the company? Your interview is not just about the company finding out about you it is a two-way process as you should also be finding out about what it would be like to work there. When you are called in for your interview, take a deep breath and be C A L M.
During The Interview
Give a firm but gentle handshake when you meet your interviewer(s), sit when invited to do so, make direct eye contact and remember to smile. From the moment you meet, your
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communication with the interviewer forms part of the decision-making as to whether to recruit you; in fact most decisions are made within the first three minutes! So, you need to be aware of both your verbal and non-verbal communication skills.
Verbal communication Show genuine interest in the position Listen and answer the questions asked Never argue a point If you do not understand or hear a question, ask for it to be repeated Do not interrupt
Non-verbal communication Appearance and mannerism are very important think of body language and facial expressions. Put your feet squarely on the floor or cross your legs at the ankle Put anything you are carrying on the floor Rest your hands in your lap Nod your head to show you are listening Do not fidget Be serious but do not forget to smile

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Types of Interview There are several types of interview which you should be aware of. Often, the company will tell you what to expect but here are some examples and you will probably experience one or more of these at some point in your career. One-to-one - Probably easiest to cope with as it is less threatening. Probably easier to build rapport with the interviewer Could be one of a series of interviews as different specialists take turns to assess you Likely to be quite specific and focused as the interviewer could be directly involved in your future work Panel - Probably more challenging that one-to-one. Could involve facing between three to six interviewers Popular with large organizations Group - Consists of several applicants answering questions either individually or as part of the group. Could be given a topic to discuss as a group Could be asked to make a presentation either as a group or individually
Types of Interview Questions Interviewing styles vary from employer to employer and interviewer to interviewer. To better prepare for an interview, you should be familiar with the different types of interview questions that you may encounter. Sample Personal Interview Questions Tell me about yourself. Walk me through your resume. What goals have you set for yourself? How are you planning to achieve them? Who or what has had the greatest influence on the development of your career interests? What two or three things are most important to you in a position?
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What two or three accomplishments have given you the most satisfaction? What are your greatest strengths? What is your greatest weakness? What has been your greatest challenge? Are you willing to relocate or travel as part of your job?
Sample Education Interview Questions Why did you choose youre major? What is the most important lesson you have learned in school? How do you think you have changed personally since you started college? Knowing what you know now about your college experience, would you make the same decisions? Do you think that your grades are a good indication of your academic achievement? Why or why not? What subjects or classes have you liked best? Why? Why did you select your college or university? Describe your most rewarding college experience. How would you prepare for important tests or exams? If I were to ask your professors to describe you in three words, what would they be? Do you feel your GPA reflects your academic ability? Why or why not?
Sample Employer Fit Interview Questions Why do you want this job? What expectations do you have for your future employer? What are your interests in this position or the company? What can you tell me about our industry and our competitors? Why are you the best person for this position?
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What can you contribute to this company? What challenges are you looking for in a position? What kind of supervisor do you prefer?
Sample Experience Interview Questions What are your team-player qualities? Give examples. Describe your leadership style. What is your approach to handling conflict? Solving problems? How do you motivate others? Describe a leadership role of yours and tell why you've committed time to it. What work experience has been the most valuable to you? What did you learn? What was the most useful criticism you received and who provided it? How did you decide which extracurricular activities to join? What did you gain from these experiences? What contributions have you made to a group project? What types of situations put you under pressure? How do you deal with the pressure?

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6. RESUME WRITING The resume is a tool with one specific purpose to win an interview. If it does what the fantasy resume did, it works. If it doesn't, it isn't an effective resume. A resume is an advertisement, nothing more, nothing less. A great resume doesn't just tell them what you have done but makes the same assertion that all good ads do. It is so pleasing to the eye that the reader is enticed to pick it up and read it. It "whets the appetite," stimulates interest in meeting you and learning more about you. It inspires the prospective employer to pick up the phone and ask you to come in for an interview.
CV-Resume: Definition In what way is the Curriculum Vitae different from a Resume? Different terminology is applied in different countries: Rsum is used exclusively in the USA. Curriculum Vitae (CV) is used in Europe, America, Asia and Africa. Different Contents and Objectives Resume: emphasizes information on the experience, abilities and studies relevant for the objectives that must be fulfilled in a certain position for which you are applying, or in which selection process you are taking part.
Curriculum Vitae (CV): is a compilation of all the academic data and experience of a person throughout their life (as vitae indicates the Latin term life), unrelated to the position you are applying for or in which selection process you are taking part. The structure usually is personal data, academic, experience, languages, computer science and other data, all in chronological order. Type of Company and Position to Which It Should Be Directed Resume: Commercial positions, directors, media, audio-visual, creative...
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Curriculum Vitae (CV): More appropriate for academic positions, scientists, doctors, research, technologies....
CV-RESUME: CONTENT
PERSONAL DATA SECTION Name Home or work address Two telephone numbers if possible Email address
OBJECTIVE SECTION Optional, but highly recommended. Include type of position or occupational field you wish to enter, skills, experience, and background you have to offer, and any special interests or areas of focus.
EDUCATION SECTION List institution name, post secondary degree(s) received and dates earned or expected Include major, minor, area of concentration, specialization, or certifications. List city & state when looking outside of state where employers may be unfamiliar with your college location. This category may be a separate section or divided into subsections depending on the information presented. May include relevant courses and skills/knowledge learned, special projects, G.P.A. if over 3.0, honors, awards, scholarships, thesis, research projects, percent of college expenses earned extracurricular activities. EXPERIENCE SECTION List paid and unpaid experiences, internships, co-ops, volunteer activities, fieldwork, student teaching, etc.
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Include position title, employer or setting, city, state, and dates. (Place in reverse chronological order). Emphasize responsibilities, accomplishments, and skills. Think - How? Why? Results? ADDITIONAL INFORMATION SECTIONS Title this category(s) according to type of information presented.
May include professional/student associations and positions held, athletic participation, extracurricular activities, special skills (computer, languages, etc.), certifications, licensures, publications, military or community service experience, interests, etc. REFERENCE SECTION Recommended. Provides closure to the resume, but not needed if space is an issue. Include the statement - References Available.

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SAMPLE RESUME K. SRINATH PRASAD, Plot No. 208, Ashok Nagar, HYDERABAD -500001. Tel No.040- 25780987 Cell No. 9848685454 Email: sri_nath@gmail.com
__________________________________________________________
Objectives: Seeking a successful career in a growth oriented organization, which fully utilizes my zeal and commitment towards my work and gives me a competitive atmosphere to check my enthusiasm, expertise and result in my self-development. Academic Qualifications: Examination B.TECH (ECE) DECE Board/ University J. B. College of Engineering and Technology (JNTU) Hyderabad. Govt. Polytechnic, Hyderabad (State Board Of Technical Education And Training, A. P.) Board of Secondary Education, A.P. 2002-2003 First 74.16 Year 2007-2010 2003-2006 Division First First % of Marks 70.15 68.52
SSC
2002-2003
First
80.06
Academic Projects 1. Project Title: Familiarization on SDH Systems Using STM- 1/4/16 Description: SDH International Standard Networking Principle and a Multiplexing Method.
2. Project Title: A Mini Project on Microcontroller Based Modern Security System with message Transmitter. Description: The intention of the project work is to provide high-level security to the properties of organizations and establishments.
Participation in Seminars & Workshops

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Technical paper presentation on BLU-RAY-DISC at M.G.I.T., Gandipet, Hyderabad in Nov2008.
Technical Seminar on MICROCONTROLLER BASED ANESTHESIA INJECTOR, Hi-Tech College of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad in January 2010.
Professional Experience: Worked as Web Designer in Wipro Technologies, Hyderabad, for July-2006 - July 2007.
Summary of Skills: Proficient in M S Office, C, C++, Java, Programming Skills and Web designing skills Good problem-solving skills Good communication skills Interpersonal skills Interests & Activities: Currently include: Photography, Theatre & Amateur Dramatics, Football and Golf References are Available on Request
CV-Resume: The cover letter
The Cover Letter is a document of equal importance to the resume. it is the first impression the selector will have of the candidate and its negative or positive impact is going to influence his or her further reading (or not ) the CV or resume.
A Cover Letter must be very professional, well written, without misspellings. The content directly explains the candidate meets the requirements for the position, emphasizing and directing the attention of the selector towards the abilities, skills and knowledge the candidate

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has proved, with concrete examples based on previous experience or non-work experience (if you have never worked or have been outside the job market for a while).
SAMPLE COVER LETTER Date: To
Sirs, Sub: application for the post of ______________ Your advertisement, as detailed above, was of particular interest to me so that I would like to apply for the above cited job which I find extremely stimulating and enjoyable. What is more, as you will see from my enclosed CV, my background is particularly relevant to your requirements. My experience with Wipro Technologies I have worked as a Web Designer which involved developing innovative and creative solutions to problems.
I would welcome the opportunity to discuss the job vacancy with you on the telephone or at an interview. And I look forward to hearing from you soon. Thanking you,
Yours sincerely, Address for communication

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7. READING COMPREHENSION
Reading comprehension is the complex set of skills that allows people to get the meaning of text. Skills used to understand text include making connections with prior knowledge, visualizing, questioning, inferring, determining importance and synthesizing. What is reading? Is it something that one does only in the classroom to pass examinations? While reading, we are interacting with a written text. This interaction with a text helps not only in decoding information, but also in enjoying the text for its own sake. In order to understand facts, extract information or derive maximum enjoyment, one needs to comprehend or understand the text. A good reader is one who, apart from comprehending facts, is skilled in the use of strategies.
Here is a quick overview of the four types of reading skills used in every language: Skimming Skimming is used to quickly gather the most important information, or 'gist'. Run your eyes over the text, noting important information. Use skimming to quickly get up to speed on a current business situation. It's not essential to understand each word when skimming. Examples of Skimming: The Newspaper (quickly to get the general news of the day) Magazines (quickly to discover which articles you would like to read in more detail) Business and Travel Brochures (quickly to get informed) Scanning Scanning is used to find a particular piece of information. Run your eyes over the text looking for the specific piece of information you need. Use scanning on schedules, meeting plans, etc. in order to find the specific details you require. If you see words or phrases that you don't understand, don't worry when scanning. Examples of Scanning The "What's on TV" section of your newspaper. A train / airplane schedule
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A conference guide Extensive reading Extensive reading is used to obtain a general understanding of a subject and includes reading longer texts for pleasure, as well as business books. Use extensive reading skills to improve your general knowledge of business procedures. Do not worry if you understand each word. Examples of Extensive Reading The latest marketing strategy book A novel you read before going to bed Magazine articles that interest you
Intensive reading Intensive reading is used on shorter texts in order to extract specific information. It includes very close accurate reading for detail. Use intensive reading skills to grasp the details of a specific situation. In this case, it is important that you understand each word, number or fact. Examples of Intensive Reading A bookkeeping report An insurance claim A contract Read the following passage. Then answer questions about the passage below. Many people worked to create television. In 1862, Abbe Giovanna Caselli invented a machine called the Pantelograph. Caselli was the first person to send a picture over wires. By the 1880s, Alexander Graham Bell invented a machine that transmitted pictures and sound over wires. His machine was called the Photophone. The Worlds Fair was held in Paris, France, in the year 1900. The first International Congress of Electricity was held at the Worlds Fair. That was when the word television was first used by a Russian named Constantin Perskyi. That name stuck, and is now shortened to TV. At the beginning of TV history, there were several types of TV technology. One system was a mechanical model based on a rotating disc. (Rotating discs are discs that spin like CDs.) The other system was an electronic model. In 1906, Boris Rosing built
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the first working mechanical TV in Russia. In the 1920s, John Logie Baird in England and Charles Francis Jenkins in the United States demonstrated improved mechanical systems. Philo Taylor Farnsworth also showed an electronic system in San Francisco in 1927. His TV was the forerunner of todays TV, which is an electronic system based on his ideas. Now TV is everywhere. Before 1947, there were only a few thousand televisions in the U.S. By the 1990s, there were televisions in 98% of American homes. 1) Who first sent a picture over wires? A. Boris Rosing B. John Logie Baird C. Abbe Giovanna Caselli D. Alexander Graham Bell 2) The word television was first used in A. 1862. B. 1880. C. 1900. D. 1906. 3) The 1900 Worlds Fairs was in A. Moscow, Russia. B. London, England. C. Paris, France. D. New York, United States.
4) Who invented the Photophone? A. Abbe Giovanna Caselli B. Charles Francis Jenkins C. Alexander Graham Bell D. Philo Taylor Farnsworth 5) How many TVs were in the US in 1945? A. A few hundred B. A few thousand. C. A few million. D. A few billion.

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8. TECHNICAL REPORT-WRITING Writing technical reports require your ability to arrange your thoughts clearly, concisely, and logically. After all, a technical report is a formal report designed to convey technical information in a clear and easily accessible format. It should be written in correct, non-colloquial language with due attention to style, clarity, conciseness, grammar, punctuation, and spelling.
All technical reports usually have a defined final organization and divided up into sections. Each section has a specific purpose, and there are peculiar guidelines for formatting each section.
THE MAJOR SECTIONS OF THE TECHNICAL REPORT (1) Title Page, (2) Abstract, (3) Table of Contents, (4) Introduction, (5) Results, (6) Conclusion, (7) Recommendations, (8) References, and (9) Appendices.
Title page The title page of the report usually contains four main parts of the information: the report title, the name of the person, organization and the name of the author. Abstract An abstract is an accurate representation of the contents of a document in an abbreviated form. The abstract states the report in miniature. Table of Contents Most reports contain the table of contents section, where you list the contents of your report and show how the report is organized.
Introduction The introduction of a technical report represents the subject, the purpose, and the plan of the development of your report. Remember that stating the objectives and the problem of the carried research are the main functions of this section.
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Materials and Methods Precise, detailed information about the experiment or study includes exactly what was done, using exact measurements rather than approximate measurements. Diagrams and tables may accompany this section but cannot substitute for clear explanations. Methods used to verify the authenticity of data should be included. Results Results is usually the longest and most important part of your report, where you have to report the results of the carried research. Literally you have to discuss here what you have invented, discovered, confirmed through your research, and to present this information in the form of calculated values, visual observations, plots, illustrations, graphs, or tables. Conclusion It is a very short section, where you summarize your findings and generalize their importance. As you draw conclusions, you should explain them in terms of the preceding results section, and give your opinions based on the evidence and data presented in the results section.
Recommendations In this section you have to provide suggestions based on the results and conclusions of your work. Recommendations section indicates that you are completely versed in the importance and implication of your research, as you give some piece of advice to your readers. References The main objective of citing references is to give the readers an opportunity to follow up your work. References show the readers that the materials and data you have used in your research are credible.

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TYPES OF TECHNICAL REPORTS Feasibility, Recommendation and Evaluation Reports: Another useful type of report is one that studies a problem or opportunity and then makes a recommendation. A Feasibility Report tells whether a project is "feasible"that is, whether it is practical and technologically possible. A Recommendation Report compares two or more alternatives and recommends one (or, if necessary, none). An Evaluation or Assessment Report studies something in terms of its worth or value. For example, a college might investigate the feasibility of giving every student an e-mail address and putting many of the college functions online. The same college might also seek recommendations on the best hardware and software to use (after the feasibility report had determined it was a good idea). NOTE: Write A Sample Technical Report.

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JOGINPALLY JOGINPALLY B. R.

V. CHANDRA SEKHAR RAO

Associate Professor in English (JBREC), Mobile No. 9603727368, Email: csrao46@gmail.com

JOGINPALLY JOGINPALLY B. R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Students are advised to practice computer-adapted grammar exercises

V. CHANDRA SEKHAR RAO

Associate Professor in English (JBREC), Mobile No. 9603727368, Email: csrao46@gmail.com

JOGINPALLY JOGINPALLY B. R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Associate Professor in English (JBREC), Mobile No. 9603727368, Email: csrao46@gmail.com

JOGINPALLY JOGINPALLY B. R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE

V. CHANDRA SEKHAR RAO

Associate Professor in English (JBREC), Mobile No. 9603727368, Email: csrao46@gmail.com

JOGINPALLY JOGINPALLY B. R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Body Language and Facial Expression

Associate Professor in English (JBREC), Mobile No. 9603727368, Email: csrao46@gmail.com

JOGINPALLY JOGINPALLY B. R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE

V. CHANDRA SEKHAR RAO

Associate Professor in English (JBREC), Mobile No. 9603727368, Email: csrao46@gmail.com

JOGINPALLY JOGINPALLY B. R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE

V. CHANDRA SEKHAR RAO

Associate Professor in English (JBREC), Mobile No. 9603727368, Email: csrao46@gmail.com

JOGINPALLY JOGINPALLY B. R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE

V. CHANDRA SEKHAR RAO

Associate Professor in English (JBREC), Mobile No. 9603727368, Email: csrao46@gmail.com

JOGINPALLY JOGINPALLY B. R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE

V. CHANDRA SEKHAR RAO

Associate Professor in English (JBREC), Mobile No. 9603727368, Email: csrao46@gmail.com

JOGINPALLY JOGINPALLY B. R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE

V. CHANDRA SEKHAR RAO

Associate Professor in English (JBREC), Mobile No. 9603727368, Email: csrao46@gmail.com

JOGINPALLY JOGINPALLY B. R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE

V. CHANDRA SEKHAR RAO

Associate Professor in English (JBREC), Mobile No. 9603727368, Email: csrao46@gmail.com

JOGINPALLY JOGINPALLY B. R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Revolutionary, temporary desecrate

V. CHANDRA SEKHAR RAO

Associate Professor in English (JBREC), Mobile No. 9603727368, Email: csrao46@gmail.com

JOGINPALLY JOGINPALLY B. R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE

irritation Democracy, obstinacy Engineer, teacher, advisor,

V. CHANDRA SEKHAR RAO

Associate Professor in English (JBREC), Mobile No. 9603727368, Email: csrao46@gmail.com

JOGINPALLY JOGINPALLY B. R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE

V. CHANDRA SEKHAR RAO

Associate Professor in English (JBREC), Mobile No. 9603727368, Email: csrao46@gmail.com

JOGINPALLY JOGINPALLY B. R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE

V. CHANDRA SEKHAR RAO

Associate Professor in English (JBREC), Mobile No. 9603727368, Email: csrao46@gmail.com

JOGINPALLY JOGINPALLY B. R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Associate Professor in English (JBREC), Mobile No. 9603727368, Email: csrao46@gmail.com

JOGINPALLY JOGINPALLY B. R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Age Person and Closely Related Adjective

infant: adolescent commander: competent

V. CHANDRA SEKHAR RAO

Associate Professor in English (JBREC), Mobile No. 9603727368, Email: csrao46@gmail.com

JOGINPALLY JOGINPALLY B. R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE

V. CHANDRA SEKHAR RAO

Associate Professor in English (JBREC), Mobile No. 9603727368, Email: csrao46@gmail.com

JOGINPALLY JOGINPALLY B. R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE

V. CHANDRA SEKHAR RAO

Associate Professor in English (JBREC), Mobile No. 9603727368, Email: csrao46@gmail.com

JOGINPALLY JOGINPALLY B. R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE

V. CHANDRA SEKHAR RAO

Associate Professor in English (JBREC), Mobile No. 9603727368, Email: csrao46@gmail.com

JOGINPALLY JOGINPALLY B. R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE