UNIVERSITY OF GUYANA

FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CIV 413 Environmental Engineering Group 2

Project Title:

Evaluation & Redesign of University of Guyana Sanitary Sewer System

Lecturer: Mr. M. Jackson Date: January 04, 2011

Table of Contents
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 9.0 9.1 9.2 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 11.0 11.1 Executive Summary...................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 2 Background.................................................................................................................................. 4 Statement of Problem .................................................................................................................. 6 Objectives .................................................................................................................................... 6 Scope and Limitations .................................................................................................................. 7 Assumptions ................................................................................................................................ 7 Literature Review......................................................................................................................... 8 Design Period ........................................................................................................................... 9 Tributary Area .......................................................................................................................... 9 Determination of Design Flows................................................................................................. 9 Minimum Velocity .................................................................................................................... 9 Types of Flow ......................................................................................................................... 10 Design Criteria........................................................................................................................ 10 Calculation of Pipe Size .......................................................................................................... 10 Mannings Roughness Coefficient "n" ..................................................................................... 11 Minimum Slope ...................................................................................................................... 11 Methodology ............................................................................................................................. 12 Investigation Phase ................................................................................................................ 12 Design Phase .......................................................................................................................... 12 Sewer Design ............................................................................................................................. 14 Design Period ......................................................................................................................... 14 Population ............................................................................................................................. 14 Peaking Factor ....................................................................................................................... 14 Slopes of Sewers .................................................................................................................... 15 Hydraulic Loadings ................................................................................................................. 15 Sanitary Sewer Flow Calculation................................................................................................. 16 Calculation of Pipe Size .......................................................................................................... 17

11.2 Modelling ................................................................................................................................. 18 12.0 Preamble to Bill of Quantity ........................................................................................................... 19 i

12.1 General .................................................................................................................................... 19 12.2 Quantities ................................................................................................................................ 20 12.3 Materials.................................................................................................................................. 20 12.4 Prices and Currency .................................................................................................................. 21 12.5 Rights of Employer ................................................................................................................... 23 12.6 Site Access and Storage ............................................................................................................ 23 12.7 Site Installation ........................................................................................................................ 23 12.8 Duration ................................................................................................................................... 24 13.0 Priced Bill of Quantity .................................................................................................................... 25 14.0 15.0 16.0 17.0 Recommendations ..................................................................................................................... 41 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 42 References ................................................................................................................................. 43 Appendices ................................................................................................................................ 44

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1.0

Executive Summary

This report summarizes the findings for the redesign of the Sanitary Sewer System located on the University of Guyana, Turkeyen Campus. The guidelines for the proposed design are based on the design criteria and considerations of the Sewer and Drainage Facilities Design Manual, Council Adoption September 2006, revised June 2007 as well as the Bureau of Engineering Manual - Part F. The objective of this study is to redesign the University of Guyana sanitary sewer system which serves a land area of eighty (80) acres and an estimated population of six thousand (6,000) inclusive of staff and students. The existing system comprises of minor four 4 diameter P.V.C pipes and one 12 inch diameter P.V.C pipe which serves as the main collector from the wet well to the treatment plant for disposal. The existing minor sanitary sewers which are connected to the tributary buildings serve sixty-six (66) manholes which then flow to the major sewer which has a total length of 1,846 feet. The design will utilize Mannings equation for flow along with a recommended minimum discharge of 2.5 ft3/sec to achieve an efficient system.

2.0

Introduction

Wastewater is a broad descriptive term for liquids and waterborne solids originating from domestic, commercial and industrial activities as well as water that has been contaminated by the activities of humans and whose quality have been degraded. Wastewater is usually discharged to a sewerage system. The term sewage has been used to describe wastewater containing only sanitary waste but it technically denotes any wastewater that passes through a sewer1. Sewage or wastewater disposal comprises of several processes for the collection, treatment and sanitary disposal of wastewater from households and industrial plants. A sanitary sewer is defined as a conduit, which is designed for wastewater discharges from domestic, commercial and industrial institutions. A system of sewers is generally called a sewerage system. The composition of wastewater is analyzed using several physical, chemical and biological measurements. The most common analyses include the measurements of solids, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and pH. The solid wastes include dissolved and suspended solids. Dissolved solids are the materials that will pass through filter paper while suspended solids are those that do not. Suspended solids are further divided into settleable and non settleable solids, depending on the quantity of solids that will settle out of 1 liter of wastewater in 1 hour. All these classes of solids can be divided into volatile or fixed solids, volatile solids generally being organic materials and the fixed solids being inorganic materials or mineral matter. The concentration of organic matter is measured by the BOD and the COD analyses. The BOD is the amount of oxygen used over a five day period by microorganisms as they decompose the organic matter in sewage at a temperature of 20C. Similarly, the COD is the amount of oxygen required to oxidize the organic matter by use of dichromate in an acid
1

Environmental Engineering Merrit, S. Frederick, Lofting, M. Ken and Ricketts, Jonathan T. Standard Handbook for Civil Engineers, 4th Edition, New York: Mc Graw Hill Book Company,1996

solution and to convert it to carbon dioxide and water. The value of COD is always higher than that of BOD because many organic substances can be oxidized chemically but cannot be oxidized biologically. Commonly, BOD is used to test the strength of treated and untreated municipal and biodegradable industrial wastewaters. COD is used to test the strength of wastewater that is either not biodegradable or contains compounds that inhibit activities of microorganisms.

Sewer systems are classified as: 1. Sanitary Sewer system - is comprised exclusively of sewers which convey liquid wastes from residences, commercial buildings, industrial plants and institutions; 2. Storm Sewer system - conveys storm water runoff from buildings, streets and other surfaces but excludes domestic, commercial and industrial wastewater. Storm water runoff is that portion of precipitation that flows over these types of surfaces during and after a storm; 3. Combined Sewer system - is comprised of a network of sewers that collect and convey both sanitary and storm water runoff.

3.0

Background

The sewerage system of the University of Guyana was laid down in 1969 shortly before the campus was opened and consists of approximately 66 manholes within a network of gravity pipes. Each manhole is approximately 2ft wide 2ft long 2ft9 in. deep. These manholes are strategically located at points: 1. Where there is a significant change of direction or grade; 2. To allow access to the sewer at strategic locations to facilitate maintenance, inspection and cleaning. The population it served in October 1969 was approximately 164 students and staff 2. Today, 41 years later the buildings on the campus increased have to 25 and the students and staff population increased to over 6000 persons. 3 The existing sewerage system consist of a network of pitch fibre and PVC gravity sewer pipes draining to Du-O-Jet sewage ejectors. The pitch fibre and PVC pipes are mainly of 4diameter. The sewage ejectors operate by pneumatically ejecting the collected wastewater from the university complex a distance of approximately 1846ft via a 12 diameter discharge PVC pipeline to a model V treatment plant that is no longer functional. 4 This plant was previously responsible for treating the sewage by utilizing a process called the activated sludge process, after which its effluent is discharged into a nearby drainage trench. The Smith & Loveless lift station consist of Du-O-Jet ejectors located just north of UGs library and consist of three compartments within a cylindrical steel chamber. The top compartment accessible from ground level houses the ejector, controls and compressor. The middle section is a combination of air- storage tanks and chamber for the valves and manifold. The bottom compartment is the sewage receiver. The lift station receives the

2 3

University of Guyana Website Office of the Assistant Registrar 4 Smith & Loveless Inc.

sewage from the sewer lines through the inlet gate valve, thru the inlet check valve and into the sewage receiver. When the sewage fills the receiver an electrical circuit is completed from the electrode, through the liquid to the ground at the receiver walls, energizing the DC relay which activates the three way air valves, through a hallow electrode air pipe, into the sewage receiver. The pressure forces the sewage up the inlet pipe, through the discharge check valve and gate valve into the force main, which discharges the sewage through a 750ft, 12 PVC pipelines to the treatment plant. This pipe is buried at a grade of 1 in 200 and there is 1ft of compacted sand fill under the pipe with a 2inch thick concrete slab above it. Three liquid level displacement switches in the wet well controls the pumping cycle. With a rising wet well, the low lever ON displacement switch is tilted and the base pump starts. If the wet well level continue to rise, the high level ON displacement switch setting and the low level OFF displacement switch shut off both pumps. Every eight (8) hours the pumps are alternated so that the standby pump becomes the base pump. In Guyana there are only two sewage treatment plants utilizing the activated sludge process; the model V treatment plant being used by the University of Guyana, which was acquired in the mid- 70s, at value recorded by the Bursary as twenty three million Guyana dollars (G$23,000,000). The treatment plant was manufactured by SMITH & LOVELESS, Inc., based in Lenexa, Kansas. This treatment plant was factory built and utilizes a rectangular aeration tank with two truncated pyramid shaped clarifiers. The other is the Tucville Sewage Treatment Plant, which was designed by Loius Berger Inc., in association with local consultants, Aubrey Barker Associates to treat wastewater by extended aeration, activated sludge process. However, due to lack of proper maintenance and unavailability of spares and replacement parts, the works has ceased to function as intended.

4.0

Statement of Problem

The University of Guyana sewerage system was designed for a population of approximately 1500 persons in 1969, as only 10 buildings were existent at the time. Today, forty one years later, the number of buildings on the campus has increased to 25 and the student and staff population increased to over 6,000 persons. The sewage lines leading from some of these new buildings were connected to the existing University sewerage system while for others, there are septic tanks constructed to dispose their sewage. Due to the increase in population and buildings at the University of Guyana, there is an increased hydraulic load on the sewers and hence, to cater for this scenario there is a need to evaluate the existing capacity and design an adequate sewerage system based on the existing population and the population growth for the next 25 years.

5.0

Objectives

1. To evaluate the adequacy of the current sewer system in providing for the needs of the current population as well as its ability to serve future increases in population. 2. If it is established that the existing system is inadequate; a redesign of the system will be undertaken.

6.0

Scope and Limitations

1. This project is confined to the University of Guyana Sewer System and focuses on analyzing the current system and determining its capability to support the current and future population as well as the redesign of the sewerage pipe works at University of Guyana. 2. The pumps at the lift station would not be sized. 3. This project does not entail the design and checks for the treatment plant. 4. Design does not include branched sewers for new nodes in the sewerage system.

7.0

Assumptions

1. All exiting pipes are four inches (4) in diameter. 2. All manholes are fully functioning. 3. For ideal conditions the discharge would be 3ft3/sec. 4. A mannings n of 0.014 (for P.V.C pipes) will be used. 5. No intercepting flows.

8.0

Literature Review

Bradford (2005) has outlined the design procedure for sanitary sewer design. The suggested procedure consists of: 1. Determining the design period; 2. Identifying the contributing area; 3. Estimating the sanitary sewage flow rates; 4. Carrying out the hydraulic design and 5. Calculating the pipe sizes. The table below explains the activities involved in each stage of the sanitary sewer design.
Table 1 - Design stages for a sanitary sewerage system

Design Stage Design Period

Activities Involved A suitable design period and the population growth rate must be selected. The water usage rate must also be determined.

Contributing Area

The boundaries of the network must be defined and the population within the area determined. The unit water usage must also be determined.

Flow Rates Hydraulic Design Pipe Sizing

The sanitary sewage flow and peak flow rates must be determined. The hydraulic constraints must be identified. These include: pipe roughness, velocities, depths. Sizes, gradients and depth must be determined.

8.1

Design Period

The design period is that length of time over which the capacity of the sewerage facility is anticipated to be adequate to service its contributing area. It must be determined before design of the facility commences. A standard for minimum design periods for various components of a sewer system is provided by the Bureau of Engineering (n.d.) and states that for lateral sewers - sewers less than 18-inch in diameter, the minimum design period is 100 years.

8.2

Tributary Area

The tributary area of a sewer includes all areas which will contribute flow to the system. Potential service areas, such as, areas served by septic tanks should also be assessed for possible inclusion in the contributing area. The area may be limited by natural topography, natural or human-made barriers, political boundaries or economic factors.

8.3

Determination of Design Flows

The design of sanitary sewers must consider minimum, average, and peak flows. Normally, the average flow is determined or selected, and a factor is applied to determine the peak flow. The Peak flow is the design flow used to select the pipe size. Minimum flows are used to determine if specified velocities can be maintained to prevent deposition of solids. The Bureau of Engineering (n.d.) states that the ratio of peak flow to average flow will range from less than 130% for some large sanitary sewers to more that 260% for smaller sewers. Additionally, the ratio of the peak flow at the end of the design period to the minimum flow at the beginning of the design period may range from less than 3:1 to more than 20:1, depending on the rate of growth of the contributing area served.

8.4

Minimum Velocity

According to the Bureau of Engineering (n.d.) gravity sewers shall be designed for a minimum velocity of three (3) fps using the peak flow that exists at the time the pipe is placed into service. Approval must be obtained when using slower design velocities. This minimum velocity is necessary to prevent deposition of solids in the sewer pipe.

8.5

Types of Flow

The flow of wastewater in sewers may be open channel or pressure flow. When flow fills the conduit and the Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL) rises above the sewer crown, the flow is classified as pressure flow. When the conduit is partially full and the HGL is below the sewer crown and a free water surface develops in the sewer, the flow is classified as an open channel flow. Open channel flow will be the basis for general hydraulic design of sanitary sewers.

8.6

Design Criteria
1. Type/size sewer line; 2. Design period; 3. Design depth of flow; and 4. Peak flow.

The criterion for design of sewer pipe includes:

According to the Bureau of Engineering (n.d.) sewers shall be sized so the depth of the peak flow, projected for the design period, shall be no more than one half the pipe diameter: d/D = 0.5 Where: d = depth of flow and D = Pipe diameter

8.7

Calculation of Pipe Size

= 2/3 1/2

The required pipe size may be calculated using Manning's formula:

Where: Q = volume flow (ft3/s, m3/s) kn = 1.486 for English units and kn = 1.0 for SI units A = cross sectional area of flow (ft2, m2) n = Manning coefficient of roughness R = hydraulic radius (ft, m) and R = A / P (where: A = cross sectional area of flow (ft2) and P = wetted perimeter (ft)) S = slope of pipe (ft/ft, m/m)
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8.8

Mannings Roughness Coefficient "n"

A Manning's roughness coefficient of "n" = 0.014 shall be used for sizing gravity sewers. This Manning's roughness coefficient shall be used regardless of the type of pipe specified.

8.9

Minimum Slope

Gravity sewers shall be designed for a minimum velocity of three (3) fps using the peak flow that exists at the time the pipe is placed into service.

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9.0

Methodology

This research was conducted in two phases: the investigation phase and the design phase. Theoretical and practical work was conducted for both phases and the general outline of the methodology adapted is outlined below:

9.1

Investigation Phase

The investigation phase covered the analysis of the existing system to determine the necessity for a new sewerage system and the parameters that are required for the design of the system. Implementation considerations were also made so as to establish exactly how and where the system would be installed. The steps were as follows: 1. The need for a new sewerage system at the University of Guyana was reviewed. This was done by reviewing previous investigations that were done on the sewage disposal system of the University of Guyana as well as the existing system. 2. The parameters that are required for the analysis and design of the sewage network were investigated. 3. Plans for the University of Guyana were obtained and site visits were carried out to examine the general terrain of the area and to make suitable corrections on the sewage layout plan. Also this visit was used as an opportunity to inspect the existing system. 4. A site reconnaissance also allowed the location of possible expansion routes for the sewerage system. Other important features such as the drainage outlets, surface hydrology and land distribution were also noted.

9.2

Design Phase

The design phase for the sewer system included the following: 1. The topography of the general area to be served, its slope and terrain was determined by using previous plans of the University and consulting previous works. 2. The population size and distribution size for each building was determined.

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3. Based on past and existing campus population data, the present population growth was determined. 4. The required flow was determined for each building and was done by establishing the effluent volume production for each area. The required flow in the sewer is the maximum flow resulting from the collection of sewage at any point in a system. The average, peak, and minimum flow must be considered in design. The average flow is estimated by considering future population, water consumption and the relevant standards. 5. The design flow of pipes was determined based on the population of each section and the volume of effluent that is expected to pass through the pipes. 6. Infiltration and extraneous flow also contribute to flow volume. Peak and minimum flows are determined by applying factors to the average flow. These factors are generally based on local experience and codes. Peak flow is used to select pipe size and minimum velocity, taking into consideration peaking factors as well as factor of safety. A minimum self cleansing velocity of 0.75m/s was considered in the design of sewers. 7. The hydraulic flow through the sewer system was carried out using the Mannings hydraulic flow equations. The equations were used to design sewers to transport the waste water. 8. From the calculations carried out for the peak flow, and consideration of the minimum self cleansing velocity and maximum flow of the sewer, the pipe size was determined, considering also the roughness coefficient and the slope of the pipes. 9. The final drawing of the new sewerage system was prepared using AutoCAD. These drawings were done to scale which facilitated the length of sewer lines to be measured and the quantity of pipelines required for construction was therefore determined. 10. An engineers estimate for the construction of the new sanitary sewer network was prepared and included the construction of manhole chambers and blanking off from the existing system and connecting to the new one.

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10.0 Sewer Design

The design criteria adopted for the sanitary sewer design are those acceptable to the relevant standards. These criteria used to estimate the design flows which will in turn be utilized in the design of the sewer system are: i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. Design Period Population Peaking Factor Slope of Sewers Hydraulic Loadings Design

10.1 Design Period

The sewer systems would be designed for an expected life of twenty five (25) years.

10.2 Population
The design flow for each sewer depends on the population of the area being considered. A population of six thousand (6,000) was used as instructed by the course Lecturer, Mr. M. Jackson. This is inclusive of students and staff.

10.3 Peaking Factor

A capacity factor is used to make allowances for population variation, changes in sewage characteristics and unusual peak flows. This factor is also referred to as the peaking factor. The peaking factor is determined as a function of the population size and is based on the following formula:

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Q peak hourly 18 + P = Q average 4 + P Where: Q peak hourly = maximum rate of wastewater flow (peak hourly flow) Q average = Design average daily wastewater flow P = Population A peaking factor of 3.5 was used for this design.

10.4 Slopes of Sewers

The sewerage has been designed based on Mannings equation and based on the existing system. The size of the sewers and slopes to be used for design of new sewers are as follows: Sewer Branch Main Main Minimum Size (mm dia) 100 150 200 Minimum Slope (%) 5 5 3

However the existing inverts and length of the sewers would be used to determine the slopes to check the capacity of the existing system.

10.5 Hydraulic Loadings

The water consumption used in this design is 180 litres per person per day. Of this amount 85 percent was considered to be spent water that will enter the sewer system. Hydraulic loading per capita = 0.85 180 l/person/day = 153 l/person/day
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11.0 Sanitary Sewer Flow Calculation

= ( ) + Where: Q P PF I A = Sanitary Flow

equation (1.1)

. = Average Sanitary Flow = 0.000063 cfs/capita = Population of Tributary Area based on design density = Peak Factor = 3.5 = Infiltration allowance = 0.003 cfs/acre = Tributary Area

The University of Guyana occupies a total area of 1,450 acres of which only 80 acres will be considered in the design of the sanitary sewer. The additional 1,370 acres is not being considered since area is undeveloped and covered with natural vegetation. The current population of the University of Guyana Campus is approximately 6,000 inclusive of students and staff. Applying the conditions outlined above in equation (1.1) = (0.000063/ 6000 )3.5 + 0.003/ 80 = 1.563 = 0.0443 Minimum Velocity to design for is 2ft/sec.

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11.1 Calculation of Pipe Size

After the design criteria have been determined the required pipe size may be calculated using Manning's formula. = Where: Q = Flow, cfs A = Area of flow, ft2 R = Hydraulic radius (A/P), ft n = Roughness factor Rearranging equation 1.2 to solve for diameter of pipe D D = 1.3346 Q0.375 n0.375 S 0.1875 Where: D = Conduit inside diameter, ft Q = Volumetric flow rate, cfs n = Mannings roughness coefficient S = Friction slope, ft/ft (minimum slope for pipe is approx. 0.0036 ft/ft) The manning n used in this design will be taken as 0.014 (P.V.C) since P.V.C pipes will be used through this design. D = 1.3346 x1.5630.375 x0.0140.375 0.00360.01875 D = 0.354ft (use 6 inches dia. pipe) (150mm) Diameter of pipe = 6 inches. Maximum depth of flow d = 2/3D (for 10 inch and smaller) d = 4 inches Current diameter of pipe in operation is four inches. (P.V.C)
1.486

2/3 1/2

equation (1.2)

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11.2 Modelling
Modeling of the sewer system is required when proposed development intensifies. The land use from the existing development on the site to the proposed development requires the general plan to be amended to cater for the increased usage. The following three scenarios must be modeled: 1. Existing Condition to identify existing deficiencies in the system 2. Existing Condition with Proposed Development to identify additional deficiencies created by the proposed development 3. General Plan Build Out Condition to identify the ultimate pipe size for improvements

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12.0 Preamble to Bill of Quantity

12.1 General
The construction of a new sewerage network for the University of Guyana, Turkeyen Campus is intended to be a measured unit price contract which is reflected in the Bill of Quantities (BOQ). The BOQ and drawings should be read as one and shall be read and construed in conjunction with other Contract Documents. The general directions and description of work and material given in the Technical Specifications may or may not be repeated in the Bill of Quantities. The Technical Specification plays an integral part in the successful completion of the works as required. The Tenderer is obliged to check the number of the pages of the Bill of Quantity and should any be found missing or duplicated or the figures or writing indistinct, the Tenderer must notify the Employer/Engineer at once and have the matter rectified before the Tender is submitted. No liability whatsoever will be accepted in respect of any claim for errors in the Tend erers offer resulting from failure to comply with the fore-going. The Tenderer is deemed to have visited the site/s and fully acquainted himself as to the location of each of the items and works to be carried out and to all conditions which may affect the performance of the works, including but not limited to: Access to each of the roads where demolishing and removal process will be carried out, and Access for the storing dump site and crushing site. Affected buildings conditions. All safety regulations and employer site safety procedures. All Guyanese regulations.

The Tenderer is also deemed to have surveyed the actual condition of the site and buildings and made his own assessment of the type and extent of the works prior to submitting his offer.
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12.2 Quantities
Even though practical care was exercised in preparing the BOQ, all quantities given herein shall be deemed to be estimated quantities of the work to be done but they are not to be taken as actual and correct quantities of the work to be executed and they are not to absolve the contractor of his obligations under the Contract. They are not to be taken as guarantee that the actual quantities increase or decrease, and any claim whatsoever submitted for cost or extra expenses incurred from such increase or decrease will not be accepted by Employer/Engineer except where else stipulated in the Contract.

12.3 Materials
All materials used are to be of the best quality, available and will be subjected to the Employer/Engineer approval, and of durable nature, guaranteed, not liable to any base exchange and manufactured according to applicable BS or ASTM Standards. Execution also is subject to approval of Employer/Engineer and shall be the best available common practice in engineering codes at the time of execution. Items that contain materials or products of special make with names of manufacturers are to be taken as samples of what will be required. Subject to the Employer/Engineer approval, the Contractor may, at his discretion, offer similar products of other make if the equivalent quality of the specified materials is guaranteed. In this case, the Contractor shall submit a description and/or drawings showing all technical conditions, characteristics, make, type and address of Manufacturer, etc., of the materials offered as alternatives.

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12.4 Prices and Currency

The prices given, by the Contract, hereunder in the BOQ shall be in Guyana Dollars (G$) and shall not be exchangeable with other foreign currencies. Furthermore inflation and escalation or changes whatsoever shall not be subject covered by the Employer unless they are responsible for any prolonged delay in the execution of the works. The Unit Prices entered against the various items in the following Bill of Quantities include all operations for execution, and completion of the various items of the works finished completely in every respect till the final acceptance as specified or described in the Tender Documents, with or without modifications, either by way of additions or deductions, or alterations as may be offered in writing during the progress of the works, and include, without being limited to, all matters and things particularly referred to in the Tender Documents. The Unit Price shall cover all costs of every kind whatsoever including, without being limited to, all charges for additional site installations, relocation, supervision, labor, transportation and supply of materials; the provision, maintenance, use and efficient repair of all plant, equipment and appliance of every kind, the construction and maintenance of all temporary works, the performance of all services and the fulfillment of all obligations and responsibilities herein defined. The Tenderer shall be deemed to have fully considered all the conditions, obligations, and requirements of the Tender Documents before entering the respective unit price against the various items of the Bill of Quantities. The Unit Prices given hereunder the BOQ shall also include construction, installation, fixing, and re-fixing of all elements. These prices shall also include taxes, accommodations for the Contractors staff and labors, all required insurance and work permits, guarantees, bonds, traffic plan requirements, safety procedures, etc. and all requirements necessary to have the work maintained until its final handing over.
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The Unit Prices given hereunder in the Bill of Quantity for this work shall also include overheads, risks, profit etc. and all other financial matters to have all these civil works completed. The works, materials or activities listed in the following shall always be considered as Supportive works to be included in the Unit Prices bid for any item in the Bill of Quantities: Any measurement for execution and payment of the works, including the provision of measuring instruments, gauges, setting out marks, marking paint and relevant tools, labor, etc., the maintenance and preservation of gauges and setting-out marks during the execution of the works. Provision of small tackle tools or any other equipment required for the execution of the works. Supply of consumable materials for the Contractors equipment. Removal of all contamination (refuse, debris, building rubbish and the like) arising from or in connection with the Contractors work. Protection of the executed works and of the items made available for execution of the works from damage, fire, inclement weather, vandalism and theft etc., to the time of final acceptance. Transportation of all materials and structural components from the storage places on site to the points of use and return transportation, if required. Submitting and transporting any samples required. Carrying out tests on materials and works, etc., that is required by the Engineer. Fuel and lubricants for operation of Contractors equipment. All safety precautions and measures for safeguarding labor as well as securing surrounding areas. Lighting of the work site. Maintenance or repair damaged infrastructure resulted by contractors activities

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12.5 Rights of Employer

The following rights are reserved to the Employer: To omit individual items mentioned in the Schedule of Prices if not required in the opinion of the Employer and/or to replace them should it be more advantageous to execute them in another way. To order execution of alternative or provisional items as if they were main items. To order execution of additional works as well as alternatives of works, always in conformity with the conditions outlined in the Contract. Any order and/or delivery of material or equipment by the Contractor for performance of the works may only be based on instructions and/or approved execution drawings by the Employer/Engineer. All equipment and materials for installation and finishing works to be incorporated in this contract shall prior to ordering and/or delivery by the Contractor, be approved by the Employer/Engineer both in respect of quality and type as well as of quantity.

12.6 Site Access and Storage

The Tenderer shall visit all sites and ascertain the location of required access onto these sites and the location of allowance for complying with the requirements and for the reinstatement to original condition of all roads and areas used or disturbed by the Contractor to the satisfaction of the Engineer.

12.7 Site Installation

All costs of labor, works, provisions, materials and equipment for Site Installations required by the Contractor and stipulated in the Tender Documents shall be included in the

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various unit prices of the Bill of Quantity. No extra payment will be allowed by the Employer for any of these activities.

12.8 Duration
The total duration of the contract is six calendar months including weekends, holidays and official holidays.

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13.0 Priced Bill of Quantity

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14.0 Recommendations
1. New manholes should be constructed; the new design should cater for diverting the current sewer lines (which have been sealed and currently cannot be accessed or serviced) to the new manholes which will flow to the collector system and then main disposal system. This would also enable the sewer system to be adequately maintained. 2. Skilled personnel should be hired to examine the mechanical appurtenances for the jet to reinstate the current system to its initial fully automated state. 3. Due to the increase in flow due and the increase utilization of the sewer system the sizing of the sewer diameter should be revised. 4. All broken and damaged sewer pipes should be replaced.

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15.0 Conclusion
The existing sewer system is inadequate to cater for the projected population growth of the entire campus for the design period. A drawing and design are outlined for the rerouting of a new sewer system to serve the needs of the University of Guyana, Turkeyen Campus. The existing system has the following deficiencies: 1. There are a series of non-functioning manholes due to the rapid increase in the campus population and inability of the university to provide sufficient classroom and office space for students and staff. This has resulted in manholes that run below buildings being sealed off to provide the additional space required. 2. The fully automated system of the pumps is not functioning; this resulted in a semiautomated operation. 3. The current system is inefficient since current student population exceeds the initial design capacity. 4. Inadequate pipe sizing also hinders the efficiency of the current system since a recent redesign was not done to offset the exiting discharge. 5. According to the calculations it was also revealed that the optimum sewer diameter necessary for an efficient flow was 6 inches; however this is for the current population and thus will become efficient with growth in the student population.

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16.0 References
1. Bradford, Andrea. (2005). Sanitary Sewer Design Tutorial: Urban Water Design 437. Retrieved November 27, 2010, from http://www.hydrolatinamerica.org/jahia/webdav/site/hydrolatinamerica/shared/ Reference/Sanitary%20Sewer%20Design.pdf 2. Bureau of Engineering (n.d.). Sewer Design Manual - Part F. Retrieved November 27, 2010, from http://eng.lacity.org/techdocs/sewer-ma/index.htm 3. Sanitary Sewer Design Guidelines, Engineering Design & ROW Management Division November 2004.

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17.0 Appendices

Photo showing: The Smith & Loveless lift station consist of

Photo showing: the control panel of the Du-O-Jet ejectors.

Du-O-Jet ejectors (taken by: Kalvika Singh on the 12th -10-2010)

Photo showing: The interior of the wet well (Taken by: Kalvika Singh on the 12th -10-2010)

Photo showing: The manhole within a building

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Photo showing: A existing manhole (Technology Sport Club) (Taken by: Kalvika Singh on the 12th -10-2010)

Photo showing: A sealed manhole within a building (Technology Lab)

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