CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1

Introduction

Typically, defect in structural wood in building caused by four categories, which is physical and environment, mechanical, chemical and biology. (Ridout 2000, Singh 1996, Desch 1983)

The result is found during this investigation process, which is most of the damage are caused rot due to mechanical and biological action. Among them are due to termite attack and soft rot. Severe damage effecting the structural wood is rotting and is cause by agents such as termite and soft rot due to the continued presence of moisture.

Most new additives now can be viewed as tools for creating novel product features, rather than just for speeding up processing or protecting polymers from heat and light. And like the contents of a good toolbox, these tools are diverse in form and function. This yearly update focuses on some of the newest of these handy additives; many of them come from companies that have never before been covered in this annual report.

1.2

Problem statement

Wood is an essential material for structures even in modern days. However, there is an argument using woods in structures. Before this, extensive use of wood in building. Rate declined durable wood to steel because of the problem of the wood. (Isam Risaudin 2011).

As we know that, the wood has a lot of problems. Among these are, termite infestation, flammable, lifespan of approximately 5 years and so on. (Kosmo 2009). Besides, termites, moisture also do affect the quality of the wood. Moisture leads to decomposition which may result decreasing the quality of the woods for building structures such as roof truss thus decreasing the. (Ridout 2000, Singh 1996, Desch 1983).

1.3

Objectives

In this product, our objectives are: To produce a plastic coated for wood To test the effectiveness of plastic coated for wood toward the termite attack and moisture content.

1.4

Scope of Study

For the scope of study of this product, the focus more on roof structure in houses which usually come in size from wood medium hard that measuring 50mm x 30mm. This wood type having good obstacles on weather and fungus attack. The type of wood is Group A heavy hardwood and Group B. medium hardwood. The woods used in this structure usually infected with pesticide which may caused the roof structure to collapse which may cause injury to human.

The materials may choose to specialize in plastics. The field of plastics involves the application of scientific and engineering principles to the development of a wide variety of polymer products. From airplane wings to golf clubs and a host of goods in between, a plastics engineer solves materialrelated problems with the goal of designing and developing products with improved performance and durability.

To ensure our product is comparable to normal woods used in wood structure, we shall undergo our product in variable tests such as termite attack, moisture content, tensile test and compaction test.

1.5

Important of Study

As we all know, pestilence is one of the main reason for a wooden structure to collapse, if we managed to accomplish our objectives in this product, we could minimize the risk of a wooden structure to collapse. We also could reduce the maintenance routine and the cost of maintenance in roof structure. We may produce a beautiful wooden structure as we know that the plastic may come in various colours. We also could reduce the tree cutting in forest as there less wood needed in construction of structure.

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1

Introduction

Modification of properties can be done by the physical combination of two polymers or by the physical combination of a polymer with a non-polymeric component. One type of the methods is through forming composite material. Composites are formed by combination of a polymer of some type non-polymeric solid or by combination of some types of engineering materials. Commonly, composites tend to have characteristics such as high strength; high modulus; low density; and excellent resistance to fatigue, creep, creep rupture, corrosion and wear. Polymer can be divided into two major groups based on their thermal processing behaviors: thermoset and thermoplastic. Thermoplastic refers to polymer that can be melt processed by a variety of methods, including extrusion and moulding. These include polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride. On the other hand, thermoset are polymer whose individual chains have been chemically linked by covalent bonds during polymerization or by subsequent chemical or thermal treatment. Once formed, the crosslinked networks resist heat softening, creep and solvent attack. Principle thermosets are epoxies, polyesters and formaldehyde-based resins. Judging from the trade off between stable thermosets and recyclability of thermoplastic, the main concern of this study is on thermoplastic. 4

Polypropylene (PP) has been chosen as the matrix of composite as it has low processing

temperature (below 230C) which will not degrade the fibre.

2.2

Existing Product

2.2.1

WOODGUARD The worlds first low-maintenance lumber. With over 30 years in the market Woodguard has proven to be the #1 choice for low maintenance

fencing. Unlike other low-maintenance products available, only Woodguard can be used like wood because it is wood. When using Woodguard products there are no special tools required; and only Woodguard meets all building codes where wood is required. Equine Application - Woodguard ensures that you only have to build your horse fence one time. This coated lumber product is durable, weatherproof and strong. When used for horse fencing you can be certain that the strength of our product will not let you down. Compared to all your other horse fencing options, we set ourselves apart by providing a longer lasting fence board.

How its made Woodguard Low-maintenance Rail Fencing starts with a structurally sound solid Wood core. Next the lumber is treated with a non-toxic organic borate compound to protect against dry rot, termites and fungus. Finally, it is then coated in an engineered, UV-stabilized polymer blend and put through a cold water process to shrink fit the coating.

Low-Maintenance Unlike regular wood, Woodguard polymer coated fencing never needs painting, sanding, sealing or staining and it stays looking great year after year! With Ultratech Ultra Violet light blockers added to the polymer coating it is virtually maintenance free and will last a lifetime giving you more time to relax.

2.2.2

Buckhorn Corp. FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: September 2003 - Buckhom Custom Molding, a division of

Buckhorn Inc has developed EverKote - a colorful, durable new product to improve the performance, safety, and appearance of children's playsets, fences, decks, docks, and more. Buckhorn Custom Molding created EverKote using a patented process that bonds structural foam plastic directly with the wood. The result is a rot- and insect-resistant product that can be cut, drilled, and easily assembled like wood, but has the dimensional stability and easy maintenance of plastic. Buckhorn's new manufacturing process molds 4" x 4" x 8' posts of heavy-duty structural foam plastic with an engineered wood core, creating a stronger, more durable post that resists warping, moisture, and pests. EverKote posts feature a smooth surface and rounded edges that will not splinter, making them ideal for child-oriented products, outdoor building material, or other products where safety and durability is a concern. Molded in a variety of fade-resistant colour, EverKote can be ordered pre-cut, and pre-drilled with molded-in bosses and sealants for ease of installation. EverKote posts are featured in Backyard Escapes Playcenters by Hedstrom which are sold through Toys "R" Us and Wal-Mart retail stores. Buckhorn Custom Molding, a division of Buckhorn Inc., is a full-service provider of turn-key custom molding solutions. Buckhorn Custom Molding specializes in providing a wide range of services from design and prototyping to testing and secondary operations, manufacturing material handling products and custom molding unrelated products. Buckhorn Inc. is a Myers Industries company (NYSE:MYE).

2.2.3

American Plastic Lumber Do you dream of creating the ultimate outdoor sanctuary? Does your vision include a beautiful

wood deck, but desire durability without the time consuming maintenance? With decking composite, your dreams can become reality. Decking composite provides the best of both worlds - the look of a traditional wood deck, with the unsurpassed durability that can only be offered by the highest quality composite materials available. American Plastic Lumber offers the best in decking composite, with a large selection of colour and sizes to choose from.

The advantages to decking composite are endless. Here are just a few: It requires very little maintenance and is easier to clean than traditional wood The installation process is easier with decking composite than with wood decking Resistant to water, stains and scratches The look of wood decking without the need to paint or stain The decking composite offered by American Plastic Lumber can be used in a multitude of settings, including walkways, docks and boardwalks. Boardwalk decking requires the stability and durability that composite decking provides, therefore making it an ideal choice for your project. American Plastic Lumber also offers boardwalk decking in a variety of colour and sizes to ensure each project is executed to the specific needs of each customer. At American Plastic Lumber, we take pride in offering high quality decking composite and boardwalk decking at competitive prices. Whether your project is large or small, we have the resources to provide you with the best products available with outstanding customer service. Rely on American Plastic Lumber for all of your composite decking needs.

2.2.4

PROWASTE - Recycled plastic lumber Recycled plastic lumber (RPL) is a material made of recycled plastic with a look similar to wood

lumber that is considered for several applications primarily to replace conventional products made of wood, concrete, or metals. Conventional RPL is primarily used in open-air applications such as decking, benches or tables thanks to its waterproof properties and resistance to most weather conditions. RPL has the advantage to be resistant to insects, moisture, chemicals, graffiti, stains, and to UV; therefore, its long term costs may be considerably decreased with respect to wood. RPL may also have lower replacement costs as it does not rot, rust, warp, crack, splinter or absorb bacteria, being common issues with either woods or metals and may be factors which may significantly decrease the lifetime or aesthetics of the product. However, compared to conventional materials, RPL has a limited bending ability (especially if reinforced), which does not allow complex designs similar to those offered using metals. RPL can be divided into five main types:

a. Homogeneous recycled plastic (single plastic up to 95%) This type of RPL is the most common and is made of only one plastic waste type, which is in general either polyethylene or polypropylen. This RPL type may not require reinforcements thanks to its homogeneous composition, which also allows a better product design. Generally the stiffness yet remains lower than wood which brings a significant limitation to the number of offered applications.

b. Heterogeneous recycled plastics (commingled) The range of materials possible for RPL is wide but may vary according to the local availability of plastics waste. Manufacturers have also developed RPL by mixing recycled plastics, as well as blends of recycled plastics with virgin plastics. The structural performance may be poorer than wood, which may lead to larger profile dimensions and shapes.

c. Wood-filled RPL Wood-filled RPL is made either with mixed or non-mixed recycled plastics and wood chips or sawdust. Thanks to the addition of wood, this RPL type may have enhanced properties with respect to other RPL types, such as better traction thanks to its greater surface roughness which may be similar to wood lumber. However, the addition of wood may lead to some drawbacks, such as the absorption of moisture, lower resistance in low temperature environments, not insect resistant, discolouring, and other minor issues.

d. Fibre-reinforced RPL This type of RPL is considered primarily for structural and higher-performance applications, in particular for applications where other RPL types usually fail. In order to withstand larger loads, RPL profiles are reinforced with glass-fibres (as in the PROWASTE project where pultruded rods are used), metals, or other materials which aim at enhancing the overall mechanical properties.

e. Other combinations of materials Research is being conducted also to identify optimal blends between recycled plastics with other materials to further enhance, and possibly overcome, the main drawbacks of RPL for different applications. RPL has so far been mixed with rubber, peanut shells, concrete, and other materials.

2.3

Wood Finishes

2.3.1

Shellac

What Is Shellac Made from? Shellac is made from raw seed lac and ethyl alcohol. It is produced by small red insects that feed on certain trees known as lac trees. These trees are commonly found in India and Thailand. The life cycle of these insects is only six months, in which they eat, propagate and finally secrete the resin they ate from the tree to produce shellac.

Advantages : Shellac is used as a wood finish and a high gloss varnish, it is made from two ingredients which are raw seed lac and ethyl alcohol. Shellac is shipped in dry or flaked form and is re-moisturised with a solvent such as denatured alcohol. Shellac is a clear varnish that dries quickly. It is made from raw seed lac and ethyl alcohol. Shellac is used mainly as a wood sealer and finisher today.

Disadvantaged : Shellac may give one of the most attractive wood finishes of any top coat, but it certainly isn't the most water-resistant of finishes. That being said, shellac may be the easiest top coat wood finish to repair. There are a few steps to repairing shellac, but if you have a project that needs repair, you'll be glad you took the time to learn the steps, as you'll be rewarded for your efforts with a nearly flawless finish once again.

2.2.2

Treated Wood

What is pressure treatment? Pressure treatment is a process that forces chemical preservatives into the wood. Wood is placed inside a closed cylinder, then vacuum and pressure are applied to force the preservatives into the wood. The preservatives help protect the wood from attack by termites, other insects, and fungal decay. What types of pressure treatments are used? Waterborne, Creosote, and Oil-borne (penta) are the three broad classes of preservatives typically used when pressure-treating wood. Wood treated with waterborne preservatives is typically used in residential, commercial and industrial building structures. Creosote is primarily used for treating railroad ties, guardrail posts, and timbers used in marine structures. Oil-borne (penta) is most often used for treating utility poles and cross arms. Several typical waterborne preservatives used in building applications include: Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA-C), Alkaline Copper Quat (ACQ-C, ACQ-D, ACQ-D Carbonate), Micronized Copper Quat (MCQ), Copper Azole (CA-B & CA-C, CA-C) and Sodium Borates (SBX/DOT). These treatments are often referred to by trade names such as: Wolmanized Natural Select (Copper Azole), Preserve and NatureWood (ACQ), MicroPro, Smart Sense (MCQ), and Advance Guard (Borate). Each preservative usually has a number of variations available so care should be exercised when specifying treated wood. Some different oil-borne preservatives that are used are Chlorpyrifos/IBPC, Copper Naphthenate and Pentachlorphenol. One advantage of these treatments is that they do not create swelling in the wood, but there is generally an added cost over water-borne treatments as well as availability in some regions.

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What types of wood can be preservative treated and what are the differences in corrosion rates? Trees / logs from which commercial wood is cut have a number of different layers. The two primary layers are called heartwood and sapwood. Heartwood provides most of the "structural" strength to the living tree while the sapwood transports the sap from the base of the tree up to the leaves. Wood preservatives penetrate sapwood easier than heartwood. As a result, wood species such as Southern Pine, which have a high percentage of sapwood, are predominately used in pressure treating. Wood species such as Douglas Fir have more heartwood so modifications are typically required to the preservative to achieve adequate penetration and retention levels. The modification that is usually made is to change the "carrier" used in the preservatives. Often this carrier uses an ammonia base, which improves the penetration but also tends to increase the corrosivity of the preservative. (The carrier used to treat sapwood species usually has an amine base.) This increase in corrosivity may be short term or long term. Hybrid carriers, a mix of amine and ammonia bases, may also be used to treat heartwood species. Incising (perforating the wood with small slits) may also be utilized to increase the penetration of preservative in heartwood species. CCA Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA) has been used successfully for a number of decades for pressure treating wood. Several types of CCA have been used, however, CCA-C (type C) has been the predominant preservative used for wood likely to come in contact with the products Simpson Strong-Tie manufactures. Why was the use of CCA discontinued for residential and general consumer use? In recent years preservative treated wood received negative publicity mainly focused on the use of arsenic in CCA. The increasing pressure to eliminate the use of CCA resulted in the treated wood products industry voluntarily transitioning from CCA to alternative preservative systems. CCA is no longer being produced for residential or general consumer use.

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2.2.3

Paint Paint is any liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition that, after application to a substrate in a thin

layer, converts to a solid film. It is most commonly used to protect, color, or provide texture to objects. Paint can be made or purchased in many colorsand in many different types, such as watercolor, artificial, etc. Paint is typically stored, sold, and applied as a liquid, but dries into a solid History In 2011, South African archeologists reported finding a 100,000-year-old human-made ochrebased mixture that could have been used like paint. Cave paintings drawn with red or yellow ochre, hematite, manganese oxide, and charcoal may have been made by early Homo sapiens as long as 40,000 years ago. Ancient colored walls at Dendera, Egypt, which were exposed for years to the elements, still possess their brilliant color, as vivid as when they were painted about 2,000 years ago. The Egyptians mixed their colors with a gummy substance, and applied them separately from each other without any blending or mixture. They appear to have used six colors: white, black, blue, red, yellow, and green. They first covered the area entirely with white, then traced the design in black, leaving out the lights of the ground color. They used minimum for red, and generally of a dark tinge. Pliny mentions some painted ceilings in his day in the town of Ardea, which had been done prior to the foundation of Rome. He expresses great surprise and admiration at their freshness, after the lapse of so many centuries. Paint was made with the yolk of eggs and therefore, the substance would harden and adhere to the surface it was applied to. Pigment was made from plants, sand, and different soils. Most paints used either oil or water as a base (the dilutant, solvent or vehicle for the pigment). A still extant example of 17th-century house oil painting is Ham House in Surrey, England, where a primer was used along with several undercoats and an elaborate decorative overcoat; the pigment and oil mixture would have been ground into a paste with a mortar and pestle. The process was done by hand by the painters and exposed them to lead poisoning due to the white-lead powder. In 1718, Marshall Smith invented a "Machine or Engine for the Grinding of Colours" in England. It is not known precisely how it operated, but it was a device that increased the efficiency of pigment grinding dramatically. Soon, a company called Emerton and Manby was advertising exceptionally lowpriced paints that had been ground with labour-saving technology

12

What Is Emulsion Paint Used for? Emulsion paint is one in which particles are suspended in oil or water with the help of an emulsifier such as latex paint. It is any liquid that can be liquefied, or mastic mixture, which after it has been applied to a substrate in a thin layer, forms a solid coating. Emulsions paints are a mixture of two substances that do not mix. One of the substances is dispersed in the other hence making them have a clouded look due to the various substance boundaries that scatter light rays passing through them. Emulsions paints are not formed naturally and are generally unstable.Emulsion is simply the British name for latex based paint. Emulsion paint is water based with some additives to make it more durable, but it can usually be scrubbed off with water and detergent. Enamel paint is solvent based and permanent and can only be removed with a solvent. Use emulsion to cover large surfaces cheaply and where you may want to change the colour - use enamel paint (which is very much more expensive) where you want a permanent hard finish. Enamel paint dries to a smooth, durable, hard finish and does not have the elasticity of acrylic paint.while Emulsion is a mixture of solids suspended in a liquid; emulsion paint is a paint which has resins suspended in water which then flow together with the help of an emulsifier Latex paint is an emulsion paint. the amount of shine a paint has once it is dry.

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2.2.4

Parquet A parquet floor is a wooden floor made from many pieces of wood fitted together like a mosaic or

puzzle, and it can be as large as a ballroom or as small as a bathroom. Frequently, parquet is made from different types of wood with varying grains, to create a unique and eye catching pattern. The parquetry inlay technique is also used on furniture or decorative items, especially in the Middle East and India, which have a long tradition of beautiful parquet floors and artwork. Available in a wide variety of colours and patterns, parquet tiles are a durable and relatively inexpensive flooring option that can enhance the appearance of any rooms dcor. Parquet wood flooring / parquet common type of laminate or even mention of High Density Fibreboard (HDF). This technology originated in Germany, is made of fine wood dust and glue given the press it firmly with a special machine till produce according to the shape and size you want, then the very top / surface coated with anti-scratch laminate materials like motif resembling various fibre natural wood and coated the very bottom of plain patterned laminate material that is mainly used to hold water so as not to penetrate into the material until parquet HDF treatment can be long lasting. Advantages parquet / laminate parquet is more affordable than other prices are solid parquet installation easier, without having to use glue because it formed " click system" at all pieces until such time when you want to discover it moved back to the other spatial You do not need to bother poke it out because you can just pick up from the very edge pieces will open after all. Each type of parquet / parquet has its respective accessories that will look "matching" according to materials used.

Advantages of parquet : Parquet flooring is a type of floor made from several small pieces of hardwood placed together to form a pattern. The pieces are often made of different grains and types of woods. The pattern formed can be quite large, sometimes encompassing an entire room. Parquet can also form a small pattern in a tile. In this case, identical parquet tiles are used to cover a room. Parquet is more popular than some other types of flooring for several reasons.

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Disadvantage of parquet : Parquet tiles do not have many disadvantages, but you will need to maintain them properly to keep them looking as good as new. A few cons are that parquet can scratch easily and also can fade if exposed for long periods of time to direct sunlight or water. Another disadvantage is that parquet flooring may need to be polished, sanded and re-sealed periodically.

2.4

The Classification of Wood

2.4.1

Introduction of Wood Wood is a material that has long been used in the construction of the structure. Design an exciting

and rewarding often produced from wood material. In addition to use in building structures of various shapes, wood is also used as materials for temporary structures for concrete, brick and stone. Today wood remains an important material in the construction although there had been a lot of new materials created and used for construction. This is probably because the wood suitable as thermal insulation and an estimated 15 times more heat resistant than concrete or suitability of the building and are often exposed to chemical gases ( Mahyuddin Ramli, 1992). Wood is also a lot of use and may not be available in other materials easily done by just using common hand tools. Understanding of natural and important weaknesses in the design of timber wood structure. Just old enough wood used for construction of structures. Various wood species available in Malaysia. Generally wood is divided into two; i. ii. Hard wood Soft Wood

Wood that there is in Malaysia included in category hardwood which mostly exist in tropical area like Malaysia.

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2.4.2

Wooden Classifications Malaysia Department of Forestry sort hardwood in Malaysia to three sub-group based on the

density and durability of natural wood. Wood Classification Based on the Malaysian Grading Rules (1984) classified the Malaysian timber as follows: i. Hardwood Weight ( group A) has a density of 800kg/m3 to 1200kg/m3 at 15 % moisture content, strength of 4.9 N/mm2 to 9979 N/mm2 ( Tan Boon Tong, 1994). Wood type is more robust and does not require any curing treatment to be used. This wood is from a disorder of red, cengal, Giam, Belian, merbau, Tembusu, Resak, Keranji, bitis and Kempas.

ii.

Hardwood Medium (group B ) has a density of 720kg/m3 to 880kg/m3 at 15 % moisture content, strength from 4:34 N/mm2 to 8.0 N/mm2 ( Tan Boon Tong , 1994). Timber of this type will naturally less durability when exposed to the weather and soil. Therefore this type of wood preservation treatment needs. This wood is of type Kempas, lime, shampoo, chelate, keruing, Kulim, Merawan, petaling, simpoh, tramp, pine, rengas, Resak, Tembusu and teak.

iii.

Light Hardwood (group C) has a density of 400kg/m3 to 720kg/m3 at 15 % moisture content, strength dari2.65 N/mm2 to 6.0 N/mm2 (Tan Boon Tong, 1994). Wood has the kind of natural durability. This wood is of type medang, mersawa, nyatoh, petai, Pulai ramin, rubber wood, sentang, spoon, bintangor, durian and kedondong.

iv.

Soft wood (group D) has a density of less than 400kg/m3, strength of less than 2.0 N/mm2. Wood that fall into this category are oil resin, jelutung, the island, and farmacia sempilor. In addition to the classification based on the density of wood, are also classified based on the strength of the wood.

v.

Wood Composite High uniform strength - wood is 25-45 times stronger than along the grain Across the grain. Crossing the Adjacent sheets tends to equalise the strength in all directions. Freedom from Shrinking, swelling and warping - Solid wood exhibits considerable movement Across the grain boots Generally negligible shrinkage or swelling in a longitudinal plane. The balanced construction of a plywood panel with the grain direction of the veneers at right Angles Adjacent tends to equalise stress, thus reducing shrinkage, swelling and warping. 16

2.4.3

Main Properties of Wood

For the purpose of structure and design, the main characteristics of wood used as a reference are: i. Strength (strength variability)

ii. Moisture content iii. Finishing the look

2.4.4

Problems That Often Arise In Wood Construction materials used such as wood allows it to easily be attacked by wood -eating insect

pests such as beetles and termites. In addition, the climate in the country can also cause structural wood rot and a simple house covered with mildew and fungus. Wood also suffered decay due to lack of water.

2.5

Plastic coated

2.5.1

Review

Plastic coated actually are actually common usage in this days. The plastic coated appliances were believed started in1960s. This method is founded by a German scientist, Dr Erwin Gemmer, as he try to find a method to prevent rusting in steels. As the times goes through, the plastic coated had been improved and most of the products nowdays are plastic coated.

2.5.2

Steel Product Coated In Plastic

There is a lot of steel product in these days are coated in plastic. The products is coated in plastic is to prevent the steel from rusting. The examples of products that is coated in plastic are cages, wires and 17

steel toys. There is a lot of method of coating a product, however most of the product nowdays are coated by using clamping method. The clamping method is a method that the product will be covered throughly by a medium or material before it is clamped that will melt the plastic and coated by the thickness designed for the product.

2.5.3

Wood Product Coated In PlasticReview

Most of the wooden product that we routinely used are covered and coated with plastic. For an example a product that is covered with plastic are the broom sticks. The broom sticks were covered in plastic to reduce the cost of painting of the broom stick and increase the lifespan of the broom stick. However, this method is not very effective as plastic cover itself is very thin and easily thorn. However, for an effective way to coat a wood product by using Molding method, Molding method is a method where the product is coated perfectly as the coating material melt and fill the mould (the product is inserted inside the mould). This results the product completely coated and leave no air space.

2.6

Plastics

2.6.1 Types of Plastic

a. Acetals Acetals are engineering-type thermoplastics. The acetal homopolymer is polyoxymethylene, in which methyl groups are linked together by an oxygen atom. Mechanical and Chemical Properties Acetals are highly crystalline. They are rigid, resilient, tough, and strong. They do not easily become brittle, even with long-term exposure to unfavorable conditions and high temperatures. Acetals cannot be dissolved by organic solvents, however they have limited resistance to strong acids and oxidizing chemicals. Acetals absorb minimal amounts of moisture, a characteristic which enhances their high flammability. Applications

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Acetals are used in hardware components such as gears and bearings. They are also found in pumps, valves, screws, bottles, fans, paint sprayers, shower heads, tool handles, and dishes.

b. Acrylics Acrylics are synthetic plastics, prepared from acrylic acids. They are polymers of the esters of acrylic acid. Mechanical and Chemical Properties While acrylics are clear and transmit light exceptionally well, they are also easily coloured. They can be found in all shades, including fluorescents. Their surface lustre is outstanding. Despite the fact that they have a low softening point, acrylics are weather resistant and hard. Acrylics have low moisture absorbtivity and high scratch resistance. They are susceptible to damage by certain chemicals such as gasoline and cleaning fluids, however they will withstand non-oxidizing acids and household alkalies. Acrylic plastics are slow burning and burn with little smoke or toxicity. Applications Acrylics are excellent as lens material. They are used in binoculars, cameras, and eye glasses. Acrylics are also used in stop lights and car headlights. Lighting fixtures, dishes, floor waxes, carpets, piano keys, beverage dispensers, and skylights all contain acrylic plastics.

c. Amino Resins Amino resins consist of melamine formaldehydes and urea formaldehydes. The molecular structure of urea formaldehyde is shown below. Mechanical and Chemical Properties Amino plastics are hard, scratch and stain resistant, moldable, thermally resistant, and come in a variety of transluscent and opaque colours. While they are fairly strong, they are not unbreakable. They are resistant to solvents such as cleaning fluids, gasoline, and oils. Aminos will not burn or soften, even in open flame.

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Applications Amino resins are used in molding powders. Molded products of amino plastics include switch cover plates, buttons, electric mixer housings, radio cabinets, coffee makers, and door knobs. Aminos are also extremely useful as adhesives, especially in the woods industry, and as laminated lay-ups for kitchen counters. Finally, aminos are also employed as surface coatings on paper and fabric.

d. Cellulosics "Cellulosics" is the general term for a group of plastics which are derived from cellulose, a natural occuring fibre which is obtained from wood pulp. The five principle cellulose plastics are: cellulose acetate cellulose nitrate cellulose propionate cellulose acetate butyrate ethyl cellulose

The molecular structure of cellulose is shown below: Various chemical groups are substituted for the hydroxy groups in glucose, with each substitution resulting in the production of one of these five plastics. Mechanical and Chemical Properties While each of the five cellulosics have unique properties, certain characteristics are common to all of these plastics. They are among the toughest of all the plastics, and are moderately heat resistant. They have lustrous surfaces and can be found in opaque, transluscent, and transparent forms. All cellulosics are soluble in some hydrocarbons and decompose in strong acids. Cellulose plastics are available in a wide variety of colours. Applications Cellulosics are used in shoe heels, eyeglass frames, toothbrush handles, pen and pencil barrels, piano keys, beads, toys, fisherperson's floats and tackle, cutlery handles, combs and steering wheels.

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e. Phenolics Phenolics are synthetic resins, produced by the condensation of phenol with formaldehyde in the presence of a base. The generic phenolic structure is shown below. Various chemical groups are substituted for the hydroxy groups in glucose, with each substitution resulting in the production of one of these five plastics. Mechanical and Chemical Properties Phenolics are hard, rigid, heat resistant, and brittle. Fillers are used in order to improve their toughness. They have excellent insulating properties and are heat resistant to 260C. They are chemically inert to most common solvents and weak acids. They absorb very little moisture. Fillers are widely used in the manufacture of phenolics in order to achieve certain desired charactertics as appropriate for the application of the plastic. Applications Phenolics may be used in their liquid form in laminating of veneers, fabrics, and paper. Phenolics are also used in distributor caps, brake linings, pulleys, washing machines, detergent dispensers, telephones, salad bowls, ash trays, croquet balls, and roof panels.

f.

Polyamides Polyamides are plastics whose structural units are linked by amide groupings. The most common

type of polyamide is nylon. Mechanical and Chemical Properties Polyamides are naturally beige or off-white, but they can be manufactured to be transparent. Polyamides can be easily molded. They are hard and brittle and resistant to abrasion, shrinkage and heat. Certains polyamides are especially flexible and impervious to impact. Polyamides are resistant to deterioration by alkalies, petroleum products, and organic solvents. Hot phenol, formaldehydes, ultraviolet light and mineral acids destroy polyamides. Most polyamides are self-extinguishing in the event of fire. Applications Polyamides are used in small bearings, speedometer gears, windshield wipers, water hose nozzels, football helmets, racehorse shoes, inks, clothing, parachute fabrics, rainwear, and cellophane. 21

g. Polyesters Polyesters are formed either by a reaction between a dibasic acid and a dihydroxy alcohol or by the polymerization of a hydroxy carboxylic acid. Mechanical and Chemical Properties Polyesters are naturally clear and colourless, however they can be coloured and filled according to specifications. Polyesters do not show wear with exposure to poor weather conditions. They are highly resistant to chemical deterioration, withstanding most solvents, acids, and salts. Polyesters are strong and tough and range from rigid to flexible. They are also resistant to heat damage and can be made to be self-extinguishing. Applications The dominant uses for polyesters are in laminating and molding. Boat hulls, automobiles, and aircraft bodies all contain polyesters. Polyesters are also found in wash tubs, luggage, hammer handles, costume jewlery, and fan blades.

h. Polyolefins Polyolefins are unsaturated hydrocarbons extracted from petroleum or natural gas. The structure shown below is that of a simple, straight-chain polyolefin, however polyolefins can also be found with varying degrees of carbon chain branching. Mechanical and Chemical Properties The properties of the polyolefins depend in large part on the length and branching of their carbon chains. Short chains make brittle, waxy plastics. Longer chains produce a very tough plastic. As the density of a polyolefin increases, so do its softening temperature, gloss, and grease resistance. As the density of a polyolefin decreases, so do its crack-resistance and its permeability. Most polyolefins are resistant to attack by acids, bases, and salts. Oxidizing agents, solvents, and hydrocarbons can destroy this group of plastics. Uncoloured polyolefins are more susceptible to damage by weathering in the presence of oxygen and sunlight. Polyolefins are slow burning.

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Applications Polyolefins are used in pipe fittings, packaging films, surgical implants, wire insulation, beverage cases, trash-can liners, produce bags, canteens, and rug backing for automotive flooring.

i.

Polyurethanes Polyurethanes are produced by reacting diisocyanates with glycols. The molecular structure of

polyurethane is shown below. Mechanical and Chemical Properties Polyurethanes are naturally amber in colour. They are easily stretched; a property which has earned them the nickname 'elastomers'. Polyurethanes are scratch, tear, and shock resistant. They are very tough but have good cushioning properties. Polyurethanes are not easily damaged by chemicals including solvents, acids, and oils. Applications Polyurethanes are found in tires, gaskets, bumpers, and synthetic leather. More foamy varieties of polyurethane are used in refrigerator insulation, sponges, furniture cushioning, and life jackets.

j.

Styrenes Styrene plastics are made by the polymerization of styrenes. Its carbon chain is long, linear, and

amorphous. Mechanical and Chemical Properties Styrenes are smooth, clear, odourless, and tasteless. They can be found in a wide range of colours. They melt over a wide range of temperatures and pressures, allowing for terrific molding possibilities. They demonstrate terrific insulating properties. Styrenes are hard and brittle and show poor resistance to chemical treatments. Styrenes are limited in their amount of liquid absorption. Butadiene fillers increase the impact resistance of styrenes, making them much more versatile in their range of uses. Styrenes burn slowly.

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Applications Styrenes are widely used in disposable products including picnic utensils and food containers. They are also found in automobile interior parts, model airplane and car kits, jewelery, clock cases, place mats, envelope windows, ice buckets, and egg cartons.

k. Vinyls Vinyl plastics are formed by the polymerization of chemical compounds containing the group CH2=CH.

Mechanical and Chemical Properties Vinyls are strong, with excellent resistance to damage caused by water and chemical wearing. However, they are ruined by prolonged exposure to sunlight. They are available in a wide variety of colours. Vinyls range from being hard and rigid to soft and flexible. Vinyls are self-extinguishing. Applications Vinyls are used in automobile seat covers, shower curtains, raincoats, bottles, visors, shoe soles, garden hoses, and mannequins.

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2.6.2 Types of Polymer The following table illustrates the most common types of plastics used, their applications and the symbol which is often used to identify them on forms of plastic packaging.

Polymer Types Polyethylene Terephthalate

Examples of applications

Symbol

Fizzy drink and water bottles. Salad trays.

null

High Density Polyethylene

Milk bottles, bleach, cleaners and most shampoo bottles.

null

Polyvinyl Chloride

Pipes, fittings, window and door frames (rigid PVC). Thermal insulation (PVC foam) and automotive parts.

null

Low Density Polyethylene

Carrier bags, bin liners and packaging films.

null

Polypropylene

Margarine tubs, microwaveable meal trays, also produced as fibres and filaments for carpets, wall coverings and vehicle upholstery. Yoghurt pots, foam hamburger boxes and egg cartons, plastic cutlery, protective packaging for electronic goods and toys. Insulating material in the building and construction industry. Any other plastics that do not fall into any of the above categories - for example polycarbonate which is often used in glazing for the aircraft industry

null

Polystyrene

null

Unallocated References

null

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2.6.3

Overview Polywood is made from high-density polyethylene (HDPE), UV-inhibited pigment systems,

foaming compounds, and selected process additives. The HDPE primary raw material is derived from post-consumer bottle waste, such as milk and detergent bottles or other HDPE post industrial material. This material is cleaned by a decontamination process to a high purity level, which removes contaminants such as food residue, paper, and adhesives. It is then compounded into a rigid board stock material; with the resulting finished product containing over 90% recycled plastic by weight. Because HDPE products are made with a single, purified polymer, they are manufactured to exacting, reproducible specifications. They have exceptional resistance to corrosive substances, oil and fuels, insects, fungi, salt spray, and other environmental stresses. They do not absorb moisture; therefore, they will not rot, splinter, or crack. HDPE products have excellent weathering resistance; however, as with other polyolefins, it is possible that the material will fade slightly over the service life of the product. These products require no water proofing, painting, staining, or similar maintenance when used in many exterior applications.

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CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1

Introduction

This methodology describes in detail the way this was conducted from the beginning of the study until the final outcome of this study. Furthermore, this methodology also shows the processes of a study done. It is includes a review of the research method and design appropriateness, a discussion of the sample.
1

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3.2

Methodology Of Study

START

STATE TOPIC

PROBLEM STATEMENT

PRODUCE A PRODUCT

CHOOSE MATERIALS

OBJECTIVES

NO TESTING DATA AND ANALYSIS

YES RESULT

END

CONCLUSION

Figure 3.2 : Methodology Of Study

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3.3 Methodology of Explanation

3.3.1 State topic To study on the durability of wood coated with plastic. We do brainstorm with our team mates and we came up for a few ideas and we proposed the ideas to our supervisor. After a brief discussion, we decided to choose this topic as it is doable for our level. Internet, brain storming, talks, researches from other university.

3.3.2 Problem statement Woods is one of the material that is regularly used in construction. However, wood is yet still vulnerable to termites and water. These vulnerabilities may affect the quality of wood itself thus reducing the workability of the wood.

3.3.3 State Objectives Our objectives is to produce a material which is plastic that coated the wood so it could resist towards termites attacks and moisture. We also will gone through the coated wood through various test such as tensile to ensure the wood is compatible to use just like uncoated woods.

3.3.4 Choose materials We will use multiple types of plastic and woods used in construction to receive various results for our product.

3.3.5 Produce the product We shall produce our product using molding method as it is do-able and safe our budget compared to injection and clamping method.

3.3.6 Testing We shall test our product with these tests : Termites test : to test our product towards termintes attack Moisture test : to test our product either it is permeable towards water. Tensile stress and Shear stress test : To test our product either it strength is compatible to uncoated woods. 29

3.3.7 Data analysis

3.3.8 Result

3.3.9 Conclusion

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References

Book 1. Hegberg, B.A., Brenniman, G.R., Hallenbeck, W.H., Technologies for Recycling Post-Consumer Mixed Plastics, Center for Solid Waste Management and Research, Chicago IL, OTT-8, March 1991. 2. McLaren, M.G., Recycled Plastic Lumber and Shapes Design and Specifications, presented at the ASCE Structures XIII Congress, Boston, April 1995. 3. Lampo, R., and T. Nosker, Development and Testing of Plastic Lumber Materials for Construction Applications, USACERL Technical Report 97/95, pp 10-12.

Website http://www.efka.utm.my/thesis/IMAGES/3PSM/2011/JSB-5/isamrisaudinsx065135awd07ttp.pdf http://woodguard.ca/ http://news.thomasnet.com/fullstory/Plastic-Wood-Material-offers-rot-and-insect-resistance26983 http://www.american-plasticlumber.com/ http://www.astm.org/SNEWS/DECEMBER_2001/wsd_dec01.html http://www.tdpri.com/forum/finely-finished/279878-how-i-approach-nitrocellulose-lacquerfinish.html

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