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Man has been aware of fluorescence for hundreds of years, but was unable to put it to practical use for lighting until Thomas Edison was granted a patent for the fluorescent lamp in 1907. The fluorescent lamp is an electric lamp consisting of a glass tube, coated on the inside with a fluorescent substance that gives off light when acted upon by electricity. Fluorescent lamps and incandescent lamps are the two major sources of electric light today. However, fluorescent lamps produce 3.5 times as much light per watt, have much longer lives and often cost less than the corresponding models of incandescent lamps. Consequently, fluorescent lamps are commonly used in offices, factories, classrooms, restaurants, and libraries, as well as a number of other public buildings.
Typical fluorescent lamps consist of a long glass tube that seals the inner components from atmosphere. These inner components include two electrodes that emit a flow of electrons; mercury vapour, which is the source of ultraviolet radiation; argon gas, which helps in starting the lamp, and of course fluorescent power coating on the inner surface of the tube; and compact energy saving fluorescent lamp contains ballast. Compact Fluorescent light bulbs, also known as CFLs, are an eco-friendly alternative to standard incandescent light bulbs. CFLs can be screwed into the same sockets as other light bulbs and provide very comparable lighting. CFLs are easily recognizable due to their distinct twisting shape. These green light bulbs have a host of benefits that can help improve the planet, our home and finances. One of the greatest benefits of compact fluorescent light bulbs is their energy efficiency. A CFL uses 50 to 80 percent less energy than other light bulbs. While many consumers are dissuaded by the higher initial cost of a CFL
these light bulbs must be replaced less often than incandescent bulbs. Compact fluorescent lights can have a dramatically extended lifespan, lasting as much as 10 times longer than their incandescent counterparts. While standard incandescent bulb will last for a year, a CFL can last anywhere from 8 to 10 years. Furthermore, a 75-watt incandescent bulb can be replaced by a 20-watt CFL bulb. One can receive the same amount of light while paying for far less energy. Replacing just one incandescent bulb with a CFL can prevent as much as 450 lb. of carbon dioxide from entering the atmosphere. Compact fluorescent light bulbs can be used in almost any light fixture that accepts an incandescent bulb. CFLs can be used in everything from table lamps to ceiling fixtures. Specially designed CFLs are also available for more unique types of lighting. A three-way CFL can be used in lighting fixtures with a three-way setting. Though CFLs were initially unsuitable for dimmer switches, dimmable CFLs are now available as well. While compact fluorescent lighting is ideal for many situations, it must be used in the right way to reap the full benefits.
PROMOTERS PROFILE
1. Ankita Gaur
2. Piyush Jain
MARKET POTENTIAL
The average rated life of a CFL is between 8 and 15 times that of incandescent. CFLs typically have a rated life-span of between 6,000 and 15,000 hours, whereas incandescent lamps are usually manufactured to have a lifespan of 750 hours or 1,000 hours. For a given light output, CFLs use 20 to 33 percent of the power of equivalent incandescent lamps. If a buildings indoor incandescent lamps are replaced by CFLs, the heat produced due to lighting will be reduced. At times when the building requires both heating and lighting, the heating system will make up the heat. If the building required both illumination and cooling, then CFLs also reduce the load on the cooling system compared to incandescent lamps resulting in two concurrent savings in electrical power. The luminous efficacy of CFL sources is typically 60 to 72 lumens per input watt of electric power, versus 8 to 17 lm/W for incandescent lamps. This gives an efficiency range of 17 to 21% of a theoretical ideal white light source giving 347 lumens per radiant watt for a triphosphor spectrum. While CFLs require more energy in manufacturing than incandescent lamps, this embodied energy is more than offset by the fact that they last longer and use less energy than equivalent incandescent lamps during their lifespan. While the purchase price of an integrated CFL is typically 3 to 10 times greater than that of an equivalent incandescent lamp, the extended lifetime and lower energy use will more than compensate for the higher initial cost. CFLs are extremely cost effective in commercial buildings when used to replace incandescent lamps. Thus CFL has got an enormous market potential.
IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE
Specifications Time (months) Preparation of the project EM filling and other formalities Sanction of loan from financial institution 3 months Land & Building Plant & Machinery i) Placement of orders ii) Procurement iii) Power connection/classifications 3 Months iv) Instrument erection of Machine & test equipment v) Recruitment of technical persons Procurement of Raw Material Trial Production Commercial Production 1 month 16th month 17th month 8 months 3 months 1 month
SITE LOCATION
PHOTOS OF SITE
PROPOSED VIEW
Description Process
The production of fluorescent lamps is done in four stages. Most of the work is done by automatic machinery, so only a minimal number of workers are required. The four stages of production are: (1) Mount Making Three machines are used to make mounts. This machinery can be used to make stems for many types of lamps Flare Making Machine:
A specially designed machine with 12 heads located around the edge of turntable flanges tubes of glass into flares. The flare is separated from the glass / tubing by a flame which polishes the surface of the glass as it cuts it. Stem Making Machine:
Exhaust tubes and lead-in wires from pre-sorted hoppers are, along with the flares, fed into the stem making machine, which automatically forms the stems. Mounting Machine:
The stems are forwarded to the mounting machine, where oxidized, tungsten wire filaments are attached, thus completing the mount making process. (2) Glass Tube Preparation Glass tubes of the appropriate length are placed in the washing and
coating machine. This machine uses hot water and hot air to wash and dry the glass tubes before the inner walls of the tubes are coated with fluorescent powder. After being coated with fluorescent powder the tubes are automatically
unloaded onto a roller conveyor which transports them through an oven and the through a cooling chamber. As the tubes pass through the oven, the fluorescent coating is baked on to the tubes.
automatically brush the fluorescent coating from the ends of the tubes. The conveyor then transports the tubes to the sealing machine for final assembly. (3) Base Preparation The required portions of the ingredients needed to make the sealing
compound are mixed together in a cement-mixing machine. The sealing compound is then dispensed into the bases of the lamps by
an automatic filling machine. The bases are then forwarded to the basing machine for final assembly. (4) Assembly The mounts, glass tubes, and the cement filled bases are then assembled into finished products.
MACHINERY
CFL Capsule Aging Machine. CFL Capsule Aging / Seasoning Machine. Life Testing Rack For CFL Capsule (wire Lamp) Deco Lamp Baker Decoration Shell Backing Machines HID Machines Quartz Tube Bending Machine FTL Wipping Machines CFL Auto Soldering Machine Auto Soldering Machine For CFL CFL Basing Machine Material Assembly Conveyors Base Filler Cement Mixer Cap Crimping Machine
8 Watts
15 Watts
SWOT Analysis
SWOT Analysis is a useful technique for understanding your Strengths and Weaknesses, and for identifying both the Opportunities open to you and the Threats you face. Used in a business context, a SWOT Analysis helps you carve a sustainable niche in your market. Used in a personal context, it helps you develop your career in a way that takes best advantage of your talents, abilities and opportunities What makes SWOT particularly powerful is that, with a little thought, it can help you uncover opportunities that you are well placed to exploit. And by understanding the weaknesses of your business, you can manage and eliminate threats that would otherwise catch you unawares. More than this, by looking at yourself and your competitors using the SWOT framework, you can start to craft a strategy that helps you distinguish yourself from your competitors, so that you can compete successfully in your market.
Strengths:
What advantages does your organization have? What do you do better than anyone else? What unique or lowest-cost resources can you draw upon that others can't? What do people in your market see as your strengths? What factors mean that you "get the sale"? What is your organization's Unique Selling Proposition (USP)?
Consider your strengths from both an internal perspective, and from the point of view of your customers and people in your market. Also, if you're having any difficulty identifying strengths, try writing down a list of your organization's characteristics. Some of these will hopefully be strengths! When looking at your strengths, think about them in relation to your competitors. For example, if all of your competitors provide high quality products, then a high quality production process is not strength in your organization's market, it's a necessity.
Weaknesses:
What could you improve? What should you avoid? What are people in your market likely to see as weaknesses? What factors lose you sales?
Again, consider this from an internal and external basis: Do other people seem to perceive weaknesses that you don't see? Are your competitors doing any better than you? It's best to be realistic now, and face any unpleasant truths as soon as possible.
Opportunities:
What good opportunities can you spot? What interesting trends are you aware of?
Changes in technology and markets on both a broad and narrow scale. Changes in government policy related to your field. Changes in social patterns, population profiles, lifestyle changes, and so on. Local events.
Tip: A useful approach when looking at opportunities is to look at your strengths and ask yourself whether these open up any opportunities. Alternatively, look at your weaknesses and ask yourself whether you could open up opportunities by eliminating them.
4 Threats
What obstacles do you face? What are your competitors doing? Are quality standards or specifications for your job, products or services changing? Is changing technology threatening your position? Do you have bad debt or cash-flow problems? Could any of your weaknesses seriously threaten your business
SWOT Analysis is a simple but useful framework for analyzing your organization's strengths and weaknesses, and the opportunities and threats that you face. It helps you focus on your strengths, minimize threats, and take the greatest possible advantage of opportunities available to you. SWOT Analysis can be used to "kick off" strategy formulation, or in a more sophisticated way as a serious strategy tool. You can also use it to get an understanding of your competitors, which can give you the insights you need to craft a coherent and successful competitive position. When carrying out your SWOT Analysis, be realistic and rigorous. Apply it at the right level, and supplement it with other option-generation tools where appropriate.
6. Cater to customer needs: Our firm has the ability to modify its products or services in response to unique customer needs. As we all belong to Jammu so we know our customers better than one. If a modification in the products or services offered or even the business's hours of operation would better serve the customers, it is possible for us to make changes. Customers can even have a role in product development. 7. Another strength is that the people involved in this business have a passionate, almost compulsive, desire to succeed. This makes them work harder and better.
WEAKNESSES OF OUR CFL PLANT 1. It can be difficult to reach enough potential customers to establish a successful base of customers. Potential customers might be less likely to do business with a new entrant than other established cfl plants.. Some clients will give their business to the bigger guy with the name they recognize. 2. Absence of skilled personnel most of small scale businesses does not have skilled personnel. Due to which these businesses lack in Identification of industrial projects for development Consultancy and counselling services Industrial training and skill formation 3. Our businesses do not use Information technology and its applications such as the designing of prototype machines for product identified according to country resources and requirements. 4. Other weakness is to obtain the permission of and licence from, the Industrial Development of the state, local bodies etc. But despite the policy of Government, petty officials are often unhelpful. A lot of time and energy is wasted in persuading these officials to perform their duties.
OPPORTUNITIES 1. Government is providing many opportunities for small business. Government has formed many policies and financial institutions for helping small units like Industrial policy resolution 2. Not much competition in this sector at present in Jammu. 3. Increased popularity of CFL Lamps nowadays in Jammu. 4. Due to no transportation cost, our product will cost less as compared to already existing CFL manufacturers in Jammu.
THREATS TO OUR CFL PLANT 1. There are 3 well established CFL industries in Samba. 2. Difficult to sustain the orders from vendors.
MARKETING STRATEGIES
1. Pricing: The pricing strategies commonly used based on the regional study, were cost-oriented, competition-oriented and demand oriented. We will be positioning our CFL as a good quality and with lesser price as compared to the existing CFL in the market. 2. Advertising and Promotion: Aside from developing the product, pricing it right and making it easily available to the consumers, small enterprises also promote their products. The main objective of these firms in promoting their products is to inform their buyers about their product and to stimulate a demand for them. For the promotion of our product well be giving advt. In the radio, newspapers, billboards and local channels. 3. Customer Relationship Management: Good customer relation in business tends to be intimate with their customers and clients which results in greater accountability and maturity. They usually offer a more personalized approach to interacting with
clients. Customers who are treated like family are more likely to return to that business in the future.
POLLUTION CONTROL : Manufacturing of CFL does not produce any pollution & hence does not require pollution control certificate from pollution control Board. Also manufacturing of CFL is categorized under no pollution producing industry.
1. Use of energy saver ( 20w) in place of fluorescent tube 40 watt. 2. Periodic maintenance of different electric equipment. 3. Adoption of energy conserving technologies, production aids and testing facilities 4. Optimum use of electrical energy during testing of CFL LIGHTING 5. Proper selection of layout of lighting system 6. Timely switch on and off of the system 7. Use of Electronic choke in place of wire wound choke 8. Proper maintenance of the lighting system such as periodical cleaning of tubes and fixtures.
FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
FIXED INVESTMENT
SR.NO 1 Specifications Land & Building Land (30 lakhs per acres) Building Total 2 3 4 Machinery & Equipments Furniture Preliminary Expenses 60,00,000 20,00,000 14,000,000 55,00,000 2,00,000 3,00,000 14,000,000 Amount ()
UTILITIES
SR.NO Specifications 1 2 Electricity Water Year 1 1,90,000 500 1,95,000 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4
SALARY OF STAFF
SR.NO Designation 1 2 3 4 Chief Executive Production manger Manager Store Keeper No 1 1 1 2 Salary(PM) 35,000 20,000 15,000 7,500 Total(PM) Total(PY) 35,000 20,000 15,000 15,000 4,20,000 2,40,000 1,80,000 1.80,000
5 6
Accountant Peon
1 1
10,000 5,000
TECHNICAL STAFF
SR.NO Designation 1 2 3 4 Supervisor Skilled Workers No 1 5 Salary(PM) 6,000 6,000 4,000 3,000 Total(PM) 6,000 30,000 20,000 15,000 71,000 Total(PY) 72,000 3,60,000 2,40,000 1,80,000 8,52,000
RAW MATERIAL
SR.NO Specifications 1 2 3 4 5 6 Glass tube PBT B22 PCB Assembly Pack Year 1 15,00,000 4,50,000 15,00,000 15,00,000 3,00,000 1,50,000 54,00,000 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4
15,00,000 16,50,000 18,00,000 15,00,000 16,50,000 18,00,000 3,00,000 1,50,000 3,30,000 1,65,000 3,60,000 1,80,000
60,000
60,000
65,000
65,000
2 3 4
19,000
18,000
17,000
2,36,000
MEANS OF FINANCE
SR.NO Source 1 2 Bank loan Own Capital Amount () 1,000,000 60,00,000 16,000,000 Payback Period 8 years
VARIABLE EXPENSES
SR.NO 1 2 3 5 Specifications Utilities (80%) Wages Raw material Salaries Amount () 1,56,000 8,52,000 54,00,000 6,00,000 70,08,000
0 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253
38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81
16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253
9,036 9,126 9,217 9,310 9,403 9,497 9,592 9,688 9,785 9,882 9,981 10,081 10,182 10,284 10,386 10,490 10,595 10,701 10,808 10,916 11,025 11,136 11,247 11,360 11,473 11,588 11,704 11,821 11,939 12,058 12,179 12,301 12,424 12,548 12,673 12,800 12,928 13,057 13,188 13,320 13,453 13,588 13,724 13,861
7,217 7,127 7,035 6,943 6,850 6,756 6,661 6,565 6,468 6,370 6,272 6,172 6,071 5,969 5,866 5,763 5,658 5,552 5,445 5,337 5,227 5,117 5,006 4,893 4,780 4,665 4,549 4,432 4,314 4,194 4,074 3,952 3,829 3,705 3,579 3,453 3,325 3,195 3,065 2,933 2,800 2,665 2,529 2,392
2,87,335 2,96,461 3,05,679 3,14,988 3,24,391 3,33,888 3,43,480 3,53,167 3,62,952 3,72,834 3,82,815 3,92,896 4,03,078 4,13,362 4,23,748 4,34,238 4,44,834 4,55,535 4,66,343 4,77,259 4,88,285 4,99,420 5,10,667 5,22,027 5,33,500 5,45,088 5,56,792 5,68,612 5,80,551 5,92,610 6,04,789 6,17,089 6,29,513 6,42,061 6,54,735 6,67,535 6,80,463 6,93,520 7,06,708 7,20,028 7,33,482 7,47,069 7,60,793 7,74,654
3,30,273 3,37,400 3,44,435 3,51,378 3,58,228 3,64,984 3,71,645 3,78,211 3,84,679 3,91,049 3,97,321 4,03,493 4,09,564 4,15,533 4,21,400 4,27,162 4,32,820 4,38,371 4,43,816 4,49,153 4,54,380 4,59,497 4,64,503 4,69,396 4,74,176 4,78,841 4,83,390 4,87,822 4,92,136 4,96,331 5,00,405 5,04,357 5,08,186 5,11,891 5,15,470 5,18,923 5,22,247 5,25,443 5,28,507 5,31,440 5,34,240 5,36,905 5,39,435 5,41,827
6,17,608 6,33,861 6,50,114 6,66,366 6,82,619 6,98,872 7,15,125 7,31,378 7,47,631 7,63,884 7,80,136 7,96,389 8,12,642 8,28,895 8,45,148 8,61,401 8,77,653 8,93,906 9,10,159 9,26,412 9,42,665 9,58,918 9,75,170 9,91,423 10,07,676 10,23,929 10,40,182 10,56,435 10,72,688 10,88,940 11,05,193 11,21,446 11,37,699 11,53,952 11,70,205 11,86,457 12,02,710 12,18,963 12,35,216 12,51,469 12,67,722 12,83,974 13,00,227 13,16,480
7,12,672 7,03,546 6,94,328 6,85,018 6,75,615 6,66,119 6,56,527 6,46,839 6,37,054 6,27,172 6,17,191 6,07,110 5,96,928 5,86,644 5,76,257 5,65,767 5,55,172 5,44,470 5,33,662 5,22,746 5,11,720 5,00,584 4,89,337 4,77,978 4,66,504 4,54,916 4,43,213 4,31,392 4,19,453 4,07,394 3,95,215 3,82,914 3,70,490 3,57,942 3,45,269 3,32,468 3,19,540 3,06,483 2,93,294 2,79,974 2,66,521 2,52,933 2,39,210 2,25,349
82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96
16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253 16,253
13,999 14,139 14,281 14,424 14,568 14,713 14,861 15,009 15,159 15,311 15,464 15,619 15,775 15,933 16,092
2,253 2,113 1,972 1,829 1,685 1,539 1,392 1,244 1,094 942 789 634 478 320 161
7,88,653 8,02,792 8,17,073 8,31,497 8,46,064 8,60,778 8,75,638 8,90,648 9,05,807 9,21,118 9,36,582 9,52,201 9,67,975 9,83,908 10,00,000
5,44,080 5,46,194 5,48,166 5,49,995 5,51,680 5,53,219 5,54,612 5,55,855 5,56,949 5,57,891 5,58,679 5,59,314 5,59,792 5,60,112 5,60,273
13,32,733 13,48,986 13,65,239 13,81,492 13,97,744 14,13,997 14,30,250 14,46,503 14,62,756 14,79,009 14,95,261 15,11,514 15,27,767 15,44,020 15,60,273
2,11,349 1,97,210 1,82,929 1,68,505 1,53,937 1,39,223 1,24,363 1,09,353 94,194 78,883 63,419 47,800 32,025 16,092 0