Poljoprivreda 2002 Br.1

UDK 63
ISSN 1330-7142
POLJOPRIVREDA
znanstveno - stru~ni ~asopis Svezak 8; Broj 1; Lipanj, 2002.
SADR@AJ Kova~evi}, I. Brki}, D. imi}, B. imi} REAKCIJA KUKURUZA (Zea mays L.) NA STRES I GNOJIDBU KALIJEM NA TLU S FIKSACIJOM KALIJA . . . . . . . 5 V. Kova~evi}, I. Kadar, J. Koncz, I. Brki}, . Banaj KADMIJ I OLOVO U HIBRIDIMA KUKURUZA UZGAJANIM NA KISELOM TLU ISTO^NE HRVATSKE . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Manda Antunovi}, Gordana Bukvi}, Mirta Rastija REAKCIJA HIBRIDA KUKURUZA NA DVA TIPA TLA SLATINSKE PODRAVINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Z. Zduni}, D. imi}, I. Brki}, A. Jambrovi}, Renata Zduni}, Tatjana Leden~an ZNAÊNJE IZBORA TESTERA KOD PROCJENE STABILNOSTI PRINOSA ZRNA HIBRIDA KUKURUZA . . . . . . . . . 20 Gordana Bukvi}, M. Stjepanovi} , Manda Antunovi} UTJECAJ pH TLA NA USVAJANJE P i Ca U NADZEMNOM DIJELU LUCERNE (Medicago sativa L.) . . . . . . . . . . 25 S. Popovi}, Sonja Grljui}, Marijana Tucak, T. ûpi}, Gordana Bukvi} MOGU]NOSTI I OGRANIÊNJA OPLEMENJIVANJA KVALITETE LUCERNE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Jasna otari}, Nada Para|ikovi}, S. Madjar, D. Horvat UTJECAJ RAZLIÎTIH IZVORA VODE ZA NAVODNJAVANJE NA PRINOS PAPRIKE (Capsicum annuum L.) U UVJETIMA STAKLENI^KE PROIZVODNJE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 T. Rastija, Mirjana Baban, Z. Antunovi}, I. Mandi}, I. ûrik RAZVOJ I KORELACIJSKA POVEZANOST LIPICANSKE @DREBADI PO LINIJAMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 T. Rastija, Z. Antunovi}, Mirjana Baban, I. Mandi}, A. Vitkovi} POVEZANOST NEKIH TJELESNIH MJERA LIPICANSKIH PASTUHA PO LINIJAMA U ERGELI AKOVO . . . . . . . . 52 R. Sirali OP]A PÊLARSKA SITUACIJA U TURSKOJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Jasenka ]osi} TAKSONOMIJA FUSARIUM VRSTA IZOLIRANIH S KULTIVIRANOG BILJA, KOROVA I NJIHOVA PATOGENOST ZA PENICU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
OSIJEK 2002. Sv. 8
Ure|iva~ki odbor Editorial Board Prof.dr.sc. Jnos Ember, Kaposvar, NR Ma|arska Prof.dr.sc. Geza Kuroli, Mosonmagyarovar, NR Ma|arska Prof.dr.sc. Frane Tomi}, Agronomski fakultet Sveu~ilita u Zagrebu Prof.dr.sc. Ivan Todori}, Agronomski fakultet Sveu~ilita u Zagrebu Prof.dr.sc. Marija Ivezi}, Poljoprivredni fakultet Sveu~ilita Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku Prof.dr.sc. Zdenko Steiner, Poljoprivredni fakultet Sveu~ilita Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku Prof.dr.sc. Ivan Juri}, Poljoprivredni fakultet Sveu~ilita Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku Prof.dr.sc. @eljko Bukvi}, Poljoprivredni fakultet Sveu~ilita Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku Prof.dr.sc. Sonja Jovanovac, Poljoprivredni fakultet Sveu~ilita Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku Doc.dr.sc. Duko Brki}, Poljoprivredni fakultet Sveu~ilita Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku Prof.dr.sc. Mate Vuj~i}, Poljoprivredni fakultet Sveu~ilita Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku Prof.dr.sc. Josip Kova~evi}, Poljoprivredni institut Osijek Dr.sc. Marija Vratari}, Poljoprivredni institut Osijek Dr.sc. Ivan Brki}, Poljoprivredni institut Osijek Dr.sc. Miroslav Krizmani}, Poljoprivredni institut Osijek Dr.sc. Zorica Jurkovi}, Poljoprivredni institut Osijek Dr.sc. Georg Drezner, Poljoprivredni institut Osijek Dr.sc. Svetislav Popovi}, Poljoprivredni institut Osijek
Prof.dr.sc. Draènka Jurkovi}
Glavni i odgovorni urednik Editor in Chief
Doc.dr.sc. Manda Antunovi} Danica Hanèk
Tehni~ki urednici Technical Editors
Prof. Branka Horvat Prof. Anica Perkovi}
Lektura Language Editing
Prof. Anica Perkovi}
Prijevodi Translation
Grafika d.o.o. OSIJEK
Tisak Print
UDK 63
ISSN 1330-7142
POLJOPRIVREDA
znanstveno - stru~ni ~asopis Svezak 8; Broj 1; Lipanj, 2002.
Izdava~i Published by
Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku

The Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek 31000 Osijek, Trg Sv.Trojstva 3 Republika Hrvatska / The Republic of Croatia Tel. ++385 31 224 200 Fax: ++385 31 207 017
Poljoprivredni institut Osijek

The Osijek Agricultural Institute
31000 Osijek, Ju`no predgra|e 17 Republika Hrvatska / The Republic of Croatia Tel. ++385 31 500 685 Fax: ++385 31 503 404
Osijek, 2002.
âsopis izlazi dva puta godinje u nakladi od 300 primjeraka / The Review is published twice a year in 300 copies. "POLJOPRIVREDA znanstveno - stru~ni ~asopis" citira se u sljede}im bazama podataka / "AGRICULTURE Scientific and Professional Review" is cited by the database: 1. CAB International 2. Agricola 3. Nacionalna i sveu~ilina hrvatska biblioteka / National and University Croatian Library
ISSN 1330-7142 UDK = 633.15:631.811.314.6
RESPONSE OF CORN (Zea mays L.) INBRED LINES TO STRESS AND POTASSIUM FERTILIZATION ON K-FIXING SOIL
V. Kova~evi} (1), I. Brki} (2), D. imi} (2), B. imi} (2) Original scientific paper Izvorni znanstveni rad SUMMARY Potassium fixation and oversupply of magnesium are the main reasons for the appearance of potassium deficiency symptoms in maize plants, especially inbred lines, when grown on some drained gleysols of the Eastern Croatia. In the spring of 1990 field trial of increasing potash rates until 3250 K2O/ha was conducted. For the next growing season residual influences of ameliorative fertilization were tested and experimental field was usually fertilized (for corn: 240 kg N + 125 kg P2O5 + 150 kg K2O/ha). In the growing season of 1993, different corn hybrids and inbred lines were grown on this place (four replications, experimental plot 18.2 m2). In this study, response of six inbred lines was shown. As affected by 3250 kg K2O/ha application, they were increased grain yield by 112% and ear-leaf K (silking stage) by 200% compared to ordinary fertilization. At the same time, they decreased lodging incidence by 72% and ear-leaf Mg by 48%. Degree of inbred lines tolerance toward soil stress (ordinary fertilization) was different. For example, depending on inbred lines, grain yields ranged from 0.73 to 1.85 t/ha, lodging incidences from 3% to 51%, while ear-leaf composition ranged as follows (mg/100 g on dry matter basis): from 414 to 621 K, from 951 to 1458 Mg and from 751 to 1335 Ca. Analogous values on treatment of ameliorative K rate were as follows: 1.97-3.42 t/ha (yield); 3-24 % (lodging); from 1074 to 1907 K, from 442 to 1049 Mg and from 659 to 1203 Ca. In general, low connection was found between ear-leaf composition and degree of inbred lines tolerance toward soil stress. Key- words: corn, nutritional stress, potassium, magnesium, calcium, potassium fertilization
INTRODUCTION
Eastern Croatia is an important area for seed-corn production because of relative favourable soil and climate characteristics. Prevailing arable lands of small size and their proprietorial relations, as well as need for space isolation of seed-corn crops (minimum 200 m apart from other corn crop) are main reasons for difficulties concerning finding of field characterizing normal soil fertility for seed corn growing. As different genotypes of same plant species are more or less susceptible to soil stress, we tested response of corn inbred lines to fertilization and degree of susceptibility to soil stress as affected by potassium (K) deficiency. Potassium deficiency in connections with its strong fixation and magnesium excess are main reasons for reducing soil fertility of some gleysols of Croatia concerning corn growth (Berti} et al., 1989; Kova~evi} and Vukadinovi}, 1992; Kova~evi} et al., 1990). Fertilization by the enormous quantities of K was shown as acceptable solution, but by choice of
more tolerant genotypes it is possible to contribute to overcome this problem (Kova~evi} and Vujevi}, 1994). Testing of corn inbred lines concerning degree of their tolerance to soil stress could be useful information concerning growing of seed-corn under these stress conditions.
MATERIAL AND METHODS Field experiment

The field experiment with six rates of potassium fertilization (in KCl form as muriate of potash) to level of 3250 kg K2O/ha) was conducted in spring 1990 (March 30, 1990). It was conducted by randomised block design in four replicates (experimental plot of fertilization was 294 m2) and in duplicate for two-field corn(1) Prof.Ph.D Vlado Kova~evi} Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Agriculture, Trg Sv.Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, (2) Ph.D Ivan Brki}, Ph.D Domagoj imi} and Ph.D Branimir imi} Agricultural Institute, Ju`no predgra|e 17, HR-31000 Osijek
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V. Kova~evi} et al.: RESPONSE OF CORN (Zea mays L.) INBRED LINES TO STRESS ...
soybeans (1990 and 1991)/sugar beet (1992) rotation. Residual influences of ameliorative KCl fertilization were tested in the next growing seasons and the experimental field was fertilized uniformly in level of ordinary fertilization (kg/ha for maize: 240 N + 125 P2O5 + 150 K2O). For the 1993 growing season corn was grown both fields. In the first field 12 corn hybrids and in the second field 12 corn inbred lines (parents of commercial corn hybrids in production of their seed) were grown. Gross of the experimental plot of each hybrid/inbred line was 18.2 m2 or two 13-m long rows. The results of corn hybrids response were shown by Kova~evi} et al. (1996). For the 1993 growing season, corn was sown on April 28 and harvested on September 24, 1993. Grain yields were calculated on theoretical plant density (48 750 plants of maternal component of seed-corn) with corrections for contribution of the female-sterile plants and 14% moisture basis.
Weather conditions in the growing season of 1993 were less favourable for corn growing because of drought stress during two-month period (July and August). For example in four month period (MayAugust) average air-temperature was 20.5oC, while precipitation was 196 mm (the data of the Weather Bureau akovo: about eight km from the experimental field towards west). Although in two-month period total of 113 mm of rainfall was, their distribution was unfavourable because of long dry periods.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Both environmental influences (KCl fertilization) and genetic influences (specific response of inbred lines) there were found on tested properties (Table 1). As affected by ameliorative K fertilization, grain yield doubled compared to ordinary fertilization (average of six inbred lines). However, inbred line Os 30-8 did not respond to K fertilization, while by the other five lines, grain yields increased due to K fertilization from 69% (inbred line Os 1-44) to 367 % (inbred line Os 86-39). As for achieving degree of tolerance to soil stress conditions it was estimated throughout grain yields on control (ordinary K fertilization). The most tolerant was inbred line Os 30-8 its grain yield was near 50% higher compared to average yield of remained five lines. Also, the fact is that by the most susceptible line Os 86-39 grain yield was near 5-fold increased due to K fertilization compared to the control, while the most tolerant line had similar yields on two levels of K supplies. Depending on inbred line (factor B) grain yields ranged from 1.49 to 2.07 t/ha. According to degree of statistical significance (LSD 0.01), two inbred lines (Os 86-39 and Os 30-8) were in the group of the higher yields (mean 2.00 t/ha) in comparison with remained four lines (mean 1.62 t/ha or about 20% lower). Potassium fertilization has been factor of stabilization of grain yield in function of genotype. For example, difference of yield among inbred lines were higher when grown on the control treatment: yield of the most susceptible line was 60 % lower compared to the most tolerant line. At the same time, difference by 44% was found by the analogous comparison on the K fertilization treatment. Response of maize inbred lines to K uptake was very expressed. For example, as influenced by factor A (K fertilization) it was three-fold higher (in mean 1501 mg K /100 g) compared to control, while under influence of factor B (inbred line) it ranged from 745 mg K /100 g to 1241 mg K/ 100 g. Under stress conditions of K deficiency, acute K deficiency was found in the ear-leaf of all tested lines according to criterion described by Bergmann (1992). Under these conditions, three tolerant inbred lines to lodging (the lines Os 89-9, Os 1-44 and Os 30-8) had mean of 549 mg K 100 g-1, while remained three susceptible lines to lodging (Os 86-39, Os 84-44 and Os 84-49) had mean of 463 mg K/100 g.
Sampling
The ear-leaf samples (30 leaves in mean sample) were taken at the beginning of the silking stage (the middle of July) for chemical analysis. Fifteen cobs were taken (from the first replication only) for determinations of grain moisture at harvest time and for cob grain contribution. These data were used for transformation of cob weight of actual grain moisture to grain yield on 86% of dry matter.
Chemical analysis
For chemical analysis, choice of six inbred lines (in total 48 samples) and two levels of K fertilization (ordinary fertilization and application of 3250 kg K20 ha-1 three years ago) was made. This choice was made based on degree of lodging tolerance (three tolerant lines: Os 86-39, Os 84-44 and Os 89-9; three susceptible lines: Os 89-9, Os 1-44 and Os 30-8). Dry ashing procedure (Isaak and Johnson, 1975) was used for plant material digestion (450oC overnight and multiple digestion of ash with nitric acid). Potassium, calcium and magnesium were determined in diluted filtrate by atomic absorption.
Soil and weather characteristics

Soil was classified as drained gleysol on calcareous loess substrate. Detail description of soil characteristics was made by Kova~evi} and Vukadinovi} (1992). By the soil analysis (0-30 cm of depth) of the control treatment (ordinary K fertilization) they found values as follows: pH in 0.1 m KCl = 7.3; organic matter content = 2.4 %; carbonate content = 14.9 %; exchangeable K by 1n NH4-acetate (pH = 7.0) solution = 5.6 mg K/ 100 g; lightly exchangeable Mg (CaCl2method) = 37.6 mg Mg 100 g-1; exchangeable calcium (NH4-acetate) = 603 mg Ca/ 100 g.
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Table 1. Response of corn inbred lines to soil stress and potassium fertilization Tablica 1. Reakcija samooplodnih linija kukuruza na stres u tlu i gnojidbu kalijem
Specificity of inbred lines concerning ear-leaf K uptake was more expressed under normal conditions of K supply (fertilization by the enormous K rate). For example, the lowest value of K uptake was under stress conditions 33% lower compared to the highest value, while
by the analogous comparison of K fertilization treatment difference in range of 42 % was found. Potassium fertilization was considerable factor of balance between K and Mg nutrition. For example, under stress conditions (K deficiency and Mg oversupply)
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excessive Mg uptaken by maize as well as unbalance between K and Mg in plants (in mean K/Mg = 0.43) was found, while as affected by K fertilization, these relations were considerably improved (K/Mg = 2.43). Depending on inbred line, they found differences in Mg uptake from 696 to 1254 mg Mg/100 g. With that regard, three tolerant inbred lines to lodging had mean higher Mg uptake (976 mg Mg/100 g) compared to three susceptible lines (819 mg K/100 g). The differences were also found in K uptake (1098 mg K and 910 mg K/100 g, for tolerant and susceptible inbred lines to lodging, respectively). Also, they found differences in Ca uptaken by inbred lines by influences of both K fertilization and inheritance factors. For example, as affected by K fertilization, Ca uptaken by plants decreased in extent of 24%. Differences among inbred lines were from 690 to 1269 mg Ca/100 g. Concerning reduction of Ca uptake due to K fertilization, we found differences from 10% to 36% depending on inbred line. As previous mentioned, choice of inbred lines for chemical analysis was made based on their degree of tolerance to lodging under stress conditions. Contribution to lodging was in mean 43% and 5% for susceptible and tolerant inbred lines, respectively (in mean 24% for six inbred lines under stress conditions). Lodging decreased to a range of 7% only as affected by applied fertilization. In spite of normal K supply, line Os 84-44 had contribution of lodging in extent of 24%, while by remained five lines it considerably reduced lodging to level under five percent only.
REFERENCES
1. Bergmann W. (1992): Nutritional disorders of plant development, visual and analytical diagnosis. Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena-Stuttgart-New York. Berti} B., Vukadinovi} V., Kova~evi} V.(1989): Excess of magnesium uptake in maize plants as promoting factor of potassium deficiency. Magnesium-Bulletin 11(1): 2527. Isaak R. A., Johnson W. C. (1975): Colaborative study of wet and dry ashing techniques for the elemental analysis of plant tissue by AAS. JAOAC, 58:436-440. Kova~evi}, V., Kadar I., Brki} I., Josipovi} M. (1996): Response of corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids to potassium fertilization on strong K-fixing soil. In: Proceedings of the IX Intern. Coll. for Optimization of Plant nutrition (IAOPN), Prague, Czech Republic, 8-15 September 1996, p. 458-461. Kova~evi} V., Katui} V., Vukadinovi}, V. (1990): Nutritional stress of maize (Zea mays L.) growing on a gleysol of East Croatia. In: Plant Nutrition, Physiology and Applications. Kluwer Acad. Publ., Dordrecht, Boston, London, pp. 607-610. Kova~evi} V., Vujevi} S. (1994): Magnesium uptake and lodging tolerance in maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids. In: Magnesium 1993, John Libbey & Company Ltd., pp. 99104. Kova~evi} V., Vukadinovi} V. (1992): The potassium requirements of maize and soybean on a high K-fixing soil. South Afr. J. Plant and Soil, 9:10-13.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
CONCLUSIONS
Grain yields of corn inbred lines and ear-leaf K, Mg and Ca contents were under influences of environmental and genetic factors. In general, under soil stress conditions induced by K deficiency and Mg oversupply, grain yields were in mean of 50% lower. By the ameliorative K fertilization relations between K and Mg uptaken by plants were improved. Inbred line Os 30-8 was most tolerant, while inbred line Os 86-39 was susceptible to soil stress. Inclination of inbred lines to lodging at maturity stage was under influences of inheritance but by normalization of K supply this property was eliminated. Growing of more tolerant inbred lines and increased K fertilization are directions for seed-corn production improvement on this soil type.
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REAKCIJA KUKURUZA (Zea mays L.) NA STRES I GNOJIDBU KALIJEM NA TLU S FIKSACIJOM KALIJA
SA@ETAK Fiksacija kalija i viak magnezija glavni su razlozi za pojavu simptoma nedostatka kalija u kukuruzu, osobito samooplodnim linijama, kada se uzgajaju na dreniranom hipoglejnom tlu isto~ne Hrvatske. U prolje}e 1990. postavljen je gnojidbeni pokus u kome su primijenjene rastu}e koli~ine kalijevog klorida do 3250 K2O/ha. Sljede}ih godina pra}eni su naknadni u~inci takve gnojidbe i pokusna povrina je gnojena standardno (za kukuruz: 240 kg N + 125 kg P2O5 + 150 kg K2O/ha). Tijekom vegetacije 1993. uzgajani su na toj povrini razli~iti hibridi i samooplodne linije kukuruza (4 ponavljanja, veli~ina osnovne parcele 18,2 m2). U ovome je radu prikazana reakcija est samooplodnih linija. Gnojidbom s 3250 kg K2O/ha pove}an je prinos zrna za 112%, a sadràj kalija u listu ispod klipa (faza svilanja) za 200% u usporedbi s kontrolom. U isto vrijeme opao je udjel poleglih biljaka u zriobi za 78%, a sadràj magnezija u listu za 48%. Stupanj otpornosti pojedinih samooplodnih linija prema stresu u tlu (standardna gnojidba) bio je razli~it. Tako je prinos zrna, ovisno o samooplodnoj liniji, varirao od 0,73 do 1,85 t/ha, polijeganje stabljike od 3% do 51%, dok je sastav lista ispod klipa (mg/100 g suhe tvari) bio u sljede}im rasponima: od 414 do 621 K, od 951 do 1458 Mg i od 751 do 1335 Ca. Analogne vrijednosti za tretman melioracijske gnojidbe kalijem bile su sljede}e: od 1,97 do 3,42 t/ha (prinos), od 3 do 24 % (polijeganje), od 1074 do 1907 K, od 442 do 1049 Mg i od 659 do 1203 Ca. Op}enito, slaba veza je ustanovljena izme|u sastava lista i stupnja otpornosti samooplodnih linija prema stresu u tlu izazvanom fiksacijom kalija. Klju~ne rije~i: kukuruz, hranidbeni stres, kalij, magnezij, kalcij, gnojidba kalijem (Received on 18 July 2002; accepted on 9 September 2002 - Primljeno18. srpnja 2002.; prihva}eno 9. rujna 2002.)
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ISSN 1330-7142 UDK = 633.15:632.122.1+631.415.2
CADMIUM AND LEAD STATUS IN CORN HYBRIDS GROWN ON ACID SOIL OF EASTERN CROATIA
V. Kova~evi} (1), I. Kadar (2), J. Koncz (2), I. Brki} (3), . Banaj (1) Original scientific paper Izvorni znanstveni rad
SUMMARY Twenty corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids were grown under field conditions in the west part of Brodsko-posavska county in Eastern Croatia during 2000 and 2001 growing seasons. The field trial was conducted in four replicates. The ear-leaf at beginning of silking stage (the second decade of July) was taken for chemical analysis from each plot. Mean soil sample was taken by auger to 30 cm of depth. The total amounts of Cd and Pb in corn leaves were measured by ICP-AES technique after their microwave digestion using concentrated HNO3+H2O2. Mobile fraction of these elements in soil was extracted by ammonium acetate-EDTA solution. The experimental field is acid hydromorphic soil (locality Malino) with moderate levels of mobile fractions of calcium, magnesium and aluminum. Also, mobile fraction of cadmium and lead are tolerable for growing of health food. Weather conditions during the study differed from the long-term mean. Low rainfall quantities during 5-months period and the higher air-temperatures characterized the 2000 growing season. Excess of rainfall in June and September, their shortage in July and August, as well as high temperatures in August, are main characteristics of weather during the corn growing seasons in 2001. Mean concentrations of cadmium and lead in corn leaves in our investigations were 0.14 ppm Cd and 0.420 ppm Pb. These amounts are low and not dangerous for plants, because critical concentrations of Cd and Pb in plants ranged from 5 to 10 ppm Cd and 10-20 ppm Pb. Considerable differences of cadmium and lead status in the ear-leaf were found among tested corn hybrids. For example, genetically induced differences from 0.07 to 0.21 ppm Cd were found, while these values for Pb were from 0.241 to 0.569 ppm Pb. Especially low Cd concentrations were found in six corn hybrids (OsSK373, E9917/99, Bc278, OsSK2-191, OsSK382 and Clarica: mean 0.092 ppm Cd), while in three hybrids it was considerably higher, but acceptable from the aspect of plant and animal health (OsSK395, OsSK378 and Tvrtko 303: mean 0.200 ppm Cd). Very low Pb concentrations were found in two hybrids (Clarica and OsSK373: mean 0.268 ppm Pb), while in three hybrids they were above 0.500 ppm Pb (RK1456/99, osSK382 and Bc278: mean 0.542 ppm Pb). In general, production of healthy food based on principles of sustainable agriculture is possible under tested environmental conditions. Key-words: acid soil, cadmium, corn hybrids, lead, yield, Croatia
INTRODUCTION
Corn properties are under environmental and genetically influences. Although corn hybrids have high genetically potential for yield, their corn yields are considerably lower under different environmental stresses including low pH and moderate supplies of some nutrients. Also, harmful metals uptaken by plants have drawn more attention in recent period because of their possible toxic influences on man. Aim of this study was testing amounts of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in corn plants on non-contaminated area of the eastern
Croatia, as well as role of inheritance (differences among corn hybrids) on this Cd and Pb status in corn. General aspects of Cd and Pb uptaken by plants were shown by Mengel and Kirkby (1987), Bergmann (1992) etc.
(1) Prof. Ph.D Vlado Kova~evi} and Prof. Ph.D uro Banaj Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Agriculture, Trg sv. Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia, (2) Prof. Ph.D Imre Kadar and Prof. Ph.D Jozsef Koncz - Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, H-1022 Budapest, Hungary, (3); Ph.D Ivan Brki}, Agricultural Institute, Ju`no predgra|e 17, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
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11
MATERIAL AND METHODS

Twenty corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids were grown under field conditions (hydromorphic soil, characterizing moderate supplies of plant available phosphorus) in the west part of Brodsko-posavska County (locality Malino) in Eastern Croatia during 2000 and 2001 growing seasons. Corn was sown manually by planter at the beginning of May (in row 20 cm apart = theoretical plant density or TPD 71429 plants/ha). The experiment treatments were replicated four times. An experiment plot for a hybrid was 7.0 m2, or one 10-m rows. As for two year of testing plant density realization was different, (means 62% and 92%, for 2000 and 2001, respectively, grain yields were calculated on different plant density (70% for the growing season 2000 and 90% for 2000 and 2001, respectively). Table 1. Soil properties Tablica 1. Svojstva tla
stion using concentrated HNO3+H2O2. Mobile fraction of these elements in soil were also determined by ICPAES after their extraction by ammonium acetate-EDTA (pH 4.65) solution by Lakanen and Ervio (1971) method. Plant and soil analysis were made in the laboratory of the Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry (RISSAC) Budapest, Hungary. The experimental field is acid hydromorphic soil with moderate levels of mobile fractions of calcium, magnesium and aluminum. Also, mobile fraction of cadmium and lead are tolerable for health food growing (Table 1). Weather conditions during the study differed from the long-term mean. Low rainfall quantities during 5months period and higher air-temperatures characterized the 2000 growing season. Excess of rainfall in June and September, their shortage in July and August, as well as high temperatures in August, are main characte-
The ear-leaf at the beginning of silking stage (the second decade of July) was taken for chemical analysis (about 25 leaves in mean sample) from each plot. Mean soil sample was taken by auger to 30 cm of depth. The total amounts of Cd and Pb in corn leaves were measured by ICP-AES technique after their microwave digeTable 2. Weather data for Slavonski Brod Tablica 2. Meteorolo{ki podaci za Slavonski Brod
ristics of weather during growing seasons of corn in 2001 (Table 2). In general, under our environmental conditions, low yields of corn are in connection with shortage of rainfall and higher air-temperatures during July and August (Kova~evi} and Josipovi}, 1998).
1 approx. air-distance 1
of the experimental field from Slavonski Brod toward west is about 25 km pribli`na udaljenost zra~nom linijom eksperimentalnog polja od Sl. Broda je 25 km prema zapadu
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12 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Under conditions of moderate fertile acid hydromorphic soil, there were considerable influences of inheritance on yields, as well as Cd and Pb status in corn plants. For example, grain yields of tested corn hybrids (2-year means) ranged from 4.06 to 11.69 t/ha (Table 3). Six hybrids yielded less than 7 t/ha (Alpos, OsSK2-191, OsSK247, Bc278 and Clarica: mean 5.49 t/ha). At the same time, yields of three hybrids were above 10 t/ha (OsSK378, OssK298 and RK1458/99: mean 10.91 t/ha.
Especially low Cd concentrations were found in six corn hybrids (OsSK373,E9917/99, Bc278, OsSK2-191, OsSK382 and Clarica: mean 0.092 ppm Cd), while in three hybrids it was considerably higher, but acceptable with aspect of plant and animal health (OsSK395, OsSK378 and Tvrtko 303: mean 0.200 ppm Cd). Very low Pb concentrations were found in two hybrids (Clarica and OsSK373: mean 0.268 ppm Pb), while in three hybrids they were above 0.500 ppm Pb (RK1456/99, osSK382 and Bc278: mean 0.542 ppm Pb). Significant influences of rowing season influences
Table 3. Response of corn hybrids on acid soil (Malino, 2000 and 2001) Tablica 3. Reakcija hibrida kukuruza na kiselom tlu (Malino, 2000. i 2001.)
*Code 1 =E9923/LG23/10xLG28/10
Mean concentrations of cadmium and lead in corn leaves in our investigations were 0.14 ppm Cd and 0.420 ppm Pb (Table 3). These amounts are low and not dangerous for plants, because critical concentrations of Cd and Pb in plants are from 5 to 10 ppm Cd and 10-20 ppm Pb (Sauerbeck, 1982). Considerable differences of cadmium and lead status in the ear-leaf were found among tested corn hybrids (Table 3). For example, depending on the hybrid Cd presence ranged from 0.07 to 0.21 ppm, while for Pb these values were from 0.241 to 0.569 ppm Pb.
on yields and Pb status was found by our study, while Cd in corn leaves was similar in both year of testing. Cadmium is toxic for human, animal and plants even at low concentrations. Cadmium can enter the soil with different sources including phosphate fertilizers. Kloke (1980) estimated Cd inputs by P fertilization very low - at 3 g/ha/year. Baechle and Wolstein (1984) found range of mean Cd contents in various rock phosphates from 0.3 to 84.o ppm Cd. Kloke (1973) found that Cd contents in high plants normally vary between 0.2 and 3.0 ppm. Chaney et al. (1977) found toxic Cd levels of
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4 ppm Cd in soybean leaves. Cadmium and zinc are chemically very similar and Cd is thus able to mimic the behavior of the Zn in its uptake and functions. The basic cause of the toxicity probably lies in much higher affinity for thiol groupings (SH) in enzymes and other proteins. The presence of Cd therefore disturbs enzyme activity. In plants excess Cd may also disturb Fe metabolism and cause chlorosis. Cd availability in the soil decreases as the soil pH increases. Kaferstein (1979) reported acceptable maximum Pb and Cd levels in edible parts or food plants - for cereals these values are less than 0.5 ppm Pb and less than 0.1 ppm Cd. Davis et al. (1978) found Cd and Pb levels in young summer barley plants at tillering (5-leaf stage) with 10% loss of yield as follows: 15 ppm Cd and 26 ppm Pb. Fritz et al. (1977) found less than 1 ppm Cd and from 5.3 to 28.7 ppm Pb in fruit, root, tuber and leaf vegetables from non-contaminated regions. Lead is major chemical pollutant of the environment, and is high toxic to man. By many studies it was shown that Pb contents very clearly follows the motorway areas. Vegetation of the side of the road may have levels of 50 ppm Pb but at distance of only 150 m away from the motorway the level is normal about 2 or 3 ppm (Mengel and Kirkby, 1987).Grun et al. (1989) tested heavy metals contamination of soil and plants (total 124 samples) near Berlin in former DDR. They found that Cd contents in corn irrigated by waste water ranged from less than 0.3 ppm Cd (18% samples) to more than 5.0 ppm Cd (4% samples), while on the control (uncontaminated) was 0.11 ppm Cd. According to this study, corn is in the group of high Cd uptaken in vegetative parts. Kadar et al. (2002) tested influences of soil contamination with 13 pollutants, their mobility and phytotoxicity for corn, carrot and potato in calcareous chernozem. Cd and Pb were very mobile in soil, but they accumulated moderately (Cd) and weakly (Pb) in plant. Carrot root and potato tuber yields significantly decreased in the Cr, Hg, and Se treatments. Other applied elements did not affect yield substantionally. By testing rabbits feeding with fodder carrot enriched with Mo, Cd, Pb, Hg and Se, their different distributions in organs, hard excrement and urine (Kadar and Koncz, 2000) were found. By comparison of these data with our results, low quantities of tested pollutants were found in corn leaves and production of healthy food is possible on arable lands in Croatia.
Especially low Cd concentrations were found in six corn hybrids (OsSK373, E9917/99, Bc278, OsSK2-191, OsSK382 and Clarica: mean 0.092 ppm Cd). Also, very low Pb concentrations were found in two hybrids (Clarica and OsSK373: mean 0.268 ppm Pb).
REFERENCES
1. Baechle H.T., Wolstein F.(1984): Cadmium compounds in mineral fertilizers, The Fertilizer Society, Proc. No 226, London. 2. Bergman W. 1992. Nutritional disorders of plants - development, visual and analytical diagnosis. Gustav Fischer Vela Jena, Stuttgart, New York. 3. Chaney W. R., Strickland R. C., Lamoreaux R. J. (1977): Phytotoxicity of cadmium inhibited by lime. Plan and Soil 47, 275-278. 4. Davis R. D., Beckett P . H. T., Wollan E. (1978): Critical levels of twenty potentially toxic elements in young spring barley. Plant and Soil, 49:395-408. 5. Fritz P . D., Foroughi M., Venter F. (1977): Schwermetallgehalte in einige Gemusearten. Landw. Forschung. Sonderheft 33:335-343. 6. Grun M., Machelett B., Kronemann H., Metz R., Podlesak W. (1989.): Kontrollierte landwirtschaftliche Nutzung schwermetallbelasteter Gebiete. In: Wissenschaftlicher Jahresbericht 1989, Institute fur Pflanzenernahrung and Okotoxicologie, Jena, DDR. p. 58.-62. 7. Kadar I., Koncz J., Fekete S. (2002): Movement of Cd, Hg, Mo, Pb and Se in soil - plant - animal chain. Proceedings of the Alps-Adria Scientific Workshop, Opatija 4-8 March 2002, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Crop Production Committee, Soil Science and Agrochemistry Committee, Budapest, Hungary, p. 9094. 8. Kadar I., Koncz J. (2000): Phytotoxicity of some micropollutants on calcareous chernozem soil. In: 36th Croatian Symposium on Agriculture with an International Participation Achievement and Perspectives of Croatian Agriculture - collection of summaries, University J. J. Strossmayer in Osijek, Faculty of Agriculture Osijek, Croatia, p. 25. 9. Kaferstein F. K. (1979.): Blei, Cadmium und Quecksilber. Ursachen, Konsequenzen, Erfordernisse - Modellstudie. ZEBS-Bericht. Dietrich Reimer, Berlin. 10. Kloke A. (1973.): Schwermetalle in Nahrungs- und Futterpflanzen. Dtsch. Lebensm.-Rdsch. H.1, 45.-49. 11. Kloke A. (1980.): Der Einfluss von Phosphatdungunern auf den Cadmiumgehalt in Pflanzen. Gesunde Pflanzen 32:261.-267. 12. Kova~evi} V., Josipovi} M. (1998): Weather and soil limitations for corn growing in the Eastern Croatia. M. In: Fifth Congress of ESA (European Society for Agronomy), 28 June - 2 July, 1998, Nitra, The Slovak Republic. Short Communications, Volume II. (Zima and M. L. Bartosova, ed), p. 157-158.
CONCLUSION
Mean concentrations of cadmium and lead in corn leaves in our investigations were low (0.14 ppm Cd and 0.420 ppm Pb) and these findings are indication for the clearly and healthy environment. Considerable differences of cadmium and lead status in the ear-leaf were found among tested twenty corn hybrids: from 0.07 to 0.21 ppm Cd and from 0.241 to 0.569 ppm Pb.
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13. Lakanen E., Ervio R. (1971): A comparison of eight extractans for the determination of plant available micronutrients in soils. Acta Agr. Fenn. 123:223-232. 14. Mengel K., Kirkby E.A. (1987): Principles of plant nutrition. Publ. International Potash Institute Bern, Schweiz, 4. Auflage. 15. Sauerbeck D. (1982): Which heavy metal concentrations in plants should be not exceeded in order to avoid detrimental effects on their growth. Landw. Forsch. Sonderh. 39:108-129.
KADMIJ I OLOVO U HIBRIDIMA KUKURUZA UZGAJANIM NA KISELOM TLU ISTO^NE HRVATSKE

SA@ETAK Dvadeset hibrida kukuruza uzgajano je tijekom dvije vegetacije (2000. i 2001.) u poljskim uvjetima u zapadnom dijelu Brodsko-posavske ùpanije u isto~noj Hrvatskoj. Poljski pokus je postavljen u ~etiri ponavljanja. List ispod klipa po~etkom svilanja (druga dekada srpnja) je uzet sa svake parcelice za kemijske analize. Prosje~an uzorak tla je uzet sondom do dubine 30 cm. Ukupne koli~ine kadmija (Cd) i olova (Pb) u listovima kukuruza je mjeren ICP-AES tehnikom nakon razaranja uzorka s HNO3+H2O2. Mobilna frakcija tih elemenata u tlu je odre|ena nakon ekstrakcije s amonij acetat-EDTA otopinom. Eksperimentalna povr{ina je kiselo hidromorfno tlo (lolakitet Malino) koje sadrì skromne koli~ine mobilne frakcije kalcija, magnezija i aluminija. Tako|er, sadràj mobilne frakcije Cd i Pb je tolerantan sa stajali{ta proizvodnje zdrave hrane. Vremenske prilike tijekom istraìvanja bile su razli~ite od vi{egodi{njeg prosjeka. Koli~ina oborina tijekom razdoblja od pet mjeseci 2000. bila je niska, a temperature zraka ve}e. Vi{ak oborina u lipnju i rujnu te njihov manjak u srpnju i kolovozu, kao i visoke temperature tijekom kolovoza, glavne su karakteristike vremenskih prilika tijekom vegetacije kukuruza 2001. Prosje~ne koncentracije Cd i Pb u listu kukuruza iznosile su 0,14 ppm Cd i 0,420 ppm Pb. Te koli~ine su niske sa stajali{ta tolerancije biljaka i ljudske ishrane, jer prema navodima iz literature kriti~ne koncentracije tih elemenata u biljkama su od 5 do 10 ppm Cd i 10-20 ppm Pb. Zna~ajne razlike u koncentracijama Cd i Pb u listu ustanovljene su izme|u pojedinih hibrida kukuruza: od 0,07 do 0,21 ppm Cd, odnosno od 0,241 do 0,569 ppm Pb. Osobito niske koncentracije Cd je imalo {est hibrida (OsSK373, E9917/99, Bc278, OsSK2-191, OsSK382 i Clarica: prosjek 0,092 ppm Cd), dok su u tri hibrida one bile zna~ajno vi{e, ali prihvatljive sa stajali{ta biljne i ljudske ishrane (OsSK395, OsSK378 i Tvrtko 303: prosjek 0,200 ppm Cd). Vrlo niske koncentracije Pb ustanovljene su kod dva hibrida (Clarica i OsSK373: prosjek 0,268 ppm Pb), dok su u isto vrijeme kod tri hibrida one bile iznad 0,500 ppm Pb (RK1456/99, osSK382 i Bc278: prosjek 0,542 ppm Pb). Op}enito, u istraìvanim uvjetima je mogu}a proizvodnja zdrave hrane na principima odrìve poljoprivrede. Klju~ne rije~i: kiselo tlo, kadmij, hibridi kukuruza, olovo, prinos, Hrvatska (Received on 18 July 2002; accepted on 29 July 2002 - Primljeno 18. srpnja 2002.; prihva}eno 29. srpnja 2002.)
Poljoprivreda
8 (2002)
ISSN 1330-7142 UDK = 633.15:631.526.325
RESPONSE OF CORN HYBRIDS ON TWO SOIL TYPES OF SLATINA PODRAVINA AREA

Manda Antunovi}, Gordana Bukvi}, Mirta Rastija Original scientific paper Izvorni znanstveni rad
SUMMARY Ten corn hybrids were grown on two soil types of Drava Valley in Slatina area (alluvial soil and pseudogley) during two growing seasons (1998 and 1999). The field trials were sown by pneumatic sowing machine in four replicates (exp. plot 14 m2). Planned plant density (PPD) depends on the hybrids and it was 71428, 63493 or 58310 plants/ha. Grain yields were calculated on 14% moisture and 90% realization of PPD basis. The ear-leaf at beginning of silking stage was taken for chemical analysis. The total amount of N was determined by Kjeldahl procedure, while P and K in corn leaves samples were measured by ICP-AES technique after their microwave digestion using concentrated HNO3+H2O2. Mobile fraction of these elements in soils was also determined by ICP-AES technique after their extraction by ammonium acetate-EDTA. Alluvial soil is neutral reaction and contains considerable higher levels of total and mobile fractions of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus, as well as lower levels of potassium in comparison with pseudogley. The growing seasons 1998 and 1999 were favourable for corn growing under conditions of the eastern Croatia. In both year of testing, corn yields on acid soil were about 25% lower in comparison with alluvial soil. The yields of individual hybrids (2-year means) were from 10.40 to 12.35 t/ha The higher yields (2-year means) on alluvial soil were found by 3 hybrids (OsSK554, OsSK458 and OsSK568exp.: mean 14,01 t/ha), OsSK332, OsSK444, OsSK458exp found Yields above 10 t/ha on acid soil were found by four corn hybrids (OsSK 332, OsSK 444, OsSK458 and OsSK490exp. : mean 10,84 t/ha. Significant influences of growing season on ear-leaf composition were found for N and K, while P concentrations were similar in both years of testing. The higher concentrations of N and K, as well as the lower P concentrations were found in leaves when corn was grown on alluvial soil (means 3.75 and 3.56% N, 2.44 and 2.62% K, 0.344 and 0.327% P, for alluvial soil and pseudogley, respectively). These findings are in accordance with differences of humus contents and mobile fractions of P and K between the two tested soils. Also, inheritance factors have considerable role in plant nutrients status because significant differences of corn leaves compositions among tested hybrids as follows: from 3.39 to 3.92% N, from 0.311 to 0.366 % P and from 2.20 to 2.81 % K, respectivel, were found under identical environmental conditions. Key words: corn hybrid, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, pseudogley, and alluvial soil, yield
INTRODUCTION
Soils in the Eastern Croatia have very different properties. For example, the most fertile soils are situated in the farthest northeastern part of the country, while toward west share of less fertile or degraded soils is increasing: calcaric chernozem and eutric cambisol are major soil types in Vukovar and Osijek area, while pseudogley is prevailing in Donji Miholjac and Slatina area (Kova~evi} and Bai}, 1997), near Drava bank, Sava and Danube rivers have more fertile alluvial soils. Maize
is the most spread crop on arable lands in Croatia and it occupies near 0.5 million hectares or near a third of arable land areas of the country. In the eastern Croatia corn grain yields amounds about 30% higher compared to mean on the country level (Kova~evi} and Josipovi}, 1998).
Ph.D Manda Antunovi}, Assistant Professor, Ph.D Gordana Bukvi}, Assistant Professor and MSc Mirta Rastija, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University in Osijek, Faculty of Agriculture, Trg Sv. Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek
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M. Antunovi} et al.: RESPONSE OF CORN HYBRIDS ON TWO SOIL TYPES OF SLATINA ...
Table 1. Some properties of the Sopje experimental fields Tablica 1. Svojstva tla pokusnih parcela u Sopju

The field experiments Ten corn hybrids were grown on two soil types of Drava Valley in Slatina area during the two growing seasons (1998 and 1999). The field trials were sown by pneumatic sowing machine in four replicates (exp. plot 14 m2). Planned plant density (PPD) depended on the hybrids and it was 71428, 63493 or 58310 plants/ha (seed distance in row: 20.0, 22.5, or 24.5 cm: inter-row spacing 70 cm). The remaining soil crop management practices were in competency of own choice of farmer. For this reason, results of these trials are reflection of the real status in fields. Corn was harvested by hand in the first decade of October. Grain yields were calculated on 14% moisture and 90% realization of PPD basis. The ear-leaf at the beginning of silking stage (the second decade of July) was taken for chemical analysis (about 25 leaves in the mean sample) from each plot. Mean soil sample was taken by auger to 30 cm of depth from each experimental plot in autumn 1997. The total amount of Sr and Cd in corn leaves and soil samples Table 2. Weather data for Slatina Tablica 2. Vremenske prilike u Slatini
was measured by ICP-AES technique after their microwave digestion using concentrated HNO3+H2O2. Mobile fraction of these elements in soils was also determined by ICP-AES technique after their extraction by ammonium acetate-EDTA (pH 4.65) solution by Lakanen and Ervio method (1971). Plant and soil analysis was made in the laboratory of Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry (RISSAC), Budapest. Characteristics of the experimental fields Choice of two typical soils of the Slatina area were made for experimentation. Alluvial soils are mainly situated near the river Drava bank, while in the remaining part of the area pseudogley is dominant soil type. In general, alluvial soil is more fertile in comparison with pseudogley. Both soils are near Sopje village and they are mutually about 2 km apart. Alluvial soil is neutral reaction and contains considerable higher levels of total and mobile fractions of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and phosphorus (P), as well as lower levels of potassium in comparison with pseudogley (Table 1).
approx. air-distance from Sopje: 10 km toward south
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Weather characteristics The growing seasons 1998 and 1999 were favourable for corn growing under conditions of the eastern Croatia. In general, water shortage during July and August are mainly in close connection with low corn yields (Kova~evi} and Josipovi}, 1998).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In general, considerable influences of the growing season, soil, inheritance on yields and ear-leaf composition were found by our investigations (Table 3 and 4). Mean grain yield was 11.71 and 10.86 t/ha, for the 1998 and 1999 growing season, respectively. In both
Table 3. Influences of the growing season, soil and hybrids on corn properties Tablica 3. Utjecaj godine, tla i hibrida na svojstva kukuruza
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year of testing, corn yields on acid soil were about 25% lower in comparison with alluvial soil. The yields of individual hybrids (2-year means) were from 10.40 to 12.35 t/ha and distributed in three groups (LSD 1% significance) as follows: a) above 11,58 t/ha (OsSK458exp., OsSK568, OsSK490exp. and OsSK554: mean 11,95 t/ha), b) from 10,81 to 11,57 t/ha (OsSK332, OsSK425 and OsSK552: mean 11,05 t/ha) and c) under 10,81 t/ha (OsSK382, K OsSK413 and OsSK444: mean 10,62 t/ha). The higher yields (2-year means) on alluvial soil were found by 3 hybrids (OsSK554, OsSK458 and OsSK568exp.: mean 14,01 t/ha), while OsSK444 yielded only 11,31 t/ha. Yields above 10 t/ha on acid soil were found by four corn hybrids (OsSK 332, OsSK 444, OsSK458 and OsSK490exp. (mean 10,84 t/ha), while under 9 t/ha
yielded OsSK413, OsSK382, OsSK425exp. and OsS425exp. (mean 8,76 t/ha). Complex influences of soils and hybrids on corn yield were found by our testing. By our investigations were found adequate N, P and K concentrations in leaves of corn (means 3.66% N, 0.335% P and 2.53% K, respectively). According to literature data (Mengel and Kirkby, 1987), adequate nutritional status of corn (the ear-leaf at beginning of silking stage) are as follows: from 2.5 to 3.5% N, from 0.2 to 0.5% P and from 1.5 to 3.0% K. Acute deficiencies are mainly connected with their concentrations being less than 2.0% N, 0.1% P and 1.0% K. Significant influences of growing season on earleaf composition were found for N and K, while P concentrations were similar in both testing years. The
Table 4. Influences of the growing season, soil and hybrids on corn properties - AC and BC interactions Tablica 4. Utjecaj godine, tla i hibrida na svojstva kukuruza interakcije AC i BC
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higher concentrations of N and K, as well as lower P concentrations were found in leaves when corn was grown on alluvial soil (means 3.75 and 3.56% N, 2.44 and 2.61 % K, 0.344 and 0.327 % P , for alluvial soil and pseudogley, respectively). These findings are in accordance with differences of humus contents and mobile fractions of P and K between two tested soils. Also, inheritance factors have considerable role in plant nutrients status because significant differences of corn leaves compositions were found among tested hybrids as follows: from 3.39 to 3.92% N, from 0.311 to 0.366% P and from 2.20 to 2.81% K, respectively, under identical environmental conditions. In general, low connection was found between yields and tested nutritional status of corn, probably because N, P and K concentrations in corn leaves were in adequate range.
REFERENCES
1. Bergmann W. (1992): Nutritional disorders of plants development, visual and analytical diagnosis. Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena, Stuttgart, New York. Kova~evi} V. , F. Basic. (1997): The soil potassium resources and the efficiency of potassium fertilizers in Croatia (Country Report 10). International Potash Institute, Coordinator Central/Eastern Europe, CH-4001 Basel/Switzerland. Kova~evi} V., and M. Josipovic (1998): Weather and soil limitations for corn growing in the Eastern Croatia. M. Zima and M. L. Bartosova, (ed), Fifth Congress of ESA (European Society for Agronomy), 28 June - 2 July, 1998, Nitra, The Slovak Republic. Short Communications, Volume II.p. (M. Zima and M. L. Bartosova, Eds.), 157-158. Mengel K., and E. A. Kirkby (1987): Principles of plant nutrition. Publ. International Potash Institute Bern, Schweiz, 4. Auflage.
2.
3.
4.
CONCLUSION
Mainly considerable influences of growing season, soil type and inheritance on corn yields and the ear-leaf N, P and K status were found by our study. However, low connection was found between yields and nutritional status of corn probably because N, P and K concentrations in corn leaves were in an adequate range. Choice of corn hybrids for soils of moderate fertility based on the field experiments is useful for improvement of corn yields.
REAKCIJA HIBRIDA KUKURUZA NA DVA TIPA TLA SLATINSKE PODRAVINE

SA@ETAK Deset hibrida kukuruza uzgajano je na dva tipa tla (aluvijalno tlo i pseudoglej) slatinske Podravine tijekom dvije godine (1998. i 1999.). Poljski pokusi sijani su pneumatskom sija}icom u ~etiri ponavljanja (veli~ina eksperimentalne parcele 14 m2). Planirani sklop ovisio je o hibridu i iznosio je 71428, 63493 ili 58310 biljaka/ha. Prinos zrna obra~unat je na 14% vlage i 90% ostvarenog teoretskog sklopa. List ispod klipa u fazi svilanja je uzet za kemijske analize. Sadràj duika je odre|en po Kjeldahlu, a fosfora i kalija ICP-AES tehnikom nakon mokrog spaljivanja uzorka s konc. HNO3+H2O2. Pristupa~na frakcija elemenata u tlu je odre|ena tako|er pomo}u ICP-AES nakon ekstrakcije otopinom amonijevog acetata-EDTA. Aluvijalno tlo je neutrane reakcije i sadrì zna~ajno vie ukupne i pristupa~ne frakcije kalcija, magnezija i fosfora te manje kalija, u usporedbi s pseudoglejom. Godine 1998. i 1999. bile su povoljne za uzgoj kukuruza u isto~noj Hrvatskoj. U obje godine istraìvanja prinosi su kukuruza na pseudogleju bili za oko 25% niì od prinosa na aluvijalnom tlu. Prinosi pojedinih hibrida (2-god. prosjeci) bili su od 10,40 do 12,35 t/ha. Ve}e prinose na aluvijalnom tlu imali su tri hibrida (OsSK554, OsSK458 i OsSK568exp.: prosjek 14,01 t/ha). Prinose iznad 10 t/ha na pseudogleju imalo je ~etiri hibrida (OsSK332, OsSK444, OsSK458exp. i OsSK490exp.: prosjek 10,84 t/ha). Zna~ajan utjecaj godine ustanovljen je za koncentraciju N i K u listu, dok su koncentracije P bile sli~ne u obje godine istraìvanja. Ve}e koncentracije N i K, kao i manje koncentracije P u listu ustanovljene su kada je kukuruz uzgajan na aluvijalnom tlu (prosje~no 3,75 i 3,56% N, 2,44 i 2,61 % K, 0,344 i 0,327 % P, za aluvijalno tlo, odnosno za pseudoglej). Takvo stanje je sukladno razlikama u sadràju humusa, te pristupa~nije frakcije P i K izme|u dva tipa tla. Tako|er, nasljedni faktori imaju zna~ajnu ulogu u stanju hraniva u biljkama, jer u istim uvjetima uzgoja ustanovljene su zna~ajne razlike u sastavu lista kod pojedinih hibrida kukuruza: od 3,39 do 3,92% N, od 0,311 do 0,366 % P i od 2,20 do 2,81 % K. Klju~ne rije~i: hibridi kukuruza, fosfor, kalij, pseudoglej, aluvijalno tlo, prinos (Received on 24 July 2002; accepted on 2 August 2002 - Primljeno 24. srpnja 2002.; prihva}eno 2. kolovoza 2002.)
Poljoprivreda
8 (2002)
ISSN 1330-7142 UDK = 633.15:631.526.325
ZNAÊNJE IZBORA TESTERA KOD PROCJENE STABILNOSTI PRINOSA ZRNA HIBRIDA KUKURUZA
Z. Zduni} (1), D. imi} (1), I. Brki} (1), A. Jambrovi} (1), Renata Zduni} (2), Tatjana Leden~an (1) Izvorni znanstveni rad Original scientific paper
SA@ETAK Procjena stabilnosti i adaptabilnosti istraìvanih svojstava sastavni je dio ve}ine oplemenjiva~kih programa. Obi~no se provodi na hibridima, a manje na roditeljskim komponentama. Ovaj rad se bavi procjenom stabilnosti i adaptabilnosti prinosa zrna kod linija i testera u njihovom F1 potomstvu. Izvr{ena je i procjena op}ih i specifi~nih kombinacijskih sposobnosti linija i testera za prinos zrna. Pokusi su se sastojali od dvadeset i jednog eksperimentalnog hibrida kukuruza, dobivenog linija tester planom kriànja. U dvogodi{njem istraìvanju kori{ten je slu~ajni blokni raspored u ~etiri ponavljanja na ukupno {esnaest okolina. Procijenjene srednje vrijednosti i parametri koji opisuju stabilnost i adaptabilnost koeficijent regresije (bi), varijanca odstupanja od regresije (s2di) i ekovalenca (Wi) izdvojili su liniju Os84-28 i tester Os3-48 kao najprinosnije i ujedno {iroko adaptabilne roditeljske genotipove. Procjena op}ih i specifi~nih kombinacijskih sposobnosti za prinos zrna otkrila je vrlo zna~ajne u~inke linija, testera, kao i njihovih interakcija s okolinom. Najve}i prosje~ni prinos zrna F1 generacije kriànja ostvarila je kombinacija Os84-28Os3-48. To nije ujedno bio najstabilniji i {iroko adaptabilan genotip. Ukazuje da ne postoji stroga pravilnost odnosa visine i stabilnosti prinosa zrna roditeljskih komponenti i njihovih F1 kriànaca. Klju~ne rije~i: kukuruz, linije, testeri, prinos zrna, stabilnost, adaptabilnost
UVOD I CILJ ISTRA@IVANJA

Trì{na rasprostranjenost pojedinog hibrida kukuruza ne ovisi isklju~ivo o njegovom genetskom potencijalu za prinos, nego i o sposobnosti zadràvanja tog potencijala u {to je mogu}e ve}em broju {to raznolikijih okolina (stabilnosti). Poznavanje reakcije roditeljskih komponenti u hibridima u razli~itim okolinama pove}ava vjerojatnost uklju~ivanja takvih hibrida u sortne pokuse. Na Poljoprivrednom institutu Osijek ve} se vrlo dugi niz godina provode programi selekcije i oplemenjivanja kukuruza iz kojih se kreiraju hibridi vrlo visokog genetskog potencijala rodnosti, a posebna se pa`nja posve}uje ispitivanju stabilnosti prinosa novih kombinacija, koje potencijalno predstavljaju nove komercijalne hibride kukuruza. U tu svrhu, svake se godine testira nekoliko desetaka hibrida na vi{e lokaliteta u Republici Hrvatskoj. Meutim, malo se zna o stabilnosti pojedinih roditeljskih komponenti u hibridnim kombinacijama. To je posebno zna~ajno pri izboru odgovaraju}eg testera koji, uz dobru kombinacijsku sposobnost, treba imati mogu}nost zadràvanja detekcije kombinacijskih sposobnosti na {to ve}em broju okolina. Za ostvarenje ovoga cilja u nove rekombinacije uklju~uje se elitna germplazma stvorena na Poljoprivrednom institutu
Osijek. Upravo je nedostatak takvih istraìvanja na doma}oj elitnoj germplazmi bio poticaj za ovo istraìvanje. Brojni su autori koristili razli~ite parametre i analize stabilnosti (Lin i sur., 1986.). Mnoge su analize dale kontradiktorne rezultate, uglavnom zbog razli~itog pristupa problemu stabilnosti. I danas se najve}i broj analiza temelji na konceptualnom pristupu Beckera (1981.) koji detaljno opisuje stati~ki i dinami~ki koncept stabilnosti, iz kojih se determiniraju parametri procjene za kvalitativna i kvantitativna svojstva. Pri tome se naj~e{}e koriste parametri Finlay i Wilkinsona (1963.), Eberharta i Russella (1966.), Shukle (1972.) i Wrickea (1962.). Cilj ovoga rada je istraìti stabilnost prinosa zrna roditeljskih komponenti u F1 generaciji, kriànih planom LT (linijatester), te utvrditi kako ona utje~e na sveukupnu procjenu stabilnosti prinosa zrna njihovog F1 potomstva. Izvr{ene su i procjene op}ih i specifi~nih
(1) Dr.sc. Zvonimir Zduni}, dr.sc. Domagoj imi}, dr.sc. Ivan Brki}, dr.sc. Antun Jambrovi} i dr.sc. Tatjana Leden~an Poljoprivredni institut Osijek, Odjel za oplemenjivanje i genetiku kukuruza, Ju`no predgra|e 17, 31000 Osijek, (2) Renata Zduni}, dipl. ing., znan. novak Sveu~ili{te Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku, Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku, Zavod za za{titu bilja, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek
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kombinacijskih sposobnosti te njihove interakcije s okolinom, na kojima se temelji procjena stabilnosti prinosa zrna. Ovo bi skrenulo pozornost na perspektivne linije i determiniralo isklju~ivo stabilan materijal dobrih kombinacijskih sposobnosti za budu}a kriànja, kako za potrebe stvaranja novih izvora genetske varijabilnosti (npr. sintetika), tako i za dobivanje direktnih test kriànaca.
REZULTATI RADA I RASPRAVA

Procjena op}ih i specifi~nih kombinacijskih sposobnosti za prinos zrna definira postojanje vrlo zna~ajnih razlika me|u okolinama, op}im kombinacijskim sposobnostima linija i testera, njihovim me|usobnim interakcijama, tj. specifi~nim kombinacijskim sposobnostima, kao i interakcijama linija i testera s okolinom (Tablica 1.). Takvi rezultati ne za~u|uju, jer ukazuju na veliku raznolikost uvjeta testiranja te pravilan odabir genetski opozitne germplazme testera i linija, iz ~ega proizlaze zna~ajni kompleksni trofaktorijalni interakcijski u~inci (Tablica 1.). Prosje~ni prinos svih istraìvanih linija iznosio je 9,77 t ha-1, uz pojedina~na variranja od 8,93 do 10,41 t ha-1. Samo su dvije linije zna~ajno odstupale od preostalih pet linija (Os 87-61 i Os 84-28). Linije koje su ostvarile ve}i prinos od prosjeka pokusa ili na razini pokusa (Os 86-39, Os 84-28, Os 87-24, Os 84-49, Os 8424 i Os 87-61) predstavljaju genotipove na koje treba obratiti pa`nju kod tuma~enja parametara stabilnosti (Tablica 2.). S obzirom na prosje~nu visinu prinosa, razumljivo je da je za daljnji oplemenjiva~ki rad najzanimljivija linija Os 84-28, ali zbog mogu}ih pozitivnih rekombinacija u F1 potomstvu potrebno je u daljnje oplemenjiva~ke postupke uklju~iti i ostale prosje~no ili natprosje~no prinosne linije, ukoliko njihovi parametri stabilnosti ukazuju na stabilne genotipove. Stoga, slijede}i pristup Eberharta i Russella (1966.) te Finlaya i Wilkinsona (1963.) prilikom tuma~enja procijenjenih parametara stabilnosti, kao prosje~no stabilni genotipovi mogu se izdvojiti linije Os 86-39 i Os 84-24. Uz ostvaren prosje~ni prinos na razini pokusa, te linije pokazuju bi vrijednost najbliè 1.00, {to je odlika prosje~no stabilnih genotipova. Uz vrlo niske procjene vrijednosti varijance odstupanja od regresije i ekovalence mogu se smatrati vrlo stabilnim i {iroko adaptabilnim. Linije Os 87-24, Os 84-49 i Os 87-61 ostvarile su tako|er prosje~an prinos na razini prosjeka pokusa. Sve pokazuju vrijednosti koeficijenta regresije manju od 1,00. Vrijednosti varijance odstupanja od regresije variraju od 0,01 do 0,19 i eko-
MATERIJAL I METODE
Osnovni materijal ovog istraìvanja predstavlja dvadeset i jedan F1 kriànac elitnih samooplodnih linija kukuruza, dobiven na temelju linijatester dizajna kriànja izme|u sedam linija i tri testera. U pokuse su uklju~ena i tri hibrida standarda. Pokusi su posijani na devet lokaliteta (Osijek, Bizovac, \akovo, Kutjevo, Feri~anci, Bjelovar, Pitoma~a, Vara`din i Rugvica) u 1995. godini, a u 1996. godini na sedam lokaliteta (Osijek, Bizovac, \akovo, Kutjevo, Feri~anci, Vara`din i Rugvica). Pokusi su sijani ru~nim planterima po shemi slu~ajnog bloknog rasporeda u ~etiri ponavljanja. Povr{ina osnovne parcelice iznosila je 7,56 m2 ( dva reda, dvanaest ku}ica po redu, dvije biljke u ku}ici, razmak izme|u ku}ica 7045 cm). S obzirom na to da je svaki pokus sadràvao dvadeset i ~etiri ~lana, povr{ina jednog pokusa iznosila je 725,76 m2. Berba je obavljena ru~no u klipu kod optimalne gospodarske zriobe. Prinos zrna (t ha-1 sa 14% vode) prera~unat je na osnovi odvage klipa po parcelici, sadràja vode u zrnu (vlagomjer tipa Dickey-john GAC 2000) i udjela oklaska. Sadràj vode i udjel oklaska utvr|en je iz prosje~nog uzorka od 120 klipova iz svakog ponavljanja. Cjelokupni istraìvani materijal pripadao je FAO skupini 400. Izvr{ena je trofaktorijalna analiza varijance s glavnim faktorima okolina (O), tester (T) i linija (L). Procijenjeni su parametri stabilnosti za linije i testere - koeficijent regresije (bi), varijanca odstupanja od regresije (s2di) i ekovalenca (Wi). Zduni} (1998.) daje detaljan opis osnovnog oplemenjiva~kog materijala s obzirom na pripadnost pojedinim heteroti~nim skupinama, kao i na~in izra~unavanja navedenih parametara. Sve statisti~ke analize provedene su u PLABSTAT programskom paketu (Utz, 1995.).
Tablica 1. Kombinirana analiza varijance za dvadeset i jednu linijatester hibridnu kombinaciju za prinos zrna Table 1. Combined analysis of variance for twenty-one linetester hybrid combinations for grain yield
*, ** F-test zna~ajan na razini P<0,05; odnosno P<0,01 - *, ** F-test significant at P<0,05 and P<0,01 level, respectively
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Tablica 2. Srednja vrijednost [t ha-1] i parametri stabilnosti prinosa zrna za sedam linija kukuruza testiranih kroz dvadeset i jedan hibrid Table 2. Mean grain yield [t ha-1] and stability parameters for seven maize inbred lines across twenty-one hybrids
valence od 0,08 do 0,15. Takvi rezultati ih svrstavaju u genotipove nadprosje~ne stabilnosti, adaptabilne na niskoprinosne okoline. Procijenjena stabilnost najprinosnije linije Os 84-28 determinirala je, tako|er, vrlo stabilan genotip (najniè vrijednosti S2di i Wi), uz ne{to bolju adaptabilnost na prinosnije okoline (bi=1,25). Kao takva predstavlja, s obzirom na istraìvano svojstvo, potencijalno najkvalitetniji genotip za oplemenjiva~ke programe u ovom istraìvanju (Tablica 2.). Testiranje novih kombinacija kriànja predstavlja poseban problem u oplemenjivanju kukuruza. Pri tome je vrlo va`no odabrati pogodan tester. Osim po{tivanja op}ih pravila o jednostavnosti provedbe kriànja (koli~ina polena, vrijeme cvatnje), kao i odabira tester linija iz opozitnih (genetski udaljenih) heteroti~nih skupina, potrebno je odabrati one linije za koje se iz prija{njeg iskustva moè s velikom sigurno{}u re}i da }e njihovi test kriànci osigurati najve}u mogu}u koli~inu informacija o ispitivanim linijama, ~ak i kada iste linije budu kriàne s drugim linijama i uzgajane u druga~ijoj okolini. To je vrlo te{ko posti}i pa se problem izbora testera mora promatrati kroz cilj oplemenjiva~kog programa (Hallauer i sur., 1988.). S obzirom na ciljeve ovoga rada, odabrani set tester linija predstavlja najelitniju germplazmu stvorenu na Poljoprivrednom institutu Osijek. Njihove su performanse i stabilnost ve} primijenjene u nekim ponajboljim hibridnim kombinacijama i zbog toga su dobile prednost prilikom izbora testera za ovo
istraìvanje. Rezultati procjene srednjih vrijednosti i parametara stabilnosti za tri istraìvana testera kroz sedam linija prikazani su u Tablici 3. Prosje~ni prinos zrna testera iznosio je 9,77 t ha-1 uz variranja od 9,65 do 10,33 t ha-1. S obzirom na to da su sve razlike izme|u testera statisti~ki opravdane, najzanimljiviji je tester Os 3-48. Koeficijent regresije ukazuje na genotip natprosje~ne stabilnosti, {to uz najniè vrijednosti varijance odstupanja od regresije i ekovalence definitivno potvr|uje taj tester i kao {iroko adaptabilan genotip. Preostala dva testera nadprosje~ne stabilnosti, ali nièg prinosa i ne{to uè adaptabilnosti ne smiju se odbaciti, jer i kod njih postoji mogu}nost pozitivnih rekombinacija u F1 potomstvu. Srednje vrijednosti i procijenjene parametre stabilnosti cjelokupnog seta F1 generacije kriànja prikazao je Zduni} (1998.). Ovdje treba istaknuti da je upravo kriànac Os 84-28Os 3-48, dakle genotip nastao kriànjem najprinosnije i najstabilnije linije te najprinosnijeg i najstabilnijeg testera, ostvario najve}i prosje~ni prinos kroz sve lokalitete i obje godine istraìvanja (11.18 t ha-1). Takav ishod kriànja predstavlja vi{e izuzetak nego pravilo kod hibridizacije samooplodnih linija, jer se kriànjem dvaju najprinosnijih samooplodnih linija naj~e{}e ne dolazi do najprinosnijeg F1 kriànca. Sukladno navedenom, iako nastao kriànjem dvaju najstabilnijih genotipova, procijenjeni parametri stabilnosti
Tablica 3. Srednja vrijednost [t ha-1] i parametri stabilnosti prinosa zrna za tri testera testiranih kroz dvadeset i jedan hibrid Table 3. Mean grain yield [t ha-1] and stability parameters for three maize testers across twenty-one hybrids
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(bi = 1,36; S2di = 0,66 i Wi = 0,88) determiniraju taj genotip kao ispodprosje~no stabilan, primjereniji uzgoju u visokoprinosnim okolinama. Prosje~no stabilni F1 genotipovi {iroke op}e adaptabilnosti ostvarili su prosje~ni prinos na razini dvogodi{njeg prosjeka pokusa (Zduni}, 1998.). Iako neki autori isti~u da je za sigurnost prinosa ponekad potrebno `rtvovati dio visine prinosa (Finlay i Wilkinson, 1963.; Kang i sur., 1991.), a ovo istraìvanje to djelomi~no i potvr|uje, bitno je naglasiti da ne postoji stroga pravilnost odnosa visine i stabilnosti prinosa, nego njihove procjene ovise isklju~ivo o reakciji specifi~ne genetske konstitucije prou~avanih genotipova u danim uvjetima uzgoja. iroko rasprostranjeni genotipovi visokog i stabilnog prinosa koje oplemenjiva~i uspje{no kreiraju najbolja su prakti~na potvrda takvoga razmi{ljanja. Naprijed izneseno ukazuje na iznimnu va`nost izbora testera kod testiranja linija kukuruza, jer ma kako detaljno i dugoro~no bili provjeravani, poznavanjem performansi samo testera i/ili linija ne moè se sa sigurno{}u zaklju~ivati o svojstvima i njihovoj stabilnosti kod specifi~nog F1 kriànca. To drugim rije~ima zna~i da za testere treba odabrati vi{e elitnih linija, razli~itog stupnja ekspresije i stabilnosti svojstava od interesa. Istraìvanje otkriva da se zna~ajne razlike navedenih performansi F1 potomstava mogu procijeniti ~ak i kada su u isto test kriànje kao testeri uvedene sestrinske linije. Jedna od mogu}ih pogre{aka kod tog tipa istraìvanja jest odbacivanje niskih srednjih vrijednosti dobivenih na niskoprinosnim okolinama. Zanemarivanje niìh rezultata procjene srednjih vrijednosti i parametara stabilnosti za prinos zrna, koji se redovno javljaju kod mnogih genotipova u takvim uvjetima, moè imati za posljedicu selekcijski pomak u smjeru favoriziranja frekvencije onih gena koji diktiraju frekvenciju genotipova koji bolje reagiraju na uzgoj u povoljnijim (prinosnijim) okolinama. Vjerojatnost da u niskoprinosnim okolinama takvi genotipovi reagiraju obratno (sniàvanjem prinosa) prili~no je velika. Tako bi se smanjio broj genotipova {iroke op}e adaptabilnosti. U dana{njim uvjetima {irokog areala uzgoja kukuruza te klimatskih, pedolo{kih i agrotehni~kih fluktuacija, s vremenom bi se ograni~ile preporuke za uzgoj hibrida nastalih iz takvih oplemenjiva~kih programa. Stoga je za pravilnu procjenu srednjih vrijednosti i parametara stabilnosti od presudnog zna~aja koristiti {to ve}i broj razli~itih lokaliteta i godina istraìvanja. Na àlost, to predstavlja i najve}e prakti~no ograni~enje kod ovog tipa istraìvanja.
Procjena visine i stabilnosti prinosa istraìvanih linija determinirale su liniju Os84-28 kao najprinosniju i ujedno najstabilniju roditeljsku komponentu. Procjena visine i stabilnosti prinosa istraìvanih testera determinirale su tester Os3-48 kao najprinosniji i ujedno najstabilniji tester. Prosje~no najprinosniji F1 kriànac u pokusima kroz obje godine istraìvanja bila je kombinacija Os8428 Os3-48. Procjena stabilnosti ovog genotipa nije bila u skladu s njegovim roditeljskim komponentama, tj. procijenjena je pove}ana osjetljivost na okolinske uvjete. Takva procjena odgovara preporuci za uzgoj u visokoprinosnim okolinama.
LITERATURA
1. Becker, H.C. (1981): Correlations among some statistical measures of phenotypic stability. Euphytica, 30: 835-840. 2. Eberhart, S.A., Russell, W.A. (1966): Stability parameters for comparing varieties. Crop Sci. 6, 36-40. 3. Finlay, K.W., Wilkinson, G. N. (1963): The analysis of adaptation in a plant-breeding programme. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 14, 742-754. 4. Hallauer, A.R., Russell, W.A., Lamkey, K.R. (1988): Corn breeding Corn and corn improvement. Third edition, ed. G. F. Sprague, J. W. Dudley, ASA, CSSA, SSSA: 463564. 5. Lin, C.S., Binns, M.R., Lefkovitch, L. P . (1986): Stability analysis: Where do we stand? Crop Sci. 26, 894-900. 6. Kang, M.S., Gorman, D.P ., Pham, H.N. (1991): Application of stability statistics to international maize yields trials. Theor. Appl. Genetics, 81, 162-165. 7. Shukla (1972): Some statistical aspects of partioning genotypeenvironmental components of variability. Heredity 29, 237-245. 8. Utz, A.F. (1995.): PLABSTAT Version M. Ein Computerprogramm zur statistischen Analyse von pflanzenzchterischen Experimenten. Selbstverlag Universitt Hohenheim, Stuttgart. 9. Wricke, G. (1962.): ber eine Methode zur Erfassung der kologischen Streubreite in Feldversuchen, Z. Pflanzenzchtung 47, 92.-96. 10. Zduni}, Z. (1998.): Stabilnost i adaptabilnost prinosa novih Os hibrida kukuruza. Magistarski rad. Agronomski fakultet Sveu~ili{ta u Zagrebu.
ZAKLJUÂK
Na temelju provedenog dvogodi{njeg istraìvanja utjecaja izbora testera na visinu i stabilnost prinosa zrna F1 generacije kriànja, moè se zaklju~iti: Procjene op}ih (GCA) i specifi~nih (SCA) kombinacijskih sposobnosti za prinos zrna ukazale su na postojanje vrlo zna~ajnih razlika, kako me|u linijama, tako i me|u testerima.
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IMPORTANCE OF CHOOSING TESTERS FOR STABILITY ESTIMATION IN MAIZE HYBRIDS
SUMMARY Stability and adaptability estimation of the investigated trait(s) is a common procedure in most of maize breeding programmes. It is usually applied to F1 progeny but not to inbreds. This paper deals with stability and adaptability estimation of grain yield for lines and testers within its F1 hybrids. For lines and testers, general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining abilities for grain yield were also estimated. The experiments consisted of twenty-one experimental maize hybrids obtained by line tester mating design. Two year investigation was performed in random block design in four replications at sixteen environments. Estimated means and parameters describing stability and adaptability - regression coefficient (bi), deviations mean square (sdi) and ecovalence (Wi) detected Os84-28 line and Os84-28 tester, both as most yielded and widest adapted inbreds. Combining ability estimation showed highly significant effects of lines, testers and their respective interactions with environment for grain yield. Os84-28Os3-48 combination had on average the highest grain yield but was not the most stable and the widest adapted genotype. It suggests that there is no strong relationship between level and stability of grain yield for parental lines and its F1 progeny. Key-words: maize, lines, testers, grain yield, stability, adaptability (Primljeno 4. lipnja 2002; prihva}eno 21. lipnja 2002. - Received on 4 June 2002; accepted on 21 June 2002)
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ISSN 1330-7142 UDK = 633.31:631.81.031
EFFECT OF SOIL pH ON P AND Ca UPTAKE TO THE ABOVE GROUND BIOMASS OF ALFALFA (Medicago sativa L.)
Gordana Bukvi}, M. Stjepanovi} , Manda Antunovi}
Original scientific paper Izvorni znanstveni rad

SUMMARY Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) has been grown on two locations Osijek (Eutric Cambisols with pH 1n KCl=5.4) and Petrijevci (Loessive pseudogley with pH 1n KCl=4.36) in eastern Croatia area during two years. Field experiments were set up as randomized block system in four replicates. Seeding was carried out by two new genotypes from gene collection of the Agricultural Institute in Osijek. Above ground biomass of alfalfa was removed in the budding-blooming stage. Three mowings were accomplished in the first investigation year on both locations. Five mowings were carried out on Osijek location in the second investigation year and three on Petrijevci. Total dry matter yield of 11.5 tha-1 was achieved on the average for genotypes and years in Osijek location whereas in Petrijevci it amounted to 6.95 tha-1. Concentration of P was 0.367%/DM and Ca 1.01%/DM on the average for genotypes, swaths and years on Osijek location while on Petrijevci the situation was as follows: P 0.321%/DM and Ca 0.94%/DM. Key-words: alfalfa, yield, calcium, phosphorus
INTRODUCTION
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is, in terms of its dominance in domestic animal rations, especially in ruminants diet, the most important forage crop in the Republic of Croatia (Stjepanovi} et al., 1998, Popovi} et al., 1998). Its feeding value is characterized mainly by high protein contents (15-25%) of favourable aminoacide composition. Also it is a significant source of mineral matter particularly P (approx. 0.4%) and Ca (approx. 2.0%) required in domestic animals physiology, i.e. for skeleton build up. Alfalfa yield as well as its quality depend on biotic and abiotic factors. Uptake of varying essential minerals and their concentration as well as yield is influenced by changes of temperature (Smith, 1970; Smith, 1971; Marten, 1970; Bula, 1972), soil moisture (Russelle et al., 1986, Kidambi et al., 1990), and fertilization (Teuber et al., 1991; James et al., 1995). Alfalfa quality of above ground biomass also depends on development stage at mowing time (Sheaffer et al., 1988, Lloveras et al., 1998; Latheef et al., 1988) and mowing frequency (Sheaffer et al., 1988; Stjepanovi} et al., 1992). Alfalfa genotypes have different nutritive uptake ability even at the same growing conditions (Bukvi} et al., 1998; James et al., 1995; Macuha et al., 1991; uki} et al., 1995, Annicchiarico, 1998).
One of the frequent problems of legumes growing is a low pH value of the soil (McLean and Brown, 1984; Fan et al., 2001). In the Republic of Croatia a large part (approx. 50%) of total arable land is covered by acid soils. Such soil conditions cause problem in the uptake of essential nutritive mineral elements affecting alfalfa yield and quality. Researches on soil acidity effect on alfalfa growth and development compared to other arable crops (wheat and maize) in both our country and abroad have been carried out recently (Bukvi} et al., 1997). The aim of this investigation was determination of alfalfa growing season climatic conditions, the soil pH effect on dry matter yield, as well, as P and Ca uptake by two alfalfa genotypes.

In 1994 and 1995 site characterisations were carried out for two locations of the eastern Croatia region (Osijek- Eutric Cambisols and Petrijevci-Loessive pseudogley). Chemical soil properties are presented in Table 1.
Ph.D Gordana Bukvi}, Assistant Professor, Ph.D Mirko Stjepanovi}, Full Professor and Ph.D Manda Antunovi}, Assistant Professor - Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek, Trg sv. Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
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G. Bukvi} et al.: EFFECT OF SOIL pH ON P AND Ca UPTAKE TO THE ABOVE GROUND ...
Table 1. Chemical properties of the soil
Tablica 1. Kemijska svojstva tla
Statistical data processing was carried out by split -plot method for each location and year.
Weather conditions of alfalfa growing season
The experiment was set up in a randomized block system with four replicates. Two new alfalfa genotypes from the gene collection of the Agricultural Institute in Osijek were chosen for the investigations. Due to the amount of seed obtained after the pollination, selected genotypes were sown on plot 1m2 large with 20 kgha-1 of seeds. Before sowing and during the vegetation fertilization didnt carry on. Alfalfa above ground biomass was removed in the budding-blooming period by hand at a mowing height of 5 cm. Seeding and mowing time can be seen in Table 2.
Weather conditions during alfalfa growing season are presented in Figure 1. In May, July and November of 1994, significantly less precipitation occurred compared to many years averages (1901-1990). However, August and September were characterized, especially in Petrijevci location, by twice and three times more precipitation compared to many years averages. Only for September was mean air temperature significantly higher in both locations compared to many years averages. In 1995 a higher amount of precipitation occurred in January, February, April (only in Petrijevci), May, June, August (especially in Petrijevci) and September. Drought months appeared to be July and October of the same year. More temperature deviations were recorded in February compared to many years averages very warmer month.
RESULTS
Dry matter yield. In the both investigation years higher total dry matter yield was attained on the Osijek
Table 2. Dates of sowing, cutting and duration of alfalfa vegetation on locations Osijek and Petrijevci Tablica 2. Vrijeme sjetve, kosidbe i duìna vegetacije lucerne na lokacijama Osijek i Petrijevci
Three mowings were carried out for both locations in the first investigation year whereas in the second year five in Osijek and three mowings in Petrijevci. Measuring of above ground green biomass weight was done on crop removings whereas dry matter yield was measured on their drying. Concentration of P and Ca in above ground biomass of the investigated alfalfa genotypes was determined by chemical methods. Plant material samples were destroyed by wet treatment. Phosphorus was determined by means of spectrophotometer (ammonium -molybdenum method) and calcium by atomic absorbtion spectrophotometry.
location; in the first year for 3.73 t ha-1 and in the second one for 5.30 t ha-1 (Table 3.) Dry matter yield very significantly varied per swath for both locations and investigation years. In 1994 the highest dry matter yield was attained in the third swath and the lowest one in the second swath for both locations. However, the highest yield was achieved in the first swath and the lowest one in the third swath for both locations in 1995. Dry matter differences among genotypes occurred only for the Osijek location in the second investigation year.
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Figure 1. Average air temperature (oC) and rainfall amount (mm) during the vegetation of alfalfa in locations Osijek and Petrijevci Slika 1. Prosje~na temperatura zraka (Co) i koli~ina oborina (mm) tijekom vegetacije lucerne na lokacijama Osijek i Petrijevci
P concentration. Average P concentration for swaths and genotypes was higher for the Osijek location for both investigation years. Concentration of P ranged from 0.217 to 0.429 %/DM for the Osijek location and from 0.203 to 0.407%/DM for Petrijevci in the first investigation year. In the second investigation year P concentration ranged 0.325-0.477%/DM for the Osijek location whereas for Petrijevci it was 0.3310.415%/DM. Highly significant swath varying appeared to be in both investigation years for both locations. The lowest concentration of this element on the average for two genotypes was achieved in the second swath whereas the highest one in the third swath in the first investigation year (Table 4).
In the second year the lowest average of P concentration was achieved in the first and the highest one in the fifth swath for the Osijek location whereas in the Petrijevci location the lowest P concentration was obtained in the second and highest one in the first swath. Ca concentration. Average Ca concentration in the alfalfa above ground biomass was higher for the Petrijevci location in the first investigation year whereas in the second year it was higher for the Osijek location. In the first investigation year Ca concentration for the Osijek location ranged 0.79-1.09%/DM and in Petrijevci 0.93-1.35%/DM (Table 5).
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Table 3. Yield of dry matter (tha-1) per locations (L), cuttings (C) and genotypes (G) in 1994 and 1995 Tablica 3. Prinos suhe tvari (tha-1) po lokacijama (L), otkosima (C) i genotipovima (G) u 1994. i 1995. godini
Table 4. Concentration of P (%/DM) in the above ground biomass of alfalfa per cuttings (C) and genotypes (G) on Osijek and Petrijevci locations in 1994 and 1995 Tablica 4. Koncentracija P (%/ST) u nadzemnoj masi lucerne po otkosima (C) i genotipovima (G) na lokacijama Osijek i Petrijevci u 1994. i 1995. godini
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Table 5. Concentration of Ca (%/DM) in above ground biomass of alfalfa per cuttings (C) and genotypes (G) on Osijek and Petrijevci locations in 1994 and 1995 Tablica 5. Koncentracija Ca (%/ST) u nadzemnoj masi lucerne po otkosima (C) i genotipovima (G) na lokacijama Osijek i Petrijevci u 1994. i 1995. godini
Significant swath varying was achieved for the Petrijevci location in the first year and for both locations in the second year. In 1994 the highest concentration was achieved by the third swath and the lowest one by the first swath for the Osijek location whereas in Petrijevci the highest concentration was obtained by the second swath and lowest by the third one. During 1995 the highest concentration for the Osijek location was achieved by the fifth swath and the lowest one by the fourth. As for Petrijevci the highest Ca concentration appeared to be for the third swath and the lowest one for the second swath.
DISCUSSION
Higher dry matter yield was attained in all swaths for the Osijek location in both investigation years. Average dry matter yield for both growing years amounted to 11.50 t ha-1 for the Osijek location and 6.95 t ha1 for Petrijevci. Higher dry matter yield for the Osijek location is the result of more favourable agriclimatic growing conditions such as optimum pH soil value, humus content as well as available P and potassium. The above mentioned conditions were convenient for better growth and development, nodule bacteria activities on alfalfa root as well as nitrogen fixation that resulted in higher above ground biomass weight formation. The achieved two year average dry matter yield in alfalfa growing on favourable soil (Osijek location) is usual for the mentioned growing area shown in the inve-
stigation by Bonjak et al. (1978) for the Osijek location with average dry matter yield of 10 t ha-1. There was a usual increase trend of dry matter yield per swath in the first year of alfalfa growing. However, the second swath compared to the first one for both locations attained lower dry matter yield. Drought period occurred during the second swath-growing season in July affecting yield reduction of both green mass and dry matter. In the second year dry matter yield reduced per swath, which is common for alfalfa growing. Concentration as well as total P content in the above ground biomass were higher for the Osijek location in both investigation years. They were influenced by more favourable pH soil value and thereby higher content of available soil P . Phosphorus is uptaken by plants only in anion form as H2PO4- and HPO42-. Orthophosphate acid dislocates in a different manner depending on pH respond, thus there are more HPO42and PO43- with pH increase affecting P uptake adversely. It is considered that only ion H2PO41- is actively uptaken which is explained by better P uptake in a poor acidic environment, i.e. pH 6.5 according to Bergmann (1988). Optimum P concentration for alfalfa in buddingblooming stage ranged within limits of 0.3-0.6%/DM according to Bergmann (1983) and critical values of 0.2-0.25% stated by Kelling and Matocha (1990). Poor root system development, thus, stunted plants was
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caused by P shortage. Also, feeding value and yield reduction occured due to protein formation decrease. Such P effect was especially pronounced in the first and second swath in the first investigation year where plant P defficiency resulted in lower dry matter yield. In the second investigation year P concentration also varied very significantly per swath but it was within limit values in both locations and types. The highest P concentration as well as the highest dry matter yield were attained in the first swath for the Petrijevci location. Higher P concentration with higher pH was obtained in the investigations conducted by other authors (Mahler, 1983; Buss et al., 1975). Higher average concentration as well as total dry matter yield in both investigation years resulted in higher P concentration in the above ground biomass of alfalfa for the Osijek location (Figure 2a and 2b ). Total P content was 30.43 kg ha-1 in this location in the first investigation year whereas it amounted to 55.59 kg ha-1 (43.01 kg ha-1 on the average) in the second year. The Petrijevci location was characterized by total P content of 16.99 kg ha-1 in the first year and 28.43 kg ha-1 in the second year (22.74 kg ha-1 on the average) which is slightly less compared to usual amounts. According to data by Lanyon et al. (1988) 25-61 kg ha-1 P on the average were uptaken by alfalfa with its above ground biomass. Concentration of Ca of the alfalfa above ground biomass of alfalfa was generally closer to low limit value or even lower by the above mentioned development stage. According to Bergmann (1983) optimum concentration of this element for alfalfa in budding-blooming stage ranged within 1.00-2.25%/DM. Higher autumn and lower spring Ca concentration was achieved in the investigation carried out by Collins (1983), Gross et al. (1981). Soil pH , among others, also significantly affect Ca uptake and its availability.Ca availability is reduced with soil pH value decrease (< 5) or increase (>6.5) .Thus, higher concentration of this element in the Osijek location was expected in both investigation years. However, average Ca concentration in the first investigation year was slightly higher for the Petrijevci location (acid soil). Higher Ca concentration was also achieved by Gross et al. (1981) on more acid soil i.e. with pH (H2O)=6 (1.08%) compared to pH (H2O)=7 (1.18%). Better Ca supply indicator is its total content of the above ground biomass of alfalfa obtained on the basis of dry matter yield and concentration (Figure 3a and 3b). So, total Ca content in the growing season was higher (94.37 kg ha-1) for the Osijek location compared to Petrijevci (60.18 kg ha-1). The alfalfa crop for the Osijek location was better developed, thus, lower concentration is the result of diluted effect. In the second investigation year the differences in the total Ca content between the locations were even higher (136.99 kg ha-1 in Osijek, 68.00 kg ha-1 in Petrijevci). This occurred due to better agriclimatic conditions which enabled better growth and development, i.e. five swaths.
Figure 2. Content of P (kgha-1) in above ground biomass of alfalfa per cuttings and locations Slika 2. Sadràj fosfora (kgha-1) u nadzemnoj masi lucerne po otkosima i lokacijama
2 a, 1994
2b, 1995
Figure 3. Content of Ca (kgha-1) in above ground biomass of alfalfa per cuttings and locations Slika 2. Sadràj Ca (kgha-1) u nadzemnom dijelu lucerne po otkosima i lokacijama
3, a, 1994
3, b, 1995
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CONCLUSIONS
Higher dry matter yield and P concentration of above ground biomass of alfalfa in both investigation years were achieved for the Osijek location (Eutric cambisols with pH in 1n KCl=5.4) during the two years alfalfa growing. Concentration of Ca was higher for the Osijek location in the first year whereas in the second year it was higher for the Petrijevci location (pH in 1n KCl=4.3). Uptake of P and Ca as well as dry matter yield were affected by changes of temperature and precipitation during the alfalfa-growing season. Thus, very significant varying of all investigated parameters was attained in both years and at both locations, except for Ca concentration for the Osijek location in the first growing year. Alfalfa growing on acid soils made nutrient uptake more difficult resulting in lower yield in both green mass and dry matter. Such conditions require some agricultural measures (e.g. calcification, fertilization) in order to enable better nutrient availability. Another possibility is to gain genotypes of satisfactory yield and quality for acid soil growing through breeding and selection. More adequate rations balance in ruminants would be enabled by monitoring varying concentration of P , Ca and other elements per swath in above ground biomass of alfalfa.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
REFERENCES
1. Annicchiarico, P . (1998): Yield grain from recommendation of lucerne varieties based on mega-enviroment identification by AMMI analysis. Fifth Congres ESA, Nitra, The Slovak Republic, Short communications, Vol. II, 121-122. Bergmann, W. (1983.): Ernhrungsstrungen bei Kulturpflanzen. Entstehung und Diagnose. VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena., 1983. Bergmann, W. (1988.): Ernhrungsstrungen bei Kulturpflanzen WEB Gustav Fischer Verlang Jena 1988. Bogdanovi}, M., N. Velikonja, Z. Racz, Z. (1966.): Priru~nik za ispitivanje zemljita. Knjiga I: Hemijske metode za ispitivanje zemljita. JDPZ, Beograd. Bonjak, D., M. Stjepanovi} (1978.): Utvrivanje kvalitete nove domace i stranih sorti lucerne u nekoliko stadija razvoja. Zbornik radova Poljoprivrednog instituta Osijek, God. IX, Sv.1, 1-8. Bukvi}, G., M. Stjepanovi}, S. Popovi}, S. Grljui}, D. Horvat (1998): Influence of location and genotype on the N, P and K concentration in above ground part of alfalfa. Agriculture, Faculty of agronomy in Osijek, 4(1):1724. Bukvi}, G., M. Stjepanovi}, S. Popovi}, S. Grljui} (1997): Genetic variability of alfalfa in yield, dry matter content and N, P , K concentration. Seed production of lucerne. Proceedings of the XIIth Eucarpia meeting of the group medicago. Prague 1997, Czech Republic; p. 196. Bula, R.J. (1972): Morphological characteristics of alfalfa plants grown at several temperatures. Crop Sci., 12:683-686.
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Buss, G.R., J.A. Jr. Lutz, G.W. Hawkins (1975): Effect of Soil and Plant Genotype on Element Concentration and Uptake by Alfalfa. Crop Science, 15:614-617. Collins, M. (1983): Changes in Composition of Alfalfa, Red Clover, and Birdsfoot Trefoil during Autumn. Agronomy Journal, 75:287-291. ukic, D., V. Kunc, P . Eri} (1995): Morfological characteristics, yield and nutritive value of some lucerne genotypes. Problemi na selekcijata, semeznanijeto, semeproizvodstvo i agrotehnikata. Medunarodno konferencija - 90 godini institut Obrazov ciflik. Ruse 2728.06.1995. 163-172. Fan, X.H., Tang, C., Rengel, Z. (2001): Nitrate uptake and nitrate reductase distribution an acid production in five grain legumes grown in two nitrate regimes. Fertilizer, Food Security and Environmental Protection-Fertilization in the Third Millenium, 12th World Fertilizer Congress, Beijing, China, Congres Guide and Abstracts, 144. Gross, C.F., G.A. Jang (1981): Season, Temperature, Soil pH, and Mg Fertilizer Effects on Herberage Ca and P Levels and Ratios of Grasses and Legumes. Agronomy Jour, 73:629-634. James, D.W., C.J. Hurst, T.A. Tindall (1995): Alfalfa cultivar response to phosphorus and potassium deficiency: Elemental composition of the herbage. Journal of plant nutrition, 18(11): 2447-2464. James, D.W., T.A. Tindal, C.J. Hurst, A.N. Hussein (1995): Alfalfa cultivar responses to phosphorus and potassium deficiency: Biomass. Journal of plant nutrition, 18 (11): 2431-2445. Kelling, K.A., J.E. Matocha (1990): Plant analysis as an aid in fertilizing field crops. pp. 603-643. IN: R.L. Westerman (ed.) Soil Testing and Plant Analysis, 3rd Editing Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI. pp. 603-643. Kidambi, S.P ., A.G. Matches, T.P . Bolger (1990): Concentrations in Alfalfa and Sainfoin as Influenced by Soil Moisture Level. Agronomy J. 82: 229-236. Lanyon, L.E., W.K. Griddith (1988): Nutrition and Fertilizer Use. Alfalfa and Alfalfa Improvement, Agronomy Monograph no. 29, Madison, WI, 333-372. Latheef, M.A., J.L. Caddel, R.C. Berberet, J.F. Strizke (1988): Alfalfa Forage Yield, Stand Persistence, and Weed Colonization as Influence by Variable First Harvest in Oklahoma. J. Prod. Agric. 1(2):155-159. Lloveras, J., J. Ferran, A. Alvarez, L. Torres (1998): Harvest management effects on alfalfa (Mesicago sativa L.) production and quality in Mediteranean areas . Grass and Forage Science, 53 (1):88-90. Macuha, P ., M. Bielikov (1991): Nitrate content in various lucerne genotypes. Vedeck prce. Obilniny, strukoviny, krmoviny. Vyskumnho stavu rastlinnej vyroby v Pietanoch, 24: 128-137. Mahler, R. L. (1983): Influence of pH on Yield and N and P Nutrition of Alfalfa Grown on an Andic Mission Silt Loam. Agronomy J., 75: 731-435. Marten, G.C. (1970): Temperature as a determinant of alfalfa harvested by bloom stage or age criteria. Proc. Int. Grassl. Congr. 11th, New South Wales, Australia. American Forage and Grassland Counci, Lexington, KY, 506-509.
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24. McLean, E.O., Brown, J. C. (1984): Crop response to lime in the midwestern United States. Soil acidity and liming. 2nd ed. Agronomy 12, 274-303. 25. Popovi}, S., Stjepanovi}, M., Bukvi}, G., Grljui}, S. (1998): Characteristics of alfalfa growing in the eastern Croatia. Fifth Congress ESA, Nitra, The Slovak Republic, Short communications, Vol I, 135. 26. Russelle, M.P ., C.C. Sheaffer (1986): Use of diagnosis and recommendation integrated system with alfalfa. Agron. J., 78:557-560. 27. Sheaffer C.C., D.K. Barnes, G.H. Heichel, G.C. Marten, W.E. Lueschen (1988): Seeding Year Nitrogen and Dry Matter Yields of Nondormant and Moderately Dormant Alfalfa. J. Prod. Agric. 1:261-265. 28. Smith, D. (1970): Influence of Temperature on the Yield and Chemical Composition of Five Forage Legume Species. Agron. J. 62:520-524. 29. Smith, D. (1971): Levels and Sources of Potassium for Alfalfa as Influenced by Temperature. Agron. J. 63:497500. 30. Stjepanovi}, M., S. Popovi} (1992): Gospodarska vrijednost lucerne i crvene djeteline, stanje i perspektiva. Sjemenarstvo, br. 6, 347-352. 31. Stjepanovi}, M., Bukvi}, G., Grljui}, S. (1998): Survey of voluminous forage crops growin in Croatia. Fifth Congres ESA, Nitra, The Slovak Republic, Short communications, Vol I, 133. 32. Teuber, L.R., D.A. Phillips, S. Geng, W.F. Lehman (1991): Predicted and Actual Yield and Nitrogen Concentration of Alfalfa in Different Nitrogen Environments. Crop Sci. 31:1459-1464.
UTJECAJ pH TLA NA USVAJANJE P i Ca U NADZEMNOM DIJELU LUCERNE (Medicago sativa L.)

SA@ETAK Lucerna (Medicago sativa L.) je uzgajana na dvije lokacije Osijek (Eutri~ni kambisol s pH u 1n KCl= 5,4) i Petrijevci (Lesivirani pseudoglej s pH u 1n KCl= 4,3) na podru~ju isto~ne Hrvatske tijekom dvije godine. Poljski pokus postavljen je po randomiziranom blok sustavu u ~etiri ponavljanja. Sjetva je obavljena s dva nova genotipa lucerne iz gen kolekcije Poljoprivrednog instituta u Osijeku. Nadzemna masa lucerne koena je u stadiju pupanja do cvatnje. U prvoj godini istraìvanja obavljene su tri kosidbe na obje lokacije. U drugoj godini istraìvanja obavljeno je pet kosidbi na lokaciji Osijek i tri na lokaciji Petrijevci. U prosjeku za genotipove i otkose na lokaciji Osijek dobiven je ukupan prinos suhe tvari od 11,5 tha-1, a u Petrijevcima 6,95 tha-1. Prosje~na koncentracija P za genotipove, otkose i godine na lokaciji Osijek iznosila je 0,367%/ST, a Ca 1,01%/ST, a na lokaciji Petrijevci prosje~na koncentracija P bila je 0,322%/ST i Ca 0,94%/ST. Klju~ne rije~i: lucerna, prinos, kalcij, fosfor (Received on 25 February 2002; accepted on 18 July 2002 - Primljeno 25. veljaee 2002.; prihva}eno 18. srpnja 2002.)
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ISSN 1330-7142 UDK = 631.524.7:633.31
MOGU]NOSTI I OGRANIÊNJA OPLEMENJIVANJA KVALITETE LUCERNE

S. Popovi} (1), Sonja Grlju{i} (1), Marijana Tucak (1), T. ûpi} (1), Gordana Bukvi} (2) Pregledni znanstveni ~lanak Scientific review
SA@ETAK Rad predstavlja poku{aj utvr|ivanja postoje}e razine znanja, postupaka i ostvarenih rezultata te definiranja smjernica i potreba u oplemenjivanju kvalitete lucerne. Kako je lucerna najzastupljenije bjelan~evinasto voluminozno krmivo na obradivim povr{inama, tako je zna~aj analize stanja kvalitete, mogu}nosti pobolj{anja oplemenjivanjem i stvarnih ograni~enja vrlo velik, a sama analiza jedan od preduvjeta za realizaciju uspje{nog oplemenjiva~kog programa. Oplemenjivanje kvalitete lucerne obuhva}a pitanja kemijske, morfolo{ke i fiziolo{ke kompozicije biljke, probavljivosti, energije i iskori{tenja krmiva, kao i vrijednosti bjelan~evina, a krajnji cilj svih programa je preinaka sadràja razli~itih kemijskih tvari krmiva koja }e rezultirati pobolj{anjem iskori{tenja genetskog potencijala ìvotinja. Uz metode selekcije koje se temelje na procjeni fenotipskih vrijednosti biljaka sve ~e{}e se koriste molekularnobiolo{ke i geneti~ke tehnike. Va`no je naglasiti da je prije odluke o uvo|enju i kori{tenju geneti~ki modificiranog bilja potrebno upoznati sve prednosti i rizike genetskog inènjeringa lucerne. Klju~ne rije~i: lucerna, kvaliteta, oplemenjivanje
UVOD
Lucerna je najzastupljenije bjelan~evinasto voluminozno krmivo na obradivim povr{inama. Tako|er je jedno od najkvalitetnijih krmiva. No, kako nije i savr{eno krmivo, pobolj{anje kvalitete lucerne bio je cilj velikog broja oplemenjiva~a u pro{losti, a bit }e, vrlo vjerojatno, jo{ i vi{e u budu}nosti. Uz metode selekcije koje se temelje na procjeni fenotipskih vrijednosti biljaka, sve ~e{}e se koriste molekularnobiolo{ke i geneti~ke tehnike. Cilj ovog rada bio je utvrditi postoje}u razinu znanja, postupaka i ostvarenih rezultata, kao i potreba, kako bi se {to to~nije odredile smjernice i na~ini oplemenjivanja u budu}nosti.
Definicija kvalitete
Prema Kirilovu (2001.), ukupna kvaliteta lucerne obuhva}a kemijsku, morfolo{ku i fiziolo{ku kompoziciju, probavljivost, iskori{tenje, energiju, kao i vrijednost bjelan~evina. Pod morfolo{kom kompozicijom kvalitete prvenstveno se podrazumijevaju odnos list/stabljika, zatim broj internodija te ostali parametri zrelosti koji su u direktnoj ili indirektnoj vezi sa sadràjem bjelan~evina i vlakana. Pored klasi~ne selekcije na èljeno svojstvo (ve}inom individualni fenotipski izbor iz populacija, kriànje), sve je vi{e radova koji istraùju mogu}nost
primjene novih metoda oplemenjivanja, npr. somatske hibridizacije (Rotili i sur., 2001. M.sativa x M. falcata, za visinu i debljinu biljke te broj i duìnu internodija u dva ciklusa, za sada bez prakti~ne primjene). Probavljivost lucerne uklju~uje ne samo kemijske tvari, ve} i degradaciju u rumenu, kao i histolo{ka svojstva biljaka. Vrlo zna~ajnu ulogu u hranidbi stoke, pa tako i u oplemenjivanju kvalitete lucerne, imaju energija i iskori{tenje krmiva. Heichel (1976.) isti~e da je lucerna najracionalniji proizvo|a~ bjelan~evina po jedinici energije. Istodobno, poznato je da je u rumenu preìva~a fermentacija vlakana parcijalna, ~ime se direktno ograni~ava energija. Vrijednost bjelan~evina vezana je za aminokiselinski sastav i brzinu ugradnje u organizam ìvotinje. Dokazano je da opskrba rumena bjelan~evinama bogatim sumporom moè pove}ati rast vune ovaca. Kako bi povisili kvalitetu lucerne, oplemenjiva~i CSIRO-a u Australiji uveli su u lucernu iz suncokreta gen za bjelan~evine bogate sumporom. Za sada je koli~ina bjelan~evina iz suncokreta manja od one koja je potrebna za pove}anje proizvodnje vune (Tabe i sur., 1995.).
(1) Dr.sc. Svetislav Popovi}, mr. sc. Sonja Grlju{i}, Marijana Tucak, dipl. in`. i Tihomir ûpi}, dipl. in`. Poljoprivredni institut Osijek, Ju`no predgra|e 17, 31000 Osijek, (2) Doc.dr sc. Gordana Bukvi} Sveu~ili{te Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku, Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku, Trg sv. Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek
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S. Popovi} i sur.: MOGU]NOSTI I OGRANIÊNJA OPLEMENJIVANJA KVALITETE LUCERNE
Koncept i tehnike oplemenjivanja kvalitete

Pri stvaranju koncepta i odabiru tehnika oplemenjivanja najprije se utvr|uje cilj, tj. svrhovitost oplemenjiva~kog programa. Premda su se tijekom vi{e desetlje}a oplemenjiva~kog rada pojedina~ni ciljevi, metode i opsezi programa mijenjali krajnji cilj ostao je isti. Temeljna svrha oplemenjivanja kvalitete je pobolj{anje iskori{tenja genetskog potencijala ìvotinja putem preinaka sadràja kemijskih tvari lucerne, za koje se zna da utje~u na svojstva ìvotinja. Velik je broj takvih kemijskih tvari, neke od njih ve} su niz godina uklju~ene u programe, neke su tek uklju~ene, a neke su jo{ nepoznate. Tvari koje se uklju~uju u oplemenjiva~ki program pobolj{anja kvalitete moraju zadovoljavati sljede}e uvjete (Hill i sur., 1988.):
1.
2. 3.
moraju se relativno lako mjeriti kako bi se velik broj genotipova ili populacija mogao procijeniti; moraju biti dovoljno nasljedne kako bi odgovorile na selekciju; moraju biti u jakoj korelaciji sa svojstvima ìvotinja kako bi uspje{na promjena kemijskih komponenti rezultirala pobolj{anjem svojstava ìvotinja. No, i jaka korelacija jo{ nije jamstvo da }e uspje{na selekcija svojstva biljke rezultirati pobolj{anjem svojstva ìvotinja.
Sve do izuma Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) za analizu krmiva, oplemenjiva~i lucerne bili su ograni~eni u izboru komponenti na kojima bi se bazirao program pobolj{anja kvalitete, jer laboratorijska i tehni~ka podr{ka koja je potrebna za mokre laboratorijske analize ~esto nalaè da se samo jedna kemijska tvar moè uklju~iti u selekcijski program. Suprotno, procjene koncentracija nekoliko kemijskih tvari putem NIRS analize vr{e se uz manje napora nego procjene pojedina~nih tvari u mokroj analizi. Dva glavna nedostatka NIRS analize su cijena opreme i pote{ko}e u kalibraciji instrumenata. No, usprkos tim nedostacima, NIRS je omogu}io da mnoge krmne tvari postanu relativno lako mjerljive (uvjet 1.). Tako|er, ve}a to~nost NIRS-a pove}ala je broj tvari koje zadovoljavaju i drugi gore navedeni uvjet (npr. in vitro razgradnja suhe tvari). NIRS analize omogu}avaju pove}anje broja ponavljanja analiza, kao i kori{tenje nekoliko tvari u selekcijskom indeksu (Hill i sur., 1988.). Bez obzira na metodu analize krmiva, sve tvari uklju~ene u selekcijski program treba pa`ljivo identificirati. Ciljevi oplemenjivanja kvalitete lucerne mogu se definirati prema grupi tvari koje se èli promijeniti, a Cooper (1973.) ih dijeli na tvari koji se odnose na sadràj energije i probavljivost (1), toksi~ne i {tetne tvari (2), esencijalne tvari koje se mogu dodati (3) te fizi~ke i kemijske elemente koji utje~u na uskladi{tenje mase lucerne (4).
1.Tvari sadràja energije i probavljivosti Naj~e{}e ispitivana svojstva su in vitro razgradnja suhe tvari (in vitro dry matter disappearance - IVDMD) i sadràj vlakana. Ciljevi u oplemenjivanju lucerne obuhva}aju pove}anje IVDMD ili smanjenje koncentracije vlakana. Zna~ajni napori ulaù se u prepravku IVDMD. Postoji niz radova koji su izvje{}ivali i o visokoj (Chaverra-Gil i sur., 1967.; Shenk i Elliott, 1970.) i o niskoj heritabilnosti (Hill,1974.; Kellogg i sur., 1976.) IVDMD. Razli~iti rezultati mogli su se tuma~iti razli~itim poolovima germplazme ili razlikama u laboratoriju i nudili su malo u smislu specifi~nih vodi~a za napredak u preinakama IVDMD putem oplemenjivanja. Rezultati nekih radova (Thomas i sur., 1968.) sugerirali su da je IVDMD vrijedno svojstvo za oplemenjiva~e. No, prije stvaranja opse`nog selekcijskog programa bilo je potrebno ispraviti faktore koji utje~u na sniàvanje heritabilnost. Kori{tenjem NIRS ili ograni~avanjem okoline u kojoj se razvija materijal (ne prije utvr|ivanja vrijednosti stabilnosti materijala!) utvr|eno je da je IVDMD dovoljno nasljedno svojstvo, te je tako postalo vrijedan selekcijski kriterij u oplemenjivanju kvalitete. Vlakna su potrebna za odràvanje zdravlja rumena i povoljnog profila fermentacije za proizvodnju mlijeka. No, ona se fermentiraju jako sporo i manje cjelovito od {kroba i ostalih ugljikohidrata te tako ograni~avaju dostupnu energiju. Vlakna lucerne brè se probavljaju od vlakana u trava, ali veli~ina digestije je manja. Tako bi jedan od ciljeva oplemenjivanja mogao biti pove}anje sadràja potencijalno probavljivog vlakna (Jung, 1996.). Heritabilnost kiselih vlakana (acid detergent fiber ADF) i koncentracije vlakana ve}a je od 3-5 puta od heritabilnosti IVDMD. Niz je autora utvrdilo da su ADF, lignin i dr. vlakna genetski varijabilna, tj. da zadovoljavaju prvi preduvjet za selekciju. Lucerna ima ve}i sadràj lignina nego ve}ina krmnih trava te se i redukcija koncentracije lignina ~esto ocjenjuje kao pravovaljan cilj oplemenjivanja, tj. selekcije u poku{aju pobolj{anja kvalitete. Selekcijski program na visoke i niske koncentracije lignina rezultirale su negativnim odgovorom prinosa. Selekcije s visokim sadràjem lignina imale su zna~ajno vi{e prinose krme od selekcija s niskom koncentracijom lignina, najvjerojatnije zbog genetske promjene odnosa list/stabljika. (Kephart i sur., 1984.; Shenk i Elliott, 1970.). Utvr|eno je da genotipovi s visokim sadràjem lignina imaju manji odnos list/stabljika, no ve}i prinos mase. Svi rezultati istraìvanja pokazuju da se selekcija na vi{u IVDMD i smanjenje koncentracije vlakana ne smiju vr{iti bez postupaka koji }e za{tititi materijal od smanjenja prinosa mase. Nedavno je identifikacijom prirodnih biljnih komponenata za{tite protiv bolesti i uno{enjem gena u lucernu (npr. za lucerninu kiselu glukanazu-Aglu 1 u komercijalni kultivar Apollo) otkriveno da enzimi utje~u na razgradnju stani~nih stijenki gljive, zahvaljuju}i indirektnom efektu glukanaze gena na fenilpropanoid metabolizam.
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Osim utjecaja na otpornost na bolest, izolacija klju~nih enzima u ciklusu fenilpropanoida mogla bi pobolj{ati probavljivost putem modifikacije kompozicije ili sadràja lignina (Dixon i sur., 1996.). 2. Toksi~ne i {tetne tvari Premda mnoge od {tetnih tvari ne stvaraju problem kod preìva~a, kod monogastri~nih ìvotinja mogu biti vrlo toksi~ne. Nadimanje je endemski problem koji se javlja u hranidbi ìvotinja lucernom i ostalim leguminozama. Smatra se da je uzrok proizvodnje pjene topivi proteini u krmivu (razina od 1,8% frakcije I (18S) proteina je granica iznad koje se nadimanje moè pojaviti (Elliot i sur., 1972., prema Miltimoreu i sur., 1970.). Leguminoze koje ne uzrokuju nadimanje sadrè tanine, koji ~ine s bjelan~evinama netopive komplekse. Leguminoze koje mogu uzrokovati nadimanje, dakle i lucerna, sadrè malo ili uop}e ne sadrè tanine. Nedostatak genetske varijabilnosti u koncentraciji tanina ~ini klasi~no oplemenjivanje na promjenu koncentracije tanina gotovo nemogu}im. Stoga je jedan od ciljeva oplemenjiva~a inducirati biosintezu kondenziranih tanina i akumulaciju do èljene razine (3-4%). Utv|eno je da lucerna posjeduje neke, a mo`da i sve enzime potrebne za akumulaciju tanina. No, jo{ je uvijek nepoznato koji i koliko gena je uklju~eno u proces redukcije flavona do tanina (Turchetti i sur., 2001.) Me|uvrsna kriànja i somatska hibridizacija nije rezultirala èljenim promjenama. Cilj projekta CAGED Europske unije bio je rastuma~iti biosintezu kondenziranih tanina putem izolacije (iz Lotus corniculatus) i funkcionalnog odre|ivanja klju~nih gena za sintezu tanina kori{tenjem modernih oplemenjiva~kih metoda poput ciljanja gena (gene-targeting) i mutacija (Allison i sur., 2001.). Otpornost na razgradnju stanica je ve}a kod leguminoza koje ne uzrokuju nadimanje, tj. stani~ne stjenke su ~vr{}e i razgradnja stani~nih stjenki mikrooganizmima rumena je manja nego kod lucerne (Howarth i sur.,1982.). Jo{ nije sasvim jasno postoji li genetska varijabilnost ~vrsto}e stani~nih stjenki lucerne. Saponini se smatraju {tetnim i nepoèljnim tvarima lucerne, koje inhibiraju rast, kemolizu, respiraciju i enzime (proteaze, kolinesteraze) te tako, vjerojatno, utje~u na pojavu nadimanja stoke. Utvr|ena je i negativna korelacija koncentracije saponina i rasta pili}a, kao i ostalih monogastri~nih ìvotinja (Elliot i sur., 1972.). Postoji genetska varijabilnost koncentracije saponina. Tako|er, procjenjena heritabilnost svojstva dovoljno je visoka da bi selekcija putem izmjene sadràja saponina trebala biti u~inkovita. Antivitamini, tj. tvari koje utje~u na apsorbciju ili kori{tenje vitamina (niacina, alfa-tokoferola, E vitamina), tvari sli~ne estrogenu, kumestrol, itd., tako|er su tvari koje negativno utje~u na kvalitetu krmiva. Intenzitet selekcije na smanjenje sadràja takvih tvari za sada je nizak.
3. Esencijalne tvari koje se mogu dodati U dono{enju odluka i obrani teza o korisnosti oplemenjiva~kih programa ove kategorije tvari oplemenjiva~i imaju najvi{e problema, jer moraju uzimati u obzir tro{kove oplemenjiva~kog programa nasuprot jednostavnom dodavanju tvari, kao i promjene ekonomskih uvjeta. Lucerna, kao i ve}ina leguminoza, u globalu ima vi{e Ca i K, a manje P no {to je potrebno u ishrani mlije~nih ìvotinja umjerene proizvodnosti. Prosje~ni sadràji tih tvari variraju ovisno o vremenu i godini kori{tenja lucerne, tj. o starosti biljke, o tlu na kojem se usjev uzgaja, kao i o temperaturama tijekom vegetacije. U literaturi se navode razli~ite vrijednosti sadràja tih tvari. Tako Bukvi} (1996.) navodi da sadràj P u prvoj godini uzgoja na neutralnom tlu varira od 0,378 do 0,463%, sadràj K od 2,117 do 2,8% , a sadràj Ca od 0,935 do 1,287%, dok se u drugoj godini uzgoja sadràj P kre}e od 0,370 do 0,473, sadràj K od 2,022 do 2,609% , a sadràj Ca od 0,923 do 1,207%. Prema Bo{njaku i sur. (1987.) sadràj Ca u suhoj tvari lucerne je 2,1%, sadràj fosfora 0,4%, a sadràj K 2,6%. U uzgoju mlije~nih krava problemi vezani za minerale ~esto se javljaju zbog neizbalansiranosti elemenata (mlije~na vru}ica i depresija teladi, Hill i Guss (1976.), a ne zbog same koncentracije pojedinog elementa. Stoga bi oplemenjivanje na smanjenje koncentracije Ca ili pove}anje koncentracije P , tj. oplemenjivanje na pobolj{anje odnosa Ca-P mogao biti vrlo vrijedan cilj u oplemenjivanju kvalitete lucerne. Utvr|ena je genetska varijabilnost koncentracija Ca i P , kao i odnosa Ca-P (Heinrich i sur., 1969.; Hill i Jung, 1975.). Tako|er je utvr|ena negativna korelacija visine koncentracije P i prinosa, vjerojatno zbog promjene odnosa list/stabljika (kao i kod lignina) (Hill, 1980.; Kephart i sur., 1984.). Indirektan pristup smanjenja ovog problema je sjetva lucerne s travama. Bjelan~evine su, premda se mogu nadoknaditi drugim proizvodima, stvarna svrha proizvodnje krmiva lucerne na mnogim gospodarstvima te je stoga u ve}ini oplemenjiva~kih programa i program pove}anja koncentracije bjelan~evina. U globalu, lucerna s ve}om koncentracijom bjelan~evina ima i ukupno bolju kvalitetu te oplemenjivanje na pove}anje koncentracije bjelan~evina indirektno utje~e i na pobolj{anje ostalih kvalitativnih svojstava (Cooper, 1973.). Heritabilnost koncentracije bjelan~evina vrlo je visoka. Genetska varijabilnost postoji. Sadràj bjelan~evina ve}i je u listu nego u stabljici. No, niz autora isti~e da selekcija na pove}anje koncentracije bjelan~evina bez pra}enja prinosa mase moè smanjiti ukupan prinos putem pove}anja odnosa list/stabljika. 4. Fizi~ki i kemijski elementi koji utje~u na uskladi{tenje mase lucerne Vrlo malo je u~injeno u oplemenjivanju na promjenu svojstava koje utje~u na uskladi{tenje lucerne, vjerojatno zbog nedostatka spoznaja o reakcijama koje se
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zbivaju pri spremanju sjenaè ili silaè te, stoga, nemogu}nosti identifikacije tvari koje bi se trebale mijenjati. Pri nedostatku vlage ili previsokim temperaturama reducira se probavljivost N. Metode za utvr|ivanje {teta su poznate, no ne i sve kemijske reakcije koje se doga|aju zbog pregrijavanja. Kad bi se kemijske reakcije doga|ale samo na specifi~nom tipu bjelan~evina, oplemenjiva~i bi vjerojatno mogli izmijeniti oblik bjelan~evina na manje osjetljiv te tako smanjiti {tete od pregrijavanja. Kao pomo} pri uskladi{tenju lucerne koriste se razli~ita kemijska sredstva koja pomaù fermentaciju, brè su{enje i time kra}e izlaganje vremenskim uvjetima u polju. Do danas nije istraìvano moè li se u~inkovitost konzervatora krmiva pobolj{ati putem genetskih promjena odre|enih kemijskih komponenata lucerne. Mjera za oplemenjivanje su i tro{kovi u hranidbi. Najve}e smanjenje tro{kova u hranidbi mlije~nih krava (Adams, 1984.) zbog promjene svojstava lucerne zbog oplemenjivanja bilo je ishranom lucernom umjereno pove}anih prinosa, pove}anih bjelan~evina i pove}anih ukupno probavljivih hraniva. Sve vi{e se isti~e i potreba za novim i boljim pristupom u optimalizaciji iskori{tenja hraniva, jer npr. lucerna sadrì previ{e bjelan~evina, premalo energije i previ{e vlakana za potrebe visoko proizvodnih mlije~nih krava. Bjelan~evine u masi lucerne prebrzo razgra|uju bakterije rumena te ne dopu{taju u~inkovito recikliranje du{ika u bioproteine (Jung, 1996.). Kona~nu ocjenu korisnosti promjene kemijske komponente oplemenjivanjem sa svrhom pobolj{anja kvalitete moè se dati samo ako je izmijenjeno krmivo pro{lo komparativne pokuse hranidbe ìvotinja.
Odnos kvalitete i prinosa

Kvaliteta i prinos lucerne rezultat su sloène interakcije gena i okoline. Lokacija, na~in kori{tenja, faza razvoja, sezona, kultivar i pojedina~na biljka utje~u i na me|usobni odnos kvalitete i prinosa. U globalu, postoji negativna korelacija prinosa i kvalitete (Elliot i sur., 1972.). Visoki prinosi naj~e{}e zna~e zrele, visoke biljke koje imaju visok sadràj vlakana i lignina te nizak sadràj bjelan~evina. Selekcija na vi{i sadràj bjelan~evina i niì sadràj vlakana vjerojatno }e povisiti odnos list/stabljika, no moè reducirati koncentraciju celuloze i, glede toga, visinu biljke (Johnson i sur., 1994.). Broj, visina i struktura stabljike jako utje~u na prinos suhe tvari, a list utje~e na sadràj bjelan~evina, pepela i ekstrakta bez du{ika. Lisnatost i sadràj bjelan~evina u pozitivnoj su korelaciji i postotak bjelan~evina obi~no opada sa zrelo{}u. Lignifikacija stabljike napreduje sa staro{}u i vi{e je vlakna u stabljici nego u listu. Kao posljedica sazrijevanja, prinos suhe tvari raste, a probavljivost opada. Izgled biljke, uklju~uju}i boju, lisnatost, zdravlje, kao i ukupno probavljiva hraniva i bjelan~evine koriste se u odre|ivanju klase i cijene sijena u komercijalnoj proizvodnji.
Premda je u~injen napredak u pove}anju kvalitete i prinosa lucerne, pove}anje je manje nego kod ve}ine drugih poljoprivrednih kultura (Skinner i sur., 2000.). Dok se npr. proizvodnja kukuruza u pro{lih 30 godina pove}avala prosje~no za 2% po godini, prinos lucerne u istom razdoblju rastao je samo 0,15% do 0,30% po godini (Brummer, 1999.). Dio obja{njenja je mogu}e na}i u ~injenici da je lucerna vi{egodi{nja kultura te da je kao prirodni autotetraploid genetika naslje|ivanja svojstava izuzetno kompleksna. Npr. akcija gena na prinos pokazuje heterozis (vjerojatno posljedica vezanih, dominantnih ili parcijalno dominantnih gena) i jaku inbreeding depresiju. No, autotetraploidnost i na~in reprodukcije ~ine lucernu kulturom gotovo nemogu}om za kori{tenje heterozisa putem specifi~nih kombinacija gena ili kromosomskih segmenata, kao {to se koristi kod jednostrukog kriànja diplodnih inbred linija kukuruza. Prakti~no rje{enje je na|eno u sinteticima {iroke baze koji osiguravaju visoku razinu heterozigotnosti s puno razli~itih heterozigotnih genotipova i koji su vrlo vjerojatno manje osjetljivi na interakciju genotipxokolina nego sintetici uìh baza. Kako bi se potpuno objasnile varijacije kvalitete krmiva potrebno je vi{e spoznaja o fiziologiji i genetici lucerne. Molekularni markeri, poput dominantnih AFLP markera i kodominantnih mikrosatelita, vezanih na fenotipska svojstva mogli bi pomo}i u boljem razumjevanju odnosa rasta i svojstava probavljivosti i tako posluìti u oplemenjivanju (Julier i sur., 2001.). Istraìvanja markera fenotipskih svojstava mogu se vr{iti na dva zasada poznata na~ina: bulk segregacijskom analizom (Michelmore i sur., 1991.) za mono i oligogena svojstva i mapiranjem veza i istraìvanjem QTL (za tetraploidne vrste razvili Xie i Xu (2000.)) za kvantitativna svojstva. Radovi u kojima se varijeteti lucerne opisuju s RAPD, RFLP i izozimima ne razlikuju varijetete koji su geneti~ki bliski te se javlja problem kako razlikovati novi sintetik od roditeljske linije. Morales Corts i sur. (2001.) predlaù kori{tenje izozimatski uniformnih biljaka kao maj~inske komponente uz potrebu provjere da varijetet u kojem je ugra|ena homogena ekspresija na izozim nije promijenio ostala svojstva. Do danas nije napravljen komercijalni kultivar razvijen posebno za pobolj{anje kvalitete. Selekcija na tvari kvalitete bez pra}enja prinosa ~esto dovodi do visoko kvalitetnih, ali nisko prinosnih populacija. Isklju~ivo oplemenjivanje na kvalitetu nije preporu~ljivo. Sve se vi{e raspravlja o lucerni kao bioreaktoru, jer ona stvara produkte visokih vrijednosti (vi{egodi{nja, fiksira du{ik, ~uva tlo, ima relativno malo {teto~ina i stvara veliku koli~inu biomase). Tako|er, koristi se genetski inènjering za kloniranje gena enzima kojih nema u obilju i uvo|enje u lucernu, a koji bi posluìli u industriji kao bioka{a i biootopina (lignin peroksidaza iz Phanerochaete chrysosporium i alfa-amilaza iz Bacillus licheniformis) (Bingham i Austin, 1996.). U lucernu su uneseni i brojni neobi~ni(novel genes) geni - ljudski binterferon gen, laki i te{ki lanci ljudskih antitijela koji bi se koristili u farmaceutskoj industriji. Suprotno o~eki-
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vanjima prinosi su do sada bili niski i postojali su {tetni (pogubni) efekti transgenih produkata na biljku doma}ina. Ta prepreka mora se prevladati prije nego {to se po~ne koristiti u praksi (Kochinsky i Lemaux, 1999.). Pelud lucerne lako se raznosi po populacijama ili na bliske vrste. Vjerojatnost {irenja transgena na komercijalne usjeve je velika te bi se rizici od nehoti~nog {irenja prepravljanih gena prije {iroke upotrebe nu`no morali upoznati (Amand i sur., 1996.).
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ZAKLJUÂK
Iako su se u vi{e desetlje}a oplemenjivanja kvalitete lucerne dogodile izmjene i dopune potreba i smjernica, oplemenjiva~kih metoda i raspoloìvog materijala, temeljni cilj oplemenjivanja lucerne kao krmiva ostao je isti. Oplemenjivanje kvalitete lucerne jo{ uvijek je ograni~eno nizom faktora koji proizlaze iz nedostatka spoznaja o genetici i fiziologiji lucerne, kao i tehnika koje bi prevladale postoje}e granice. Uvo|enjem novih metoda istraìvanja (molekularni markeri, AFLP , mikrosateliti, itd.) granice se pomi~u, a rezultati su sve ve}i. Glede toga realno je o~ekivati da }e se u skoroj budu}nosti uvesti i koristiti GM biljke lucerne u {irokoj proizvodnji. No, kako se pelud lucerne moè {iriti na vrlo velike udaljenosti, potrebno je prethodno upoznati sve rizike takvih biljaka.
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LITERATURA
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Chaverra-Gil, H., Davis, R.L., Barnes, R.F. (1967): Inheritance of in vitro Digestibility and Associated Characteristic in Medicago sativa. Crop Science 7 : 1921. Cooper, J.P . (1973): Genetic Variation in Herbage Constituents. Butler, G.W., Bailey, R.W. (ed.) Chemistry and Biochemistry of Herbage, vol. 2. Academic Press., New York: 379-417. Dixon, R.A., Lamb, C. J., Masoud, S., Sewalt, V.J.H., Paiva, N.L. (1996): Metabolic Engineering: Prospect for Crop Improvement Through the Genetic Manipulation of Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis and Defense Responses. A review. Gene, 179:61-71. Elliot, F.C., Johnson, I.J., Schonhorst, M.H. (1972): Breeding for Forage Yield and Quality. Alfalfa Science and Technology, Agronomy 15, American Society of Agronomy, Inc., Publisher, Madison, Wisconsin, USA:320-332. Kochinsky, H.A., Lemaux, P .G. (1999): Biotechnology in Alfalfa Seed Production. http://mollie.berkely.edu/ outreach /ALFALFA.HTM Heichel, G.H. (1976): Agricultural Production and Energy Resources. Am.Sci. 64 : 64-72. Heinrich, D.H., Torelsen, J.E., Warder, F.G. (1969): Variation of Chemical Constituents and Morphological Characters Within and Between Alfalfa Populations. Can. J. Plant Sci. 49:293-305. Hill, R.R. (1974): Heritability and Genetic Interrelationships for Quality Components in Alfalfa. D.K.Barnes (sec.) Rep.P .24th Alfalfa Improve. Conf., Tucson, AZ. 8-10 October, USDA-ARS, St. Paul: 12. Hill, R.R., Jung, G.A. (1975): Genetic Variability for Chemical Composition of Alfalfa I. Mineral Elements. Crop Sci. 15:652-657. Hill, R.R., Guss, S.B. (1976): Genetic Variability for Mineral Concentration in Plants Related to Mineral Requirements of Catlle. Crop. Sci. 16:680-685. Hill, R.R. (1980): Selection for Phosphorus and Lignin Content in Alfalfa. D.K.Barnes (sec.) Rep. 27th Alfalfa Improve. Conf., Madison, WI. 8-10 July, USDA-SEA, Peoria, IL:56. Hill, R.R., Shenk, J.S., Barnes, R.F. (1988): Breeding for Yield and Quality. Alfalfa and Alfalfa Improvement, Agronomy 29, American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, USA : 777-805. Howarth, R.E., Brandt, S.A., Cheng, K.J. (1982): Disruption of Leaf Tissues by Rumen Microorganism: An Approach to Breeding Bloat-Safe Forage Legumes. Crop Sci. 22:564-568. Johnson, J.L.S., Hansen, J.L., Viands, D.R. (1994): Relationships Between Agronomic and Quality Traits in Alfalfa as Influenced by Breeding. Report of the Thirtyfourth North American Alfalfa Improvement Conference, July 10-14 1994., Guelph, Ontario, Canada:17. Julier, B., Guines, F., Ecalle, C., Huyghe, C. (2001): From Description to Explanation of Variations in Alfalfa Digestibility. Proceedings of the XIV Eucarpia Medicago spp. Group Meeting, September 12-15 2001., Zaragoza, Spain:19-23.
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23. Jung, H.G. (1996): Breeding for Improved Forage Quality in Alfalfa:An Animal Nutritionists View. Report of the Thirty-fifth North American Alfalfa Improvement Conference, July 16-20 1996., Oklahoma City, Oklahoma:70. 24. Kellog, D.W., Melton, B.A., Watson, C.E., Miller, D.D. (1976): Genetic and Environmental Effects of Nutritive Content of Alfalfa. N.M. Agric. EXP . Stn. Res. Rep.:308. 25. Kephart, K.W., Buxton, D.R., Hill, R.R. (1984): Leaf to Stem Ratio and Stem Cell Wall Components of Alfalfa Selected for Divergent Herbage Lignin Concentration. Agron. Abst. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI: 159. 26. Kirilov, A. (2001): Lucerne Quality and Possibilities for Its Estimation. Proceedings of the XIV Eucarpia Medicago spp. Group Meeting, September 12-15 2001., Zaragoza, Spain : 231-234. 27. Kochinsky, H.A., Lemaux, P .G. (1999): Biotechnology in Alfalfa Seed Production. Internet,mollie.berkely.edu/ outreach/ALFALFA.HTM 28. Michelmore, R.W., Paran, I., Kecceli,R.V. (1991): Identification of Markers Linked to Disease-Resistance Genes by Bulked Segregant Analysis: A Rapid Method to Detect Markers in Specific Regions by Using Segregating Populations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 880:9828-9832. 29. Morales Corts, M.R., Alvarez Sanchez-Arjona, S., Crespo Martinez, M.C. (2001): Characterisation and selection of Tierra de Campos Lucerne Ecotype Using a Method of Identification of New Varieties. Proceedings of the XIV Eucarpia Medicago spp. Group Meeting, September 12-15 2001., Zaragoza, Spain:29-32.
30. Rotili, P ., Gnocchi, G., Scotti, C., Kertikova, D. (2001): Breeding of the Alfalfa Plant Morphology for the Quality. Proceedings of the XIV Eucarpia Medicago spp. Group Meeting, September 12-15 2001., Zaragoza, Spain:2527. 31. Shenk, J.S., Elliot, F.C. (1970): Two Cycles of Directional Selection for Improved Nutritive Value in Alfalfa. Crop Sci. 10:710-712. 32. Skinner, D.Z., Loughin, T., Obert, D.E. (2000): Segregation and Conditional Probability Association of Molecular Markers With Traits in Autotetraploid Alfalfa. Molecular Breeding 6: 295-306. 33. Tabe, L.M., Wardley-Richardson, T., Ceriotti, A., Aryan, A., McNabb, W., Moore, A., Higgins, T.J.V. (1995): A Biotechnological Approach to Improving the Nutritive Value of Alfalfa. J. Anim. Sci. 73:2752-2759. 34. Thomas, J.W., McCampbell, J.L., Tesar, M.B., Elliot, F.C. (1968): Improved Nutritive Value of Alfalfa by Crossing and Selection Based on in vitro Methods. J.Anim. Sci. 27 : 1783-1784. 35. urchetti, V., Ragano Caracciolo, M., Tosti, N., Paolocci, F., Damiani, F. (2001): Sn Transgenic Plants of Lotus corniculatus are Utilised for Isolating Genes Involved in the Biosynthetic Pathway of Condensed Tannins. Proceedings of the XIV Eucarpia Medicago spp. Group Meeting, September 12-15 2001., Zaragoza, Spain : 261-264. 36. Xie, C., Xu, S. (2000): Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci in Tetraploid Populations. Genet. Res., Camb. 76:105-115.
POSSIBILITIES AND LIMITS OF BREEDING FOR ALFALFA QUALITY

SUMMARY The paper presents an attempt to resume the existing level of knowledge, procedures and realised achievements and to define trends and needs of breeding for alfalfa quality. As alfalfa is the most sowed protein voluminous forage crop on arable land, the importance of quality state, breeding improvement possibilities and real limits is huge and analysis by itself is one of prerequisite conditions for successful realisation of breeding program. Breeding of alfalfa quality comprises questions of chemical, morphological and physiological plant composition, digestibility, forage energy and utilisation as well as protein value. Ultimate goal of all the breeding programs is to alternate chemical constituents content. That will result in the improvement of animal performance. Along with the selection methods based on phenotype plant value evaluation use of molecular-biological and genetic techniques is more and more frequent. Prior the final decision of genetic modified plant introduction and consuming, it is important to emphasise the necessity to acquaint all advantages and risks of alfalfa genetic engineering. Key words: alfalfa, quality, breeding (Primljeno 10. svibnja 2002.; prihva}eno 24. lipnja 2002. - Received on 10 May 2002; accepted on 24 June 2002)
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ISSN 1330-7142 UDK = 631.67.03:631.344.5+633.842
UTJECAJ RAZLIÎTIH IZVORA VODE ZA NAVODNJAVANJE NA PRINOS PAPRIKE (Capsicum annuum L.) U UVJETIMA STAKLENI^KE PROIZVODNJE
Jasna [o{tari}, Nada Para|ikovi}, S. Madjar, D. Horvat Izvorni znanstveni rad Original scientific paper
SA@ETAK Cilj ovog istraìvanja bio je utvrditi utjecaj razli~itih izvora vode za navodnjavanje na prinose hibrida paprike Cecil F1 i Bianca F1 u ranom stakleni~kom uzgoju u razdoblju 1998. do 2000. godine u kontroliranim uvjetima u staklenicima D.G.-PROMET Magadenovac. Kori{tena su dva izvora vode: iz lagune i voda iz bunara. Primijenjen je sustav navodnjavanja kap po kap. Kemijske analize vode pokazale su prisustvo znatno ve}ih sadrànih vrijednosti: EC, natrija, kalija, kalcija, klora, magnezija, bikarbonata, sulfata, èljeza i bora u vodi koja je kori{tena iz bunara u odnosu na vrijednosti vode iz lagune. Temperatura vode iz bunara bila je nià od minimalno dopu{tene i imala utjecaj na pad prinosa. Na dijelu povr{ina koje su navodnjavane s vodom iz bunara do{lo je do nakupljanja sluzi i za~epljenja kaplja~a u sustavu, pogor{anja strukture supstrata do poja~ane pojave vr{ne truleì paprike, deformacije plodova i smanjenog prinosa. Statisti~ka analiza podataka obavljena je metodom analize kovarijance trofaktorijelnog pokusa (ABC) s po tri ponavljanja za svaki tretman. Pokusom je utvr|ena apsolutna razlika u~inkovitosti vode za navodnjavanje iz dvaju izvora na prinos paprike, koja je i statisti~ki potvr|ena (P<0,05). Na dalje, potvr|ena je i statisti~ki opravdana razlika u prosje~noj teìni ploda kod oba ispitivana hibrida paprike (P<0,05). Me|uzavisnost faktora voda za navodnjavanje (A) i hibrid paprike (B), odnosno (AB), tako|er je statisti~ki zna~ajna i opravdana na granici P<0,05. To zna~i da su oba hibrida paprike (Cecil F1 i Bianca F1) razli~ito reagirala na primjenu vode iz lagune i vode iz bunara. Faktor godina, kao i ostale me|uzavisnosti, nisu se pokazale statisti~ki opravdane (P>0,05) te se pripisuju slu~aju, odnosno utjecaju slu~ajnih varijacija. Klju~ne rije~i: izvor vode, navodnjavanje, paprika, staklenik
UVOD
Paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) je povrtna kultura s relativno slabo razvijenim korijenom pa je siguran i visok prinos u stakleni~kom uzgoju mogu}e ostvariti s dobrim navodnjavanjem. Ukupno potrebna koli~ina vode (Eto) je 600 do 900 mm i do 1250 mm za dugu vegetaciju s nekoliko berbi (Doorenbos i sur., 1979.). U stakleni~kom uzgoju, ta koli~ina vode dodaje se umjetnim putem navodnjavanjem. Za postizanje visoke kvalitete uroda, od velike je va`nosti kvaliteta vode koja se koristi za navodnjavanje. Izvor vode za navodnjavanje utje~e na njenu kvalitetu. U ovom su radu kori{tena dva izvora vode za navodnjavanje. Voda iz lagune, u koju se skupljala oborinska voda, i voda iz bunara. Podzemne vode (iz buna-
ra) mogu u svom sastavu imati i {tetnih tvari, koje mogu imati negativan utjecaj na vegetaciju (duìna vegetacije, {to ima ekonomski utjecaj na proizvodnju) i prinos navodnjavane kulture. Zbog razli~itih fizikalnih, kemijskih i biolo{kih osobina vode za navodnjavanje iz ovih dvaju izvora, u pokusu je utvr|en njihov utjecaj na biljku paprike. Paprika je umjereno osjetljiva na zaslanjenost tla, osim u fazi sjetve, kada je ja~e osjetljiva. Voda koja se koristi za navodnjavanje ne bi smjela sadràvati ve}e koli~ine soli i ostale zaga|iva~e. Pri procjeni kvalitete vode za navodnjavanje paprike
Doc.dr.sc. Jasna [o{tari}, doc.dr.sc. Nada Para|ikovi}, prof.dr.sc. Stjepan Madjar i doc dr.sc. Draèn Horvat Sveu~ili{te Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Trg Sv. Trojstva 3, 31 000 Osijek
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J. [o{tari} i sur.: UTJECAJ RAZLIÎTIH IZVORA VODE ZA NAVODNJAVANJE NA PRINOS ...
(Capsicum annuum L.), neophodno je, prije svega, provjeriti njezin kemijski sastav. Paprika kao biljna vrsta znatno varira u tolerantnosti prema sastojcima vode, ~ak postoje razlike izme|u sorte i hibrida iste vrste. Tolerantnost se mijenja i s fazom razvoja, na~inom navodnjavanja i klimatskim uvjetima. Naro~ito je biljka paprike osjetljiva u fazi klijanja i nicanja i to posebno za vrijeme uzgoja u fazi kratkoga dana, ako nema dodatnog osvjetljenja, a izrazito osjetljiva u razdoblju toplog vremena (Para|ikovi}, 2002.). Pove}anje zaslanjenosti tla prvenstveno ovisi o ukupnoj koli~ini vode i njenoj kvaliteti, ali i o na~inu navodnjavanja, vrsti supstrata, drena`nim uvjetima i plodoredu, kao i o tipu uzgoja (u zemlji, na mal~u, u supstratu, kontejnerski uzgoj i hidrokultura). Sve vode u prirodi sadrè ve}u ili manju koli~inu otopljenih soli, njihovo podrijetlo u vodama je razli~ito, a nastale su tro{enjem stijena (Romi} i sur., 1997.). Kako se procjena pogodnosti vode za navodnjavanje bazira na koncentraciji pojedinih iona, osim bikarbonata, sulfata, natrija i kalija, kloridi imaju posebno mjesto u ovoj procjeni i tako, prema Rijtemu (1981.), kloridi se ne adsorbiraju u tlu i lako se pokre}u s vodom kroz tlo te se tako adsorbiraju u biljne stanice. Ako je koncentracija ve}a od 100g/m3, dolazi do simptoma toksi~nosti (paleì li{}a i defolijacija) i smetnje u primanju du{ika i transportu organskih kiselina unutar i izme|u stanica. Do vrlo sli~nih rezultata do{li su Sonneveld i sur. (1975.) na osnovu istraìvanja utjecaja vode za navodnjavanje na prinos povr}a, gdje je pove}anje EC vode za navodnjavanje za 1 dS/m umanjuje prinos 4, 7 i 14%. Ako usporedimo rezultate Romi}a i sur. (1997.), koji analiziraju vodu za navodnjavanje iz Vranskog jezera, s analizom vode iz lagune i bunara kori{tenom u ovom pokusu, postoji velika razlika u sadràju soli. Imaju}i u vidu efekt razli~itog kemijskog sastava ki{nice i vode iz bunara te njihov direktan utjecaj na biljku, cilj na{eg ispitivanja bio je utvrditi utjecaj dva razli~ita izvora vode za navodnjavanje na prinose kod hibrida paprike Cecil F1 i hibrida Bianca F1 u ranom stakleni~kom uzgoju u krevetima s izvedenom drenaòm.
MATERIJAL I METODE
Ispitivanja su vr{ena u staklenicima D. G.PROMET u Magadenovcu, isto~na Hrvatska, u razdoblju od 1998.-2000. godine. Ispitivanje je vr{eno na hibridu paprike polubabure Cecil F1 i babure hibrid Bianca F1. Poljski pokus je postavljen s dva tretmana u tri repeticije, tijekom tri godine, na dva hibrida paprike. Sklop je bio 30 000 biljaka /ha. Paprika je uzgajana u grijanim staklenicima u smjesi supstrata bijelog i crnog treseta, smjesi organskih gnojiva i perlita Styromull, sljede}eg kemijskog sastava: humus 8,24%, pH 6,2 (u 1M KCl), AL-P2O5 90 mg/100g, ALK2O 36mg/100 g u supstratu. Agrotehnika (gnojidba, njega usjeva i ostalo) je prema propisanoj nizozemskoj tehnologiji za papriku Cecil F1 od proiz-
vo|a~a sjemena Rijk Zwaan i za papriku Bianca F1 od proizvo|a~a sjemena Enza Zaden. Treba naglasiti da je proizvodnja presadnica paprike bila u kontejnerima, izlagana dodatnom osvjetljenju, 14 sati dnevno dva tjedna sa 6 000 mW/m2 s Philipsovim HID lampama (high pressure sodium lamps). Jedna lampa ima 400W. Nakon presa|ivanja postavljene su dvije varijante pokusa u tri ponavljanja za oba hibrida. U toku vegetacije posebno se vodilo ra~una o klimatskom reìmu (optimalna relativna vla`nost zraka tijekom dana 75-80% i no}i 80-85%) i optimalnoj temperaturi zraka koja je za sun~ani dan 22-240C u fazi kotiledona do prva ~etiri lista, a kasnije je dopu{tena i za 20C nià temperatura. U vrijeme obla~nog dana temperatura zraka bila je od 18-20 0C, a no}i 16-18 0C. Vodni kapacitet tla na dubini od 25 cm odràvao se od 80-85% od maksimalnog vodnog kapaciteta. Vla`nost tla svakodnevno je mjerena tenziometrima (Netafiim Flori Sensor) na dubini 0,3 m. Fertilizacija i fertigacija vr{ena je pomo}u dozatora koji je prilago|en mreì za navodnjavanje proizvo|a~a Netafim iz Izraela. Navodnjavanje je bilo sustavom kap po kap. Cijevi za navodnjavanje su polietilenske izvedbe, s perforacijom 0,8 mm; razmak izme|u perforacije je 0,35 m. Radni pritisak bio je 0,5 do 1 Pa/m2, istek vode 1,1 do 1,6 l vode/minuti, a jedno navodnjavanje trajalo je 3-4 minute. Prema potrebi vr{eno je i navodnjavanje iz zraka mikro rasprskiva~ima, postavljenih na visinu 2,5 m. Oni su se po potrebi uklju~ivali poluautomatski u trenutku kada je relativna vlaga zraka bila nià od 50% i uvjetima visoke evapotranspiracije. Na taj su se na~in pobolj{avali uvjeti za oplodnju i odràvala tenzija lista. Za stakleni~ku proizvodnju od velike je va`nosti sustav odvodnje, jer bez adekvatno rije{ene odvodnje niti sustav za navodnjavanje ne moè kvalitetno funkcionirati. Na ispitivanoj povr{ini u staklenicima izveden je drena`ni sustav, koji se sastoji od kerami~kih drena`nih cijevi promjera 50 mm, i kolektora promjera 150 mm. Cijevi za drenaù postavljeni su na dubini 0,70-0,90, m ovisno o terenu, a na razmaku od 3 m. U svrhu ispitivanja kori{tena su dva izvora vode za navodnjavanje. Prvi je voda iz lagune, veli~ine 100 m x 64m x 4m, (25 600 m3), koja je obloèna specijalnom folijom u koju se skuplja oborinska voda s krova staklenika povr{ine 1,5 ha. Temperatura vode u laguni u rano proljetnom razdoblju je 8-100C, dok je spremniku staklenika 180C, a u ljetom razdoblju temperatura vode je 220C do 260C i nije ju potrebno prethodno zagrijavati na putu do biljke. Drugi izvor vode je bunarska voda koja se crpi sa 64 m dubine. Temperature vode je 120C, a na putu do biljke prolaskom kroz cijevi zagrijava se za 20C, a u ljetnom razdoblju se pove}ava za 40C. Niske temperature vode za navodnjavanje negativno djeluju na razvoj biljaka, na mikrobiolo{ke procese u tlu i na hranidbu biljaka. Minimalna temperatura vode za navodnjavanje iznosi 190C, a optimalna 29-300C (Tomi}, 1988.).
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Tablica 1. Pregled oznaka faktora i promjenjivih vrijednosti kori{tenih u statisti~koj analizi pokusa Table 1. Review of factors and variables used in the statistical analyses of the trial
Uzorci vode za analizu uzimani su u staklene boce su na mjestu usisavanja usisne cijevi. Ukupno je uzeto tri uzorka, po~ev{i od momenta navodnjavanja, svakih 7 dana. Analize kvalitete oborinske i vode iz bunara obavljena je u laboratoriju u Nalldwijku u Nizozemskoj. Pokusna povr{ina je 3000 m2, od ~ega je 1500 m2 bila navodnjavano s vodom iz lagune, a 1500 m2 vodom iz bunara. Ukupno je bilo 14 berbi paprike za oba hibrida, a dobiveni rezultati, broja i teìna plodova, ukupnog prinosa i prinosa po berbama (u odnosu na vodu iz lagune i vodu iz bunara), obra|eni su uobi~ajenom metodom analize kovarijance trofaktorijelnog pokusa (ABC) s po tri ponavljanja za svaki tretman (Tablica 1.).
REZULTATI I RASPRAVA
U Tablici 2. prikazani su kemijski elementi sadràni u vodi kori{tenoj za navodnjavanje iz lagune i bunara. Iz gore navedenih rezultata analize vode, razine razli~itih vrijednosti nekoliko su puta ve}e kod vode iz bunara u
odnosu na vodu iz lagune. Natrij, klor, bikarbonati, a posebno èljezo, prisutni su u znatno ve}im koli~inama u vodi iz bunara. Pove}ana koli~ina natrija i pogor{ava strukturu supstrata i pove}ava potrebu za kalcijem, a prisustvo bikarbonata izaziva taloènje u sistemu za navodnjavanje i automatski sprje~ava i smanjuju koli~inu vode u dotoku do biljke. Vrlo visoki sadràj èljeza Fe3+ od 4,0 mg/l, koji je vidljiv iz analiza, ~ije su vrijednosti iznad grani~nih potrebnih, a prema literaturi, ima antagonisti~ki utjecaj na druge biogene mikro elemente npr. mangan, cink, bakar, te direktno moè utjecati na retrogradaciju pristupa~nog fosfora (talog AlPO4), Vukadinovi} i sur. (1998). Ako usporedimo rezultate autora Schekela i sur. (1975.), upravo pove}ani sulfati u vodi za vrijeme toplih ljetnih dana izazivaju nakupljanje sluzi u sistemu za navodnjavanje i direktno dovodi do za~epljenja kaplja~a, {to je i potvr|eno i u ovim ispitivanjima, tj. veliki problem za~epljenja sustava za navodnjavanje sa sluzi.
Tablica 2. Kemijski sastav kori{tenih voda za navodnjavanje Table 2. Chemical analysis of irrigation water
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Tablica 3. Standardi za kvalitetu vode (Verschoor, 1993.) Table 3. Standards for water quality (Verschoor, 1993)
Da bismo procijenili kvalitetu vode za navodnjavanje, koristili smo tablicu klasifikacije vode prema Verchooru (1993.) - Tablica 3. Navedeni autor za navodnjavanje klasificira u tri klase kvalitete, a najvi{a kvaliteta voda ima EC koji je manji od 0,5 mS/cm i sadrì manje od 1,5 mmol/l Na i Cl. U takvu, najvi{u klasifikaciju, pripada voda iz lagune, dok voda iz bunara prema toj klasifikaciji pripada u tre}u, odnosnu drugu klasu kvalitete vode. Prema standardu za kvalitetu vode, analiza vode ki{nice i vode iz bunara pokazuje da ki{nica ima optimalan kemijski sadràj, dok analiza vode iz bunara ukazuje na ve}i problem i slobodno moèmo govoriti o lo{oj kvaliteti prema navedenoj klasifikaciji. Autori (Doorenbos i sur., 1979.). navode utjecaj razli~itih vrijednosti EC vode za navodnjavanje na smanjenje prinosa paprike. U Tablici 4 prikazan je utjecaj razli~itih vrijednosti EC na smanjenje prinosa. Tablica 4. Smanjenje prinosa kod razli~itih vrijednosti EC Table 4. Yield decrease at different levels of EC
Prema tim vrijednostima, voda iz bunara utjecala je na smanjenje prinosa paprike vi{e od 10%, {to nije zanemariva vrijednost za skupu stakleni~ku proizvodnju. Prema tim podacima, voda iz lagune nije imala utjecaja na smanjenje prinosa.
Problemi koji su nastupili tijekom proizvodnje paprike u staklenicima D.G.-PROMET Magadenovac, na paprici koja je navodnjavana vodom iz bunara, obja{njeni su, a i statisti~ki potvr|eni upotrebom vode za navodnjavanje iz bunara. Ti problemi su sljede}i: zbog sadràja kalcija i bikarbonata do{lo je do taloènja u cijevima, a zbog pove}anih sulfata do{lo je do nakupljanja sluzi i za~epljenja perforacija u cijevima za navodnjavanje, naro~ito za vrijeme toplijih dana. Pove}ana koli~ina natrija u vodi iz bunara, utjecala je, pri intenzivnom navodnjavanju, na pojavu vr{ne paleì na listu paprike. Struktura supstrata, koji je bio navodnjavan vodom iz bunara, bila je zbijena i biljke su sporije rasle. Prema Bransonu (1978.), kod upotrebe voda s visokim sadràjem natrija dolazi do disperzije glinenih minerala i za~epljenja pora tla, odnosno do pogor{anja strukture tla. Na nedovoljnu kvalitetu vode iz bunara u na{im ispitivanjima paprika je pokazala najosjetljiviju fazu tijekom cvatnje i razvoja plodova. U to vrijeme bile su visoke temperature zraka (28-32 0C) i dovoljna koli~ina vode u zoni korijena (vodni kapacitet 89%), ali ipak na paprici Cecil koja se navodnjavala vodom iz bunara, pojavila se vr{na trule` na plodovima paprike BER-blossomend rot. Prilikom pra}enja, zapaànja su nas dovela do zaklju~ka da je unato~ dobre opskrbljenosti tla vodom tijekom rasta plodova paprike, navodnjavane bunarskom vodom, do{lo do pojave deformiranih plodova kao i smanjenog prinosa. Bez obzira na optimalan sadràj vode u tlu koji je na dubini od 25 cm bio 75% od maksimalnog vodnog kapaciteta (vezanost vode 0,3 bara),
Tablica 5. Dani rasta do prve berbe kod ispitivanih hibrida navodnjavana vodom iz lagune Table 5. Days of growth by different hybrids irrigated by lagoon rainwater
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Tablica 6. Dani rasta do prve berbe kod ispitivanih hibrida navodnjavana vodom iz bunara Table 6. Days of growth by different well water irrigated hybrids
rast, razvoj, i prinos paprike navodnjavana ovim na~inom dao je umanjen prinos i vegetacija je bila duà (Tablica 5. i 6.). Iz rezultata Tablice 5. i 6., moè se zaklju~iti da je na duìnu vegetacije (od sjetve do prve berbe) u svim godinama pokusa na oba hibrida utjecala kvaliteta vode
za navodnjavanje. Voda iz lagune pokazala se kvalitetnija u odnosu na vodu iz bunara i utjecala je na ve}i ukupni prinos u svim tretmanima (Tablica 7.). Iz Tablice 8. vidljivo je da su razlike u primjeni dvaju izvora vode za navodnjavanje (faktor A) statisti~ki zna~ajne, kao i razlike u svojstvima i obilje`jima proma-
Tablica 7. Utjecaj vode za navodnjavanje na broj plodova i prinos paprike Table 7. Influence of irrigation water on fruit number and pepper yield
Tablica 8. Rezultati analize kovarijance Table 8. The results of covariance analysis
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Tablica 9. LSD test na razini faktora A.
Table 9. LSD test for the factors A
Tablica 10. LSD test na razini faktora B Table 10. LSD test for the factors B
tranja kod oba ispitivana hibrida paprike (faktor B). Tako|er, statisti~ki je zna~ajna i njihova interakcija (AB): zdruèno djelovanje razli~itog utjecaja vode za navodnjavanje (dva tretmana) i hibridne razli~itosti paprike (dva tretmana). To zna~i da su oba hibrida paprike (Cecil F1 i Bianca F1) razli~ito reagirala na primjenu vode za navodnjavanje iz lagune i bunara. Zbog kontroliranih uvjeta koji su vladali u pokusu (staklenici) tijekom ispitivanih godina (c1,c2,c3), faktor godina (C) nije pokazao statisti~ki zna~ajne razlike. Ostale me|uzavisnosti: navodnjavanje / godina (AC), hibrid / godina (BC) i sveukupna interakcija ispitivanih faktora (ABC) nisu pokazale statisti~ki opravdane razlike te se pripisuju utjecaju slu~ajnih varijacija (P>0,05). Glede statisti~kih zna~ajnosti za faktore A i B, provedeno je ispitivanje razlika srednjih vrijednosti tretmana (LSD test). Razlike i zna~ajnosti prikazane su u Tablicama 9. i 10.
Temperatura vode iz bunara bila je nià od minimalno preporu~ljive vrijednosti. Zbog velikih temperaturnih u razlika u stakleniku i vode za navodnjavanje, do{lo je do stresa biljke, {to se odrazilo i na smanjenje prinosa. Voda iz lagune se pokazala kvalitetnijom u odnosu na vodu iz bunara i utjecala je na ve}i ukupni prinos u svim tretmanima Na osnovi ispitivanja, preporuka je, ako postoji mogu}nost, izgraditi lagunu, u kojoj bi se skupljala oborinska voda, i takvu vodu koristiti za navodnjavanje jer se pokazala kvalitetnijom u odnosu na vodu iz bunara.
LITERATURA
1. 2. Branson, R.L. (1975): Soil and Plant-Tissue testing. Bulletin 1879, University of California Doorenbos, J., Kassam, A.H., Bentvellsen, C.L.M., Brancheid, V., Plusje, J.M., G. A., Smith, M., Uittenbogaard, G.O., Van Der Wal, H.K. (1979): Yield response to water , FAO irrigation and drainage paper, FAO and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome 1979, 114 p. Para|ikovi} Nada (2002.): Osnove proizvodnje povr}a. 2002. Osijek Katava Scehel, K.A., Hannan, J.J. (1971): Nitrogen sources for crnations and general limits of saline waters. Colo Flowewr Growers Assoc. Bull. 253 Romi} D., Tomi} F. (1997.): Zna~ajke vode Vranskog jezera u Dalmaciji kao kriteriji procjene pogodnosti za natapanje. Priru~nik za hidrotehni~ke melioracije II. kolo Navodnjavanje knjiga 6. Kvaliteta i raspoloìvost vode za natapanje, 253-254.
ZAKLJUÂK
Analiziraju}i utjecaj dva razli~ita izvora vode za navodnjavanje u stakleni~koj proizvodnji paprike, rezultati su pokazali da je paprika navodnjavana vodom iz lagune dala ve}i ukupan prinos, vi{e biljaka po biljci i imala je kra}u vegetaciju do prve berbe, {to je od va`nosti za skupu stakleni~ku proizvodnju. Prilikom pra}enja, zapaànja su nas dovela do zaklju~ka da je, unato~ dobroj opskrbljenosti tla vodom tijekom rasta plodova paprike, navodnjavane bunarskom vodom, do{lo do pojave deformiranih plodova i pojave vr{ne truleì paprike.
2. 4.
5.
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6.
7.
8. 9.
Sonneveld, C., Beusekom, J.: The effect of irrigation water on some vegetables under glass. Acta Hort. 35. Wageningen Tomi} F. (1988.): Navodnjavanje. Savez poljoprivrednih inènjera i tehni~ara Hrvatske i Fakultet poljoprivrednih znanosti Sveu~ili{ta u Zagrebu, 78. Verchor F. (1993): Irrigation and plastics in water conservation. Plasticulture 98, 1993/2. Vukadinovi} V., Lon~ari}. Z. (1988.): Ishrana bilja, Sveu~ili{te Josipa Jurja Strossmayera Osijek, Poljoprivredni fakultet.
INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT SOURCES OF WATER FOR IRRIGATION ON PEPPER (CAPSICUM ANNUUM L.) YIELD IN GLASSHOUSE CONDITIONS
SUMMARY The aim of this paper was to determine the influence of different sources of water used for irrigation on the yield of pepper hybrids Cecil F1 and Bianca F1 in the early glasshouse production for the period 1998 - 2000 in the controlled glasshouse conditions in D.G. PROMET, Magadenovac, Croatia. Lagoon water and well water were two main sources of water used for irrigation in this experiment. Drip irrigation system was applied for pepper production. In comparison to lagoon water, chemical analyses of well water have shown increased values of the following elements: EC, sodium, potassium, calcium, chlorine, magnesium, bicarbonate, sulphate, iron and boron. Temperature of well water was lower than the allowed minimum and therefore had direct influence on the yield decrease. Consequently, areas which have been irrigated by well water have had problems with accumulation of slime and blocking of sprinklers, disturbed soil structure, fruit deformation and decreased crop yield. Statistical data analysis was conducted by the method of covariation three factorial trial (ABC) with three repetitions for each treatment. The trial showed absolute difference regarding water efficiency of irrigation water from two sources, which has also been statistically determined (P<0,05). Furtherore, statistically justified difference in the average weight of the fruit of each investigated pepper hybrid (P<0,05) has been proven. Codependence of water for irrigation (A) and pepper hybrid (B), i.e. (AB) is statistically significant as well, and justified at the P<0,05 limit. This means that both pepper hybrids (Cecil F1 i Bianca F1) reacted differently to lagoon water and well water. Factor year (C) has not proven to be statistically justified, and therefore does not have any significant influence on the crop yield due to controlled conditions in the glasshouse. Key-words: water source, irrigation, pepper, glasshouses (Primljeno 26. srpnja 2002.; prihva}eno 5. rujna 2002. - Received on 26 July 2002; accepted on 5 September 2002)
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ISSN 1330-7142 UDK = 636.127:636.082
RAZVOJ I KORELACIJSKA POVEZANOST LIPICANSKE @DREBADI PO LINIJAMA

T. Rastija (1), Mirjana Baban (1), Z. Antunovi} (1), I. Mandi} (2), I. ûrik (3) Izvorni znanstveni rad Original scientific paper
SA@ETAK Istraìvanja su provedena na 114 `drebadi lipicanske pasmine u ergeli \akovo. Izvr{ena mjerenja sto~nom vrpcom nakon poroda i nakon odbi}a (u dobi od 6 mj.) odnose se na visinu grebena, opseg prsa i opseg cjevanice po linijama o~eva. Zastupljenost `drebadi po linijama dosta varira, tako da je u liniji Favory bilo 2, Maestoso 21, Neapolitano 5, Conversano 11, Pluto 40, Siglavy 9 i Tulipan 26 `drebadi. Vrijednosti mjerenja obra|ene su po statisti~kom programu SPSS/PC (Nie i sur., 1975.). Nakon statisti~ke obrade izra~unata je i korelacijska povezanost izme|u navedenih mjera nakon poroda i nakon odbi}a kod ukupnog broja `drebadi i po linijama. Tako|er je izra~unata i statisti~ka zna~ajnost izme|u dobivenih vrijednosti. Visina grebena iza poroda bila je najmanja u `drebadi linije Neapolitano 100,80 cm, a najve}a u linije Siglavy 108,11 cm. Opseg prsa bio je najmanji u `drebadi linije Maestoso 80,19 cm, a najve}i u linije Siglavy 86,78 cm, dok je opseg cjevanice bio najmanji u `drebadi linije Neapolitano 11,10 cm, a najve}i u linije Favory 12,50 cm. Nakon odbi}a visina grebena kretala se izme|u 135,50 cm u linije Favory i 143,33 u linije Siglavy, opseg prsa izme|u 133,00 cm linije Favory i 142,78 cm u linije Siglavy. Opseg cjevanice tako|er je bio najmanji u `drebadi linije Favory 16,25 cm, a najve}i u linije Conversano 17,23 cm. Statisti~ka zna~ajnost kod sve tri mjere bila je ja~e izraèna nakon poroda nego nakon odbi}a. Korelacijska povezanost za ukupni broj kretala se izme|u r = -0,121 i r= 0,913. Korelacijska povezanost izme|u obra|enih tjelesnih mjera po linijama kretala se izme|u vrlo jake negativne do potpune pozitivne. Ja~a je povezanost kod svih linija utvr|ena izme|u visine grebena, opsega prsa i opsega cjevanice. Klju~ne rije~i: lipicanska `drebad, razvoj, linije, korelacije
UVOD
Razlike u rastu i razvoju tjelesnih mjera `drebadi su od zna~aja za uspje{no provo|enje uzgojno selekcijskoga rada. Istraìvanja razvijenosti lipicanske `drebadi po linijama o~eva, kao i povezanost izme|u tjelesnih mjera nakon poroda i nakon odbi}a, ukazuje na razlike, odnosno njihovu ujedna~enost. Razvoj `drebadi, naro~ito u fazi sisanja, pod utjecajem je kako genetskih, tako i paragenetskih ~imbenika. Od posebnog utjecaja u fazi sisanja ima hranidba, a time i mlije~nost kobila. Brzina razvoja u fazi sisanja ima pozitivan utjecaj i na kasniji razvoj `drebadi. Istraìvanja razvoja tjelesnih mjera `drebadi lipicanske pasmine po linijama po Baban i sur. (1995.) ukazuju na vrlo ujedna~eni razvoj, kako nakon poroda, tako i u kasnijoj dobi. Green (1961.) navodi da je najpouzdaniji pokazatelj razvoja podmlatka konja visina grebena i opseg cjevanice. Saastamoinen (1990.) je utvrdio ja~u
povezanost izme|u tjelesnih mjera u mla|ih nego u starijih dobnih skupina. Prema istraìvanjima Rastije i sur. (2001.), povezanost izme|u tjelesnih mjera `drebadi u fazi sisanja kretala se izme|u jako slabe do vrlo jake, s korelacijskim koeficijentima r=0,126 do r=0,879. Ja~u korelacijsku povezanost izme|u obra|enih tjelesnih mjera `drebadi holstein pasmine Rastija i sur. (2000.) utvrdili su izme|u bliìh, nego izme|u udaljenijih dobnih skupina. Istraìvanja rasta i razvoja podmlatka konja proveli su Romi} (1951.), Lohman i sur. (1952.), Stipi} (1980.), Medvecky (1993.) te Rastija i sur. (1986., 1988., 1995.a, 1995.b, 2000., 2001.a, 2001.b). Najnovija istraìvanja morfolo{kih svojstava i analize
(1) Prof.dr.sc. Tomo Rastija, mr.sc. Mirjana Baban, asistent i doc.dr.sc. Zvonko Antunovi} Sveu~ili{te Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Trg sv. Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek, (2) Ivica Mandi}, dipl. in`., direktor ergele \akovo, (3) Doc.dr.sc. Ino ûrik Sveu~ili{te u Zagrebu, Agronomski fakultet, Sveto{imunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb
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pedigrea lipicanskih konja proveli su u okviru Copernicus projekta ûrik i sur. (2000., 2001.), Habe i sur. (2001.), Slkner i sur. (2001.a), Slkner (2001.b) te Zechner i sur. (1998., 2001.). Standard lipicanske pasmine konja kroz 37 tjelesnih mjera razvio je Oullela (1996.). Svrha ovih istraìvanja bila je utvrditi intenzitet rasta i razvoja `drebadi u fazi sisanja po linijama o~eva, kao i korelacijsku povezanost izme|u obra|enih mjera `drebadi iste i razli~ite dobi.
MATERIJAL I METODE
Istraìvanja su obavljena na 114 `drebadi lipicanske pasmine u ergeli \akovo. Mjerenja visine grebena, opsega prsa i opsega cjevanice obavljena su sto~nom vrpcom nakon poroda i nakon odbi}a (u dobi od 6 mjeseci). Podaci mjerenja obra|eni su po linijama o~eva. Zastupljenost `drebadi po linijama o~eva nije bio ujedna~en i kretao se izme|u 2 `drebeta linije Favory i 40 `drebadi linije Pluto. Podaci mjerenja po linijama obra|eni su po statisti~kom programu SPSS/PC (Nie i sur., 1975.). Na temelju izra~unatih vrijednosti utvr|ena je i korelacijska povezanost po linijama o~eva izme|u navedenih mjerenja nakon poroda i nakon odbi}a. Statisti~ka zna~ajnost dobivenih vrijednosti je testirana t testom na razini 5% i 1% signifikantnosti.
REZULTATI ISTRA@IVANJA I RASPRAVA

Vrijednosti istraìvanja razvijenosti `drebadi lipicanske pasmine po linijama o~eva nakon poroda i nakon odbi}a prikazane su u Tablici 1. Visina grebena `drebadi mjerene nakon poroda bila je najmanja u linije Neapolitano (100,80 cm), a najve}a u linije Siglavy (108,11 cm), dok se visina u ostalih linija kretala izme|u 101,29 cm linije Maestoso i 104,64 cm linije Conversano. Signifikantne i visoko signifikantne razlike utvr|ene su izme|u srednjih vrijednosti svih linija osim linije Favory (zbog malog broja varijanata). Istraìvanja Baban i sur. (1995.) ukazuju da se visina `drebadi nakon poroda kretala izme|u 96,79 cm i 100,93 cm. Prema istim autorima najmanju visinu imala su `drebad linije Neapolitano, a najve}u linije Siglavy. Rastija i sur. (1986.) su utvrdili visinu mu{ke lipicanske `drebadi 102,70 cm, a ènske 103,85 cm. Visina mu{ke `drebadi po Rastiji i sur. (1995.) iznosila je 99,74 cm, a ènske 98,68 cm. Navedena istraìvanja ukazuju na dosta ujedna~enu visinu `drebadi nakon poroda s manjim odstupanjima pojedinih linija. Visina grebena nakon odbi}a kretala se izme|u 135,50 cm linije Favory i 143,33 cm linije Siglavy. Signifikantne razlike jedino su utvr|ene izme|u srednje vrijednosti linija Conversano i Tulipan. Dobivene vrijednosti ne{to su vi{e od rezultata ranijih istraìvanja. Opseg prsa nakon poroda kretao se izme|u 80,19 cm linije Maestoso i 86,78 linije Siglavy. Razlike izme|u
pojedinih linija bile su visoko signifikantne, osim linije Favory, gdje signifikantnost nije utvr|ena. Opseg prsa nakon odbi}a bio je najmanji u linije Favory 133,00 cm, a najve}i u linije Siglavy 142,78 cm. Signifikantnih razlika nije bilo. Po istraìvanjima Baban i sur. (1995.), ujedna~enost opsega prsa izme|u linija, kako nakon poroda, tako i nakon odbi}a bila je ve}a nego u na{im istraìvanjima zbog ve}eg broja `drebadi po linijama. Rastija i sur. (1986.) iznose opseg prsa nakon poroda za mu{ku `drebad 81,45 cm, a za ènsku 83,15 cm, a nakon odbi}a 132,90 cm, odnosno 136,45 cm. Do sli~nih vrijednosti do{li su Rastija i sur. (1995.). Opseg cjevanice nakon poroda kretao se izme|u 11,10 cm i 12,50 cm. Razlike izme|u pojedinih linija bile su signifikantne i visoko signifikantne. Ko{~atost nakon odbi}a kretala se izme|u 16,25 cm i 17,23 cm. Opseg cjevanice nakon poroda prema istraìvanjima Baban i sur. (1995.) bila je vrlo ujedna~ena (11,64 do 11,94 cm). Nakon odbi}a, opseg cjevanice kretao se izme|u 15,52 i 15,96 cm, {to je manje od na{ih istraìvanja. Po Rastiji i sur. (1995.) bilo je manje od na{ih istraìvanja, kao i vrijednosti Baban i sur. (1995.), dok se vrijednosti Rastije i sur. (1986.) podudaraju s na{im istraìvanjima. Korelacijska povezanost izme|u obra|enih tjelesnih mjera nakon poroda i nakon odbi}a za ukupni broj `drebadi kretala se od vrlo slabe negativne (r = -0,121) do potpune pozitivne (r = 0,913), {to prikazuje Tablica 2. Ja~a i visoko signifikantna povezanost utvr|ena je izme|u visine grebena nakon poroda i nakon odbi}a, visine grebena nakon poroda i opsega prsa nakon poroda, visine grebena nakon odbi}a i opsega nakon poroda i nakon odbi}a, dok je najslabija povezanost utvr|ena izme|u opsega prsa i opsega cjevanice te visine grebena nakon odbi}a i opsega cjevanice. Povezanost izme|u opsega cjevanice nakon poroda i nakon odbi}a nije utvr|ena. Povezanost po linijama izme|u navedenih svojstava znatno je varirala, {to prikazuje Tablica 3. Najslabija i uglavnom negativna povezanost bila je u `drebadi linije Neapolitano i Conversano, ne{to ja~a povezanost je utvr|ena u `drebadi linija Siglavy, Tulipan i Pluto, dok je najja~a povezanost utvr|ena u linije Maestoso. Najja~a signifikantna i visoko signifikantna povezanost kod `drebadi svih linija bila je izme|u visine grebena i opsega prsa `drebadi iste dobi. Ja~a je povezanost izme|u mjera u `drebadi iste dobi nego u `drebadi razli~ite dobi. Slabija povezanost (slabo negativna do slabo pozitivna) utvr|ena je izme|u svojstava razli~ite dobi. Rastija i sur. (2001.) navode pozitivnu korelacijsku povezanost `drebadi lipicanske pasmine u fazi sisanja izme|u navedenih tjelesnih mjera od slabe do vrlo jake korelacije, kako mu{ke, tako i ènske `drebadi. Pozitivan utjecaj porodne visine grebena i mu{ke i ènske lipicanske `drebadi na kasniji porast utvrdili su Rastija i sur. (1988.), dok su po istim autorima `drebad ve}e visine imala slabije razvijen prsni ko{ od na{ih istraìvanja,
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Tablica 1. Tjelesne mjere `drebadi lipicanske pasmine po linijama Table 1. Body measures of Lippizaner breed foals per lines
*(P<0,05); ** (P<0,01)
nakon poroda i u kasnijoj dobi. Na visoku korelacijsku povezanost tjelesnih mjera mladih konja ukazuje Saastamoinen (1990.). McCann i sur. (1988.) ukazuju na variranje korelacijskih povezanosti tjelesnih mjera mladih konja od slabe do jake pozitivne. Hintz i sur. (1979.) iznose slabu do jaku povezanost tjelesnih mjera `drebadi u prvoj godini ìvota. Po istraìvanju Rastije i sur. (1995.), utvr|ena je ja~a povezanost tjelesnih mjera iste dobne skupine.
Rastija i sur. (2000.) ukazuju na ja~u povezanost `drebadi holstein pasmine izme|u bliìh nego udaljenijih dobnih skupina.
ZAKLJUÂK
Na temelju provedenih istraìvanja o razvijenosti i korelacijskoj povezanosti tjelesnih mjera `drebadi lipicanske pasmine nakon poroda i nakon odbi}a po linijama, moè se zaklju~iti:
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Tablica 2. Korelacijski koeficijenti lipicanske `drebadi svih linija zajedno Table 2. Correlation coefficients in Lippizaner breed foals of all lines together
x1 Visina grebena - porod = Withers height parturition; x2 Visina grebena - odbi}e = Withers height ablactation; x3 - Opseg prsa - porod = Chest girth parturition; x4 Opseg prsa - odbi}e = Chest girth ablactation; x5 Opseg cjevanice - porod = Cannon bone circumference parturition; x6 Opseg cjevanice - odbi}e = Cannon bone circumference ablactation; *(P<0,05); ** (P<0,01)
Tablica 3. Korelacijski koeficijenti linija lipicanske `drebadi Table 3. Correlation coefficients in Lippizaner foal lines
x1 Visina grebena - porod = Withers height parturition; x2 Visina grebena - odbi}e = Withers height ablactation; x3 - Opseg prsa - porod = Chest girth parturition; x4 Opseg prsa - odbi}e = Chest girth ablactation; x5 Opseg cjevanice - porod = Cannon bone circumference par-
turition; x6 Opseg cjevanice - odbi}e = Cannon bone circumference ablactation; *(P<0,05); ** (P<0,01)
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Visina grebena nakon poroda bila je najmanja u linije Neapolitano (100,80 cm), a najve}a u linije Siglavy (108,11 cm). Nakon odbi}a najnià je bila `drebad linije Favory (135,50 cm), a najvi{a linije Siglavy (143,33 cm). Najmanji opseg prsa nakon poroda imala je `drebad linije Maestoso (80,19 cm), a najve}i linije Siglavy (86,78 cm), dok je nakon odbi}a najmanji opseg prsa bio u `drebadi linije Neapolitano (136,80 cm), a najve}i u linije Siglavy (142,78 cm). Ko{~atost se nakon poroda kretala izme|u 11,10 cm u linije Neapolitano i 12,44 cm linije Siglavy, dok je nakon odbi}a najtanja cjevanica bila u `drebadi linije Favory (16,25 cm), a najdeblja u linije Conversano (17,23 cm). Korelacijska povezanost visine grebena i opsega prsa za ukupni broj `drebadi bila je signifikantna i visoko signifikantna, dok za opseg cjevanice korelacija nije utvr|ena. U `drebadi po linijama utvr|ena je signifikantna i visoko signifikantna povezanost izme|u visine grebena i opsega prsa iste dobi, a slabija u `drebadi razli~ite dobi, dok je slabija povezanost bila s ko{~atosti. Najslabija povezanost izme|u tjelesnih mjera bila je u `drebadi linije Neapolitano i Conversano, a najja~a u linije Maestoso.
7.
8.
9.
10. 11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
LITERATURA
18. 1. Baban, M., Rastija, T., Kneèvi}, I., Ljube{i}, J. (1995.): Komparacija razvoja tjelesnih mjera lipicanske `drebadi po linijama. Poljoprivreda, 1(1):1.-7. Butler, I., Kelnhofer, R., Pirchner, F. (1986): Phenotypic correlations between conformation and performance traits of trotters. 37 th Ann. Meet. of Eur. Assoc. for Anim. Prod. ûrik, I., Seltenhammer, M., Slkner, J., Zechner, P ., Bodo, I., Habe, F., Marti, E., Brem, G. (2000): Inbreeding and melanoma in Lipizzan horses. Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus, vol. 65(4):181-186. ûrik, I., Slkner, J., Zechner, P ., Achmann, R., Bodo, I., Habe, F., Marti, E., Brem, G. (2001): Effects of inbreeding and microsatellite heterozygosity on the morphological traits in Lipizzan horses. 52th Ann. Meet. of the European Ass. for Animal Prod. Budapest. Green, D.A. (1961): A review of studies on the growth rate of the horse. Br. Vet. J. 117: 181-191. Habe, F., Bodo, I., Brem, G., Solkner, J., Dov~, P ., Marti, E., Lazary, S., Szabara, L., Zochmann, F., Zechner, P . (2001): Copernicus project, lipizzan studs and classic breed lines. The realisation of copernicus project. 52 th Ann. Meet. of the European Ass. for Animal Prod. Budapest.
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Hintz, R.L., Hintz, H.F., Vleck, L.D. (1979): Growth rate of Thoroughbreds. Effect of age of dam, year and month of birth, and sex of foal. J. Anim. Sci. 48:480-487. Lohman, F., Marini}, I. (1952.): O utjecaju proljetnog i jesenskog `drebljenja na razvitak `drebadi. Veterinarski arhiv, Zagreb, (5-6):228.-240. McCann, J.S., Heird, J.C., Ramsey, C.B., Long, R.A. (1988): Skeletal bone and muscle proportionality in small-and large-framed mature horses of different muscle thickness. Equine Vet. Sci. 8: 255-261. Medveck, D. (1993): Lipitsa horses and their studs in Slovakia. Animal Breeding Abstracts, 61, (8):526. Nie, N., H., Hul, C.H., Jenkins, G. J., Steinbrenner, K., Dole, H.B. (1975): Statistical Package for the Society Sciences 2 nd ed New York, Mc Grow-Hill. Oulella, J. (1996.): Zchterische standards in der lipizzanerpferde-population. Habilitationsarbeit. Brno-Piber, 1.-120. Rastija, T., Ljube{i}, J., Mandi}, I. (1986.): Komparativni prikaz razvoja `drebadi lipicanske pasmine. Sto~arstvo, 40, (7-8):249.-253. Rastija, T., Kneèvi}, I., Bari{i}, A. (1988.): Korelacijska povezanost razvoja tjelesnih mjera `drebadi lipicanske pasmine. Znan. prak. poljop. tehnol. 18(3-4):309.-315. Rastija, T., Baban, M., Kneèvi}, I. (1995.a): Usporedba nekih svojstava rasta mu{ke i ènske lipicanske `drebadi. Sto~arstvo, 49(3-4):89.-93. Rastija, T., Kneèvi}, I., Jovanovac, S., Mandi}, I., (1995b): Heritability and phenotypic correlations among measurements of lipizzaner horses. Sto~arstvo, 912:299-302. Rastija, T., Ljube{i}, J., Antunovi}, Z., Baban Mirjana, Sele{, J. (2000.): Utjecaj visine grebena, opsega prsa i opsega cjevanice nakon poroda na razvoj `drebadi holstein pasmine. Sto~arstvo, 54 (6):419.-426. Rastija, T., Antunovi}, Z., Gutzmirtl, D., Bogut. I., Mandi}, I. (2001.a): Utjecaj godi{njeg doba `drebljenja na razvoj nekih mjera lipicanske `drebadi u ergeli \akovo. Poljoprivreda, 7(1):52.-55. Rastija, Kneèvi}, I., Antunovi}, Z., Bukvi}, @., Gutzmirtl, D., Mandi}, I. (2001.b): Povezanost razvoja `drebadi lipicanske pasmine u fazi sisanja. Sto~arstvo, 55(1):3.12. Romi}, S. (1951.): Razvoj lipicanca do tri godine. Veterinarski arhiv, 7-8. Saastamoinen, M. (1990): Heritabilities for body size and growth rate and phenotypic correlations among measurements in young horses. ActaAgriculturae Scandinavica 40, (4): 377-386. Slkner, J., Zechner, P ., Zohmann, F., Achmann, R., Bodo, I., Marti, E., Habe, F., Brem, G. (2001a): Analysis of diversity and population structure in the Lipizzan horse breed based on pedigrees and morphometric traits. 52 nd Annual Meeting of the European Association for Animal Production (EAAP). Budapest. Slkner, J. (2001b): Inbreeding, genetic variability and important ancestors of Lipizzan horses from national studs of middle and southeastern Europe. 52 nd Annual Meeting of the European Association for Animal Production (EAAP). Budapest.
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24. Zechner, P ., Zohmann, F., Slkner, J., Brem, G., Bodo, I., Habe, F. (1998.): Analyse der morphologischen hnlichkeit von Lipizzanern aus Staatsgestten Mittel-und Sdosteuropas. Vortragstagung der DGfZ/Gft, Berlin. 25. Zechner, P ., Zohmann, F., Slkner, J., Bodo, I., Habe, F., Brem, G., (2001): Morphological description of the Lipizzan horse population. Livestock Production Science 69 (2): 163-177.
DEVELOPMENT AND CORRELATION AMONG LIPPIZANER FOALS PER LINES
SUMMARY The investigations were conducted on 114 Lippizaner breed foals in \akovo stud. The accomplished measures obtained by cattle tape after parturition and ablactation (aged six months) referred to withers height, chest girth and cannon bone circumference per fathers line. The foals dominance per lines varied as follows: line Favory 2, Maestoso 21, Neopolitano 5, Conversano 11, Pluto 40, Siglavy 9 and Tulipan 26 foals. The measuring values were processed by the statistical program SPSS/PC (Nie et al. 1975). Statistical processing was followed by correlation computation between aforesaid measures after parturition and ablactation in the total number of foals per line. Also, statistical significance between obtained values was also calculated. The smallest parturition withers height turned to be in the foals of the line Neapolitano 100.80 cm and the greatest one in the line Siglavy 108.11 cm. The smallest chest girth was with Maestoso line foals 80.19 cm and the largest one with Siglavy 86.78 cm. However, the smallest cannon bone circumference was found to be in Neapolitano line foals 11.10 cm and the largest one with the line Favory 12.50 cm. In the post ablactation period withers height ranged from 135.50 cm in the line Favory to 143.33 cm in Siglavy line whereas chest girth was from 133.00 cm in Favory line to 142.78 cm in Siglavy line. The smallest cannon bone circumference was also with Favory line foals 16.25 cm and the largest one with Conversano line 17.23 cm. Statistical significance of all three measures was more pronounced after parturition compared to the post ablactation period. Correlation for the total number ranged from r = -0.121 to r = 0.913. Correlation among the processed body measures ranged from very strong negative to complete positive. Stronger correlation with all the lines appeared to be between withers height, chest girth and cannon bone circumference. Key-words: Lippizaner foals, development, lines, correlation (Primljeno 7. lipnja 2002.; prihva}eno 3. srpnja 2002. - Received on 7 June 2002; accepted on 3 July 2002)
Poljoprivreda
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ISSN 1330-7142 UDK = 636.127:636.061
POVEZANOST NEKIH TJELESNIH MJERA LIPICANSKIH PASTUHA PO LINIJAMA U ERGELI \AKOVO

T. Rastija (1), Z. Antunovi} (1), Mirjana Baban (1), I. Mandi} (2), A. Vitkovi} (3)
Izvorni znanstveni rad Original scientific paper

SA@ETAK Tjelesne mjere lipicanskih linija pastuha i njihova korelacijska povezanost obra|ena je u ergeli \akovo. Mjerenja su izvedena Lydtinovim {tapom i sto~nom vrpcom i to visina grebena, opseg prsa i opseg cjevanice na ukupno 75 grla. Najmanji broj pastuha (4) bio je linije Neapolitano, a najve}i linije Tulipan (20). Podaci dobiveni mjerenjem obra|eni su po statisti~kom programu SPSS/PC (Nie i sur. 1975.). Najmanju visinu grebena mjerenu vrpcom imali su pastusi linije Neapolitano (164,00 cm), a najve}u linije Conversano (166,33 cm). Visina grebena mjerena {tapom bila je najmanja u pastuha linije Maestoso (156,50 cm), a najve}a u linije Favory (159,20 cm). Opseg prsa se kretao izme|u 183,82 cm u linije Pluto i 186,89 cm u linije Conversano. Opseg cjevanice kod svih linija bio je vrlo ujedna~en i kretao se izme|u 20,05 cm u linije Tulipan i 20,65 cm u linije Maestoso. Korelacijska povezanost bila je pozitivna i visoko signifikantna izme|u visine grebena mjerene vrpcom i {tapom, te visine grebena mjerene {tapom i opseg prsa, dok je povezanost ostalih bila slabo pozitivna do slabo negativna. Povezanost po linijama bila je najja~e izraèna u linije Neapolitano, a najslabije u linije Tulipan. Kod svih linija prema o~ekivanju (osim linije Tulipan) povezanost visine grebena mjerene vrpcom i {tapom su visoko signifikantne, dok se ostala povezanost kretala od pozitivne do negativne. Klju~ne rije~i: lipicanska pasmina, pastusi, tjelesne mjere, korelacija
UVOD
Provedena istraìvanja ukazuju na razvijenost pojedinih tjelesnih mjera i njihov me|usobni utjecaj. Poznavanjem povezanosti tjelesnih mjera ima veliki zna~aj u pravilnom izboru rasplodnjaka, {to se odraàva na selekcijski uspjeh. Pra}enjem razvijenosti pojedinih tjelesnih mjera lipicanske, a i ostalih pasmina konja, bavili su se Butler i sur. (1986.), Ljube{i} i sur. (1988., 1989., 1997.), Mirjana Baban i sur. (1995., 1999.), Rastija i sur. (1988., 1991., 1993., 1994., 1995., 2000., 2001.), Saastamoinen (1990.), Zechner i sur. (1998., 2001.), Slkner i sur. (2001.) i drugi. Cilj ovih istraìvanja bio je utvr|ivanje razvijenosti lipicanskih pastuha po linijama te me|usobna povezanost obra|enih tjelesnih mjera, kako ukupno tako i u pojedinim linijama pastuha zastupljenim u ergeli \akovo.
{tapom, opsega prsa i opsega cjevanice obavljena su na 5 pastuha linije Favory, 10 Siglavy i 20 pastuha linije Tulipan. Vrijednosti mjerenja obra|ene su po linijama. Korelacijska povezanost izme|u obra|enih tjelesnih mjera obra|ena je metodom korelacije unutar linija po statisti~kom programu SPSS/PC (Nie i sur., 1975.). Statisti~ka zna~ajnost koeficijenata korelacije testirana je na 5% i 1% razini signifikantnosti.
REZULTATI I RASPRAVA
Vrijednosti obra|enih podataka provedenih mjerenja prikazane su u Tablici 1. Visina grebena dobivena mjerenjem sto~nom vrpcom bila je najve}a u linije pastuha Conversano 166,33 cm, a najmanja u linije Neapolitano 164,00 cm. Visoko signifikantne i signifikantne razlike utvr|ene su izme|u srednjih vrijednosti obra|enih linija, osim u lini(1) Prof.dr.sc. Tomo Rastija, doc.dr.sc. Zvonko Antunovi} i mr.sc. Mirjana Baban, asistent Sveu~ili{te Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku, Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku, Trg sv. Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek, (2) Ivica Mandi}, dipl. ing. - direktor ergele \akovo, Augusta [enoe 45,31400 \akovo, (3) Dr.sc. Ante Vitkovi}, znan. savjetnik - Centar za reprodukciju u sto~arstvu RH, Planinska 2b,10000 Zagreb.
MATERIJAL I METODE
Istraìvanja su provedena u ergeli \akovo na 75 lipicanskih pastuha, u razdoblju od 1997.-2000. godine. Mjerenje visine grebena sto~nom vrpcom i Lydtinovim
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Tablica 1. Tjelesne mjere pastuha lipicanske pasmine po linijama Table 1. Body measures of Lippizaner breed stallions per lines
je Favory, gdje razlika s ostalim linijama nije bila signifikantna. Najve}a visina grebena mjerena Lydtinovim {tapom utvr|ena je u linije Favory 159,20 cm, a najmanja u linije Maestoso 156,50 cm. Razlika izme|u najmanje i najve}e visine grebena mjerene vrpcom iznosila je 2,33 cm, a {tapom 2,70 cm. Utvr|ene su signifikantne razlike izme|u srednje vrijednosti dobivene mjerenjem {tapom pastuha linije Favory i ostalih linija, osim linije Neapolitano, gdje signifikantnost nije utvr|ena. Visina grebena lipicanskih pastuha prema istraìvanjima Zecnera i sur. (2001.) iznosila je 167,00 cm u ergeli Kladruby, 158,00 cm u ergeli Szilvasvarad te izme|u 154,00 i 157,00 cm u drugim lipicanskim ergelama. Navedeni podaci podudaraju se s na{im rezultatima istraìvanja, dok su pastusi u Kladruby i ergeli Szilvasvarad imali ve}u visinu. Rastija i sur. (1993.) ukazuju na ve}i opseg prsa pastuha (188,81 cm). Rastija i sur. (1991.) navode najve}u visinu grebena |akova~kih pastuha mjerenu vrpcom, 167,10 cm u linije Favory, a najmanju 163,67 cm u linije Tulipan, dok su se vrijednosti visine grebena u ergeli Prnjavor kretale izme|u 148,00 i 161,67 cm.
Navedene vrijednosti visine grebena autora podudaraju se s na{im istraìvanjima za pastuhe u ergeli \akovo, dok je visina grebena u ergeli Prnjavor bila znatno nià i neujedna~ena. Opseg prsa kretao se izme|u 183,82 cm u linije Pluto i 186,89 cm linije Conversano. Razlika izme|u najmanje i najve}e srednje vrijednosti iznosila je 3,07 cm, {to ukazuje na vrlo ujedna~eni opseg prsa pastuha u obra|enih linija. Tu ujedna~enost potvr|uje, jer nisu utvr|ene signifikantne razlike izme|u linija. Rezultati Zechnera i sur. (2001.) ukazuju na ne{to ve}e vrijednosti opsega prsa u odnosu na na{a istraìvanja. Opseg prsa na{ih istraìvanja bio je manji za 1,92 do 4,99 cm u usporedbi vrijednosti Rastije i sur. (1993.). Rastija i sur. (1991.) iznose opseg prsa pastuha u ergeli \akovo po linijama izme|u 184,31 cm (Tulipan) i 188,00 cm (Favory). Opseg prsa u ergeli Prnjavor varirao je izme|u 158,00 cm (1 pastuh Maestoso) i 188,33 cm (Siglavy). Opseg cjevanice tako|er ukazuje na ujedna~enu ko{~atost kod obra|enih linija pastuha. Razlika izme|u najve}eg i najmanjeg opsega cjevanice iznosila je 0,60 cm. Najdeblju cjevanicu imali su pastusi linije Maestoso
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20,65, a najtanju pastusi linije Neapolitano i Tulipan 20,05 cm. Signifikantna je razlika utvr|ena jedino izme|u srednje vrijednosti linije Maestoso i linije Tulipan. Opseg cjevanice po Zechneru i sur. (2001.) kre}e se u okviru vrijednosti na{ih istraìvanja. Rastija i sur. (1993.) utvrdili su opseg cjevanice lipicanskih pastuha 21,06 cm {to je za 0,41-1,01 cm vi{e u odnosu na na{a istraìvanja. Najdeblju cjevanicu, po Rastiji i sur. (1991), u ergeli \akovo imali su pastusi linije Favory (20,80 cm), a najtanju Tulipan (20,15 cm), dok se opseg cjevanice pastuha u ergeli Prnjavor kretao izme|u 19,69 cm i 20,00 cm. Korelacijska povezanost pastuha lipicanske pasmine prikazana je u Tablici 2. Rezultati istraìvanja korelacijske povezanosti izme|u obra|enih tjelesnih mjera pastuha lipicanske
Cannu i sur. (1988.) koeficijenti korelacije tjelesnih mjera mladih konja kretali su se izme|u r=0,34 i r=0,74. Rastija i sur. (1995.) ukazuju na ja~u korelacijsku povezanost visine grebena i opsega cjevanice lipicanaca iste dobne strukture nego razli~ite.
ZAKLJUÂK
Na temelju provedenih istraìvanja, donosimo sljede}e zaklju~ke: Visina grebena pastuha mjerena vrpcom kretala se izme|u 164,00 cm linije Neapolitano i 166,33 cm linije Conversano. Najmanju visinu grebena mjerenu {tapom imali su pastusi linije Maestoso 156,50 cm, a najve}u Favory
Tablica 2. Koeficijenti korelacije izme|u srednjih vrijednosti mjerenja pastuha lipicanske pasmine Table 2. Correlation coefficients between measuring mean values in Lipizzaner breed stallions
x1 Visina grebena (vrpcom) - Withers height (the band); x2 Visina grebena ({tapom) - Withers height (the rod); x3 - Opseg prsa Chest girth; x4 Opseg cjevanice - Cannon bone circumference
pasmine u Tablici 2. ukazuju na jako slabu negativnu do jako pozitivnu. Ja~a je povezanost izme|u visine grebena mjerene {tapom i vrpcom, zatim izme|u visine grebena vrpcom i opsega prsa te izme|u visine grebena {tapom i opsega prsa. Korelacija izme|u visine grebena vrpcom i opsega cjevanice bila je jako slabo negativna, dok izme|u visine grebena {tapom i opsega cjevanice, kao i opsega prsa i opsega cjevanice korelacija nije utvr|ena. Visoko signifikantna razlika utvr|ena je izme|u visine grebena vrpcom i {tapom, izme|u visine grebena mjerene vrpcom i {tapom i opsega prsa. U Tablici 3. iznesene su vrijednosti korelacijske povezanosti izme|u obra|enih tjelesnih mjera lipicanskih pastuha po linijama. Korelacijska povezanost izme|u navedenih tjelesnih mjera pastuha po linijama kretala se od vrlo jake negativne do potpuno pozitivne. Rastija i sur. (1988.) navode pozitivan utjecaj visine grebena nakon poroda na kasniji porast visine, kako kod mu{ke tako i kod ènske `drebadi. Isti autori iznose slabije razvijen prsni ko{ u `drebadi s ve}om visinom. Na jaku korelacijsku povezanost odre|enih tjelesnih mjera kod `drebadi oba spola u fazi sisanja ukazuju Rastija i sur. (2001.). Saastamoinen (1990.) ukazuje na visoku korelacijsku povezanost tjelesnih mjera mladih konja. Po Mc
159,20 cm. Opseg prsa pastuha kretao se izme|u 183,82 cm i 186,89 cm. Debljina cjevanice po linijama pastuha kretala se izme|u 20,05 cm i 20,65 cm. Korelacijska povezanost bila je pozitivna i visoko signifikantna izme|u visine grebena i opsega prsa, dok je izme|u ostalih mjera bila slabo negativna do slabo pozitivna. Najja~u povezanost tjelesnih mjera imali su pastusi linije Neapolitano, a najslabiju pastusi linije Tulipan. Po linijama ja~e je izraèna povezanost izme|u visine grebena i opsega prsa, dok je povezanost izme|u visine grebena i opsega prsa s opsegom cjevanice slabo pozitivna do negativna.
LITERATURA
1. Baban, Mirjana, Rastija, T., Caput, P ., Kneèvi}, I., Stipi}, N. (1999.): Genetske i fenotipske korelacije nekih morfolo{kih svojstava populacije lipicanskih konja. Poljoprivreda, 5(1):1.-5. Butler, Ines, Kelnhofer, R., Pirchner, F. (1986): Phenotypic correlations between conformation and performance traits of trotters. 37 th Ann. Meet. of Eur. Assoc. for Anim. Prod.
2.
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Tablica 3. Korelacijska povezanost izme|u tjelesnih mjera pastuha lipicanske pasmine po linijama Table 3. Correlation between body measures in Lipizzaner breed stallions per lines
x1 Visina grebena (vrpcom) - Withers height (the band); x2 Visina grebena ({tapom) - Withers height (the rod); x3 - Opseg prsa Chest girth; x4 Opseg cjevanice - Cannon bone circumference
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Ljube{i}, J., Rastija, T., Kneèvi}, I. (1988.): Krvne linije lipicanskih pastuha u ergelama i mogu}nost njihovog kori{tenja u narodnom uzgoju. Sto~arstvo, 42(56):171.-178. Ljube{i}, J., Rastija, T., Mandi}, I. (1989.): Uzgojna analiza lipicanske ergele. Centra za uzgoj i selekciju konja PIK \akovo. Sto~arstvo, 43(7-8):347.-357. Ljube{i}, J., Rastija, T., Kneèvi}, I., Mandi}, I. (1997.): Morfolo{ka i reprodukcijska svojstva lipicanaca po krvnim linijama. Poljoprivreda, 3(1):53.-56. McCann, J.S., Heird, J.C., Ramsey, C.B., Long, R.A. (1988): Skeletal bone and muscle proportionality in small-and large-framed mature horses of different muscle thickness. Equine Vet. Sci. 8:255-261. Nie, N., H., Hul, C.H., Jenkins, G. J., Steinbrenner, K., Dole, H.B. (1975): Statistical Package for the Society Sciences 2 nd ed New York, Mc Grow-Hill. Rastija, T., Kneèvi}, I., Bari{i}, A. (1988.): Korelacijska povezanost razvoja tjelesnih mjera `drebadi lipicanske pasmine. Znan.prak.poljop.tehnol. 18(3-4):308.-314. Rastija, T., Baban Mirjana, Kneèvi}, I., Mandi}, I., Antunovi}, T. (1991.): Komparacija tjelesnih mjera lipicanaca po linijama u ergelama \akovo i Prnjavor. Poljoprivredne aktualnosti, 39(3-4): 679.-684. Rastija, T., Kneèvi}, I., Baban Mirjana, âtipovi}, I. (1993.): Usporedba tjelesnih mjera pastuha i kobila lipicanske pasmine u ergeli \akovo. Sto~arstvo, 7-8:285.289. Rastija, T., Kneèvi}, I., Jovanovac Sonja, Ljube{i}, J., Baban Mirjana (1994.): Korelacija tjelesnih mjera kobila hrvatskog hladnokrvnjaka. Poljoprivredne aktualnosti, 30(6):765.-769. Rastija, T., Kneèvi}, I., Jovanovac Sonja, Mandi}, I. (1995): Heritability and phenotypic correlations among measurements of lipizzaner horses. Sto~arstvo, 9-12: 299-302. Rastija, T., Gutzmirtl Draènka, Antunovi}, Z., Kneèvi}, I., Baban Mirjana (2000.): Komparacija morfolo{kih i reprodukcijskih svojstava lipicanskih kobila u ergelskom uzgoju i obiteljskim gospodarstvima. Poljoprivreda, 6(2):11.-15. Rastija, Kneèvi}, I., Antunovi}, Z., Bukvi}, @., Gutzmirtl Draènka, Mandi}, I. (2001.): Povezanost razvoja `dre-
15.
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badi lipicanske pasmine u fazi sisanja. Sto~arstvo, 1:312. Saastamonien, M. (1990): Heritabilities for body size and growth rate and phenotypic correlations among measurements in young horses. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, 40(4):377-386. Slkner, J., Zechner, P ., Zohmann, F., Achmann, R., Bodo, I., Marti, E., Habe, F., Brem, G. (2001): Analysis of diversity and population structure in the Lipizzan horse breed based on pedigrees and morphometric traits. 52 nd Annual Meeting of the European Association for Animal Production (EAAP). Budapest. Zechner, P ., Zohmann, F., Slkner, J., Brem, G., Bodo, I., Habe, F. (1998.): Analyse der morphologischen hnlichkeit von Lipizzanern aus Staatsgestten Mittel-und Sdosteuropas. Vortragstagung der DGfZ/Gft, Berlin. Zechner, P ., Zohmann, F., Slkner, J., Bodo, I., Habe, F., Brem, G. (2001): Morphological description of the Lipizzan horse population. Livestock Production Science, 69:163-177.
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CORRELATION BETWEEN SOME BODY MEASURES OF LIPPIZANER STALLION PER LINES AT \AKOVO STUD
SUMMARY Body measures of Lippizaner line stallions and their correlation were processed in \akovo stud. The measures performed by Lydtin rod and stock band included withers height, chest girth and cannon bone circumference on the total of 75 heads. Neapolitano line was characterized by the fewest number of stallions (4) whereas Tulip by the largest one (20). Data attained by the measuring were processed by the statistical program SPSS/PC (Nie et. al. 1975). Neapolitano line stallions had the lowest withers height (164.00 cm) measured by the band whereas Conversano line stallions had the highest one (166.33 cm). Withers height measured by the rod was the lowest in the Maestoso line stallion (156.50 cm) and the highest one in the Favory line (159.20 cm). Chest girth ranged between 183.82 cm (Pluto line) and 186.89 cm (Conversano line). Cannon bone circumference was uniform with all lines ranged from 20.05 cm (Tulipan line) and 20.65 cm (Maestoso lines). Correlation between withers height measured by the band and rod and that one measured by the rod and chest girth was positive and highly significant. However, correlation between others ranged from slight positive to slight negative. Neapolitano line was known for the most pronounced correlation per lines whereas Tulip line for the weakest one. Correlation between withers height measured by the band and rod was in all lines highly significant (except Tulip line) whereas other correlation varied from positive to negative. Key words: Lipizzaner breed, stallions, body measures, correlation (Primljeno 4. oùjka 2002.; prihva}eno 29. oùjka 2002. - Received on 4 March 2002; accepted on 29 March 2002)
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ISSN 1330-7142 UDK = 638.1(560)
THE GENERAL APICULTURAL SITUATION OF TURKEY

R. Sirali
Scientific review Pregledni znanstveni ~lanak

SUMMARY This review is aimed to investigate the general structure, potential and their some important characteristics of Turkish beekeeping. Additional, the amount and type of beehives, important apicultural areas, honeybee products, bee races, migratory beekeeping, feeding technique, bee flora, disease and pests, main problems and some effected factors on apicultural yield were presented and their solutions suggested. Key-words: beekeeping, bee products, Turkey
INTRODUCTION
Beekeeping has been popular in Turkey, since the ancient times of Anatolian civilizations, Anatolian Turks Principalities, Seljuks and Ottoman States. Turkey has only a short history of beekeeping after the introduction of modern apiculture and the problems occuring from the environment in each area have not been identified and solved. Beekeeping sector has developed very fast after World War II in Turkey. Beekeeping is possible within the all seven geographical regions of Turkey. Climatic and environmental conditions are always very suitable to practice the art of bees rearing. Just now, about 4.3 million honeybee colonies there are supposed to be in Turkey. Today in our country, we have 40 000 professional beekeepers. Most of these beekeepers are teachers, farmers, retired, religious leaders or other jobs. Since, beekeeping is the most important income source over 200 000 families in Turkey. Even today the beekeepers in Turkey gain the experiences from their forefathers. But basically we do not have many professionals. Most of our beekeeping is supplementary to other activities done by people in rural areas. Unfortunately, Turkey has lagged behind other nations in the systematic use of honeybees to enhance pollination in order to improve crop yield and quality. The irony is that Anatolia region does have a very large bee industry focused on honey production. This honeybee potential is based on its utilization of many different Apis mellifera races and ecotypes, which are native to Anatolia and Thrace peninsulas.
The aim of this present review was to investigate the general apicultural potential and some of their important characteristics of Turkish beekeeping.
Important Apicultural Areas

Every different region of Turkey has specific beekeeping and climatic condition, flora and management. Most of the beekeeping in Turkey takes place in Black Sea, Aegean, Eastern and Center Anatolian, Marmara and Southeastern Anatolia regions. Very important honey production districts in Turkey are high plateaus of Kars, Erzurum, Bitlis, Kayseri, Tunceli, Agri, Yozgat, Sirnak, Batman, Hakkari, Bingol, Van, Mus, Gumushane, Artvin, Giresun, Rize, Erzincan, Bayburt, Adiyaman, Malatya, Sivas cities, Cukurova, Harran, Ergene and Menderes plains, Karacadag, Anzer, Ovit, Sultanmurat, Alucra, Camoluk, Zigana, Sahara, Sarbulut, Santa, Toros mountainous areas and northern area of Thrace. Most of the beekeeping in Turkey takes place in Mugla, Ordu, Adana, Izmir, Antalya, Aydin, Erzurum, Sivas, Konya, Kars, cel and Ankara cities.
Amount and Type of Bee Hives

Turkey has great beekeeping potential of over 4.3 million beehives. Turkey, counting about five bee colonies per km2, is one of the countries with the highest density of beehives in the world (Table 1).
Ph. D Redèp Sirali, Assistant Professor Karadeniz Technical University, Ordu Agricultural Faculty, Department of Animal Science, 52100 Ordu, Turkey.
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Table 1. Number of colonies in Turkey Tablica 1. Broj konica u Turskoj
R. Sirali: THE GENERAL APICULTURAL SITUATION OF TURKEY
Source: Statistical Indicators, State Statistical Institute of Turkey (DIE), Ankara, 2000 Izvor: Statisti~ki Pokazatelji, Dràvni statisti~ki institut Turske (DIE), Ankara, 2000.
The numbers of honeybee colonies in northern and western areas are larger than other regions of Turkey. Only about 14 percent of total beehives of Turkey are in Mugla city (Aegean region) and 8 percentages in Ordu city (Black Sea region). Nearly half of our colony numbers are considered to be subject for migratory beekeeping. Most beekeepers have langstroth hives in Turkey. Only about 4.2% of total beehives are been still kept in traditional hives. Many beekeepers of Central Anatolian region generally use the cylindrical hives made from wood branches covered by mud. In the northern region of Anatolia, beekeepers use traditional log hives. Wood box hives are used in many districts of South-eastern Anatolia. The average quantity of collected honey is 2 to 5 kg per hive. In many districts of Marmara and Central Anatolian regions, some people deal with traditional beekeeping; they still use ancient styled beehives made of Salix ssp. branches covered by mud with straw and manure. They can get as many as 3-5 kg honey from a hive during the honey flow period. All traditional beehives are called Turkish karakovan or sepetkovan (primitive hive). As a result, honey yields of traditional beehives in Turkey are low generally. However, products of all these traditional hives are more expensive than modern bee hives.
Bee Races
Turkey has many different kinds of topographic and climatic characteristics. As a result of this heterogeneous ecological structure, the honeybee has spread widely throughout Anatolia and Thrace, where it has differentiated into several forms. It is evident that there is much greater honeybee diversity in Turkey than in most other countries
There are different bee races and ecotypes in Turkey, e.g. Apis mellifera caucasica (North east of Turkey), Apis mellifera anatoliaca (Central Anatolia) and their ecotypes such as Mugla, Gokceada Island, Marmara and Karadeniz. Each honeybee race and ecotype reflects in its morphology and behaviour environmental characteristics of its endemic range. The first important bee centre of Turkey is Central Anatolia. Apis mellifera anatoliaca bee, and well known as the Anatolian honeybee is the characteristic bee race of Anatolia. The honeybees of the Central Anatolia, with several subpopulations in the north, west and south, while Apis mellifera caucasica is considered as the honeybee of the mountain range bordering the northeast region of Anatolia. The most common ecotypes of Apis mellifera anatoliaca are the Mugla and the Central Anatolian bees. Apis mellifera anatoliaca is the most common bee in Turkey. They are very aggressive honeybees. They have many ecotypes adapted to different regions and showing great variation in terms of body colour, productivity, and specific morphological, physiological characters. Second important honeybee race of Turkey is Apis mellifera caucasica. The Caucasian bees are grey dark colored, gentle and productive bees with low swarming tendency and adapted to highlands and temperate climates. Therefore they collect much propolis, their spring development is slower than the other races but they build up strong colonies during the summer and produce much honey. They tend to rob the weak colonies. Same apicultural scientists considered that local honeybee of South-eastern Anatolia can be to Apis mellifera syriaca or Apis mellifera meda. General characters of honeybees in Southeastern Anatolian conditions are small colonies, relatively small quantity of honey stora-
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Our world famous thyme honey, its renown, being due to its excellent flavour and richness in enzymes, constitutes a rather limited percentage of the annual honey production in Turkey. It comes from the Central Anatolia, Aegean, Black Sea and Marmara regions. Black Sea region is known the most popular and most precious variety of honey made by high plateau plants of Anzer. This product is more expensive than other honey districts of Turkey. It has specific colour, taste and strong elegant smell of Anzer high plateau plants. These plants only flowers at the end of June, beginning of August. So these bees have to make haste, being their unique opportunity to collect nectar. In addition, toxic honey (the Turks call the resulting honey Deli bal=Crazy honey, production derived in September and October from the Rhododendron ponticum that takes place in the northern mountains areas in Turkey. This area stretches from east to west parallel to the Black Sea and is bordered upon the east by the Central Anatolia.
ge, more aggressive than other honeybee races or ecotypes of Turkey, easily swarming. These characters are well fit to the fluctuating hot conditions to live, but not suitable for beekeeping sector. Nowadays, there are some different ideas about identifying the Thracian honeybees in Turkey. Some scientists describe Thracian bees as ecotypes of Apis mellifera anatoliaca or Apis mellifera carnica All these races and ecotypes are raw material for breeding studies. This genetic diversity represents the key element for Turkish scientist to lead the world in the development of crop-specific and task-specific vector for the future.
Bee Flora
We produce flower honey mainly from cultivated plants, such as oranges (Mugla, zmir, Antalya, Mersin, Adana, Hatay), cotton (Mardin, Diyarbakir, Sanliurfa, Gaziantep, Adana, Aydin, Nazilli, Izmir), sunflower (Istanbul, Tekirdag, Kirklareli, Edirne, Balikesir, Canakkale, Samsun, Aksaray, Yozgat, Adana), heather (Canakkale, Tekirdag, Krklareli, stanbul, Mersin, Tarsus), chestnut (Trabzon, Giresun, Samsun, Rize, Sinop, Kastomonu, Bolu, Bursa, Canakkale, Balkesir), linden trees (Tekirdag, Krklareli, stanbul ), as well as from different orchards. Wild Nectar yielding plants in the all regions of Turkey are clovers, acacia, raspberries, strawberry, bee balms etc. Our country has o lot of pollen yielding plants as almond trees (Amigdalus), Castanea sativa, Castanea vulgaris, Salix alba, Robinia pseudoacacia and Erica. Special importance goes to the last mentioned plant known by some honey lovers as a beaming health agent. Colonies foraging on forest plants, especially on Pinus trees (the Germans call the resulting honey Waldhonig), yield about 20% of our honey production. In this particular case, honey is being produced from honeydew of the insect Marchalina hellenica (Monophlebus hellenicus). Bee colonies are transported from all parts of the Turkish country to the lavish pine forests, found mainly on the Marmaras islands (Bykada and Heybeliada), on the peninsula of Aegean (Mugla, Fethiye, Denizli, Izmir, Edremit) and in Mediterranean region (Antalya). September and October are the most plentiful months. Significant amounts of honeydew honey derived from the Papaver, Carduus, Rosa, Tilia, Salix, Quercus, Castenea, Populus, Betula, Tamarix, Ulmus, Picea, Prunus, Pyrus and Malus. Evident amounts of honeydew honey derived from the Abies trees in Marmara region and on the Uludag mountains situated about 500 km north east of Ankara and 300 km south of Istanbul. This honey is being produced from honeydew of the insect Lachnus ssp.
Migratory Beekeeping
Migratory beekeeping style is very common and predominates in Turkey. This means that the hives have to be moved from one place to another searching for ultimate good quality honey in reasonable quantities. Migratory beekeeping, in which beekeepers move from north to south and from east to west following the blooming of honey plants, is not so popular at present because of the several reasons: aging of beekeepers, decreasing honey plants and large scale beekeepers. The honey bee colonies are transferred in spring to the citrus groves and thyme areas, in June to the fir forests, in summer to the cotton, clover and sunflowers plants and in August, September and October to the vast pine forests in the country generally. Professional beekeepers have about 100-400 bee colonies, sometimes up to 1000. They transport their hives extensively during the year; up to distances of 2000-4000 km. Eighty percentage of total migratory beekeepers of Turkey are from Ordu, a Black Sean city. As a consequence, the migratory beekeeping technique is improving. But, the genetic structure of the Turkish bee population is becoming homogenized and genetic variation is getting lost.
Honeybee Products
Although the main commodities are honey, beeswax, pollen, propolis, royal jelly, bee venom, queen and package, bees can also be produced from beekeeping activities. Beekeeping and its all products has important role in history of Turkish society and trade life. Thus almost all of bee products are useful to humans. Honey is the most important product of the beekeeping sector of
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Table 2. Honey production in Turkey Tablica 2. Proizvodnja meda u Turskoj
Source: Statistical Indicators. State Statistical Institute of Turkey (DIE), Ankara, 2000 Izvor: Statisti~ki pokazatelij. Dràvni statisti~ki institut Turske (DIE), Ankara, 2000.
Turkey. Seventy percentages of total honey production of Turkey is sold as comb and 30 percentages as extracted. According to the statistics of the State Statistical Institute of Turkey (DIE), honey production was 67259 tons in 1999. Although the honey yield increases every year steadily, this increase is not satisfactory (Table 2). Turkey has only 5.7% of world honey product. One of the main reasons for the low honey yield is the insufficient queen bee production in the country. The annual honey production is estimated to be around 15.6 kg per colony, although values of about 3540 kg per colony are usual for professional beekeepers. Eighty percent of total honey of Turkey is produced by migratory beekeepers. While product quality usually differs among producers, there is general tendency of treating the products from the same areas as having the same quality. Generally, the marketability of products is mostly limited to the retail, domestic market and the international trade tends to be restricted of honey. Prices of all honeybee
Table 3. Honey Export of Turkey Tablica 3. Izvoz meda u Turskoj
products are far the most important factor in competition; but capital investment is not so active in the beekeeping sector. Turkeys pine honey production is very famous in the world. More than 90% of domestic production of pine honey was sold via exports, mostly those to European and Middle East countries every year. Exportation of honey of Turkey was nearly 5000 tons last years. This brought approximately $ 10 million gain being the most important trade factor of our country. The value of honey export is variable every year (Table 3). The domestic output of beeswax is about 4073 tons. According to the statistics of the State Statistical Institute of Turkey (DIE), the wax production of the different years is given in Table 4. The DIE statistics show that about 4073 tons of wax were produced in Turkey and it can be supposed that almost all of the raw materials were sold on the market used for honey comb production.
Source: Honey Export of Turkey. www. fao.org. Izvor: Izvoz meda Turske. www. fao.org.
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Table 4. Wax production in Turkey Tablica 4. Proizvodnja voska u Turskoj
Source: Statistical Indicators. State Statistical Institute of Turkey (DIE), Ankara, 2000 Izvor: Statisti~ki pokazatelji. Dràvni statisti~ki institut Turske (DIE), Ankara, 2000.
Other bee products of Turkey (pollen, royal jelly, bee venom and propolis) have important role in our beekeeping industry. Trading amount of honeybee colonies of Turkey are nearly 40000-50000 units annually. According to the annually statistics of the ministry of Agriculture of Turkey, the value of honey production was $ 150 million, producing queens and bees for sale to other beekeepers $ 36 million and other bee products (pollen, propolis and royal jelly) $ 2.9 million in 1999. Moreover, bees pollinate the flowering plants while collecting nectar and pollen thus increase the quality and quantity of cultivated crop plants enabling the wild flowers and many plants to survive. In Turkey, the added value in agriculture from honeybee pollination is over $ 2.3 billion annually, however, beekeepers do not earn extra income from transport of their colonies for pollination.
Diseases and Pests

Some well-known diseases and pests, such as the Varroa mite and chalk brood as well as the abundant use of pesticides in agriculture and frequent fires in the woods, cause serious problems to our beekeepers. The Varroa mite was first recorded in Turkey in 1976, close to the Bulgarian and Greek Borders in Thrace, and from Russian border to the Northeastern Anatolia in 1980. Shortly afterwards, late that same year, the dangerous mite was found in some other areas like Marmara, Central Anatolia, Eastern Anatolia, Black Sean, Aegean and Mediterranean regions. There is a slight decline in the infection rate of chalk brood (Ascosphaera apis) but it can be endemic again any time as happened to be in other countries. The chalk brood disease is the other important problem of Turkish beekeeping, too. This disease was first recorded in 1986 in Turkey. Nowadays the diseases and pests can be found in beehives all over the country. Because of this, it is hard to increase the number of beehives.
Transfer of the beehives to other places spread the parasites and gave serious damage in the new area, in Turkey after 1980. In addition, migratory beekeeping practise can be considered as having been the main course of the present dramatic Varroa mite and chalk brood situation in Turkey. We have no accurate official data on the losses of colonies, except for the period 1978-1988. According to the Turkish beekeepers, it is estimated that 20-30% of the colonies were severely damaged or totally destroyed by the Varroa and chalk brood. Similarly, the spread of American foulbrood (Paenibacillus larvae) and nosematosis (Nosema apis) are increasing countrywide. Other important diseases and pests of Turkey are nosema, foulbrood, wax moths, tracheal mites and wasp. All these diseases and pests lower the population growth of the bees, weaken the colonies and decrease the production of honey and other bee products. Beekeepers use many pesticides. Thus, Varroatosis is now under control by using effective acaricides against it. Active ingredients of this effective acaricides are Caumaphos, Asuntal, Flumethrin, Amitraz, Malathion, Bromopropylat, Cymiazol, Fluvalinate, Formic Acid and others. However vast and overdose use of these pesticides, effectiveness of these chemicals decreased, mites become resistant to these pesticides in the colonies and residue become a major problem due to inappropriate or misuse of these chemicals. Moreover, the bees became more susceptible to the bacterial viral and fungal diseases due to Varroa infections. Up to now, no registered drug exists in Turkey against chalk brood. Application of some chemicals (antibiotics, pesticides etc.) sometimes causes the residue problems affecting the quality of some hive products. Extension education of beekeepers about the application of the chemicals is poor. For this reason it cannot be controlled in general.
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62 Feeding Method
Generally government controls sugar prices being lower than that of honey. Because of this, bees can be fed enough sugar syrup and are not liable to cause robbing. This situation may not result in the spread of diseases and harmful mites. Keeping bees requires the feeding them sugar syrup to promote the building up of colonies or to keep them healthy during the season when resources are scarce. Bees in central, northern and eastern areas spend five to six winter months without hibernation and thus need large quantities of honey. The amount of honey stored by Turkish bees differs according to the size of their colonies but should be at least 5 to 20 kg at the time when they start hibernation.
yield and production of other bee products are rather low and it is possible to increase them twice or thrice. Some of the reasons for low yield are the widespread of bee diseases and parasites, insufficient queen production, educational level and knowledge of beekeepers, as well as lack of beekeeping organisations.
REFERENCES
1. 2. 3. Anonymous (1986): Aricilik. Ana Britannica. Istanbul, 274-275. Cakmak, I. (1999): Honeybees and Agriculture. May Agro-Tek. Bursa, 3(7): 7-9. Darendelioglu, Y., Kence, A. (1992): Morphometric Study on Population Structure of Middle Anatolia Honey Bee (Apis mellifera L.) (Hymenoptera, Apidae). The Second Turkish National Congress of Entomolgy. Adana, 387-396. Delaplane, K.S. (1999): Honey Bees and Beekeeping. The University of Georgia, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Athens, Georgia. Genc, F. (1993): Ariciligin Temel Esaslari. Atatrk Universitesi Ziraat Fakultesi Yayin, No. 149, Erzurum, 138185. Gler, A., Korkmaz, A., Kaftanolu, O. (1999): Reproductive Characteristics of Turkish Honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) Genotypes. Hayvansal Uretim. Izmir. 39-40: 113-119. Infandites, M. (1990): Beekeeping in Greece. Bienenstich, No 17, Ciba-Geigy AG, Basel. Kaftanoglu, O. (1998): National Beekeeping Development Project. Cukurova University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Animal Sciences, Adana. Kaftanoglu, O. (2001): The Concept of Honey Bee Races and Race Preference. Uludag Bee Journal. Bursa, 1(3):11-20. Nakamura, J. (1999): Problems of Beekeeping in Asia. Farming Japan, Vol. 33-3, 15-17. Sahinler, N., Sahinler, S. (1996): A Study on the Present Situation and Problems of Apiculture and Some Recommendation in Hatay Province. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Mustafa Kemal University, 1(1):17-28. Santas, L.A. (1990): The dangerous mite plagues Grecien bees, Varroa spread rapidly. Bienenstich, No 17, Ciba-Geigy AG, Basel. Sasaki, M. (1999): Ecological Characteristics of Asiatic Hive Bee and its possibility as Apicultural Species. Farming Japan, Vol. 33-3, 18-22.
Main Problems of Beekeeping in Turkey

Turkish beekeeping face the same problems as anywhere else in the world. Our beekeeping has a variety of problems to be dealt with. Among them we can say the main problems are: the biological problems of bees, climate and other natural features, relations to environmental factors, beekeeping techniques, the quality of products and problems in marketing and trading. There are several problems such as existence of honeybee diseases and pests, keeping old and unproductive queens in colonies, apicultural equipments and supplies, education of beekeepers, nutrition and management, disease and pests, lack of knowledge of beekeepers in many aspects of beekeeping and lack of organisation among the beekeepers. In order to solve these problems, a queen bee production centre should be established, beekeepers should be trained on the diagnosis and treatment of honeybee diseases and technical beekeeping. Also, they should be encouraged to have beekeeping organisations such as associations or cooperatives. As a result, some measures should be taken to promote this re-education of beekeepers. Retraining beekeepers is important for product quality improvement and better distribution as well as for better beekeeping technology development.
4.
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7. 8.
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10. 11.
12.
CONCLUSION
Turkey has great beekeeping potential having very rich flora and suitable ecology that unfortunately has not been utilised properly. Total honey production, honey
13.
OP]A PÊLARSKA SITUACIJA U TURSKOJ

SA@ETAK U ovom radu istraùje se op}a struktura, potencijali i neke va`ne zna~ajke turskog p~elarstva. Prikazani su broj i tipovi konica, va`ne p~elarske regije, p~elarski proizvodi, pasmine p~ela, selidbeno p~elarstvo, tehnika hranjenja, medonosno bilje, bolesti i nametnici p~ela, glavni problemi u p~elarskoj proizvodnji, neki ~imbenici koji utje~u na prinos u p~elarstvu te prijedlozi mjera za njihovo rjeavanje. Klju~ne rije~i: p~elarstvo, p~elinji proizvodi, Turska (Received on 14 March 2002; accepted on 9 July 2002 - Primljeno 14. oùjka 2002.; prihva}eno 9. srpnja 2002.)
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ISSN 1330-7142 UDK = 632.25:633.11
TAKSONOMIJA FUSARIUM VRSTA IZOLIRANIH S KULTIVIRANOG BILJA, KOROVA I NJIHOVA PATOGENOST ZA PENICU
Mr. sc. Jasenka ]osi} (1)
Disertacija (2) SA@ETAK Fusarium vrste iroko su rasprostranjene i uzro~nici su bolesti velikog broja kultiviranog bilja u svim zna~ajnijim agroklimatskim podru~jima svijeta. Tijekom ~etverogodinjih istraìvanja (1996.-1999.) s penice, je~ma, kukuruza i soje, te deset korovnih vrsta prikupljenih s deset lokaliteta u isto~noj Slavoniji i Baranji izolirali smo deset Fusarium vrsta iz est sekcija i Microdochium nivale. Dominantna vrsta na penici i je~mu je F. graminearum, na kukuruzu F. moniliforme, a na soji F. oxysporum. Na korovnim vrstama utvrdili smo prisutnost: F. graminearum na Amaranthus hybridus, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Lamium purpureum, Sorghum halepense i Urtica dioica, F. moniliforme na Abutilon theophrasti, F. subglutinans na Polygonum aviculare, F. avenaceum na Capsella bursapastoris, Rumex crispus i Matricaria sp., F. culmorum na Abutilon theophrasti, F. sporotrichioides na Polygonum aviculare, F. proliferatum i F. poae na Artemisia vulgaris. Provjera patogenosti za klijance penice obavljena je u laboratoriju na sortama ozime penice Slavonija i Demetra s ukupno 146 izolata. Najpatogenije vrste za klijance penice su F. graminearum, F. culmorum i F. sporotrichioides, a najmanje patogeni su F. moniliforme, F. solani, F. oxysporum i F. poae. Provjera patogenosti za klasove penice obavljena je na genotipovima Osk. 8c9/3-94 i Osk. 6.11/2 s ukupno 25 izolata Najpatogenija vrsta na klasovima penice bila je F. graminearum, a najmanje patogeni su F. moniliforme i F. subglutinans. Provedena istraìvanja su pokazala da nema zna~ajnih razlika u patogenosti izolata istih Fusarium vrsta podrijetlom s kultiviranog bilja i korovnih vrsta. Korovne biljke osiguravaju stalne izvore inokuluma Fusarium vrsta za uzgajane biljke te imaju ulogu epidemiolokih mostova izme|u vegetacija. Klju~ne rije~i: Fusarium spp., kultivirano bilje, korovno bilje, patogenost
(1) Sveu~ilite Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku, Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku, Trg sv. Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek (2) Disertacija je obranjena na Sveu~ilitu Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku, Poljoprivrednom fakultetu u Osijeku 2001. godine
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J. ]osi}: TAKSONOMIJA FUSARIUM VRSTA IZOLIRANIH S KULTIVIRANOG BILJA ...
TAXONOMY OF FUSARIUM SPECIES ISOLATED FROM CULTIVATED PLANTS, WEEDS AND THEIR PATHOGENICITY FOR WHEAT
MSc Jasenka ]osi} (1) Doctoral thesis (2) Fusarium species are wide-spread and known to be pathogenic agents to cultivated plants in various agroclimatic areas. During a four year investigation 10 Fusarium species and Microdochium nivale were isolated from wheat, barley, maize and soybean as well as from 10 weeds collected from 10 locations in Slavonia and Baranya. Fusarium graminearum was dominant on wheat and barley, F. moniliforme on maize and F. oxysporum on soybean. Regarding weeds, the presence of the following Fusarium species was established: F. graminearum on Amaranthus hybridus, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Lamium purpureum, Sorghum halepense and Urtica dioica, F. moniliforme on Abutilon theophrasti, F. subglutinans on Polygonum aviculare, F. avenaceum on Capsella bursapastoris, Rumex crispus and Matricaria sp., F. culmorum on Abutilon theophrasti, F. sporotrichioides on Polygonum aviculare, F. proliferatum and F. poae on Artemisia vulgaris. Pathogenicity test to wheat seedlings was done in our laboratory on winter wheat cultivars Slavonija and Demetra (totally 146 isolates). The most pathogenic species to wheat seedilings were F. graminearum, F. culmorum and F. sporotrichioides and the least pathogenic F. moniliforme, F. solani, F. oxysporum and F. poae. Pathogenicity test for wheat ears was done on genotypes Osk.8c9/3-94 and Osk.6.11/2 (totally 25 isolates). The results obtained by our investigation showed that there were no significant differences in pathogenicity of Fusarium species isolated from both cultivated plants and weeds. Weeds represent a constant source of inoculum of F. species for cultivated plants and they serve as epidemiologic bridges among vegetations. Key words: Fusarium spp., cultivated plants, weed plants, pathogenicity
(1) Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, The Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek, Trg sv. Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek (2) Doctoral thesis was defended at Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, The Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek, 2001
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UPUTE AUTORIMA
POLJOPRIVREDA znanstveno-stru~ni ~asopis (ISSN 1330-7142), kojega publiciraju Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku i Poljoprivredni institut Osijek, objavljuje znanstvene i stru~ne radove na hrvatskom i engleskom jeziku. Objavljuju se radovi koji nisu tiskani u drugim ~asopisima, niti predani u tisak. Izvodi, saèci, sinopsisi, magistarski radovi, disertacije te izlaganja na znanstvenim i stru~nim skupovima ne smatraju se objavljenim radovima. U dodatku ~asopisa mogu se objaviti prikazi knjiga ili njihove recenzije, kra}i prijevodi, osvrti i vijesti iz podru~ja poljoprivrede. Radovi se {alju u Uredni{tvo ~asopisa u 2 primjerka, a moraju zadovoljiti sljede}e tehni~ke propozicije: Maksimalni obujam rada (uklju~uju}i tablice, grafikone, slike i sheme) je 10 stranica A-4 formata (max. znakova 30000, uklju~uju}i razmake izme|u rije~i), saètka disertacije 2 stranice, a saètka magistarskog rada 1 stranica. Tekst mora biti pisati u Microfoft Word for Windows, verzija 6.0 ili vi{a, Font Times New Roman, s duplim proredom. Sve margine su 2,5 cm. Cijeli rad treba pisati veli~inom slova 11, osim naslova rada (12), naslova i sadràja tablica (10) te saètaka (10). Naslov rada i poglavlja treba pisati velikim podebljanim slovima. Grafikoni, slike i sheme trebaju biti ~isti, pregledni i snimljeni u Winword obliku te editirani kao integralni dio rada tj. u tekstu gdje dolaze. Radi sigurnije izvedbe tiskanja rada potrebito ih je tako|er dostaviti i u jednom od grafi~kih ili slikovnih formata (*.xls, *.tiff ili *.jpg), isklju~ivo u crno-bijeloj tehnici. Naslovi i sadràji tablica, grafikona, slika i shema u radu moraju biti prevedeni i na engleski jezik, i obrnuto. Ako je rad na hrvatskom jeziku, naslove tablica, grafikona, slika i shema treba pisati podebljanim slovima, a engleske prijevode njihovih naslova, kao i sadràja, treba pisati u kurzivu neboldiranim slovina, i obrnuto. Po~etak odlomka (pasusa) u tekstu ne smije se uvla~iti tabelator tipkom, a odlomke treba razdijeliti tipkom ENTER. Treba koristiti automatsku numeraciju stranica (pozicija dolje desno). Puna imena i prezimena autora, sa zvanjima i adresama ustanova u kojima rade (veli~ina slova 10, kurziv) stavljaju se na kraju prve stranice ispod crte duge 3 cm i ne smiju se pisati u programu automatske fusnote. U slu~aju da rad zahtijeva pisanje fusnota, poèljno je koristiti automatske fusnote. Citirani autori u radu ne smiju biti podebljani, pisani u kurzivu niti velikim slovima. Za pisanje decimalnih brojeva u tekstovima i tablicama na hrvatskom jeziku treba koristiti isklju~ivo zareze, odnosno u engleskoj verziji isklju~ivo to~ke. U hrvatskim tekstovima i tablicama, kao i u popisu literature, iza svih spomenutih godina obvezno dolazi to~ka. Radovi }e biti recenzirani od najmanje 2 recenzenta iz odgovaraju}eg podru~ja i lektorirani. Recenzenti obavljaju kategorizaciju radova: originalni znanstveni ~lanak (original scientific paper), pregledni znanstveni ~lanak (scientific review), prethodno priop}enje (preliminary communication), izlaganje na znanstvenom skupu (conference paper), stru~ni ~lanak (proffesional paper). Svi radovi dobivaju UDK klasifikacijski broj (rad se kategorizira prema odre|enim podru~jima). Radovi tiskani na hrvatskom jeziku moraju imati kurzivom napisane engleske prijevode Naslova, Saètka, Klju~nih rije~i te tablica i grafikona, i obrnuto. U radu tiskanom na hrvatskom jeziku engleske verzije Saètka i Klju~nih rije~i dolaze na kraju rada, iza poglavlja Literatura, i obrnuto. Radovi u pravilu sadrè: NASLOV: treba biti {to kra}i, informativan, pisan velikim tiskanim (podebljanim) slovima, font 12. Ispod naslova dolaze inicijali imena (ènski autori puno ime) i prezime autora bez akademske titule, a iza svakog prezimena ozna~iti eksponentom ukoliko autori nisu iz iste ustanove (podebljanim slovima u kurzivu font 11). SA@ETAK: jezgrovit prikaz rada koji ~itatelju omogu}ava procjenu zanimljivosti rada. Saètak treba biti napisan podebljanim slovima u kurzivu (font 10) i da se bez ve}e prerade moè tiskati u referalnim ~asopisima. Optimalna duìna je oko 100 rije~i. Saètak mora sadràvati klju~ne rije~i bitne zbog uklju~ivanja u informacijske sustave, a koje tako|er treba pisati podebljanim slovima u kurzivu (font 10). UVOD: izlaè se ideja i cilj provedenih istraìvanja, a moè se dati vrlo selektivan osvrt na literaturu, ako nema posebnog poglavlja Pregled literature. MATERIJAL I METODE: detaljno se opisuju samo nove ili modificirane metode. Za poznate metode i postupke daje se samo literaturni izvor. REZULTATI I RASPRAVA: opisuju se utvr|ene ~injenice i zakonitosti, obja{njavaju pojave te potvr|uje ili negira postavljena hipoteza. U raspravi treba usporedbom s radovima drugih autora potkrijepiti zna~aj vlastitih istraìvanja. Treba voditi ra~una da se isti podaci ne ponavljaju u tablicama, grafikonima te ponovno u tekstu. ZAKLJUÂK: sadrì sintezu istraìvanja i rezultata. Pri njegovom pisanju va`na je postupnost u izlaganju. LITERATURA: pi{e se abecednim redom s rednim brojem ispred prvog autora, s punim podacima (autori, godina, naziv reference, izdava~, mjesto izdavanja, stranice). Autore ne pisati velikim slovima. Zadnju verziju rada, ispravljenu prema primjedbama recenzenata, treba poslati Uredni{tvu u jednom primjerku, kao i snimak rada na disketi. Rukopisi radova i diskete se ne vra}aju. Adresa: Uredni{tvo ~asopisa Poljoprivreda, Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku, Trg sv.Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek Kontakt osobe - tehni~ki urednici: doc.dr.sc. Manda Antunovi}, tel. 031 224 255; E-mail: mantun@pfos.hr i Danica Hanèk, tel. 031 224 240; E-mail: dhanzek@pfos.hr
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GUIDELINES FOR CONTRIBUTORS

AGRICULTURE Scientific and Professional Review (ISSN 1330-7142) is published by The Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek and The Osijek Agricultural Institute. Scientific and professional papers are published in both Croatian and English language. Papers are accepted on the understanding that they have not been or will be published elsewhere. Inferences, summaries, synopses, masters theses, dissertations as well as presentations at symposia are not considered as published papers. Book surveys or their reviews, short translations and communications covering agriculture field will also be published in the journal supplement. The manuscripts submitted to Editorial Board in2 copies and should meet propositions as follows: Maximum paper scope (including tables, graphs, figures and other supplements) is 10 printed pages of A-4 format (30 000 characters, including spaces between words), dissertation summary 2 pages and masters one 1 page. Text should be written in Microsoft Word for Windows version 6.0 or higher, Font Times New Roman, with line spacing 2. All margins should be 2.5 cm The whole text should be written in letters sized 11 except head title (size 12), authors names and addresses, summaries and graphs and tables description (size 10). Headtitle and subtitles of the sections should be written in bolded capital letters. Initial paragraph must not be drawn in, neither key tabulator can be used, paragraphs should be divided by ENTER key. Automatic page numbering should be used (position bottom right) Full authors names with titles, occupations and addresses of the institutions they work at (letter size 10, italic) should be placed at the bottom of the first page below 3 cm long line, they are not allowed to be written in the automatic footnote program. In case of footnote writing, automatic footnotes are advised. Cited authors in the paper must not be bolded, written in italic or capitalized. Graphs, figures and schemes should be as clear as possible and easy to survey. They must be saved in Winword and edited as an integral part of the paper (in the text). Titles of tables and graphs in the paper written in Croatian language should be bolded whereas English translations in italic are devised to be unbolded and vice versa (font 10). Colour graphs and figures are not welcome. Due to more sured paper printing, graphs and figures should also be submitted in one of graphic or figure formats (*.xls, *.tiff or *.jpg). They must not be submitted as drawings on parchment paper. Titles as well as contents of tables, graphs, figures and schemes of the paper must be also translated in English and vice versa. If the paper is written in Croatian language titles of tables, graphs, figures and schemes should be written in bolded letters whereas English translations of their titles as well as contents should be written in italic unbolded letters and vice versa. Only commas should be written in Croatian texts while using decimal numbers in both text and tables whereas a point in an English version. In Croatian texts and tables as well as in a literature list a point should be placed after all mentioned years. Papers will be reviewed by at least 2 critics from corresponding field and language edited. Papers are classified by reviewers into: original scientific paper, scientific review, preliminary communication, conference paper and professional paper. All papers have UDK classification number (a paper is classified per certain fields). Titles, summaries, key-words, tables and graphs of the papers printed in Croatian language must be written in English (italic) and vice versa. English version of summary and keywords in the Croatian printed text is placed at the end of the paper after Literature chapter and vice versa. Generally, all papers should be divided into the following sections: TITLE: Should be as short as possible, informative, written in capital (bolded) letters, font 12. Initials of authors name (full name for females) and surname without academic titles should be placed below the title. Each surname should be followed by an exponent if authors do not work in the same institution. (bolded letters in italic font 11). SUMMARY: A core display of the paper presenting readers clear idea of what it is about. Summary should be written in bolded letters in italic (font 10) enabling printing the paper in referable journals without a large-scale revision. Optimal length should be kept to approx. 100 words. Summary should contain key-words, vital for incorporating into information systems, that must also be written in bolded italic letters (font 10). INTRODUCTION: Displays an idea and aim of the conducted investigations. Very selective review of the literature may also be given here if there is no special section Literature review. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Only new or modified methods are described in details whereas literature source is given for recognized methods and procedures. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Determined facts and regularities are described, phenomena are explained whereas set up hypothesis is confirmed or denied. Significance of the own investigations should be substantiated by comparing them with other authors papers. Care should be taken in avoiding repeted data in tables, graphs and again in the text. CONCLUSION: Contains synthesis of the investigations and results. While writing take care of the presentation graduation. REFERENCES: References should be listed alphabetically by putting ordinal number before the first author, full data is required (authors, year, reference name, editor, editing place, pages). Authors should not be written in capital letters. Final versions of papers, corrected regarding to reviewers opinions, must be sent to Editorial Board printed in one copy and on a floppy disk. Manuscripts and disks will not be returned. Address: Editorial Board of the Journal Agriculture, The Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek, Trg Sv. Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek, Croatia Contact persons - technical editors: Mrs. DSc Manda Antunovi} tel.: 385 31 224 255; E-mail: mantun@pfos.hr and Mrs. Danica Hanèk, tel.: 385 31 224 240; E-mail: dhanzek@pfos.hr
Poljoprivreda
8 (2002)
UDK 63
ISSN 1330-7142
AGRICULTURE
Scientific and Professional Review
Volume 8; Number 1; June, 2002

CONTENTS V. Kova~evi}, I. Brki}, D. imi}, B. imi} RESPONSE OF CORN (Zea mays L.) INBRED LINES TO STRESS AND POTASSIUM FERTILIZATION ON K-FIXING SOIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 V. Kova~evi}, I. Kadar, J. Koncz, I. Brki}, . Banaj CADMIUM AND LEAD STATUS IN CORN HYBRIDS GROWN ON ACID SOIL OF EASTERN CROATIA . . . . . . . . . .10 Manda Antunovi}, Gordana Bukvi}, Mirta Rastija RESPONSE OF CORN HYBRIDS ON TWO SOIL TYPES OF SLATINA PODRAVINA AREA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Z. Zduni}, D. imi}, I. Brki}, A. Jambrovi}, Renata Zduni}, Tatjana Leden~an IMPORTANCE OF CHOOSING TESTERS FOR STABILITY ESTIMATION IN MAIZE HYBRIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
Gordana Bukvi}, M. Stjepanovi} , Manda Antunovi} EFFECT OF SOIL pH ON P AND Ca UPTAKE TO THE ABOVE GROUND BIOMASS OF ALFALFA (Medicago sativa L.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 S. Popovi}, Sonja Grljui}, Marijana Tucak, T. ûpi}, Gordana Bukvi} POSSIBILITIES AND LIMITS OF BREEDING FOR ALFALFA QUALITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 Jasna otari}, Nada Para|ikovi}, S. Madjar, D. Horvat INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT WATER SOURCES FOR IRRIGATION ON PEPPER (Capsicum annuum L.) YIELD IN GLASSHOUSE CONDITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 T. Rastija, Mirjana Baban, Z. Antunovi}, I. Mandi}, I. ûrik DEVELOPMENT AND CORRELATION AMONG LIPPIZANER FOALS PER LINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 T. Rastija, Z. Antunovi}, Mirjana Baban, I. Mandi}, A. Vitkovi} CORRELATION BETWEEN SOME BODY MEASURES OF LIPPIZANER STALLION PER LINES AT AKOVO STUD . .52 R. Sirali THE GENERAL APICULTURAL SITUATION OF TURKEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 Jasenka ]osi} TAXONOMY OF FUSARIUM SPECIES ISOLATED FROM CULTIVATED PLANTS, WEEDS AND THEIR PATHOGENICITY FOR WHEAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
OSIJEK 2002. Vol. 8

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UDK 63

OSIJEK 2002. Sv. 8

Prof.dr.sc. Dra`enka Jurkovi}

Glavni i odgovorni urednik Editor in Chief

Doc.dr.sc. Manda Antunovi} Danica Han`ek

Tehni~ki urednici Technical Editors

Prof. Branka Horvat Prof. Anica Perkovi}

Lektura Language Editing

Prof. Anica Perkovi}

Grafika d.o.o. OSIJEK

Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku

Poljoprivredni institut Osijek

ISSN 1330-7142 UDK = 633.15:631.811.314.6

MATERIAL AND METHODS Field experiment

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Soil and weather characteristics

ISSN 1330-7142 UDK = 633.15:632.122.1+631.415.2

MATERIAL AND METHODS

12 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

KADMIJ I OLOVO U HIBRIDIMA KUKURUZA UZGAJANIM NA KISELOM TLU ISTO^NE HRVATSKE

ISSN 1330-7142 UDK = 633.15:631.526.325

RESPONSE OF CORN HYBRIDS ON TWO SOIL TYPES OF SLATINA PODRAVINA AREA

MATERIAL AND METHODS

approx. air-distance from Sopje: 10 km toward south

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

REAKCIJA HIBRIDA KUKURUZA NA DVA TIPA TLA SLATINSKE PODRAVINE

ISSN 1330-7142 UDK = 633.15:631.526.325

UVOD I CILJ ISTRA@IVANJA

REZULTATI RADA I RASPRAVA

IMPORTANCE OF CHOOSING TESTERS FOR STABILITY ESTIMATION IN MAIZE HYBRIDS

ISSN 1330-7142 UDK = 633.31:631.81.031

Original scientific paper Izvorni znanstveni rad

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Table 1. Chemical properties of the soil

Tablica 1. Kemijska svojstva tla

UTJECAJ pH TLA NA USVAJANJE P i Ca U NADZEMNOM DIJELU LUCERNE (Medicago sativa L.)

ISSN 1330-7142 UDK = 631.524.7:633.31

MOGU]NOSTI I OGRANI^ENJA OPLEMENJIVANJA KVALITETE LUCERNE

S. Popovi} i sur.: MOGU]NOSTI I OGRANI^ENJA OPLEMENJIVANJA KVALITETE LUCERNE

Koncept i tehnike oplemenjivanja kvalitete

S. Popovi} i sur.: MOGU]NOSTI I OGRANI^ENJA OPLEMENJIVANJA KVALITETE LUCERNE

S. Popovi} i sur.: MOGU]NOSTI I OGRANI^ENJA OPLEMENJIVANJA KVALITETE LUCERNE

Odnos kvalitete i prinosa

S. Popovi} i sur.: MOGU]NOSTI I OGRANI^ENJA OPLEMENJIVANJA KVALITETE LUCERNE

S. Popovi} i sur.: MOGU]NOSTI I OGRANI^ENJA OPLEMENJIVANJA KVALITETE LUCERNE

POSSIBILITIES AND LIMITS OF BREEDING FOR ALFALFA QUALITY

ISSN 1330-7142 UDK = 631.67.03:631.344.5+633.842

J. [o{tari} i sur.: UTJECAJ RAZLI^ITIH IZVORA VODE ZA NAVODNJAVANJE NA PRINOS ...

J. [o{tari} i sur.: UTJECAJ RAZLI^ITIH IZVORA VODE ZA NAVODNJAVANJE NA PRINOS ...

J. [o{tari} i sur.: UTJECAJ RAZLI^ITIH IZVORA VODE ZA NAVODNJAVANJE NA PRINOS ...

J. [o{tari} i sur.: UTJECAJ RAZLI^ITIH IZVORA VODE ZA NAVODNJAVANJE NA PRINOS ...

Tablica 8. Rezultati analize kovarijance Table 8. The results of covariance analysis

J. [o{tari} i sur.: UTJECAJ RAZLI^ITIH IZVORA VODE ZA NAVODNJAVANJE NA PRINOS ...

Tablica 9. LSD test na razini faktora A.

Table 9. LSD test for the factors A

J. [o{tari} i sur.: UTJECAJ RAZLI^ITIH IZVORA VODE ZA NAVODNJAVANJE NA PRINOS ...

ISSN 1330-7142 UDK = 636.127:636.082

RAZVOJ I KORELACIJSKA POVEZANOST LIPICANSKE @DREBADI PO LINIJAMA

T. Rastija i sur.: RAZVOJ I KORELACIJSKA POVEZANOST LIPICANSKE @DREBADI PO LINIJAMA

REZULTATI ISTRA@IVANJA I RASPRAVA

T. Rastija i sur.: RAZVOJ I KORELACIJSKA POVEZANOST LIPICANSKE @DREBADI PO LINIJAMA

T. Rastija i sur.: RAZVOJ I KORELACIJSKA POVEZANOST LIPICANSKE @DREBADI PO LINIJAMA

T. Rastija i sur.: RAZVOJ I KORELACIJSKA POVEZANOST LIPICANSKE @DREBADI PO LINIJAMA

T. Rastija i sur.: RAZVOJ I KORELACIJSKA POVEZANOST LIPICANSKE @DREBADI PO LINIJAMA