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Chapter 1: Introduction and Data Collection

CHAPTER 1
1.1 1.2 (a) (b) The types of beverages sold yield categorical or qualitative responses. The types of beverages sold yield distinct categories in which no ordering is implied.

Three si es of soft drin! are classified into distinct categories"small# medium# and large"in which order is implied. (a) (b) The time it ta!es to download an $%& file from the 'nternet yields numerical or quantitative responses. The download time is a ratio scaled variable because the true ero point in the measurement is ero units of time. numerical# discrete# ratio scale numerical# continuous# ratio scale categorical# nominal scale categorical# nominal scale numerical# continuous# ratio scale numerical# discrete# ratio scale categorical# nominal scale categorical# nominal scale categorical# nominal scale numerical# continuous# ratio scale numerical# discrete# ratio scale numerical# discrete# ratio scale

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(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (b) (c) (d)

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(a) numerical# continuous# ratio scale , (b) categorical# nominal scale (c) categorical# nominal scale (d) numerical# discrete# ratio scale ,-ome researchers consider money as a discrete numerical variable because it can be counted. (a) numerical# continuous# ratio scale , (b) numerical# discrete# ratio scale (c) numerical# continuous# ratio scale , (d) categorical# nominal ,-ome researchers consider money as a discrete numerical variable because it can be counted. (a) (b) 'ncome may be considered discrete if we count our money. 't may be considered continuous if we measure our money0 we are only limited by the way a country1s monetary system treats its currency. The first format is preferred because the responses represent data measured on a higher scale.

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Chapter 1: Introduction and Data Collection (c) The second format is less threatening to a respondent and li!ely leads to a greater response rate.

3hile it is theoretically true that ties cannot occur with continuous data# the grossness of the measuring instruments used often leads to the reporting of ties in practical applications. 4ence two students may both score /2 on an e5am"not because they possess identical ability but rather because the grossness of the scoring method used failed to detect a difference between them. (a) (b) The population is all working women from the metropolitan area. A systematic or random sample could be taken of women from the metropolitan area. The director might wish to collect both numerical and categorical data. Three categorical questions might be occupation, marital status, type of clothing. Numerical questions might be age, average monthly hours shopping for clothing, income.

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6 population contains all the items of interest whereas a sample contains only a portion of the items in the population. 6 statistic is a summary measure describing a sample whereas a parameter is a summary measure describing an entire population. 7escriptive statistical methods deal with the collection# presentation# summari ation# and analysis of data whereas inferential statistical methods deal with decisions arising from the pro8ection of sample information to the characteristics of a population. 9ategorical random variables yield categorical responses# such as yes or no answers. :umerical random variables yield numerical responses such as your height in inches. 7iscrete random variables produce numerical responses that arise from a counting process. 9ontinuous random variables produce numerical responses that arise from a measuring process. 6n operational definition is a universally accepted meaning that is clear to all associated with an analysis. 3ithout an operational definition# confusion can occur. The four types of measurement scales are (i) nominal scale# (ii) ordinal scale# (iii) interval scale and (iv) ratio scale.

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6nswers for 1.1/ through 1.2( provided below are 8ust some of the many different possible answers. 1.1/ The story ;illionaires 1//2 at http<==lib.stat.cmu.edu=76->=-tories=;illionaires1//2.html contains the data on wealth# age# and geographic location (6sia# ?urope# $iddle ?ast#

@nited -tates# and Ather) of 2&& individuals reported by the Bortune maga ine. The data set provides an image of the worldCs billionaires.
1.20 Microsoft Excel could be used to perform various statistical computations that were possible only with a slide-rule or hand-held calculator in the old days.

Solutions to End-of-Section and Chapter Revie Pro!le"s 1.21 Based on the article: Do Debates Affect Presidential Contests? dated October 5, 2004: (a) Categorical variable: The answer to the question Do debates affect presidential contests? (b) Numerical variable: The percentage of viewers who thought that Kerry won the debate. (c) The percentage of viewers who thought that Kerry won the debate is a discrete variable because it cannot be measured nor continuously subdivided (a)

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(b) (c) (d) 1.23 (a) (b) (c) 1.24 (a) (b) (c) (a) (b) (c) 1.2* (a) (b) (a) (b) (c) 1.28 (a) (b) (c)

The 6merican 4ousing -urvey (64-) collects data on the :ation1s housing# including apartments# singleDfamily homes# mobile homes# vacant housing units# household characteristics# income# housing and neighborhood quality# housing costs# equipment and fuels# si e of housing unit# and recent movers. :ational data are collected in odd numbered years# and data for each of (+ selected $etropolitan 6reas are collected currently about every si5 years. The national sample covers an average ))#222 housing units. ?ach metropolitan area sample covers (#122 or more housing units. :eighborhood quality is a categorical variable. -i e of the housing unit is a numerical variable. -i e of the housing unit is a continuous variable. The answer to the question: What is the sex of Owner 1? is a categorical variable. The answer to the question: What was Owner 1s age as of December 31, 2002? is a numerical variable. Age measured in number of years is a discrete variable. A primary data source collected through a survey was used in this study. A decision on what to make for dinner at home. The amount of time to prepare dinner or the amount of time to cook dinner. The population for the Harris Interactive survey is all the senior human resource executives in the country. The response is categorical. This is a statistic. %opulation< @.-. cat owners (1) categorical (&) numerical# discrete (2) categorical (() categorical Gender, Class, Major, Grad School, Employment Status and Satisfaction Advisement are categorical variables. Age, Height, GPA, Expected Salary, Annual Salary in 5 Years, Number of Affiliations, and Spending are numerical variable. Age, Number of affiliations is a discrete numerical variable. Gender, Major, Undergrad Specialization, Employment Status and Satisfaction Advisement are categorical variables. Age, Height, Grad GPA, Undergrad GPA, GMAT, Number of Jobs, Expected Salary, Annual Salary in 5 Years, and Spending are numerical variable. Age , GMAT and Number of jobs are discrete numerical variable.

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