http://www.news-medical.net/health/Recombinant-DNA-What-is-Recombinant-DNA.

aspx

Recombinant DNA
Recombinant DNA (rDNA) is a form of artificial DNA that is created by combining two or more sequences that would not normally occur together. In terms of genetic modification, it is created through the introduction of relevant DNA into an existing organismal DNA, such as the plasmids of bacteria, to code for or alter different traits for a specific purpose, such as antibiotic resistance. It differs from genetic recombination in that it does not occur through natural processes within the cell, but is engineered. A recombinant protein is a protein that is derived from recombinant DNA.The recombinant DNA technique was first proposed by Peter Lobban, a graduate student, with A. Dale Kaiser at the Stanford University Department of Biochemistry. The technique was then realized by Lobban and Kaiser; Jackson, Symons and Berg; and Stanley Norman Cohen, Chang, Herbert Boyer and Helling, in 1972 74. They published their findings in papers including the 1972 paper "Biochemical Method for Inserting New Genetic Information into DNA of Simian Virus 40: Circular SV40 DNA Molecules Containing Lambda Phage Genes and the Galactose Operon of Escherichia coli", the 1973 paper "Enzymatic end-to-end joining of DNA molecules" and the 1973 paper ''Construction of Biologically Functional Bacterial Plasmids in vitro'', all of which described techniques to isolate and amplify genes or DNA segments and insert them into another cell with precision, creating a transgenic bacterium. Recombinant DNA technology was made possible by the discovery, isolation and application of restriction endonucleases by Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans, and Hamilton Smith, for which they received the 1978 Nobel Prize in Medicine. Cohen and Boyer applied for a patent on the Process for producing biologically functional molecular chimeras which could not exist in nature in 1974. The patent was granted in 1980. The use of cloning is interrelated with recombinant DNA in classical biology, as the term "clone" refers to a cell or organism derived from a parental organism, with modern biology referring to the term as a collection of cells derived from the same cell that remain identical. In addition, the Ti plasmid of the bacterium ''Agrobacterium tumefaciens'' can be used to integrate foreign DNA into the genomes of many plants. Other methods of introducing or creating recombinant DNA in eukaryotes include homologous recombination and transfection with modified viruses. When recombinant DNA is then further altered or changed to host additional strands of DNA, the molecule formed is referred to as "chimeric" DNA molecule,In the production of chimeric(from chimera) plasmids, the processes involved can be somewhat uncertain, which was used for its versatility. However, a sampling of initial reaction showed that Humulin was greeted more as a technological rather than a medical breakthrough, and that this sentiment was building even before the drug reached pharmacies. According to the economists in USA, The first bug-built drug for human use may turn out to be a commercial flop. But the way has now been cleared-and remarkably quickly, toofor biotechnologists with interesting new products to clear the regulatory hurdles and run away with the prizes." Ultimately, widespread consumer adoption of biosynthetic "human" insulin did not occur until the manufacturers removed highly-purified animal insulin from the market, thereby leaving consumers with no other alternative to synthetic varieties.

RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY: BENEFICIAL OR NOT?

By: Diana Laura Lei V. De Leon

A person who never made a mistake never tried anything new. Albert Einstein The world since the 19th century up to date is at its peak of science advancement. Our horizons in view of the science world began to widen and our perspectives of Science became more comprehensive and advanced. Thus, this vast changes isnt possible if our scientists were too af raid to make mistakes, because from different mistakes comes learning and realizations leading to the discovery of new methods and technologies; Recombinant DNA Technology, specifically speaking. What is Recombinant DNA Technology anyway? According to Websters New World Medical Dictionary, Recombinant DNA technology is a series of procedures that are used to join together (recombine) DNA segments. A recombinant DNA molecule is constructed from segments of two or more different DNA molecules. Under certain conditions, a recombinant DNA molecule can enter a cell and replicate there, either on its own or after it has been integrated into a chromosome. As we all know, not everybody agrees that this scientific advancement is beneficial, in my side, I agree in this matter, why? Because of its benefits to the health care of humanity, as you see the rDNA Tech. nowadays is mainly used for insertion foreign DNA unto the genetic material of another organism for purposes of cloning, or to have the inserted material improved by the host. For example, those persons that have Diabetes Mellitus Types I & II uses insulin; and this is by means of inserting the DNA sense into bacteria that would make many copies of the insulin product. However of course there are disadvantages, but these advantages are the like of most of all scientific advancements that we have; Abuse, if the rDNA technology, or commonly known as cloning, we may interfere and alter the moral values that we have and the nature of the humanity itself. Supportive to the above statement, Recombinant DNA technology was made possible by the discovery, isolation and application of restriction endonucleases by Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans, and Hamilton Smith, for which they received the 1978 Nobel Prize in Medicine. Cohen and Boyer applied for a patent on the Process for producing biologically functional molecular chimeras which could not exist in nature in 1974. The patent was granted in 1980. (Source: http://www.news-medical.net/health/RecombinantDNA-What-is-Recombinant-DNA.aspx) also according the economists; The first bug-built drug for human use may turn out to be a commercial flop. But the way has now been cleared-and remarkably quickly, toofor biotechnologists with interesting new products to clear the regulatory hurdles and run away with the prizes." Ultimately, widespread consumer adoption of biosynthetic "human" insulin did not occur until the manufacturers removed highly-purified animal insulin from the market, thereby leaving consumers with no other alternative to synthetic varieties. (Source: http://www.news medical.net/health/Recombinant-DNA-What-is-Recombinant-DNA.aspx) Recombinant DNA Technology: Beneficial or Not? Is an essay is about what rDNA is and focuses on the argument between recombinant DNA technologies being beneficial or not, it also gives us the idea of what are its advantages and disadvantage. As stated a while ago, many of our medications are products of rDNA Technology. In this regard, I conclude that rDNA technology is indeed beneficial for the health care of humanity as supported by the write up of the Natl. Acad. Sci. USA.

http://www.webmd.com/hivaids/news/20130703/no-trace-of-hiv-after-stem-celltransplants-researchers-say

No HIV After Stem-Cell Transplants: Researchers

Two more patients undergo 'sterilizing cure,' advancing understanding of the process

By Dennis Thompson
WEDNESDAY, July 2 (HealthDay News) -- Two HIV-positive patients show no trace of virus after receiving chemotherapy and stem-cell transplants as treatment for lymphoma, according to new research. These patients have become the second and third known cases of a "sterilizing cure," in which medical treatment removes all traces of HIV -- the virus that causes AIDS -- from the body. They have remained virus-free even though doctors months ago took them off their HIV-targeted medications. "We have been unable to detect virus in either the blood cells or the plasma of these patients," said lead researcher Dr. Timothy Henrich, of Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston. "We also biopsied gut tissue from one of our patients, and we were unable to detect HIV in the cells of the gut. Essentially, we do not have any evidence of viral rebound." The findings are scheduled for presentation Wednesday at the International AIDS Society Conference in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The patients had been receiving long-term antiretroviral therapy for HIV when they developed lymphoma, a type of blood cancer involving white blood cells, Henrich said. Both underwent chemotherapy followed by bone marrow transplants to cure their lymphoma. Afterward, Henrich could not detect any HIV infection in their bodies. Henrich presented preliminary findings on the research at the International AIDS Conference last July. Since then, he and his research team withdrew the patients' antiretroviral therapy to see how completely the cancer treatment had rid them of HIV. One patient has been off treatment with no detectable virus for about 15 weeks, and the second patient for seven weeks. Henrich warned that it is too soon to declare the patients completely cured of HIV. "Although we cannot detect HIV, it's possible it's there but in extremely low amounts," he said. "We're going to watch and wait, and see where it goes with these patients." Unfortunately, this type of cure is not something that can be put into widespread practice for all people infected with HIV. "Transplantation is not a scalable, affordable or even safe treatment for HIV patients," Henrich said. The so-called "Berlin patient," Timothy Brown, is the first documented case of a sterilizing cure for HIV. An American man living in Germany who received a bone marrow transplant for leukemia, Brown has remained HIV-free even after discontinuing his antiretroviral drug therapy. The transplanted bone marrow cells came from a donor who had a rare genetic mutation that increases immunity against the most common form of HIV, and researchers believe that helped protect Brown from re-infection. In Mississippi, a baby born with HIV nearly three years ago is the first case of a "functional cure," in which early treatment eradicates the virus. Immediate treatment with antiretroviral medications rid the child of all traces of HIV within the first month of life, and she has remained virus-free even after discontinuing drug therapy at 18 months of age.Henrich's findings are significant because his two patients did not receive bone marrow cells with the genetic mutation that helped Brown. They also did not receive the intensive chemotherapy or total body irradiation that preceded Brown's stem-cell transplant. Instead, their stem-cell transplants appear to have been protected by the patients' ongoing antiretroviral therapy, which continued as they received cancer treatment. "In bone marrow transplants, the donor cells actually eliminate and replace the host patient's blood cells," Henrich said. "Antiretroviral therapy allowed the donor cells to replace the host cells without becoming infected." By comparing Brown with the two new patients, researchers hope to better understand the immune responses that have protected all three, said Rowena Johnston, vice president and director of research for amfAR, the Foundation for AIDS Research, which is funding Henrich's research."It was quite unclear at the time how that cure came about," Johnston said of the Brown case. "One way these Henrich findings are significant is that they allowed us to tease apart those factors that may have been key to curing Timothy Brown." Together, the three patients can tell researchers a lot about the barriers to a cure and how they might be overcome, Johnston continued. Perhaps some day the treatment that helped these patients will be available to everyone with HIV, she added. "We currently imagine that curing people on a large scale through stem-cell transplantation would pose many daunting challenges, but gene therapy researchers are working on ways this might one day be possible," Johnston said. Findings presented at meetings should be considered preliminary until published in a peer-reviewed medical journal.

STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION, THE CURE FOR HIV: TRUE OR NOT?

By: Diana Laura Lei V. De Leon

For I will restore health to you, and your wounds I will heal, declares the Lord, because they have called you an outcast: It is Zion, for whom no one cares! Jeremiah 30:17 Because of the many unforeseen circumstances that the human race has been through, we have somehow forgotten in every problem, God has its own solution we just need to believe in him and for us to work as well. Its been a very long time since the world struggles for the cure of HIV; but now, there may be a miracle that God gave us in a form of scientific advancement by means of the Stem Cell Transplantation. First, what is stem cell transplantation? According to Websters New World Medical Dictionary: Stem Cell Transplantation is the use of stem cells as a treatment for cancer or other illness. The stem cells are removed (or obtained from a donor) first. Before the transplant is done, the patient receives high-dose chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy to destroy diseased cells. Then the stem cells are returned to the patient, where they can produce new blood and immune cells and replace the cells destroyed by the treatment. According to the latest research, led by Dr. Timothy Henrich, of Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, there were two HIV-positive patients who happened to be HIV-negative after receiving chemotherapy and Bone Marrow Stem Cell transplant. However, this still is being questioned because, it lacks proof and evidence, the World Health Organization still needs more studies to be conducted so as to confirm that this truly is a cure for the HIV. Although it has cured someone, there are still many hindrances, because as you see being an HIV-positive patient means that your immune system is suppressed thereby making a patient unable to cope with the surgery properly, and this will be very expensive. In fact, the led researcher, Mr. Henrich, presented preliminary findings on the research at the International AIDS Conference last July, and unfortunately this type of cure is not something that can be put into widespread practice for all people infected with HIV. Mr. Henrich even said that "Transplantation is not a scalable, affordable or even safe treatment for HIV patients. But they are still continuing the research to make it possible to cover up as many HIV-positive patients they can cure. "We currently imagine that curing people on a large scale through stemcell transplantation would pose many daunting challenges, but gene therapy researchers are working on ways this might one day be possible," Johnston said. Stem Cell Transplantation, The Cure for HIV: True or Not? Is an essay that talks about what stem cell is and focuses if it is true or not. It also gives us a jeez of the information on what stem cell transplant is and how it is possible to be a cure for HIV. Thus, with these, I conclude that stem cell indeed is a cure to HIV, it just needs further enhancements to cope up with large scale of HIV patients, because as like what the Lord said, he can heal us.

PENTAVALENT VACCINE
Uni-Med Health Care introduces Pentavalent Vaccine manufactured by Serum Institute of India (SII)(WHO CERTIFIED) Diptheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, Hepatitis B and Haemophilus Influenza type b Conjugate Vaccine, Adsorbed: 2 Dose vial Presentation: 1 vial containing DTPHB (liquid) 2 doses+1 ampoule HIB conjugate lypholised 2 dose Reconstitution: Add DTPHB to HIB vaccine lyophilised Indications: Diptheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, Hepatitis B and Haemophilus Influenza type b conjugate is indicated for the active immunization of infants at above 6 weeks against Diptheria, whooping cough, Hepatitis B and haemophilus type b infections. The combined vaccine can be given safely and effectively at the same time as BCG, Measles and Polio vaccine (OPV and IPV) Hib, Yellow fever and vaccines with vitamin supplementation Administration: DO NOT INJECT SUBCUTANEOUSLY OR INTRAVENOUSLY The liquid vaccine ampoule/vial should be shaken before use to homogenize the suspension. The vaccine should be injected intramuscularly. The anterolateral aspect of the upper thigh is the preferred site of injection, or in the deltoid muscles of older children or adults. Injection to a childs buttocks may cause injury to the sciatic nerve and is not recommended. Once opened, multi-dose vials should be kept between 2-8 C. Multi-Dose vials from which one or more doses of vaccine have been removed during an immunization session may be used in subsequent immunisation sessions for up to a maximum of 4 weeks, provided that all of the following conditions are met. The expiry date is not passed The vaccines are stored under appropriate cold chain conditions The vaccine vial septum has not been submerged in water Aseptic technique has been used to withdraw all doses

The vaccine should be visually inspected for any foreign particulate matter and/or variation of physical aspect prior to administration. In event of either being observed discard the vaccine.

HOLY TRINITY UNIVERSITY Puerto Princesa City COLLEGE OF NURSING & HEALTH SCIENCES

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in NURSING CARE MANAGEMENT 104

ESSAY ON GENETIC ENGINEERING: RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY AND STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION

Presented by: DIANA LAURA LEI V. DE LEON BS Nursing III

Presented to: MARIA CELINA G. CASIS, RN, MSN, DSCN UNITS College Dean/Clinical Instructor