Struktur sel: 1. Intraseluler 2.

Extraseluler: Jaringan ikat: Glycosaminoglycans, collagen, Reticular fibers, elastic fibers (Dikeluarkan oleh cartilage dan tulang) Fungsi kolagen pada jaringan: Collagens contribute to the entrapment, local storage and delivery of growth factors and cytokines and therefore play important roles during organ develop- ment, wound healing and tissue repair. The most abundant proteins in the extracellular matrix are members of the collagen family. Collagens were once considered to be a group of proteins with a characteristic molecular structure with their fibrillar structures contributing to the extracellular scaffolding. Thus, collagens are the major structural element of all connective tissues and are also found in the interstitial tissue of virtually all parenchymal organs, where they contribute to the stability of tissues and organs and maintain their structural integrity. (Gelse)

Kriteria Scaffold: Q.Chen Bone tissue engineering seeks to restore and maintain the function of human bone tissues using the combination of cell biology, materials science and engineering principles. The three main ingredients for tissue engineering are therefore, harvested cells, recombinant signalling molecules, and 3D matrices. Cells and signalling molecules such as growth factors are seeded into highly porous biodegradable scaffolds, cultured in vitro, and subsequently the scaffolds are implanted into bone defects to induce and direct the growth of new bone. Signalling molecules can be coated onto the scaffolds or directly incorporated into them. Hence, the first and foremost function of a scaffold is its role as the substratum that allows cells to attach, proliferate, differentiate (i.e., transform from a non-specific or primitive state into cells exhibiting the bonespecific functions), and organize into normal, healthy bone as the scaffold degrades. Design criteria for bone tissue engineering scaffolds (1, 4, 10, 11). 1. Ability to deliver cells The material should not only be biocompatible (i.e. harmless), but also foster cell attachment, differentiation, and proliferation. 2. Osteoconductivity

It would be best if the material encourages osteoconduction with host bone. Osteoconductivity does not only eliminate the formation of fibrous tissue encapsulation but it also brings about a strong bond between the scaffold and host bone. 3. Biodegradability The composition of the material, combined with the porous structure of the scaffold, should lead biodegradation in vivo at rates appropriate to tissue regeneration. 4. Mechanical properties The mechanical strength of the scaffold, which is determined by both the properties of the biomaterial and the porous structure, should be sufficient to provide mechanical stability to constructs in load bearing sites prior to synthesis of new extracellular matrix by cells. 5. Porous structure The scaffold should have an interconnected porous structure with porosity > 90% and diameters between 300-500 m for cell penetration, tissue ingrowth and vascularisation, and nutrient delivery. 6. Fabrication The material should possess desired fabrication capability, e.g., being readily produced into irregular shapes of scaffolds that match the defects in bone of individual patients. 7. Commercialisation potential The synthesis of the material and fabrication of the scaffold should be suitable for commercialisation. Ideally, scaffolds for tissue engineering should meet several design criteria: (1) the surface should permit cell adhesion, promote cell growth, and allow the retention of differentiated cell functions; (2) the scaffolds should be biocompatible, neither the polymer nor its degradation by-products should provoke inflammation or toxicity in vivo; (3) the scaffold should be biodegradable and eventually eliminated; (4) the porosity should be high enough to provide sufficient space for cell adhesion, extracellular matrix regeneration, and minimal diffusional constraints during culture, and the pore structure should allow even spatial cell distribution throughout the scaffold to facilitate homogeneous tissue formation; (5) the material should be reproducibly processable into three-dimensional structure, and mechanically strong. (Guoping Chen)

Tissue engineering (TE), an important emerging topic in biomedical engineering, has shown tremendous promise in creating biological alternatives for harvested tissues, implants, and prostheses.7 The underlying concept of tissue engineering is the belief that cells can be isolated from a patient, and its population then

expanded in a cell culture and seeded onto a carrier. The resulting tissue engineering construct is then grafted back into the same patient to function as the introduced replacement tissue. In this approach, a highly porous artificial extracellular matrix,8 or scaffold, is thought to be needed to accommodate mammalian cells and guide their growth and tissues regeneration in three dimensions. The creation of tissues for medical use is already used to a significant extend in hospitals. These groundbreaking applications involve fabricated skin,9 liver,10,11 pancreas, intestines, urothelium, esophagus,12 nerves,13 valve leaflet,14 cartilage,15 bone,1619 ligament, and tendon SHOUFENG YANG Bone-Tissue Engineering The current standard for the treatment of bone defects of a critical size that do not heal on their own is an autologous graft. However, the supply of suitable donor bone is limited and harvesting this bone subjects the patient to additional trauma and risk. The emerging field of bone engineering attempts to replace or augment the current approaches by using porous scaffolds that are designed to support the migration, proliferation, and differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells and aid in the organization of these cells in three dimensions. These scaffolds may be made from a wide variety of both natural and synthetic materials. Aside from autografts and allografts of cancellous and cortical bone,14 naturally derived materials include cornstarch-based polymers,5 chitosan (a polysaccharide derived from chitin, found in crab shells),6,7 collagen,8 and coral.9,10 Of these materials, coral has proven to be an effective clinical alternative to autogenic and allogenic bone grafts for certain applications. 11,12 (Jeffrey)