1University of Al Anbar Soil Mechanic Mr. Ahmed Amin Al Hity rd Collage of Engineering 3 Stage Lecture no.

2 Water Resources& Dams Eng. Dept. 2006-2007 Date / 09 / 2006 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

The physical state of a soil sample

Total Volume = VT = Vs + Vw + Va Total Weight = WT = Ws + Ww

Porosity (n): is the ratio of void volume.

n = Vv/VT
Void Ratio (e):is the ratio of void volume to solid volume.

e = Vv/Vs

now n = Vv/VT = Vv/ Vv+ Vs = V v/V s = e

V v/V s+1

e+1

Note also that: e = n / (1 - n) v = 1 / (1 - n) Note: n < 1 and is expressed as % e may be any value greater or smaller than unity. Example: A soil has a total volume of 250ml and a void ratio of 0.872. What is the volume of solids of the sample?

2University of Al Anbar Soil Mechanic Mr. Ahmed Amin Al Hity rd Collage of Engineering 3 Stage Lecture no.2 Water Resources& Dams Eng. Dept. 2006-2007 Date / 09 / 2006 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

Example: A soil has a porosity of 0.45. What is the value of its void ratio?

Degree of saturation (s):is the ratio of water volume to void volume. Sr = Vw/Vv if S=o dry soil (Vw =o) S=100 saturated soil (Vw =Vv) 0 <S < 1the soil is partially sat. Water Content (w):is the ratio of water weight in a soil sample to the solids weight.

wc = Ww/Ws
Specific gravity (GS): specific gravity of soil solids of a soil is defined as the ratio of the density of a given volume of the solids to the density of any equal volume of water at 4C.

Gs =

s Vs Ms = = w w Vs w
G 2.65-2.68 2.65-2.68
2

Ms

Soil type Gravel Sand

3University of Al Anbar Soil Mechanic Mr. Ahmed Amin Al Hity rd Collage of Engineering 3 Stage Lecture no.2 Water Resources& Dams Eng. Dept. 2006-2007 Date / 09 / 2006 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

Silt Clay Organic soils

2.66-2.7 2.68-2.8 may be less than 2.0

Example: A sample of oven dried soil had a mass of 306g. The soil was broken down and placed into a jar of internal volume 1000 ml. Water at 20C was then poured into the jar and a rubber stopper placed to seal the jar. The soil and water were thoroughly mixed using an end over end shaker until all air had been removed. The jar was then topped up with water to the 1000ml mark and the total mass of the jar and its contents was found to be 1440.5g. The mass of the empty jar was 250g. Determine the particle specific gravity of the soil.

or...

4University of Al Anbar Soil Mechanic Mr. Ahmed Amin Al Hity rd Collage of Engineering 3 Stage Lecture no.2 Water Resources& Dams Eng. Dept. 2006-2007 Date / 09 / 2006 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

Air Content (A):is the ratio of air volume to total volume. The air-voids volume, Va , is that part of the void space not occupied by water(is the ratio of air volume to total volume). Av= = Va / V

Va = Vv - Vw = e - e.Sr = e.(1 - Sr)

Air-voids content, Av Av = (air-voids volume) / (total volume) = Va / V = e.(1 - Sr) / (1+e) = n.(1 - Sr) For a perfectly dry soil: Av = n For a saturated soil: Av = 0

5University of Al Anbar Soil Mechanic Mr. Ahmed Amin Al Hity rd Collage of Engineering 3 Stage Lecture no.2 Water Resources& Dams Eng. Dept. 2006-2007 Date / 09 / 2006 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

e in term of V, Ws, Gs

e =V v =V V s = V 1 = V 1 = Gs wV 1 Vs Vs Vs Ws Ws Gs w

Bulk (Total)density (t)and Dry density (d ):

Bulk (Total)unit weight (t)and Dry Unit weight (d ):

Saturated Unit weight ( s ):for sat .soil S= 100% =1

Gs s = e1+ +e w
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6University of Al Anbar Soil Mechanic Mr. Ahmed Amin Al Hity rd Collage of Engineering 3 Stage Lecture no.2 Water Resources& Dams Eng. Dept. 2006-2007 Date / 09 / 2006 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

Tutorial Das
2-4 For a given soil , show that Gs Solution

sat w sat ( sat w ) Q b = sat w

Gs =

sat w sat ( sat w )

e +Gs sat 1+ e w Gs = = w sat b (Gs 1 ) w w sat Gs = e +Gs 1+ e = w (1 sat (Gs 1) 1+ e sat .Gs + sat 1+ e

w e +Gs

1+ e

For sat S = 100% Q Se = Gs e = sat Gs

Gs +Gs e +Gs = e +Gs = sat 1+ e e + sat 1+ sat 1+ sat Gs (sat +1) Gs = (1+ sat ) Gs = Gs o.k.
Gs =
2-5 For a given soil , show that sat Solution

sat =

Qn= e 1+ e

n w e +Gs n w 1+ e w

n w sat n w

e .w 1+ e = sat = e +Gs e .w w .e + Gs w e .w w 1+ e 1+ e 1+ e

e .w 1+ e

sat = e .w Gs .w At sat sat .Gs = sat = e Gs o.k. sat = sat

7University of Al Anbar Soil Mechanic Mr. Ahmed Amin Al Hity rd Collage of Engineering 3 Stage Lecture no.2 Water Resources& Dams Eng. Dept. 2006-2007 Date / 09 / 2006 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

2-6 For a given soil , the following are given : Gs= 2.67 ; moist. Unit weight ; moisture content = 10.8% . Determine : a-Dry unit weight b-Void ratio c-Porosity d-Degree of saturation Solution

= 112Ib / ft 3

t = w c +1w Gs

1+ e 112 = 0.108 +1(62.4)(2.67) 1+ e e = 184.6 1 = 0.6482 112 n = e = 0.6482 = 0.393 1+ e 1+ 0.6482

1+ e 1+ 0.6482 Q Se = Gs .Gs = (0.108)(2.67) = 44.48% S= c e 0.6482

d = Gs .w = (2.67)(62.4) = 101.08lb / ft 3

2-9 For the soil describe in problem 2.6 , determine the weight of water , in pounds to be added per ft3 of soil for saturation ? Solution 1 ft3 of soil weight 112 lb Before saturation c =0.108

8University of Al Anbar Soil Mechanic Mr. Ahmed Amin Al Hity rd Collage of Engineering 3 Stage Lecture no.2 Water Resources& Dams Eng. Dept. 2006-2007 Date / 09 / 2006 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

W s ) = 0.108 x 112 = 12.096 lb Q c =W w W w = (c )( Ws After saturation S = 100% Q Se = G s e = Gs cforsaturation = e = 0.6482 = 0.2427 Gs 2.67
After saturation Ww = c x Ws = 0.2427 x 112 = 27.1824 lb

Ww after Ww before = 27.1824 12.096 = 15.08 lb added .

2-12 For a moist soil , given the following : V = 0.25 ft3 ; W = 30.75 lb ; = 9.8% ; Gs = 2.66 . determine the following : a. (lb/f3 ) b. d(lb/f3 ) c. e d. n e. S f. Volume occupied by water Solution a. c.

t =W = 30.75 = 123lb / ft 3
V 0.25

e =0.4817
b.

Q t = c +1 wGs 123 = 0.098 +1( 62.4)( 2.66) 1+ e 1+ e

2.66 62.4 = 112.02lb / ft 3 ) 1+ e 1+ 0.4817 ( e d. n = n = 0.4817 = 0.325 = 32.5% 1+ e 1+ 0.4817 e. Se = G s S x 0.4817 =2.66 x 0.098 S= 0.5411 =54.11% V Vw V V f. n = v 0.325 = v V v = 0.08125ft 3 Q S = w 0.5411 = V Vv 0.08125 0.25

d = Gs w =

Vw = 0.0439ft3

2-15 For a soil , given d = 1712 Kg/m3 ; e = 0.51 determine

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9University of Al Anbar Soil Mechanic Mr. Ahmed Amin Al Hity rd Collage of Engineering 3 Stage Lecture no.2 Water Resources& Dams Eng. Dept. 2006-2007 Date / 09 / 2006 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

a. n b. Gs Solution

2-17 A soil has unit weight of 126.8 lb/ft3 . Given Gs = 2.67 and = 12.6% determine a.dry unit weight (lb/ft3 ) b. void ratio c. porosity d. The weight of water in (lb/ft3 ) of soil needed for full saturation . Solution

1+ e Gs = 2.585
d

n = e = 0.51 = 0.3377 = 33.77% 1+ e 1+ 0.51 d = d (9.81) = (1.712)(9.81) = 16.794KN / m 3 = Gs w 16.794 = (Gs )(9.81)
1+ 0.51

t = c +1(Gs )(w ) 126.8 = 0.126 +1(2.6)(62.4)

1+ e 1+ e

e = 0.4407

d = Gs w =

2.6 (62.4) = 112.61lb / ft 3 1+ e 1+ 0.4407 n = e = 0.4407 = 0.3058 = 30.58% 1+ e 1+ 0.4407

for S = 100%

Se = cGs (1)(0.4407) = c (2.6) c = 0.1695 = 16.95%

1 lb/ft3 of dry soil has

c =W w QWs = 1lb
Ws 0.1695 =W w W w = 0.1695lb 1
2-18 The saturated unit weight of soil is 20.12 kN/m3 . Given Gs = 2.74 , determine a. dry b. e

10University of Al Anbar Soil Mechanic Mr. Ahmed Amin Al Hity Lecture no.2 Collage of Engineering 3rd Stage Water Resources& Dams Eng. Dept. 2006-2007 Date / 09 / 2006 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

c. n d. c Solution

sat = e +Gs w 20.12 = e + 2.74 (9.81)

1+ e 1+ e

e = 0.657

d = Gs w = 0.657 + 2.74 (9.81) = 16.22kN / m 3

1+ e 1+ 0.657 n = e = 0.657 = 0.3964 = 39.64% 1+ e 1+ 0.657 Q Se = cGs Q S = 100% (1)(0.6574) = c (2.74) c = 0.24 = 24%

2-19 For a soil given e = 0.86 , c = 28% and Gs = 2.72 determine a. moist unit weight (lb/ft3) b. degree of saturation (%) solution

1+ e Q Se = cGs

t = c +1(Gs )(w ) = 0.28 +1 (2.72)(9.81) = 18.362kN / m 3

1+ 0.86

S x 0.86 = 0.28 x 2.72 S = 0.8855 = 88.55% 2-20 For a saturated soil ; given d = 15.29 kN/m3 ; and a. sat. b. e c. Gs d. moist when the degree of saturation is 50%. Solution

c =21% ; determine

sat = e +Gs (w )

1+ e Q Se = cGs for S = 100%

Gs = e

1 x e = 0.21 x Gs

0.21
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11University of Al Anbar Soil Mechanic Mr. Ahmed Amin Al Hity Lecture no.2 Collage of Engineering 3rd Stage Water Resources& Dams Eng. Dept. 2006-2007 Date / 09 / 2006 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

e = 0.4865

e e d = Gs w d = 0.21 (9.81) 15.29 = 0.21 (9.81) 1+ e 1+ e 1+ e

Q Se = cGs

For 50% = S

Q G s = e = 0.4865 = 2.316 0.21 0.21 sat = e +Gs (w ) 1+ e sat = 0.4865 + 2.316 (9.81) = 18.49kN / m 3 1+ 0.4865

0.5 x 0.4865 = c x 2.316 c = 0.105 = 10.5% t = c +1Gs w = 0.105 +1 (2.316)(9.81) = 16.889kN / m 3

1+ e 1+ 0.4865

Or:

t = Gs + se w = 2.316 + (0.5)(0.4865) (9.81) = 16.889kN / m 3

1+ e 1+ 0.4865

Additional Tutorial(Reading Carefully)

Ex: . A newly excavated soil sample was found to have a mass of 431g and a volume of 221ml. After oven drying the mass of the soil reduced to 401g. Calculate the: (a) Moisture content

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12University of Al Anbar Soil Mechanic Mr. Ahmed Amin Al Hity Lecture no.2 Collage of Engineering 3rd Stage Water Resources& Dams Eng. Dept. 2006-2007 Date / 09 / 2006 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

(b) bulk density and bulk unit weight

(c) dry density and dry unit weight

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13University of Al Anbar Soil Mechanic Mr. Ahmed Amin Al Hity Lecture no.2 Collage of Engineering 3rd Stage Water Resources& Dams Eng. Dept. 2006-2007 Date / 09 / 2006 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

Example: A soil has a bulk density of 1.93 Mg/m3 and a moisture content of 23%. If the void ratio of the soil is 0.652, determine its particle specific gravity and degree of saturation.

Example: A sample of soil was coated with paraffin wax. Before waxing the soil had a mass of 983g and after waxing the total mass was 992g. The sample was then immersed in water and the total volume was found to be 481cc. On removal from the water the sample was broken open and the soil was found to have a moisture content of 18%. If the particle specific gravity was 2.65 and the specific gravity of the wax was 0.89, then determine:
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14University of Al Anbar Soil Mechanic Mr. Ahmed Amin Al Hity Lecture no.2 Collage of Engineering 3rd Stage Water Resources& Dams Eng. Dept. 2006-2007 Date / 09 / 2006 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& (a) the bulk density of the soil

(b) the void ratio of the soil

(c) the degree of saturation of the soil.

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15University of Al Anbar Soil Mechanic Mr. Ahmed Amin Al Hity Lecture no.2 Collage of Engineering 3rd Stage Water Resources& Dams Eng. Dept. 2006-2007 Date / 09 / 2006 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

Example: Determine moisture content, void ratio, porosity and degree of saturation of a soil core sample. Also determine the dry unit weight, d Data: Weight of soil sample = 1013g Vol. of soil sample = 585.0cm3 Specific Gravity, Gs = 2.65 Dry weight of soil = 904.0g 1 From the previous figure we can find:
w= Ww 109 ( g ) = 100 = 12.1% Ws 904 ( g )

Moisture content, w

Void ratio, e

e=

Vv 243.9cm3 = = 0.715 Vs 341.1cm3

Vv 243.9 (cm3 ) n= = 100 = 41.7% VT 585.0 (cm3 ) Porosity, n

Degree of saturation, S

S=

109 Vw = 100 = 44.7% Vv 243.9

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16University of Al Anbar Soil Mechanic Mr. Ahmed Amin Al Hity Lecture no.2 Collage of Engineering 3rd Stage Water Resources& Dams Eng. Dept. 2006-2007 Date / 09 / 2006 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& W 904 g d = s = = 1.55 3 VT 585 cm Dry unit weight,
d

Measurement of Soil Properties

1. The in-situ density of a soil is 1.85 Mg/m3. A moisture content determination test on a sample of the soil gave the following results.
Test No. Mass of tin (g) 20.24 20.36 Tin + wet soil (g) 30.61 32.44 Tin + dry soil (g) 28.73 30.28

1 2

Determine the moisture content and dry density of the soil.

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17University of Al Anbar Soil Mechanic Mr. Ahmed Amin Al Hity Lecture no.2 Collage of Engineering 3rd Stage Water Resources& Dams Eng. Dept. 2006-2007 Date / 09 / 2006 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

2. The bulk density of a soil sample was found to be 1.90 g/ml and the moisture content 12%. Determine the dry density, void ratio and degree of saturation if the particle specific gravity was 2.68. What would the moisture content be if the soil were completely saturated at the same void ratio?

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18University of Al Anbar Soil Mechanic Mr. Ahmed Amin Al Hity Lecture no.2 Collage of Engineering 3rd Stage Water Resources& Dams Eng. Dept. 2006-2007 Date / 09 / 2006 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

3. A sample of saturated clay has a volume of 245ml and, after oven drying, has a mass of 453g. If the particle specific gravity of the soil is 2.75, determine the dry and saturated unit weights of the soil in its natural state.

4. During a particle specific gravity test on a soil sample the following masses were recorded: Mass of dry soil sample = 450g Mass of pycnometer when full of water = 1875g
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19University of Al Anbar Soil Mechanic Mr. Ahmed Amin Al Hity Lecture no.2 Collage of Engineering 3rd Stage Water Resources& Dams Eng. Dept. 2006-2007 Date / 09 / 2006 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

Mass of pycnometer + soil sample and full of water = 2160g Determine the particle specific gravity of the soil.

5. A sand deposit was found to have a bulk density of 1.93 Mg/m3 and a moisture content of 16%. Laboratory tests established that the maximum and minimum void ratio values were 0.75 and 0.48 respectively. If the particle specific gravity was 2.65, determine the void ratio, the degree of saturation and the relative density of the deposit.

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20University of Al Anbar Soil Mechanic Mr. Ahmed Amin Al Hity Lecture no.2 Collage of Engineering 3rd Stage Water Resources& Dams Eng. Dept. 2006-2007 Date / 09 / 2006 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

6. An in-situ test to determine the unit weight of a soil was carried out using the sand replacement method. A total of 4.62kg of soil was extracted from the hole which was then refilled using 3.60kg of loose, dry sand having a dry density of 1.57Mg/m3. A specific gravity determination of the soil particles using a density bottle yielded the following data: Mass of bottle and stopper = 25.00g Mass of bottle, stopper and oven dried soil = 36.91g Mass of bottle, stopper, soil and distilled water = 62.59g Mass of bottle, stopper and distilled water = 55.21g The results of a moisture content test on a sample of the soil were as follows: Mass of tin and wet soil = 24.10g Mass of tin and dry soil = 22.10g Mass of tin = 12.30g Calculate the: (a) specific gravity of the particles (b) moisture content (c) bulk unit weight (d) dry unit weight (e) degree of saturation

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21University of Al Anbar Soil Mechanic Mr. Ahmed Amin Al Hity Lecture no.2 Collage of Engineering 3rd Stage Water Resources& Dams Eng. Dept. 2006-2007 Date / 09 / 2006 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

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22University of Al Anbar Soil Mechanic Mr. Ahmed Amin Al Hity Lecture no.2 Collage of Engineering 3rd Stage Water Resources& Dams Eng. Dept. 2006-2007 Date / 09 / 2006 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

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23University of Al Anbar Soil Mechanic Mr. Ahmed Amin Al Hity Lecture no.2 Collage of Engineering 3rd Stage Water Resources& Dams Eng. Dept. 2006-2007 Date / 09 / 2006 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

Tutorial

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24University of Al Anbar Soil Mechanic Mr. Ahmed Amin Al Hity Lecture no.2 Collage of Engineering 3rd Stage Water Resources& Dams Eng. Dept. 2006-2007 Date / 09 / 2006 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

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25University of Al Anbar Soil Mechanic Mr. Ahmed Amin Al Hity Lecture no.2 Collage of Engineering 3rd Stage Water Resources& Dams Eng. Dept. 2006-2007 Date / 09 / 2006 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

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26University of Al Anbar Soil Mechanic Mr. Ahmed Amin Al Hity Lecture no.2 Collage of Engineering 3rd Stage Water Resources& Dams Eng. Dept. 2006-2007 Date / 09 / 2006 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

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27University of Al Anbar Soil Mechanic Mr. Ahmed Amin Al Hity Lecture no.2 Collage of Engineering 3rd Stage Water Resources& Dams Eng. Dept. 2006-2007 Date / 09 / 2006 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

Additional Questions Solutions:

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28University of Al Anbar Soil Mechanic Mr. Ahmed Amin Al Hity Lecture no.2 Collage of Engineering 3rd Stage Water Resources& Dams Eng. Dept. 2006-2007 Date / 09 / 2006 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

Problem no.2

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29University of Al Anbar Soil Mechanic Mr. Ahmed Amin Al Hity Lecture no.2 Collage of Engineering 3rd Stage Water Resources& Dams Eng. Dept. 2006-2007 Date / 09 / 2006 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

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30University of Al Anbar Soil Mechanic Mr. Ahmed Amin Al Hity Lecture no.2 Collage of Engineering 3rd Stage Water Resources& Dams Eng. Dept. 2006-2007 Date / 09 / 2006 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

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31University of Al Anbar Soil Mechanic Mr. Ahmed Amin Al Hity Lecture no.2 Collage of Engineering 3rd Stage Water Resources& Dams Eng. Dept. 2006-2007 Date / 09 / 2006 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

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