CNS ST4.

1: ACOUSTICS AND BROADCASTING

ACOUSTICS 1. A vibration in an elastic medium to which the sense of hearing is responsive. Sound 2. Pertaining to signals, equipment or devices that involve frequencies within the human hearing range. Audio Method of expressing amplitude of complex non-periodic signal such as speech. Volume In measuring intelligibility of sound, the number of recorded syllables as a percentage of number transmitted is termed as the articulation efficiency Generally used as the measure of the amplitude of the sound wave. Sound pressure A simple sound whose instantaneous waveform is that of a sine wave. Pure tone Sound reduction index is also called transmission loss Ability of sound to inhibit the perception of another sound Masking If the pressure component of the sound wave is in the form of a sine wave, its associated velocity component would take a cosine wave In acoustics, the amplitude of the pressure component is a function of the ______ of the medium. youngs modulus In acoustics, the volume velocity of the component is a function of the _____ of the material. Density Complex number equal to the ratio of complex pressure amplitude to the complex amplitude of the volume velocity acoustic impedance Acoustic energy flowing per unit area and per unit time acoustic intensity What is the approximate acoustic impedance for a wave in air at 20deg Celsius? 416kg/m2s What is the speed of sound in water having a density of 1000 kg/m^3 and a Youngs modulus of 2.3x10^9N/m^2 1517m/s

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Calculate the wavelength of sound wave in sea water whose frequency is 100 kHz at 25 degrees C? 1.52cm If the wavelength of sound is 3.5cm in sea water, calculate its frequency. 43kHz What is the speed of sound in air at 25deg C? 347m/s

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The velocity of sound in dry air medium is 331.45 m/s. Calculate the new velocity if there is an increase of temperature equal to 10 degrees centigrade. 337.52 m/s Speed of sound is 1000ft/s, what frequency has a wavelength of 24 inches? 500 Hz. What do you call of the several sound sources which are related to each other? Correlated sound sources If several sounds come from several unrelated sources, the sources are called uncorrelated sound sources If sounds are produced from three loudspeakers which are driven from a single source (i.e. amplifier), the speakers are considered as correlated sound source Sound sources that are coming from different instruments are called uncorrelated If a sound receiver receives two sound waves, one directly from the source and the other from simple reflection (with short delay), the sound waves are considered as correlated If a sound receiver receives two sound waves, one directly from the source and the other from a long relay deflection, the sound waves are considered uncorrelated The sound at a particular point consist of a direct wave and a reflection with the same amplitude (P) but has been delayed by 1 ms. If the sound frequency is 1kHz, calculate the pressure amplitude in terms of P at this point. 2P

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Calculate the total signal pressure level when two vocalists sing at the same pressure level of 1x10^-3 Pa each. 1.41x10^-3 Pa.

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Frequency range of audible signal is 20Hz-20kHz. What is the normal audible range of the human ear? 20 Hz to 20kHz. Audible sound that can be detected by human ear ranges from 16Hz to 16kHz. Very low frequency or very low amplitude sounds. Subaudible Very high frequency sounds or very high amplitude sounds Superaudible Signals having frequencies below the range of human hearing Infrasonic Signals with frequencies above the range of human hearing Ultrasonic The wavelength of a 20Hz sound propagating in air at 25degC is 17.4m The increase in level for uncorrelated sound sources of equal amplitudes is proportional to the square root of the number of sound sources, The sound intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance. As sound propagates from the source, its intensity follows an inverse square law. Measure of sound intensity in comparison to another sound intensity. Decibel* A measure of the power density of a sound wave propagating in a particular direction SIL Is a measure of the total power radiated in all directions by a source of sound. SWL It is also known as sound power level. PWL Acoustic impedance is _____ the sound pressure. directly proportional to the square of

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If the distance between the listener and the source is tripled, intensity is reduced to 1/9

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Decreasing distance by , intensity increases 4 times * How much is the reduction of sound intensity level (SIL) every time we double the distance? 6dB

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A loudspeaker radiates 100mW, what is the sound intensity level (SIL) at a distance 1 m from the source? 99dB Doubling the pressure level will result in a _____ increase in SPL. 6dB

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What is the increase in sound intensity level (SIL) if the intensity if doubled? 3dB

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What is the SPL for a sound wave with 1 Pa rms pressure amplitude? 94dB

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SPL can also be calculated using

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Increase in SPL in dB, if pressure is increased 4 times, 12dB A sound pressure (RMS)of 125ubars is equivalent to what sound pressure level? 116dB

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The sound pressure level of 0 dB is equivalent to how many ubars?

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A loudspeaker has an effective area of 0.05m^2 and radiates 20mW. Calculate the sound intensity at the loudspeaker.

0.4W/m^2

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Calculate the sound intensity level of the loudspeaker having a sound intensity of 0.4 W/m^2? 116dB

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If a sound source radiates 1 watt, what is its sound power level (SWL)? 120dB

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Calculate the acoustic impedance if the sound pressure is 20uPa and acoustic intensity is

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What are the three basic characteristics of sound? Pitch, intensity and quality The sound characteristics related to a sonic time pattern is known as rhythm The two main characteristics of sound waves. Pitch and loudness A unit of loudness for an individual listener is Sone The unit loudness level of a tone compared to the intensity of 1000-Hz tone. It is the apparent change in loudness discerned by a listener. Phon A pure tone of loudness 40 phons produces a loudness sensation of l sone By definition, a pure tone 1000-Hz of loudness l sone produces a pitch of 1000 mels In measuring loudness, using 1000-Hz sinewave as a reference, l sone is agreed to be at what level, above the listeners threshold of hearing? 40dB As defined by ANSI, _____ is that attribute of auditory sensation in terms of which sounds may be ordered on a scale extending from low to high. Pitch The unit of pitch is the Mel

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Pitch of sound is dependent on sound frequency, sound waveform, and sound pressure. The apparent change in frequency or pitch because of motion is explained by what effect? Doppler effect _____ surfaces must be avoided since they result in undesirable focusing of sound. Concave What term describes sounds capable of being heard by the human ear? Sonics A sound is considered as having a pitch if it has a periodic acoustic pressure variation with time Pitch perception theory which relates directly to the frequency analysis carried out by the basilar membrane in which different frequency components of the input sound stimulate different positions, or places on the membrane, place theory Pitch perception theory that is based on the fact that the waveform of a sound with a strong musical pitch is periodic. This theory relies on the timing of neural firings generated in the organ of Corti which occurs in response to vibrations of vasilar membrane. Temporal theory If a note has a fundamental frequency, fz=100Hz, what is its 5th harmonic? 500Hz. If a note has a fundamental frequency, fz=100Hz, what is its 5th overtone? 600Hz. The separation in pitch of frequency between two sounds. Interval The ratio of two sound frequencies separated by an interval. Frequency interval Interval between two tones sounded simultaneously. Harmonic interval Interval between two tones sounded successively. Melodic interval The interval between any two frequencies that have a ratio of 2 to 1. Octave 11th octave, above 1kHz. 2048Hz Frequency 10 octaves above 30Hz. 30.72kHz Octaves of frequency range 1 to 8 MHz. 3

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In acoustics, if the low frequency edge of a band is 10Hz, what is the high frequency edge of the band 10 octaves wide? 10240Hz. Sound wave deformation during reproduction of amplification. Distortion A means of correcting distortion Equalization Sound equalization means boosting or reducing some frequency components to achieve a desired effect. A type of equalizer in which all the filters parameters can be varied. Parametric equalizer. An equalizer which uses a bank of closely spaced fixed-frequency band-pass filters to cover the entire audio frequency range. Graphic equalizer. The first sound heard by an observer. Direct sound Time delay of reflected sound which can be considered as early reflection. 20ms an incident sound with an intensity of 16mW/m^2 reflects a wall with an absorption coefficient of 0.9. Determine the intensity of the reflected wave. 1.6mW/m^2

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Unit of sound absorption Sabine The average absorption of a person is 4.7 sabines

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Persistence of sound in an enclosed space, as a result of multiple reflections or scattering after the sound source has stopped. 100. Reverberation 101. The time elapsed for the sound to die away in an enclosed room. reverberation time (reverberation)

102. The time considered to have a reverberation effect. One millionth 103. the perceptible repetition of sound due to multiple reflection of sound waves between the walls of a room is called echo. 104. A room in which the walls, floor, and ceiling can absorb very little sound, resulting in echoes. Reverberation chamber. 105. Room whose boundaries absorb effectively all incident sound.

Anechoic room. 106. Resonant acoustic device consisting of air cavity connected to a larger space by a relatively small opening or neck. Helmholtz resonator. 107. Sound reverberation is dependent on. Listener position and room dimension 108. The distance between the sound source and the listener wherein the direct sound level is equal to the reverberant field. Critical distance 109. Most people commonly receive an increase in sound level of 6 to 10 dB. 110. In a typical hi-fi system in a living room, which sound wave is the most dominant? Reverberant field 111. A room which causes the sound to die away very quickly. Dead room 112. A room which causes the sound to die away very slowly. Live room 113. An electronic device used to produce special sound effects when it is held against the throat of the user Sonovox 114. A temperature sensing device whose heat-absorbing properties are enhanced by subjecting it to acoustic vibrations. Sonic thermocouple 115. An enclosure, usually a box or a can, for modifying the acoustic qualities of sound sound chamber. 116. A transducer used for the purpose of picking up acoustic vibrations for detection or measurement applications. Sound probe 117. Used as the sensing element of sound-pressure. Diaphragm 118. A sound pressure transducer whose sensing diaphragm is used as one electrode of a capacitor. Condenser microphone. 119. Carbon microphones use. Variable resistance. 120. Ribbon microphone is an example of _____ microphone. pressure-gradient 121. An underwater acoustic pressure sensor, that is actually a sound-toelectricity transducer. Hydrophone

122. The transmitting and receiving device in a sonar. Sound transceiver. 123. A sound transducer first achieved by Bell in magnetic form and later made practical by Edisons use of hard-coal particles. Loose-contact transducer. 124. A transducer with a coil that surrounds some portion of a magnetic circuit. The reluctance of the magnetic circuit is varied by the motion of a moving iron. Moving-iron transducer. 125. Sound transducer whose generated potential is due to the oscillation of the coil within a uniform magnetic field. Moving-coil transducer. 126. A special type of electrostatic microphone which holds polarization indefinitely without continued application of a polarizing potential. Electrets microphone. 127. Sound transducer whose output potential is generated through the flexing of crystalline elements as it is acted by sound waves. Piezoelectric 128. What property of a crystalline material is used in a crystal microphone? The piezoelectric effect 129. An electroacoustic transducer that radiates acoustic power into the air. The acoustic waveform is equivalent to the electrical input waveform. Loudspeaker. 130. Loudspeaker low frequencies response will be maximum if positioned in a room at the corner. 131. Most loudspeakers today are of moving-coil type. 132. The intensity characteristic of sound. Loudness BROADCASTING 133. FM broadcast receivers in the 88 MHz to 108MHz have an intermediate frequency (IF) nominally at 10.7MHz * 134. The AM broadcast band in the Philippines is 535kHz to 1605kHz* 135. If the final amplifier output power of a TV broadcast station is 4kW,the antenna transmission loss is 400 watts, and the antenna power gain is 10, the effective radiated power is 35kW. 136. What type of emission used in video part of television transmission?

A5* 137. What is the purpose of the blanking pulses in a television receiver? Cuts off the cathode ray tube beam during retrace * 138. How wide a frequency band must the IF amplifier of an FM broadcast receiver pass? 150kC* 139. What is the frequency swing of an FM broadcast transmitter modulated 80 percent? 60kC* 140. What is the function of quartz crystal in a radio transmitter? To stabilize the frequency of the transmitting system* 141. To cut off dangerous voltages when the cabinet of a transmitter is opened, what device is used? Interlock switch* 142. Transmitter maintained only for transmitting the regular programs of broadcast stations in case of failure of the main transmitter is the auxiliary transmitter. 143. The frequency tolerance allowed in international broadcast stations is 2kHz* 144. Auxiliary transmitter of a regular broadcast station must be tested at least once each week* 145. What do you call of the device which is used to derive a standard frequency of 10 kilocycles from a standard-frequency oscillator operating on 100 kilocycles? Multivibrator* 146. What is the oscillator frequency of an FM station using two doublers, one tripler, and a quadrupler, whose center frequency is 105.6MHz? 2.2MHz* 147. The field intensity of the antenna of a broadcast station is normally measured in microvolts per meter* 148. The radio wave propagated from high frequency broadcast station which reaches more than 4000km is called sky wave* 149. What is the purpose of station call sign? Identification of station* 150. What is the crystal frequency in a transmitter having three doubler stages and output frequency of 8000kHz? 1000kHz* 151. Why should a transmitter be tuned initially at reduced power? To prevent damage to components*

152. What is the purpose of putting crystal oscillator in a constant temperature oven? To stabilize the oscillator frequency* 153. A crystal oscillator is used to generate the carrier wave in transmitter because it has good frequency stability* 154. Too much loading of an oscillator may result in poor frequency stability* 155. In a frequency modulated receiver, the function of the discriminator is to separate audio signal from the IF* 156. In broadcast transmitters, modulation in the oscillator stage is rarely used because it is liable to cause frequency instability* 157. The stability of transmitter frequency is best maintained by using crystal oscillator as frequency operator* 158. The emission symbol for television broadcast is A5* 159. To maintain a stable frequency, crystal in the oscillator stage are enclosed in crystal ovens* 160. A system of telecommunication set-up for the transmission of speech, or in some cases other sounds is telephony* 161. The type of emission for FM stereo (multiplex) broadcasting is F8E* 162. The width of a television broadcast channel is 6MHz* 163. The spare radio equipment is normally termed as auxiliary equipment* 164. The function of a quartz crystal in a radio transmitter is to keep the transmitter on its assigned frequency within the allowed frequency tolerance* 165. In FM transmitter the amplitude of the antenna current remains essentially constant during the process of modulation* 166. The squelch circuit in a radio communication receiver is used to reduce inherent noise developed in the receiver during the absence of signal frequency* 167. A _____ is essentially a frequency stabilizer. It serves as a voltage amplifier stage to isolate the crystal oscillator from the radio frequency amplifier circuit. buffer amplifier

168. Undesired oscillations developed in a radio frequency amplifier circuit as some frequency higher than the normal operating frequency. Parasitic oscillation* 169. _____ is used to load a transmitter for testing purposes without radiation. Dummy antenna* 170. The expression positive temperature coefficient as applied to a quartz crystal means that the frequency of the crystal varies directly with the temperature* 171. The expression negative temperature coefficient as applied to a quartz crystal means that the frequency of the crystal varies indirectly with the temperature* 172. the video signal transmitted on a TV program employs amplitude modulation* 173. The sound transmitted on a TV program employs frequency modulation* 174. In broadcast studios, a zero VU indicates how much percent modulation? 100* 175. This amplifier is used to isolate oscillator from power amplifiers. Buffer amplifier* 176. A power line filter for rejecting RF interference has RF bypass capacitors in shunt across the power line* 177. In a broadcast station, the audio peak limiters are used to prevent the modulation percentage of the transmitter to be exceeded* 178. What is the local oscillator frequency in commercial AM broadcast if it is equal to 455 kHz? 955 to 2055 kHz. 179. Listing of the date and time of events, programs, equipments, tests, malfunctions and corrections in communications system Log 180. What is the purpose of an indirectly-heated cathode in a cathode ray tube? Beam production 181. Which of the following is not a low-impedance microphone? Crystal 182. Facsimile permits remote duplications of which of the following items? Map, Pictures, Printed Page 183. A measure of how well the receiver can respond to very weak signals. Sensitivity 184. The FM broadcast band is from 88 to 108kHz. 185. The type of emission used by standard AM radio broadcast.

A3 186. The standard AM radio broadcast belongs to which frequency band? MF 187. What is the allowable frequency deviation of a commercial FM broadcast band? 75kHz 188. The final amplifier of either FM or AM transmitter is operated as Class C 189. Standard AM broadcasting use _____ for greater and efficient coverage. vertical polarized wave antenna 190. Receiver sensitivity means the ability of picking up weak signal. 191. The main function of the RF amplifier in a superheterodyne receiver is to improve the rejection of the image frequency. 192. Local oscillator of a broadcast receiver always tunes to a frequency _____ than the incoming frequency in order _____. Higher --- to allow adequate frequency coverage without switching 193. Which of the following is the first component of any MATV system to receive broadcast signals? Antenna 194. It is the most common technique where apartment houses, hotels, schools, condominiums, and multi-unit buildings distribute TV and FM signals to a number of receivers, using a single head-end. CCTV 195. Interlacing is used in television to avoid flicker. 196. A mechanism or device which enables the TV camera to move in lateral and tilting motion Pan/tilt device 197. Which of the following is a solid state imaging device? Charge couple device 198. What class of TV camera lens used to cover short distances? Wide angle 199. What class of TV camera lens used to cover long distances? Telephoto 200. What is the chroma subcarrier signal frequency for color television? 3.8MHz 201. The aspect ratio of HDTV is 16/9 202. Television has a lot of features in common with motion picture.

203. The major component of the TV signal waveform is the Video 204. For NTSC TV system, the image is scanned from top to bottom and left to right 205. What is the horizontal synchronous/blanking pulse rate? 15.75 Hz 206. What is the vertical blanking pulse rate? 60Hz. 207. The pulses riding on the vertical blanking pulse. Equalizing (sync) pulses and serrated vertical sync pulses. 208. Television camera pickup tube is called vidicon, image orthicon, plumbicon 209. The television picture tube magnetic fields can be used for beam focusing and beam deflection 210. Indicate which voltages are not found in the output of a normal monochrome receiver video detector. Sweep 211. Video modulation for television is both amplitude modulation and vestigial sideband 212. What is the maximum frequency deviation for audio modulation in TV transmission? 25kHz 213. The video carrier and the audio carrier are separated by 4.5MHz. 214. In a practical image scanned at the NTSC rate, the spectrum will include components clustered at the fundamentals and harmonics of 15.75Hz. 215. Brightness of an image is known as Luminance 216. The colors at the vertices of the color triangle are referred to as Primary 217. A newscast is a distinct unit of a program with a minimum news content of _____ excluding intro, extro, headline and commercial load. 1 minute 218. In accordance with existing provision of law and the KBP rules and regulations, all stations shall actively promote the growth and the development of Filipino music by playing ____ every clock hour. 4 OPM 219. KBP radio code mandates that station must provide a minimum of _____ of news per day from 5:00 in the morning to 10:00 in the evening.

45 minutes 220. What are the three separate signals derived from a matrix in a color TV transmitter? Y,I, and Q. 221. Range of a VHF television transmitter. 54-98MHz 222. Range of a UHF television transmitter 470-890MHz 223. What is the approximate bandwidth occupied by the chrominance video signal for color TV? 1.8MHz 224. Commercial load for radio shall not exceed _____ for one hour program in Metro Manila. 15 minutes 225. Commercial load for radio shall not exceed _____ for a one hour program outside Metro Manila. 17 minutes 226. Program interruption for the airing of commercial in Metro Manila shall not exceed _____ breaks every program hour. 6 227. Program interruption for the airing of commercial outside Metro Manila shall not exceed _____ breaks in every program hour. 6 228. The colors found around the perimeter of the color triangle are said to be Saturated 229. What is the phase difference between the I and Q color signal carriers? 90 degrees 230. The carrier transmitted 1.25MHz above the bottom frequency in a United States TV Channel is the picture carrier 231. ______ is the most effective filter for separating luminance and chrominance frequency components. Comb 232. The chrominance processing circuits can be deactivated when monochrome broadcasts are received by the color killer 233. What is the standard video level, in percent PEV, for blanking? 75% 234. What is the standard video level, in percent PEV, for black? 70% 235. What is the standard video level, in percent PEV, for white?

0% 236. One should first perform ______ before a convergence setup is performed. Degaussing 237. For Metro Manila, the classification of primetime blocks for FM shall be 6:00AM to 8:00PM 238. For provincial stations, the classification of primetime blocks for FM radio shall be 6:00AM to 8:00PM 239. All airtime classifications shall be submitted to and subject for approval by the KBP-SA 240. What is the frequency tolerance of an FM Radio Broadcast station? 2000Hz 241. The minimum frequency separation between frequency of AM broadcasting station 36kHz 242. If there are too harmonics, one should check the coupling, tuning of circuits, shielding 243. In transmitter amplifier design, an even-order harmonics can be prevented or reduced by using a push-pull amplifier. 244. The vertical and horizontal pulses are separated at the sync separator. 245. The reason why buffer stage is included in a transmitter is to present a constant load to the oscillator stage 246. Where is the operating position of a radio station? At the control point 247. Equalizing pulses in TV are sent during vertical blanking 248. The alignment of the three color guns to a common point is known as Convergence 249. Lack of raster is an indication of no high voltage 250. The sound and video signals are separated at the _____ of the TV receiver. video detector 251. What is emission A3F? TV 252. The presence of color bars is an indication that there is a problem in the ______ circuit. reactor

253. Type of emission produced when a frequency modulated transmitter is modulated by a TV signal. F3F 254. What is emission F3F? Television 255. Cause of slow rising white hum bars in the television. Bad filter 256. An odd number of lines per frame form part of every one of the worlds TV systems. This is done to assist interlace 257. Adjusting the _____ may eliminate color confetti. color killer 258. Video signal amplitude determine the picture quality called Contrast 259. Part of broadcast day from midnight to local sunrise. Experimental 260. Part of broadcast day from local sunset to local sunrise. Nighttime 261. What causes snow in television? Random noise in the signal. 262. The function of the serrations in the composite video waveform is to help horizontal synchronization 263. Vestigial sideband is known as _____ type of emission. C3F 264. Which of the following filters block FM radio band for TV channels (2 to 13)? Band-reject filter 265. The width of the vertical sync pulse in the United States TV system is 3H 266. Indicate which of the following frequencies will not be found in the output of a normal TV receiver tuner: 4.5MHz 267. When were UHF channels (14-83) of television added? 1952 268. When was colored TV standards established in the United States? 1953 269. What synchronizes the horizontal line of the TV picture tube? HAFC 270. Type of filter used in TV receivers that separates the chroma signal from the colorplexed video signal but leaves intact the Y-component.

Comb filter 271. What is the first-letter symbol for emission of unmodulated carrier? N 272. The channel for cable TV frequency range of 5.75 to 11.75 MHz. T-1 273. The frequency range for cable TV channel T-13. 23.75 to 29.75MHz 274. Channel 8 frequency range allocation in cable TV. 180-186MHz 275. The video voltage applied to the picture tube of a television receiver is fed in between grid and cathode 276. The circuit that separates sync pulses from the composite video waveform is a clipper. 277. The _____ of a television system is a measure of its ability to delineate picture detail. Resolution 278. CCIR standards for the internal exchange of programmes on film for television used. Rec.256-6 279. CCIR transmission standards for FM sound broadcasting at VHF. Rec. 450.1 280. ISO Rec. 23 in 1976 is the standard for recorded characteristics for magnetic sound records on full cost 16mm. camera usage of 35mm motion picture film. 281. The output of the vertical amplifier, applied to the yoke in a TV receiver, consists of a sawtooth current. 282. Which of the class station below is a regional channel? Class III-B 283. International broadcasting (short wave) uses frequency between ______ in accordance with international agreements. 5950 and 26100 kHz 284. The permissible power in kW of stations II-A during nighttime is 0.25-50. 285. The television frequency which are now allocated to the land mobile services 806 and 192MHz 286. The HV anode supply for the picture tube of a TV receiver is generated in the horizontal output stage.

287. Numerical frequency band designation of Channel 9. 186-192 MHz. 288. Cable TV systems originate from Pennsylvania 289. A term applied to third and higher order products, which can greatly degrade the performance of the system. Composite triple beat. 290. A station similar to a translator station in terms of equipment and service area, but is permitted to originate programming from virtually any source. LPTV. 291. Indicate the following signals is not transmitted in color TV: R 292. The shadow mask in a color picture tube is used to ensure that each beam hits only its own dots. 293. Three stations are licensed to eligible education entities for the distribution of program material to students enrolled in instructional curricula. ITFS. 294. ITFS means Instructional Television Fixed Service. 295. MDS means Multipoint Distribution Service 296. Direct broadcast satellite based allocation. 12.2-12.7GHz for downlink and 17.3-17.8GHz for uplink. 297. What is the channel number of an FM station with 88.1MHz carrier? 201 298. If an FM station has an effective radiated power of 100kW then it is under what class? Class C 299. The video signal amplitude determines the quality of the picture otherwise known as Contrast 300. The ultimate Dolby surround system is the Dolby Prologic. 301. What is the carrier frequency of an FM station with channel number of 300? 107.9MHz 302. In a TV receiver, the color killer cuts off the chroma stages during monochrome reception