Information & Management 43 (2006) 847860 www.elsevier.

com/locate/im

Determinants of adoption of High Speed Data Services in the business market: Evidence for a combined technology acceptance model with task technology t model
Margherita Pagani *
Management Department, Bocconi University, Via Bocconi 8, 20136 Milan, Italy Received 3 May 2005; received in revised form 3 May 2006; accepted 10 August 2006 Available online 14 September 2006

Abstract This paper presents a Business-Oriented Model of Factors that affect the adoption of wireless High Speed Data Services (HSDS). We reviewed business IT acceptance literature and developed an explorative survey of a sample of twelve companies in Europe and USA. From this, a theoretical model was created and hypotheses were formulated. Data were then collected on a sample of 1545 companies in USA and Europe. Based on these results, we developed a model that combined the key ideas of both TAM and TTF and showed that both were necessary in predicting wireless High Speed Data Service adoption. # 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Technology adoption model; High Speed Data Services; Task technology t model; Wireless adoption

1. Introduction Wireless devices today include mobile phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs) with wireless modems, wireless laptops, two-way pagers/short message systems, and wireless networks. We wished to understand the determinants inuencing wireless adoption decisions for a mobile ofce service based upon Third Generation (3G) mobile telecommunication technology that provides mobile workers with fast, secure, convenient access to the services on corporate networks. Plug-in PCMCIA wireless modem cards allow existing laptop PCs and PDAs with permanent connectivity to the corporate network via a secure Virtual Private Network (VPN) across a mobile operators network. Our study attempted to provide a

better theoretical understanding of the antecedents of business acceptance and resistance to adoption of High Speed Data Services (HSDS). Our research questions were: 1. What are the most important factors in making the decision to adopt wireless High Speed Data Services? 2. What are the constraining factors in its adoption? 3. What is the decision-making process? After reviewing relevant literature, a three-step methodology was developed. In the rst step an explorative survey was conducted through interviews on 12 companies in Europe and the USA. In the second, we formulated a research model. Finally, in the third step, we empirically tested the model on a sample of 1545 companies (in 19 industry segments) across the USA and ve countries of Europe.

* Tel.: +39 02 58366920; fax: +39 02 58366888. E-mail address: margherita.pagani@unibocconi.it. 0378-7206/$ see front matter # 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.im.2006.08.003

848

M. Pagani / Information & Management 43 (2006) 847860

2. Theoretical background Our study lies at the intersection of two issues: the technology adoption decision-making process and the analysis of determinants of IT acceptance and utilization by business users. Technology adoption research has ourished in recent years [2,17,23,32,37,44,46,58,62,63]. Currently TAM [14,15] grounded in Fishbein and Azjens [20] TRA is very popular. In the IS literature on IT adoption, researchers have conducted studies to examine the relationship between perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and the usage of other information technologies [11,29,43,57]. A second model of technology adoption, the task technology t (TTF) model [22], extends TAM by considering how the task affects use. More specically, it proposed that technology adoption depended in part on how well the new technology tted the requirements of a particular task. Dishaw and Strong found that TTF was somewhat more effective than TAM for predicting use in work-related tasks; however, their study also concluded that a combination into one extended model was superior to either. Although there are numerous studies in these elds [8,27,30,31,34,35,36,38,53,56,59,61], previous works have focused mainly on the adoption of products and technology [4,19]. In contrast, the perspective on wireless High Speed Data Services in the business market has not been discussed: few studies have discussed factors related to the adoption of telecommunications [25] and client server technology [13]. Studies on reasons that small business owner/ managers do or do not adopt IT and e-commerce technologies [12,60] have highlighted both inhibitors and facilitators. Small business adoption has been discussed as depending on characteristics of the decision maker, IS, organization, and the environment. Lack of speed is a barrier, as mobile data technologies are slow and hence inefcient [54]. Another barrier is the perception of a lack of standardized IT environment for developing mobile data applications [5,28]. Security [9,48], limited bandwidth, higher usage costs, increased latency, a susceptibility to transmission noise, and the degree of call dropouts [18,33]. Telecommunication companies have been making enormous investments in new wireless technologies and they are looking for killer applications to provide pay offs. Several empirical studies took place to nd out possible applications [4952,55,64] but these have not yet been implemented [40,42].

There is a need for more substantive, theory-based research, creating a more in-depth understanding of factors inuencing adoption of wireless technologies by companies. 3. The explorative survey 3.1. Methodology The explorative survey was conducted by interviewing personnel in 12 companies (ve in USA and seven in Europe) having different size and ownership characteristics. The case study [55,64,65] interviews were conducted in years 2003 and 2004 with the CIO or equivalent executive, and one or two managers in charge of telecommunications. This resulted in a total of 36 interviews that helped us understand the determinants important in the adoption process. Multiple responses from each respondent were allowed. Determinants were spontaneously stated and evaluated by respondents through a 4-point Likert scale (where 3 meant high importance, 2 moderate importance, 1 low importance, and 0 no importance). The specic criteria for company selection was to provide a mixture of high tech versus manufacturing; public versus private ownership; companies with a global presence; and at least one whose future was closely tied to broadband communication (a global entertainment company). The companies belonged to eleven industries: (1) distributor of industrial products; (2) software vendor and services; (3) medical products manufacturing; (4) networking and telecom hardware; (5) entertainment; (6) media broadcasting company; (7) government and legal management company; (8) insurance company; (9) car manufacturer; (10) IT service company; and (11) system technology. The construct validity was proven by consulting multiple sources (interviews and documents) and review of the case study transcripts. Internal validity was tested by constructing a detailed research framework ahead of time. External validity was limited, since it was an exploratory study. Reliability was based on a detailed case study protocol that documented the scheduling, interview procedures, recording, followups, questions, and summary database. The research framework consisted of factors under the groupings of wireless adoption, and utilization. The wireless utilization factors were: the number of mobile devices deployed, extent of anticipated future deployment, uses of mobile phones, and anticipated future uses.

M. Pagani / Information & Management 43 (2006) 847860

849

3.2. Emerging explanatory variables Respondents were asked to state the most important factors that inuenced their adoption process and to rate their relative importance on a 4-point Likert scale. Two main categories of explanatory variables inuenced their decision (see Fig. 1): - Technological: reliability, security, costs, scalability, establishing data connection, supportability, high connectivity, productivity, digital standards, bandwidth, coverage. - Non-technological: outside perception, ability to provide service to customer, ease of use by employees, regulation, and additional revenues/opportunity costs. The most important attributes for adoption (with a value above 2) were reliability, security, costs, outside perception. Securitys prominence was consistent with other studies of mobile technology. Security and reliability are not present in traditional adoption models, but may have become more signicant in the years since those models were rst introduced. Reliability is a highly rated attribute because it is so intertwined with coverage and ability to provide continual service. The attribute of reliability and cost were rated at medium to high. Data connectivity was not an attribute in traditional models, which preceded widespread web use in businesses [47]. The ability to provide service to the customers is consistent with TAM and subsequent studies [1,24,39]. The software provider put high emphasis on productivity, a factor not present in our theoretical model. Almost all companies stated the importance of

standards. This is consistent with results from nonacademic literature which has stated that lack of standard is one of the deterrents of technology adoption. Tables 1 and 2 show the correlations among attributes; there were no correlations among nontechnology explanatory variables but high correlations among technology explanatory variables. 3.3. Results and discussion: psychometric properties of the instruments Factor Analysis was performed on the explanatory variables in order to establish their suitability for performing the multivariate analysis. A Principal Components Analysis (PCA) was used to examine the factor structure and help the measures conform to recommended levels of reliability. The results were based on sets of variables, guided by conceptual and practical considerations: (a) the acceptance of factor loadings of approximately .50 and abovethis level is considered practically signicant [26], (b) most of the cross-loadings falling below .20. The internal consistency of the instruments was further tested via reliability analyses (Cronbachs Alpha). High communality values were observed for all variables indicating that the total amount of variance that an original variable shares with all other variables is high. Table 3 shows the summaries of the results of PCA factors and item loadings of ICT usage. Reliability analysis showed the Cronbachs Alpha values: data connectivity (.88), technology suitability (.75), customer satisfaction (.58). Except for customer satisfaction, where Cronbachs Alpha (.58) can be rounded up to .60, the reliability test results show values

Fig. 1. Average attribute importance.

850

Table 1 Correlations: technology explanatory variables Cost Operational Costs Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N 1 36 .055 .865 36 .440 .152 36 .301 .342 36 .128 .692 36 .292 .358 36 .150 .643 36 .249 .436 36 .212 .507 36 .281 .377 36 .237 .459 36 1 36 .170 .598 36 .165 .609 36 .080 .85 36 .102 .752 36 .750** .005 36 .518 .084 36 .025 .938 36 .228 .475 36 .233 .467 36 1 Reliability Bandwidth Security Scalability Connectivity to web Digital standards Technology suitability Supportability Productivity Coverage

Reliability

Bandwidth

M. Pagani / Information & Management 43 (2006) 847860

36 .655** .021 36 .619 .032 36 .567 .055 36 .412 .183 36 .274 .389 36 .125 .699 36 .225 .482 36 .365 .244 36
*

Security

1 36 .794** .002 36 .714 .009 36

**

Scalability

1 36 .622* .031 36 .093 .773 36 .015 .962 36 .059 .856 36 .361 .250 36
*

Always on connectivity Digital standards

1 36 .045 .889 36 .050 .876 36 .598 .040 36 .418 .176 36 .418 .176 36
*

.069 .832 36 .097 .763 36 .065 .840 36 .388 .213 36 .653 .021 36

1 36 .756** .004 36 .069 .832 36 .323 .306 36 .115 .722 36 1 36 .149 .644 36 .153 .636 36 .392 .208 36 1 36 .235 .462 36 .327 .300 36 1 36 .196 .541 36 1 36

Establishing data connection Supportability

Workforce productivity Coverage

.344 .274 36

* **

Correlation is signicant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). Correlation is signicant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

M. Pagani / Information & Management 43 (2006) 847860 Table 2 Correlations: non-technology explanatory variables Ease of use Employees ease of use Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N 1 36 .067 .837 36 .111 .732 36 .143 .657 36 .105 .746 36 1 36 .124 .701 36 .053 .870 36 .411 .184 36 1 36 .342 .277 36 .302 .341 36 1 36 .438 .154 36 1 36 Ability to provide service to customer Outside perception Regulation

851

Opportunity costs

Ability to provide service to customer Outside perception

Regulation

Opportunity costs/revenues

exceeding .60 recommended by Hair et al. as the lower limit of acceptability, ensuring that the items grouping for the respective variables are reliable. Only workforce efciency and workforce productivity show low values. The mean of components showing internal consistency is for data connectivity (F1) 1.79 (high), technology suitability (F2) 1.31 (medium), customer satisfaction (F3) 1.67 (high).
Table 3 Principal component analysis Component F1 Cronbachs Alpha values Bandwidth Security Scalability Always on connectivity Additional revenues/opportunity costs Outside perception Regulation Digital standards Establishing data connection Reliability Coverage Supportability Ability to provide service to customer Employees ease of use Operational costs Workforce productivity .876 .874 .795 .819 .812 .650 .580 .676 .362 .193 .166 .399 .288 .176 .146 .433 448 F2 .752 7.1E02 .384 .160 .266 .309 6.5E02 182 .812 .852 .739 .606 .272 .140 .425 .229 .170

4. Research hypothesis The theoretical framework had to dene the linkages between beliefs about adopting and using wireless technology, while the explorative survey provided the underlying structure for the theoretical model. The proposed conceptual model of wireless technology adoption for this study is shown as Fig. 2.

Communalities F3 .575 5.5E03 .243 .141 8.2E02 .340 .340 346 .323 .111 .293 .339 .684 .728 .102 .560 .246 F4 .245 .137 .177 .247 .332 2.7E03 .527 299 4.1E02 6.2E02 8.5E02 .351 .494 .213 .707 .398 .169 .244 .305 .144 .178 .373 .124 491 3.8E02 5.2E02 9.3E02 .190 2.1E02 .343 .253 5.8E02 .718 .848 .964 .799 .878 .773 .749 .941 .898 .783 .675 .801 .880 .743 .777 .716 .831 F5

Extraction method: principal component analysis. Five factors extracted: (F1) data connectivity; (F2) technology suitability; (F3) customer satisfaction; (F4) workforce efciency; (F5) workforce productivity. The values in bold signies loadings for each variable.

852

M. Pagani / Information & Management 43 (2006) 847860

Fig. 2. Research model with directions of hypothesized relationships.

All of the companies were considering web-based connectivity for future adoption, they also realized that they would not reach the full benets of it until the high bandwidth capabilities of Third Generation were available, particularly for streaming video. As the uses of this technology become more complex and web driven, regulation may be more important. We therefore state the following hypotheses: Hypothesis 1. Data connectivity is positively related to interest to adopt; Hypothesis 2a. Data Speed is positively related to interest to adopt; Hypothesis 2b. Data Speed is positively related to data connectivity; Respondents declare technology suitability as a factor inuencing their adoption of wireless services. This factor is inuenced by geographic coverage, reliability, suitability to establish data connection, digital standards and the search for a combination PIM/wireless capability. Therefore we hypothesized that: Hypothesis 3. Technology suitability is positively related to interest to adopt; Workforce productivity is consistent with the importance in TAM of usefulness. In accordance with this model we hypothesized:

Hypothesis 4. Workforce productivity is positively related to interest to adopt; Customer satisfaction and workforce efciency are likely to become more important in the future and also more complex, requiring greater user support. Their importance is related to the ease of use factor stressed in TAM models. A body of empirical research already indicates a signicant association between IT and behavioral intention and between IT and usefulness. Therefore we hypothesized: Hypothesis 5. Customer satisfaction is positively related to interest to adopt; Hypothesis 6a. Workforce efciency is positively related to interest to adopt; Hypothesis 6b. Workforce efciency is positively related to workforce productivity; Hypothesis 6c. Workforce efciency is positively related to customer satisfaction; Hypothesis 7. Interest is positively related to intention to adopt. The TTF model suggested that individuals should consider beliefs about perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use, and also the extent to which the technology met their task needs and individual

M. Pagani / Information & Management 43 (2006) 847860

853

abilities. The following hypothesis were therefore proposed: Hypothesis 8. Task inuences workforce productivity and attribute importance; Hypothesis 9. Task inuences the share of preference; Hypothesis 10. The combined TTF/TAM predicts the intention to adopt.

5. Testing The hypotheses 5.1. Sample The quantitative analysis was conducted in 2004 through a phone questionnaire (conducted by Lucent Technologies) on a sample of 1545 companies across the USA and ve countries in Europe. Market perceptions were obtained from interviews with Telecom/IT managers from major corporations. Respondents were required to be those who make or inuence decisions for a minimum of two of the following areas: (a) MIS/IT/network; (b) desk top/PC/ laptop systems; (c) landline voice/data; (d) mobile voice; (e) mobile data; (f) e-mail.

All companies belonged to nineteen market segments (banking, insurance, nancial, manufacturing, utilities, public sector, maintenance, service of enterprise, service of consumer, other service, hospitals, pharmaceutical, research, health care, transportation, media and communication, wholesale retail, education, other) and have at least thirty mobile or remote data users. We tested all the factors emerging in the proposed conceptual model: (F1) data connectivity; (F2) technology suitability; (F3) customer satisfaction; (F4) workforce efciency; (F5) workforce productivity; (F6) data speed; (F7) interest to adopt. We selected also a sample of critical explanatory variables, from the previous explorative survey, to test their inuence on operational costs; opportunity costs/ sales revenues; always on connectivity; cost of access; coverage. For each factor and selected explanatory variable each respondent was asked to evaluate the relative importance on a 110 Likert scale. 5.2. Methodology The methodology is based on a probabilistic ideal vector model [6,7,16,21]. Deterministic points for alternatives and random ideal vectors for industry segments were used for explaining and predicting choice behavior in a low dimensional attribute space where the

Fig. 3. Utility of all segments.

854

M. Pagani / Information & Management 43 (2006) 847860

Fig. 4. Barriers to the adoptionimportance of attributes (scale 110).

same model formulation was employed for parameter estimation and market simulation. The rst objective of the analysis was to verify for each industry segment the most important factors inuencing the adoption process.
Table 4 Dendogram using average linkage (between groups)

The discriminant function can be written as: U X t X wti xi w0 (1)

M. Pagani / Information & Management 43 (2006) 847860

855

where U(Xt) is a linear combination of the utility related to component xi for segment t; wt is the weighted vector for segment t; w0 is the bias or threshold weight. Each input feature value xi is multiplied by its corresponding weight wi . The output unit sums these and emits +1 if wi xi w0  marginal utility or 1 otherwise. A two-category threshold weight linear classier implemented the decision rule: decide to adopt the service if U(Xt)  marginal utility industry segment t and not to adopt otherwise. 6. Prioritizing customer needs The next phase involves identifying the data attributes that are most and least important to all customers; this requires understanding and analysis of customer needs in an industry segment. The importance of an individual attribute is determined by the span of the utility levels for each attribute, compared to utility spans for other attributes. Let the random variable U(Xt) be the utility assigned by companies of segment t. Then the High Speed Data

Services total utility for each segment is dened as the sum of the utility values of the attribute levels that have used to describe it. Let U tj denote the utility value assigned to service j by the industry segment t. The Us denote scale values or strict utilities, which summarize the desirability of the alternatives. These scale values are functions of the attributes of the alternatives, interacting with the characteristics of the respondent segment, and possibly with features of the choice set as a whole. The scale values are assumed to have an additively separable linear form: Uit X xi1 w1 xi2 w2 . . . xi j w j (2)

where X is a fully specied functions of measured attributes and characteristics and/or self-explicated scales of service aspect and the ws are importance weight parameters that must be estimated. The ws importance weight parameter is in the range of 110. Findings emerging from the quantitative analysis (Fig. 3) showed that the workforce efciency was the most important factor inuencing the decision to

Fig. 5. Industry segment plotter.

856

M. Pagani / Information & Management 43 (2006) 847860

Fig. 6. Importance of workforce efciency, customer satisfaction, and additional sale revenues.

Fig. 7. Standardized parameter estimates.

M. Pagani / Information & Management 43 (2006) 847860 Table 5 Summary of research results Hypotheses H1 H2a H2b H3 H4 H5 H6a H6b H6c H7 H8 H9 H10 Data connectivity has a positive direct effect on interest to adopt Data speed has a positive direct effect on interest to adopt Data speed has a positive direct effect on data connectivity Technology suitability has a positive direct effect on interest to adopt Workforce productivity has a positive direct effect on interest to adopt Customer satisfaction has a positive direct effect on interest to adopt Workforce efciency has a positive direct effect on interest to adopt Workforce efciency has a positive direct effect on workforce productivity Workforce efciency has a positive direct effect on customer satisfaction Level of Interest has a positive direct effect on intention to adopt Task inuences workforce productivity and attribute importance Task inuences the share of preference The combined TTF/TAM predicts the intention to adopt Result

857

Supported Supported Supported Supported Supported Supported Not supported Not supported Not supported Supported Supported Supported Supported

develop High Speed Data Services for insurance companies, while customer satisfaction was the most important factor for companies which offer services for consumers. In the pharmaceutical sector additional sale revenues represented the main motivation to adopt high speed wireless technology. Results related to the perceived barriers that inuence the decision to adopt high speed data technology (Fig. 4) showed that coverage was a critical issue for research companies, while those in the health care eld perceive data connectivity as critical. 6.1. Segmenting customers according to their needs In any group, different companies will nd different attributes important. Needs-based segmentation attempts to understand these differences by grouping together companies who assign similar levels of importance to the same ones [3]. The benet of this approach over mass marketing is that it enables different services to be developed to meet the needs of different segments. The dendogram obtained by applying a hierarchical cluster analysis using average linkage between groups (Square Euclidean distances) (Table 4) gives the distances or similarities between items. It showed that the rst cluster was composed of service enterprises (education, manufacturing, media and communication, etc.). The second cluster included nancial, transportation, public sector, and wholesale retail, while pharmaceutical and research companies were the most dissimilar. Fig. 5 shows segments according to three factors: data connectivity (F1); technology suitability (F2); customer satisfaction (F3).

Finally we consider three attributes characterized by high extraction communalities: 1. workforce efciency (.95); 2. customer satisfaction (.95); 3. additional sales revenues (.96). Three main clusters resulted (see Fig. 6). 7. Conclusions The motivation for this work was the assumption that the t between task characteristics and technology would impact the adoption process. We extended previous results of TAM by linking it to TTF theory. The resulting research model and emerging ndings have several implications. Standardized parameter estimates for the revised model were shown in Fig. 7, where the decision to deploy was signicantly predicted by interest and evaluation (b = .807, p < .01); this was signicant as far as data speed (b = .617, p < .05), data connectivity (b = .364), technology suitability (b = .365), customer satisfaction (b = .077) and workforce productivity (b = .282) were concerned. Data connectivity was predicted by both data speed (b = .541) and always on connectivity (b = .69, p < .05). Workforce productivity is positively related to interest (b = .282). This result was consistent with previous studies on TAM. If business users perceive High Speed Data Service to be useful, they will be more likely to adopt the innovation. On the other hand, workforce efciency was not signicantly related to interest (H7), contradicting expectations. This nding agreed with the original TAM and studies focused on

858

M. Pagani / Information & Management 43 (2006) 847860

Internet banking adoption [10] and online shopping, but it contradicted the results of many previous studies [41,45], where ease of use was a signicant determinant of intention to use computer technology. Findings showed that a combined TTF/TAM was also appropriate. The adoption model needed to consider how well the new technology ts the requirements of a particular task. Table 5 shows a summary of research results. The research model dened in Fig. 7 had several implications. The constructs in the model should be embedded as one part of a larger complex of contextual variables associated with task technology t, organizational task environments, individual, group, organizational performance, and customer satisfaction. The model could also evolve by considering measures for task characteristics, such as decision-making speed, and decision-making in high-velocity environments. 8. Managerial implications The study contributes to diffusion research by using detailed primary data about rms and institutions in several sectors and comparing the inuences that affected the awareness and adoption of wireless data technologies. Our intent was to provide tools for analyzing the demand factors that drive adoption of wireless services in the corporate market by taking specic examples from case study research and an explorative quantitative survey, examining them in a systematic and comparative manner. Results revealed that awareness or interest plays a signicant role in inuencing intention to adopt wireless services. Data speed and technology suitability were perceived as important determinants of adoption by all segments. Data connectivity played an important role in particular for research and banking. Customer satisfaction was the most important attribute for companies belonging to the pharmaceutical segment or companies aimed to provide services. Workforce productivity was pursued by insurance companies. For practitioners, our ndings highlight the need to pay close attention to both organizational task environments and the users needs for high speed data to further support their decision-making tasks. We found they need to consider data connectivity aspects, customer satisfaction requirements and workforce productivity when deciding whether to redesign or discontinue current systems or support policies. They also need to consider whether to redesign task support to take better advantage of IT potential. To do so, they

must understand the changing nature of tasks and apply task-oriented analysis. Our ndings can serve as the basis for a strong diagnostic tool for evaluating whether wireless IS and related services are meeting needs. Such evaluations should specically identify the gaps between wireless systems and support capabilities and needs. Acknowledgments The author is very grateful to the Senior Editor Prof. Edgar H. Sibley and the three anonymous reviewers for their valuable suggestions and comments which enhanced the presentation of this research. References
[1] D.A. Adams, R.R. Nelson, P.A. Todd, Perceived usefulness, ease of use, and usage of information technology: a replication, MIS Quarterly 16 (2), 1992, pp. 227247. [2] R. Agarwal, J. Prasad, Are individual differences germane to the acceptance of new information technologies? Decision Science 30 (2), 1999, pp. 361391. [3] N. Alison, J. Forsyth, Describing needs based segments, paper presented at AMA Advanced Research Techniques Forum, Marriot Monterey, Monterey, CA, 1990. [4] A.K. Au, P. Enderwick, A cognitive model on attitude towards technology adoption, Journal of Managerial Psychology 15 (4), 2000, pp. 266282. [5] E. Axby, Creating a market for mobile data, Telecommunications 32 (9), 1998, pp. 3739. [6] D. Baier, W. Gaul, Analyzing paired comparisons data using probabilistic ideal point and vector models., Studies in classication, data analysis and knowledge organization 7, 1996, pp. 163174. ckenholt, W. Gaul, Analysis of choice behavior via prob[7] I. Bo abilistic ideal point and vector models, Applied Stochastic Models and Data Analysis 2, 1986, pp. 209226. [8] R. Brooksbank, D. Kirby, S. Kane, IT adoption and the independent retail business: the retail news agency, International Small Business Journal 10, 1992, pp. 5361. [9] T. Chan, Cracks in the WAP, Americas Network 104, 2000, pp. 2627. [10] S. Chan, M. Lu, Understanding Internet banking adoption and use behavior: a Hong Kong perspective, Journal of Global Information Management 12 (3), 2004, pp. 2143. [11] P.Y.K. Chau, Reexamining a model for evaluating information center success using a structural equation modeling approach, Decision Sciences 28 (2), 1997, pp. 309334. [12] S. Chau, S. Pederson, The emergence of new micro businesses utilizing electronic commerce, in: G.G. Cable, M.R. Vitale (Eds.), in: Proceedings of the 11th Australian Conference of Information Systems (ACIS), Brisbane, (CD ROM), 2000. [13] I. Chengular-Smith, P. Duchessi, The initiation and adoption of client-server technology in organizations, Information & Management 35 (2), 1999, pp. 7788. [14] F.D. Davis, Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology, MIS Quarterly 13 (3), 1989, pp. 319340.

M. Pagani / Information & Management 43 (2006) 847860 [15] F.D. Davis, R.P. Bagozzi, P.R. Warshaw, User acceptance of computer technology: a comparison of two theoretical models, Management Science 35 (8), 1989, pp. 9821003. [16] G. De Soete, J.D. Carroll, A maximum likelihood method for tting the wandering vector model, Psychometrika 48, 1983, pp. 553566. [17] M.T. Dishaw, D.M. Strong, Extending the technology acceptance model with task technology t constructs, Information & Management 36 (1), 1999, pp. 921. [18] R. Duffy, Wireless set to take the lead, Telecommunications 33, 1999, pp. 2426. [19] M.A. Eastlick, S. Lotz, Proling potential adopters and nonadopters of an interactive electronic shopping medium, International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 27 (6), 1999, pp. 209223. [20] M. Fishbein, I. Azjen, Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1975. [21] W. Gaul, in: G. De Soete, H. Feger, K.C. Klauer (Eds.), Probabilistic Choice Behavior Models and their Combination with Additional Tools Needed for Applications to Marketing, New Developments in Psychological Choice Modeling, Amsterdam, 1989, pp. 317337. [22] D.L. Goodhue, R.L. Thompson, Task-technology t and individual performance, MIS Quarterly 19 (2), 1995, pp. 213236. [23] D. Gefen, M. Keil, The impact of developer responsiveness on perceptions of usefulness and ease of use: an extension of the technology acceptance model, The database for Advances in Information Systems 29 (2), 1998, pp. 3549. [24] D. Gefen, D. Straub, The relative importance of perceived ease of use in IS adoption: a study of e-commerce adoption, Journal of Association for Information Systems 1 (8), 2000, pp. 121. [25] V. Grover, M. Goslar, A. Segars, Adopters of telecommunications initiatives: a prole of progressive US corporations, International Journal of Information Management 15 (1), 1995, pp. 3347. [26] J.F. Hair Jr., R.E. Anderson, R.L. Tatham, W.C. Black, Multivariate Data Analysis, fth ed., Prentice Hall Inc., New Jersey, 1998. [27] D.A. Harrison, P.P. Jr Mykytyn, C.K. Rienenschneider, Executive decisions about IT adoption in small business: theory and empirical tests., Information Systems Research, A Journal of the Institute of Management Sciences 8, 1997, pp. 171195. [28] H. Harrison, WAP: the key to mobile data, Telecommunications 33, 1999, pp. 9698. [29] A.R. Hendrickson, M.R. Collins, An assessment of structure and causation of IS usage, Data Base for Advances in Information Systems 27 (2), 1996, pp. 6167. [30] S.L. Holak, D.R. Lehman, Purchase intentions and the dimensions of innovation: an exploratory model, Journal of Product Innovation Management 7, 1990, pp. 5973. [31] C.L. Iacovou, I. Benbasat, A.A. Dexter, Electronic data interchange and small organizations: adoption and impact of technology, MIS Quarterly 19, 1995, pp. 465485. [32] M. Igbaria, S. Parasuraman, J.J. Baroudi, A motivational model of microcomputer usage, Journal of Management Information Systems 13 (1), 1996, pp. 127143. [33] A.H. Johnson, WAP. Computer World 33, 1999, pp. 4469. [34] P.A. Julien, L. Raymond, Factors of new technology adoption in the retail sector, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 18, 1994, pp. 7990.

859

[35] M. Kleijnen, K. Ruyter, M.G.M. Wetzels, Factors inuencing the adoption of mobile gaming services, in: B.E. Mennecke, T.J. Strader (Eds.), Mobile CommerceTechnology, Theory and Applications, IPG, Hershey, PA, 2003, pp. 213214. [36] I.M. Klopping, E. McKinney, Extending the technology acceptance model and the task-technology t model to consumer ecommerce., Information Technology, Learning and Performance Journal 22 (1), 2004, pp. 3547. [37] D.G. Labay, T.C. Kinnear, Exploring the consumer decision process in the adoption of solar energy systems, Journal of Consumer Research 8, 1981, pp. 271278. [38] A.L. Lederer, D.J. Maupin, M.P. Sena, Y. Zhuang, The technology acceptance model and the world wide web, Decision Support Systems 29 (3), 2000, pp. 269282. [39] H. Lehmann, F. Lehner, Is there a killer application in mobile technology? A tailored research approach. FORWIN-Bericht-Nr. FWN-2003-004. Bamberg et al., 2003. [40] H.P. Lu, D.H. Gustafson, An empirical study of perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use on computerized support system use over time, International Journal of Information Management 14 (5), 1994, pp. 317329. [41] R. Martignoni, J. Stimmer, Erfolgsfaktoren des M-Commerce aus der Sicht eines Finanzdienstleisters, in: W. Gora, S. RoetgerGerigk (Eds.), Handbuch Mobile Commerce, Springer, Berlin, 2002. [42] K. Mathieson, Predicting user intensions: comparing the technology acceptance model with theory planned behavior, Information Systems Research 2 (3), 1991, pp. 192222. [43] J.W. Moon, Y.G. Kim, Extending the TAM for a world-wideweb context, Information & Management 38 (4), 2001, pp. 217 230. [44] G.C. Moore, I. Benbasat, Development of an instrument to measure the perceptions of adopting an information technology innovation, Information Systems Research 2 (3), 1991, pp. 192222. [45] M. Pagani, Determinants of adoption of third generation mobile multimedia services, Journal of Interactive Marketing 18 (3), 2004, pp. 4659. [46] J. Pick, K. Roberts, Corporate adoption of mobile cell phones: business opportunities for 3G and beyond, in: M. Pagani (Ed.), Mobile and Wireless Systems Beyond 3G: Managing New Business Opportunities, IRM Press, Hershey, PA, 2005 , pp. 2450. [47] B. Riggs, B. Bachelor, Vendors address issue of security for wireless devices, Informationweek 765, 1999, pp. 2526. [48] C. Rauch, Zukunft von 3G, Funkschau, WEKA Fachzeitschriften-Verlag, Poing, 2001, pp. 1820. [49] R. Reinema, Cooperative buildingsworkspaces of the future, in: Proceedings of the World Multiconference on Systenics, Cybernetics and Informatics (SCI98), Orlando, Florida, July, 1998. [50] R. Reinema, H. Thielmann, Room ComputerUbiquitous Computing in kooperative Rooms. in: thema FORSCHUNG (Schwerpunktheft Eingebettete Systeme). TU Darmstadt, 2002, pp. 118124. [51] W. Ritzer, Mobile Data. Die Suche nach Killerapplikationen, Funkschau, WEKA Fachzeitschriften-Verlag, Poing, 2001, pp. 4648. [52] E.M. Rogers, Diffusion of Innovations, fourth ed., Free Press, New York, 1995. [53] S. Saunders, P. Heywood, A. Dornon, L. Bruno, L. Allen, Wireless IP: ready or not, here it comes, Data Communications 28, 1999, pp. 4268.

860

M. Pagani / Information & Management 43 (2006) 847860 Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services. 8, 2001, pp. 275 285. [64] R. Yin, Applications of Case Study Research, SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, California, 1993. [65] R. Yin, Case Study Research: Design and Methods, second ed., SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, California, 1994. Margherita Pagani is assistant professor of Management at Bocconi University (Italy) and head researcher for New Media&Tv-lab inside I-LAB Centre for Research on the Digital Economy of Bocconi University. She is associate editor of Journal of Information Science and Technology JIST. She was visiting scholar at SloanMIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) and visiting professor at Redlands University (California). She worked with RAI Radiotelevisione Italiana and as a member of the Workgroup Digital Terrestrial for the Ministry of Communications in Italy. She is the author of the books La Tv nellera digitale (EGEA 2000), Multimedia and Interactive Digital TV: Managing the Opportunities Created by Digital Convergence (IRM Press 2003), Full Internet mobility in a 3G-4G environment: managing new business paradigms (EGEA 2004). She has edited the books Mobile and Wireless Systems beyond 3G: managing new business opportunities (IPG 2004) and Encyclopedia of Multimedia Technology and Networking (IRM Press 2005).

[54] T. Schlabach, UMTS loest eine Branchenimplosion aus, Computer Zeitung, (vol. 19), Konradin Verlag, Leinfelden, 2001. [55] R. Stake, The Art of Case Study Research, SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA, 1995. [56] B. Szajna, Empirical evaluation of the revised technology acceptance model, Management Science 42 (1), 1996, pp. 8592. [57] S. Taylor, P.A. Todd, Understanding information technology usage: a test of competing models, Information Systems Research 6, 1995, pp. 144176. [58] J. Thong, C.S. Yap, CEO characteristics, organizational characteristics and information technology adoption in small business, Omega 23, 1995, pp. 429442. [59] J.K. Van Akkeren, A.L.M. Cavaye, Factors affecting entry-level Internet adoption by SMEs: an empirical study, in: Proceedings of the Australasian Conference in Information Systems, vol. 2, Brisbane, 1999, pp. 17161728. [60] J. Van Akkeren, D. Harker, Mobile data technologies and small business adoption and diffusion: an empirical study of barriers and facilitators, in: B. Mennecke, T. Strader (Eds.), Mobile Commerce: Technology, Theory, and Applications, Idea Group Publishing, Hershey, PA, 2003, pp. 218244. [61] V. Venkatesh, Determinants of perceived ease of use: integrating control, intrinsic motivation, & emotion into the technology acceptance model, Information Systems Research 11 (4), 2000, pp. 342365. [62] V. Venkatesh, F.D. Davis, A theoretical extension of the technology acceptance model: four longitudinal eld studies, Management Science 46 (2), 2000, pp. 186204. [63] P.C. Verhoef, F. Langerak, Possible determinants of consumers adoption of electronic grocery shopping in The Netherlands,