THE ADVERB

Adverbs are those parts of speech that modify or add to the meaning of verbs (by telling how, when, where etc. something happens or is done), adjectives, other adverbs, prepositional phrases, complete sentences or even nouns. Modifying Modifying Modifying Modifying Modifying Modifying a verb: an adjective: an adverb: a prepositional phrase: a complete sentence a noun or a noun equivalent Kerry sang that song beautifully. That problem was extremely difficult. Morven understood us very well. Her watch was completely out of order. Strangely enough, she left without saying a word. The girl over there is my sister. Repeat it from the very beginning. The under-secretary of that committee. Is that house really hers?

FORM OF ADVERBS As regards form, adverbs can be either single, individual words (here, soon, then, when), or compound words: 1. made up of two different parts of speech (abroad, anywhere, downstairs, somewhere) 2. made up of an adjective/noun + the suffix -ly (badly, briefly, suddenly, loudly, hourly). SPELLING Some aspects concerning the adverbs ending in ly should be underlined: a) adjectives ending in -e, retain e and then -ly is added: extreme - extremely; large - largely; nice nicely (exceptions: due - duly; true - truly; whole - wholly) b) adjectives ending in -le drop -e and add -y in the adverb: capable - capably; gentle - gently. c) adjectives ending in -l preceded by a vowel, retain -l and add -ly: beautiful - beautifully; final finally; normal - normally; usual - usually. d) adjectives ending in ll just add -y: full - fully, dull - dully. e) adjectives ending in -y change y to i and then add -ly: easy - easily; happy - happily; noisy noisily (exceptions: coy - coyly; shy - shyly; wry - wryly)

TYPES OF ADVERBS
ADVERBS OF MANNER These adverbs describe a verb showing the manner or circumstances of an event or situation. Some of the -ly adverbs of manner that describe the way in which something is done are the following: Abruptly Economically Peacefully Specially Accurately Effectively Peculiarly Splendidly Awkwardly Evenly Perfectly Steadily Badly Explicitly Plainly Stiffly Beautifully Faintly Pleasantly. Strangely Brightly Faithfully Politely Subtly Briskly Fiercely Poorly Superbly Carefully Finely Professionally Swiftly Carelessly Fluently Properly Systematically Casually Formally Quietly Tenderly Cheaply Frankly Rapidly Thickly Clearly Freely. Readily Thinly Closely Gently Richly Thoroughly. Comfortably. Gracefully. Rigidly Thoughtfully Consistently Hastily Roughly Tightly Conveniently Heavily Ruthlessly Truthfully Correctly Honestly Securely Urgently Dangerously Hurriedly Sensibly Vaguely Delicately Intently Sharply Violently Differently Meticulously Silently Vividly. Disquietly Neatly Simply Voluntarily Distinctly Nicely Smoothly Warmly Dramatically Oddly Softly Widely Easily Patiently Solidly Willingly Wonderfully There are adverbs of manner that indicate not only the way in which something is done, but also the feelings of the person who does it. Such adverbs are: Angrily Anxiously Bitterly Boldly Calmly Cheerfully Confidently Desperately Eagerly excitedly Furiously Gladly Gloomily Gratefully Happily Helplessly Hopefully Hopelessly Impatiently Miserably Nervously Passionately Proudly Reluctantly Sadly Shyly Sincerely Uncomfortably Uneasily Unhappily wearily.

As it has already been shown above adverbs of manner may also indicate the circumstances in which an action takes place: Accidently Alone Artificially Automatically. Bodily Collectively Commercially Deliberately Directly Dully full-time Illegally Independently Indirectly Individually Innocently Instinctively Involuntarily Jointly Legally logically Mechanically naturally. Officially. Openly. Overtly past-time Personally Politically Privately Publicly Regardless Scientifically Secretly Specially Symbolically wholesale. Adverbs of manner answer the questions how?; in what way/manner? ADVERBS OF PLACE Such adverbs give us information about place. They can indicate either location, position or direction, destination. Some adverbs of place that indicate position are: Abroad. Ahead. Aloft. Anywhere. [^aloft= sus, n sus] around. Ashore. Away. Downstairs. Everywhere. halfway. Here. indoors. Inland. midway. Nearly. Nowhere. Offshore. Outdoors. Overseas. Somewhere. There. Under. Underground. Underfoot. Underwater. Upstairs. All these adverbs answer the question: where? Destination is usually expressed by such adverbs of place as: aboard inside overseas abroad near there ashore next door underground downstairs outdoors upstairs downtown out of doors uptown heavenward home outside Direction may be indicated by the following adverbs: Ahead Along Around Back Backward Backwards Forward Left On Right Sideways Clockwise downward east Eastward Eastwards North Northward Northwards North-east North-west South Southward Southwards South-east South-west Round Up Upwards West Westward Westwards. Such adverbs answer the questions where to or where from? Some prepositions or prepositional or adverbial phrases can also be used as adverbs: Above. over. Behind. round. Below. back and forth. Beneath. backwards and forwards. Beside. here and there. Between. hither and thither. near off. in between. Opposite. in front of. in and out of. next to. round and round. to and fro. up and down. Under. underneath. ADVERBS OF TIME Adverbs and adverbial phrases of time can refer either to definite time, indicating "exactly when" something happens, and answering the question when?, or to duration, answering the question since when?/for how long?, or to indefinite time. The last type of adverbs do not answer time questions precisely. Adverbs of definite time refer to the current time or to certain days, years etc: at three o'clock, yesterday, today, tomorrow, on Monday, on New Year's Eve, in the morning, at noon, at dawn, last week, last month, last year, when, then, ago. When more than one adverb of definite time occurs, the more particular must precede the more general, that is the order should be time + day + date + year: We'll have to meet them at 10 o'clock in the morning on Wednesday May 21-st 1995. Ago is used only when the point of reference is present: I wrote to him three days ago. When the point of reference is past or future, before and not ago must be used: She said she had met him two days before. They will arrive here before noon. Adverbials of duration indicate how long something lasts or takes and can be expressed either by such adverbs as: always, all day long, (not) any more, (not) any longer, no longer, no more, briefly, forever, indefinitely, long, overnight, permanently, temporarily, or by prepositional phrases beginning with the following prepositions: after, before, by, during, for, from... to..., in, since, through, till, until. The preposition for indicates how long something continues to happen and marks the duration of a period of time in the past or in the future, or up to the present: You stayed in this hotel for ten days. (You no longer stay there.) You have stayed in this hotel for ten days. (You are still there.)

When the period of time is mentioned for the first time, for is followed by a: for an hour, for a week, for a month, for a year, for a (long/short) while: We waited for him for an hour. When the period of time is already known (seasons, periods of the day), or when the time word is modified by such words as "past", "coming", "following", "next", "last", for is followed by the: My brother is off for the day. They've been working for the past two hours. You will be free for the next three days. John is off to London for the weekend. I wish you all the best for the coming future, (rarely used) My friends have gone to Italy for the summer. Sometimes, when we want to emphasize or exaggerate how long something lasts, for is followed by such plural nouns as ages, hours, days, weeks, months, years, centuries: We haven't heard from him for ages! My son hasn't taken any medicine for years. When we want to be less precise about how long something lasts, we can use approximating adverbs like about, almost, around, less than, more than, nearly after for: She lived in that house for nearly five years. Since such verbs as to last, to stay and to wait have durations as part of their meaning, they can be followed by a noun group instead of a prepositional phrase with for: A football match lasts ninety minutes. "Wait a minute", she told me. We stayed two weeks. The verbs to take and to spend can never be followed by a for- phrase, but by a noun group: It took us two hours to get there. We spent five days in that town. Since marks the beginning of a period that lasts till now and is associated with the Present Perfect, or it marks the beginning of a period that lasted till then and is associated with the Past Perfect: We have known him since 1985. When I met him that evening, he hadn't eaten since morning. Since can also occur as an adverb on its own: Our niece visited us in April, but we haven't seen her since. A time word + after + the same time word emphasizes either that an action is repeated continuously for a long time, or that a state continues for a long time: We waited for an answer day after day. We use in to show that something will happen before the end of a certain period of time. It can often be replaced by within in formal English. They will finish their work in (within) two days. Till/Until are used with "continuity verbs" to mean "any time before and not later than", while by is used with "momentary point of time verbs" having the same meaning of "any time before and not later than": Will you wait here till I come back? The train will have arrived by 10 o'clock. During refers to a whole period of time and is always followed by a noun: Many people lost their lives during the earthquake. In this example during can be replaced by in. But, when we refer to an activity or an event rather than to a period of time, during cannot be replaced by in: We learnt a lot of interesting things during our conversation . If we want to emphasize the idea "from the beginning to the end of a whole period", throughout can replace during or in: Last year it rained throughout June. From... to/till... refer to definite period: We will be free from three to/till six o'clock. Among the adverbs of time there are also included the adverbs of frequency which indicate how often an activity is repeated. Such adverbs fall into two categories: a) adverbs of definite frequency: once; twice; (thrice); three/several times(a

day/week/month/year etc); every + day/week/month/year/morning/ afternoon/evening/night etc; every other day; every three days; every few days; every fourth day; hourly/daily/weekly/fortnightly/monthly/annually/yearly; on + Sundays/Wednesdays/weekdays etc. b) adverbs of indefinite frequency: always; almost always; nearly always; generally; seldom; (very) frequently/occasionally/often/rarely/regularly/usually; (almost) never; hardly ever; again and again; at times; (every) now and then; from time to time; (every) now and again; once in a blue moon; sometimes. ADVERBS OF DEGREE Adverbs of degree indicate the extent of an action or the degree to which an action is performed: The most frequent adverbs of degree are: Absolutely. Adequately. Almost. Amazingly. Awfully. Badly. Barely. A bit, Completely. Considerably. Dearly. Deeply. Drastically. Dreadfully. Enormously. Enough. Entirely. Exceedingly. Excessively. Extensively. Extraordinarily. Extremely. Fairly. Fantastically. Far. Fully. Greatly. Half. Hardly. Hugely. Immensely. Incredibly. Intensely. Just. Largely. Mainly. Moderately. Much. Nearly. Noticeably Outright Partly. Pretty. Profoundly. Purely. Quite. Radically. Rather. Really. Reasonably. Remarkably. Significantly. Simply. Slightly. Somewhat. Soundly. Strongly. sufficiently. Supremely. surprisingly. Suspiciously. Terribly. Too. totally. Tremendously. Truly. Unbelievably. Utterly. Very. Virtually. Well. wonderfully. These adverbs can make the word they modify weaker or stronger. The words that can be modified by adverbs of degree may be: a) adjectives: rather difficult b) adverbs: quite fluently c) verbs: I didn't quite understand d) nouns (very rarely): That was quite an experience. FAIRLY / QUITE / RATHER/PRETTY / VERY Fairly means "less than the highest degree" and is usually combined with adjectives or adverbs that suggest a good state of affairs and it is less complimentary than quite: Your story is fairly interesting. Fairly is never combined with comparative. Quite is a little stronger than fairly. When used with gradable adjectives or adverbs, it means "less than the highest degree" or "better than expected": His answers were quite good. They played quite well. When used with ungradable adjectives or adverbs (dead; perfectly; marvelous; right; impossible), quite means "absolutely", "completely": This painting is quite unique. Not quite, usually used with ungradable words, means "not completely": I did not quite understand you. Many times the meaning of quite depends on stress and intonation. So, if it is pronounced with a rising tone, it has a positive meaning: They managed to finish the job quite quickly. If it pronounced with a falling tone, its meaning is negative: The problem was quite complicated. Quite may be followed by a/an; the; same. a) quite + a/an + countable noun means "noteworthy": He is quite a specialist in such matters. b) quite + the can be followed either by superlatives or by nouns: This is quite the best novel I've ever read. He gave me quite the answer I expected. c) quite + some + uncountable nouns means "considerable": I remember she had quite some influence there. Rather is stronger than quite and is used to mean either "more than is usual/expected" or "more than is wanted/accepted": It is rather warm today.

Your son is rather lazy. Rather can be either preceded or followed by a with no difference in meaning: It was a rather long journey. It must be underlined that, when we make a favourable comment, quite is usually preferred to rather, while in unfavourable comments, rather is preferred to quite, although quite is also possible: These apples are quite cheap. This car is rather/quite expensive. Pretty has a similar meaning to rather, but pretty is used in a more informal style: I am pretty hungry. Very Is the most common intensifier and is used before gradable adjectives or adverbs, in the positive degree: This book is very good. She speaks English very well. When followed by much, very can be followed by comparatives: My car is very much faster than bus. and when preceded by the, or possessive adjectives, it can be followed by superlatives or nouns: He wasn't arrived till 3.00 p.m. at the very earliest. She will do her very best to help us. That's the very thing I need! Read the lesson from the very beginning, please! MUCH - FAR - A LOT Much and far as intensifiers are usually combined with comparatives and superlatives: This exercise is much/far more difficult than the others. This is much/far the worst road in the country. while a lot is followed only by comparatives: It is a lot warmer today than it was yesterday. TOO-ENOUGH Too means "more than the right amount" or "more than is desirable". Enough means "the right amount" and not enough means "less than the right amount". While too goes before an adjective or adverb, enough goes after it: This suitcase is too heavy for me. You go too slowly. This house is big enough for us. We arrived there early enough. Note that enough can also be a determiner when used before a noun: We have enough money to buy that car. HARDLY - BARELY - SCARCELY Hardly, barely and scarcely are negative words and they mean "almost not". Consequently they can never combine with other negative words: She hardly ever leaves her house (= almost never). They have barely enough food (= almost not enough). We scarcely know anybody here (= almost no person). SO-SUCH Both, so and such are used to emphasize a quality that someone or something has. So can be followed by an adjective, an adverb or a noun group preceded by much, many, little, few: Her story was so interesting. He spoke so quickly that nobody understood him. I'd like to visit so many countries. Such may be followed either by a singular noun preceded by a, or by a plural noun group: It was such a sad story. I've never done such difficult exercises. Note the position of a in the two constructions: She is such a pretty girl. She is so pretty a girl, (archaic construction)

INTERROGATIVE ADVERBS Such adverbs as how; when; where and why are often used to begin a question: How is it that I am the last to know about it? When does the train arrive? Where do you live? Why didn't they come? CONNECTIVE/LINKING/RELATIVE ADVERBS Numerous adverbs are used to introduce a clause. Such adverbs are employed when a) an extra reinforcing piece of information is added: also, as well, besides, furthermore, moreover: These shoes are expensive ; besides, they're too small. My sister has painted a landscape. She has also painted some flowers. That dress wouldn't fit me, besides I can't afford it. I don't like this idea, and, moreover, I think it's illegal. b) there is made a comparison: as compared to, equally, likewise, similarly: He ignored her, and she ignored him likewise. My brother was taught to read by my mother, and similarly, so was I. c) a contrast is pointed to: alternately; conversely; even so; however; instead; nevertheless; nonetheless; rather; still; though; yet: It rained, but even so we enjoyed the day. I don't like your suggestion. However, you may do as you please. His mother was too tired to go, so he took his aunt instead. I am feeling ill, but I will come with you nevertheless. He hadn't bought a ticket; nonetheless he wanted to come with us. Strange though it may seem, he arrived early. She's pleasant enough, (and) yet I don't like her. d) we want to indicate that something happens before or after an event we have already mentioned: afterwards; beforehand; earlier; (ever) since; finally; first; last; later; meanwhile; next; presently; simultaneously; soon; soon after; subsequently; suddenly; then; throughout: The child had gone into the park. Meanwhile his mother was searching for him in the street. The boy went to bed. Soon he was fast asleep. She looked around. Suddenly she realised she was alone. e) we want to summarize the things mentioned above: all in all; and so on; essentially: She reminded me of what I owed her and so on. The interrogative adverbs how, when, where and why may also be employed as relative adverbs: We don't know how they managed to get here before us. ' I don't remember when I saw her. She asked me where I lived. He explained to her why he couldn't come to the party. FOCUS ADVERBS Such adverbs as alone. Chiefly. especially. Even. exclusively. Just. Only. Purely.Mainly. particularly. really. Merely. predominantly. simply. Mostly. Primarily. Solely. Notably. Principally. specially. Specifically precede the word they qualify to focus attention on it. The position of these adverbs in the sentence is flexible, according to the word we want to focus on and, in this way, they convey slightly different meanings: Even Mary could do that exercise, (although she is not very good at Maths). Mary could do even that exercise, (among other things) Only Nick smelt the flower, (nobody else) Nick only smelt the flower, (he didn't do anything else) Nick smelt only the flower, (nothing else) Sometimes only combined with too to means "extremely": That problem was only too difficult for me. Alice just bought the book. Alice bought just the book. Alice bought the book just!

The adverbs too; as well; not... either focus our attention by adding some more information: This car is too expensive for me. (=more than desirable) Grandfather is old, and grandmother is old too/as well, (-also) I cannot swim and my sister cannot swim either. VIEWPOINT ADVERBS Some adverbs or adverbial phrases are used to indicate the speaker's or writer's attitude to the fact or event he is talking about. So the speaker/writer may show a) how sure he is about something: certainly. Honestly. perhaps; significantly. Clearly. Maybe. Possibly. strictly. Definitely. Naturally. really. Evidently. Obviously. remarkably. Obviously, I'll need some help with this. b) that he is going to be brief: anyhow; anyway; briefly; in brief I don't think you can do it but you can try anyhow. c) what his opinion is: absurdly; agreeably; astonishingly; characteristically; conveniently; curiously; fortunately; frankly; happily; honestly; hopefully. Incredibly. Ironically. Mercifully. Miraculously. Mysteriously. Oddly. Paradoxically. Sadly. Strongly. Surprisingly. Typically. Unbelievably. Unexpectedly. Unfortunately. Unhappily. (un)luckily. unnecessarily I was agreeably surprised by the cheapness of the prices. Hopefully, that will never happen. That woman's face was strongly familiar. Unfortunately I have not enough money to travel abroad. He was unnecessarily rude.

THE COMPARISON OF ADVERBS

It is only gradable adverbs that may have degrees of comparison. Most adverbs of manner, as well as some adverbs of time (early; late; soon), of frequency (often; frequently; rarely; regularly), of duration (briefly; permanently), of place (close; deep; far; low; near) can have the comparative and the superlative degree. REGULAR COMPARISON OF ADVERBS 1. adverbs with the same form as adjectives (early, fast; hard; high; late; long; near) form their comparative and superlative with the suffixes -er and-est: I can run faster than you. Mary runs the fastest of all. 2. adverbs made up of adjective + -ly (carefully; easily; nicely; slowly) form the comparative and superlative with more and most [nicely more nicely (the) most nicely]: She did the second exercise more easily than the first. This time he planned his action most carefully. 3. some adjectives (cheap; loud; quick; slow) can be used instead of adverbs in informal English: Kerry reacted the quickest. He should drive slower today. IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADVERBS Well. Better. best. Badly. Worse. worst. Far. Further/farther. Furthest/farthest. THE COMPARATIVE The Comparative of Superiority We get up earlier than you do. He speaks English more fluently than his sister. The boys are behaving worse than they usually do. The Comparative of Equality We get up as early as you do. He speaks English as fluently as his sister. The boys are behaving as badly as they usually do. The Comparative of Inferiority

We do not get up so/as early as you do. He does not speak English so/as fluently as his sister. The boys are not behaving so/as badly as they usually do. THE SUPERLATIVE The Absolute Superlative We get up very early. He speaks English very fluently. The boys are behaving very badly. The Relative Superlative We get up the earliest. He speaks English the most fluently of all. The boys are behaving the worst.

THE POSITION OF ADVERBS

When a sentence contains more than one kind of adverb, the usual order should be: Manner - Place - Time The children play happily here every day. According to their position in the sentence, adverbs can be: FRONT-POSITION ADVERBS 1. Interrogative adverbs (only front position): How old is their sister? When did they buy their house? Where will you spend your summer holidays? Why were you so late? 2. In exclamatory sentences, the adverbs have always front position: Here comes the bus! There goes the train! How well he speaks English! 3. Adverbs of affirmation or of negation : Yes, she is at home. No, we don't live here. 4. Sometimes, in narrative writing, in order to create suspense, dramatic effect, such adverbs of manner as gently, quietly, slowly can begin a sentence. These adverbs are followed by comma: The bandit entered the room. Slowly, he moved his hand towards his gun. 5. When we want to emphasize location, adverbs of place may begin a sentence: Outside it was snowing and it was very cold. A sentence may also begin with an adverb of place when there is more than one adverbial of place in the sentence, in order to avoid ambiguity: In the country most people work on farms. 6. Adverbs of definite time can have front position: Yesterday we played tennis, Last week I visited The British Museum. 7. Sometimes, in order to avoid ambiguity, adverbs of definite frequency may begin a sentence: Once a year she buys him one of the books he likes. 8. Adverbs of indefinite frequency like frequently; generally; normally; occasionally; sometimes; usually can begin a sentence, when emphasis or contrast is required: Generally he goes to work by bus. Sometimes we meet him at the theatre. 9. When the adverb often is emphasized and is preceded by quite or very, it is placed at the beginning of a sentence: Quite/Very often we go on trips when we are on holidays . 10. Viewpoint adverbs may come in any position, but the front position is most usual: Fortunately the dogs didn't see him. Maybe he can help us.

11. A large number of adverbial phrases: by and by; by now; till now; up to now; before then; until then; just then; just now; every day/week etc; of course; how far; how long; how much; how often; at first; at last; at present; at least; in future; later on; all at once; sooner or later are used in the beginning of the sentence: By now we have learnt a lot of interesting things. How often have you met? Sooner or later you will realize that she is right. INVERSION AFTER ADVERBS For emphasis, some adverbs or adverbial phrases, mostly with a restrictive or negative meaning, are placed at the beginning of the sentence being followed by the inverted (=interogative) form of the verb: a) negative adverbs: never; seldom; scarcely; scarcely... when; no sooner... than; in no circumstances; on no account; little; nowhere; not until; neither; nor; rarely Never has she understood him! No sooner had we set off than we realized we had left the dog behind. On no account must you open that door. Little does he know about this. I don't like coffee. Neither does my sister. I have never done that, nor do I intend to start now. b) restrictive adverbs: only by; only now; only when; only then; only in this way; only there; not only Only by learning his lesson every day did he succeed in getting such good marks. Only now do I understand the truth. Only there will you find understanding. c) for stylistic purposes, some adverbs that do not normally have front position, can be used in front position, being followed by inversion Near the school was a new hospital. Often have I found his name in newspapers. Twice a week did we go shopping together. By her side sat a lovely child. d) after the adverbs here and there or the adverb particles back; down; off; up; round; forward Here is a new article about friendship. There come many people to visit this exhibition. In came Jane. Up jumped the children. Down fell the books. But, when the subject is a pronoun, no inversion is necessary In she came. Up they jumped. Down they fell. Back we went. e) so + adjective + that and such + that So difficult was the problem that none of us could do it. Such was the fate of this woman. ' MID-POSITION ADVERBS Adverbs in mid-position are placed between the subject and the predicate (expressed by a Simple Present or Simple Past), or after the first auxiliary or modal verb in the verb phrase, or after the verb to be. Such adverbs are: a) adverbs of manner. The change of position of adverbs of manner like bravely; cleverly; cruelly; foolishly; generously; secretly; simply results in a difference in emphasis: He simply refused to talk to us. (=absolutely) Nancy was always very simply dressed. (=in a simple manner) b) adverbs of indefinite time: We recently discovered the truth. c) adverbs of indefinite frequency (always; never; usually): She is never careful. We can always meet him in the park on Sunday.

She usually wears long dresses. d) viewpoint adverbs: They are obviously right. You perhaps met this man before. END-POSITION ADVERBS a) adverbs of definite time: Our friends left London yesterday. World War II ended in 1945. b) adverbs of definite frequency: Peggy goes to the concert on Fridays. They visit us once a week. c) adverbs of indefinite frequency: He will love her always. (=for ever) Does she go to Aberdeen often? Mother makes cakes on Saturdays usually. The adverbs rarely and seldom are placed at the end of a sentence when preceded by only or very: I see him very rarely. She leaves the house only seldom. d) adverbs of manner must be placed after the verb (when there is no direct object) or after the direct object: It was raining heavily. I opened the door carefully. e) adverbs of place We walked in the park. They played our favourite records at the disco. f) adverbs of degree : He was paid adequately. They helped me very much. g) viewpoint adverbs: His brother isn't very well, unfortunately .

Appendix There are some adjectives that have both their adjective forms used as adverbs and the ly forms. Sometimes, the -ly adverbs have a different meaning from their corresponding adjectives. A. The same meaning: bright/brightly. cheap/cheaply. dead/deadly. dear/dearly. fair/fairly, sound/ soundly. tight/tightly: The sun was shining bright/brightly. We sold those fruits cheap/cheaply. The last two forms may occur when combined with to buy, to get, to sell, but when combined with other verbs, only cheaply can be used: Last year we travelled cheaply all over Europe. The little child was dead/deadly for that. The child was sleeping sound/soundly. The bags were packed tight/tightly. I told them to fight fair/fairly. Fairly can also have the meaning quite/rather/moderately: He played fairly well. B. Different meaning: CLEAN - CLEANLY Clean means "completely", "entirely" while cleanly means "in a clean manner" : They got clean away. I clean forgot to buy bread. The knife cut cleanly through the cheese.

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CLEAR - CLEARLY Clear used before prepositions, means "right" and clearly means "in a clear manner": The stranger got clear away. This time I heard him clearly. CLOSE - CLOSELY Close means "quite", "near", while closely has a descriptive use: She is following close behind. He came close to getting 100 %. This girl resembles her mother closely. I'll have to follow this programme closely. DEEP-DEEPLY Deep meaning "far down" or "into" may be used either literally or figuratively, while deeply, used metaphorically of degree, means "very greatly": He went deep into the wood. She felt his betrayal deeply. DIRECT - DIRECTLY Direct denotes the direction of a movement with such verbs as to come, to go, to send, while directly is used both of direction and in the sense "at once", "without an intermediate link": That afternoon we flew direct/directly to London. He will be here directly. They found themselves directly involved in that matter. DUE-DULY Due, used before the points of the compass, means "exactly" and duly means either "properly" or "punctually": We sailed due south. He duly asked her as he had been told to. The train duly arrived. EASY-EASILY Easy occurs only in certain phrases: just go easy, take it easy, while easily means either "in an easy manner", or " clearly/beyond doubt", or "very probably/very likely": We could do that exercise easily. He is easily the best student in this class. It may easily rain this afternoon. FREE-FREELY Free means "without payment" and freely means either "in a free manner" or " willingly/readily" It cost me nothing. It was free. I feel that I can speak freely (=without hiding anything; openly). I freely admit that the accident was my fault. FULL - FULLY Full means either "completely" or "exactly", "directly" and fully also means - "completely" or " quite/at least": When I saw it, it was a full/fully grown dog: He looked/hit me full in the face. I was fully aware of what was happening. It will take fully five days to reach there. HARD-HARDLY Hard means "with great effort", "with great force/ heavily", "with great attention", "to the full extent/ fully" and hardly means "almost no/none/ never etc" or "probably not": You have worked very hard. Don't hit him too hard. It was raining so hard that we couldn't leave. She stared hard at me. The car turned hard right. Hardly any small businesses are successful nowadays. We can hardly walk. He hardly ever goes out now. . She's hardly likely to forgive him this time.

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HIGH - HIGHLY High means "at a great distance from ground-level, sea-level etc"; highly means either "very/very much" "with approval": The plane was flying high in the sky. She is highly delighted at the news. He thinks/speaks very highly of you. JUST - JUSTLY Just may mean either "exactly"/"precisely" or "very recently", "on the point of/ in the process of", "only/merely/ absolutely"; justly means "in a fair or reasonable manner": This penknife is just that I needed. Our friends have just arrived. She is just coming through the door. They waited for six hours just to get a glimpse of the Queen. The weather is just marvelous. She was quite justly blamed for the accident. LARGE - LARGELY Large occurs in such stock expressions as "to take something by and large", "to sail large", "to write large", "to talk large"; largely means either "mainly"/ "chiefly" or "to a great extent": This success was largely due to his efforts. Our attempts to do better have been largely successful. LATE - LATELY Late means "after the expected or usual time" or "far into the day or night"; lately means "recently": He arrived late for the interview. They always go to bed late. Have you seen them lately? MOST-MOSTLY Most means "to a great extent" and mostly means "on the whole" or "mainly": What annoyed me most was his late arrival,. Mostly, I go to the library rather than buy books. NEAR-NEARLY Near is used for place and time and means "at a very small distance from..." while nearly is used for degree and means "almost": He lives quite near. They have nearly finished. PRETTY - PRETTILY Pretty, used of degree, means "fairly" and prettily means "in a pretty manner": He is pretty old now. The room was prettily decorated. PRESENT-PRESENTLY The adjective present has only the form presently as an adverb, meaning "soon" or "at the present time": He will be here presently. The manager is presently on holiday. RIGHT - RIGHTLY Right is used of degree and means "exactly", "immediately", "completely", "to the right", "correctly"; rightly means "correctly", "accurately": She was standing right here. We'll leave right after lunch. The bullet went right through the window. After that, we turned right. Have I done that right? SHARP-SHARPLY Sharp used for exact hour, means "punctually"; it may also mean "abruptly", "quickly", or "at too high a pitch"; sharply means "in a sharp manner", "distinctly: We left at ten o'clock sharp. Turn sharp left here.

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You're singing sharp. He answered her sharply. Opinions are sharply divided on this matter. SHORT - SHORTLY Short means "suddenly/abruptly" or "not as far as-intended", while shortly means "soon" or "unexpectedly abruptly": She stopped short when she saw him. The shot fell short. Shortly after that the police arrived. She answered me rather shortly, I thought. NOTES: a) -ly adjectives are very rarely formed from classifying adjectives (available, eastern, female, foreign, modern, single, urban, wooden etc), from colour adjectives, as well as from such qualitative adjectives as : big, fat, old, small, tall, wet, young. b) although most adjectives ending in -ed don't get -lyto form adverbs, there are some such adjectives that form -ly adverbs: absent-mindedly; admittedly; allegedly; assuredly; belatedly; blessedly; contentedly; crookedly; decidedly; delightedly; deservedly; determinately; distractedly; doggedly; exaggeratedly; excitedly; fixedly; frenziedly; half-heartedly; heatedly; hurriedly; lightheartedly; markedly; pointedly; repeatedly; reportedly; reputedly; supposedly; undoubtedly; unexpectedly; unhurriedly; wholeheartedly; wickedly. c) such adjectives ending in -ly as cowardly; friendly; likely; lively; lovely; manly; motherly; sickly; silly, can't get -ly to be turned into adverbs. If we want to use these words as adverbs, we must say "in a... fashion/manner/way". He greeted me in a friendly way. d) some adverbs have the same forms as the adjectives and are similar in meaning: alike; alone; far; fast; little; next; only; outside; past; solv; straight. The teacher treated all the pupils alike. My twin sisters are very alike. made up of a noun + the suffixes - ways; - wards; - wise: sideways; backwards; forwards; clockwise; crosswise: All of them moved sideways. She swings her bag backwards and forwards. The circle of children moved clockwise round the room, then anticlockwise. She sat with her legs crosswise. made up of the prefix a- + a noun or an adjective: aloft; ashore; abroad: He held the banner aloft. The sailor went ashore. They lived abroad for many years.

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