Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2.1 Integer Frequency Offset (IFO)
Lets suppose we have X
I
|n]
N-1
n=0
transmitted symbols at
the transmitter end which we intend to transmit. When
passing through the channel, IFO affects OFDM symbol by
the amount of c
-]2nnk
N
,
after the IFFT block. The
transmitted symbol is shifted by an integer [
due to IFO
and results in X|k - [
(n) = c
]
E(|k - [|
N
) C
(|k - [|
N
) + Z
(n)
Z
(|k -
[|
N
) represents the phase rotated version of the transmitted
symbols caused by the IFO.
We have to cater for the IFO affect, as the integer shift in
subcarriers can degrade the performance of the system by
increasing Bit Error Rate (BER). The IFO effect on the
OFDM symbol doesnt interrupt the orthogonality between
the subcarriers and hence ensures the absence of Inter
Carrier Interference (ICI). This is shown in figure 1.
Figure 1. Effect of IFO on OFDM Symbols
Fractional Frequency Offset
The scenario in which shift in the subcarriers is a fractional
part instead of an integer then it is called fractional carrier
frequency offset. Orthogonality can be lost among the
subcarriers which will cause ICI in return [5]. Received
signal can be expressed as:
I
|n] =
1
N
E|k] X
I
|k] c
]2nn(k+[)N +
N-1
n=0
Z
I
|n]
After taking the FFT of equation 2 we have received signal
which is affected by FFO and can be written as:
I
|k] =
I
|n]c
-]2nknN
N-1
n=o
After putting the value of received signal we get the
expression as given below:
I
|k] =
1
N
E|m]
N-1
m=0
X
I
|m]c
]2n(m-k+[
]
)nN
N-1
n=o
+ Z
I
|n]c
-]2nknN
N-1
n=o
After rearranging we have left with the expression:
I
|k] =
1
N
E|m]X
I
|m] c
]2n(m-k+[
]
)nN
N-1
n=o
N-1
m=o
+ Z
I
|k]
Then expanding the above equation and simplifying the
final expression is shown below:
I
|k] =
sn(n[
]
)
N sn(
n[
]
N
,
)
c
]n[
]
(N-1N)
E
I
|k] X
I
|k] +
I
I
|k] + Z
I
|k]
W. Aziz, et al., JOE, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 5-10, 2012 7
The term
sn(n[
]
)
N sn(
n[
]
N
,
)
shows the effect of FFO to the
ktb subcarrier which results in amplitude and phase
distortion. As described earlier that ICI occurs due to FFO
which can eliminate the orthogonality between the
subcarriers, the interference is being represented by I
I
|k] in
above equation and includes ICI from other subcarrier to
the ktb subcarrier. This ICI factor can be described
mathematically as below:
I
I
|k]
= c
]n[
]
(N-1)N
sin(n(m - k + [
]
))
N sin(n(m - k + [
]
)N))
N-1
m=0
m=k
E|m]
X
I
|m] c
]n(m-k)(N-1)N)
Figure 2. Received Signals Subject to CFO
3. CFO Estimation Techniques
It is necessary to estimate the CFO, which explains
distortion in the transmitted symbols and hence at the
receiver it can be compensated using some estimation
techniques [3]. There are two domains in which we can
perform the estimation of CFO effectively, usually known
as the time and the frequency domain techniques. Now both
will be discussed separately.
3.1 Time Domain Estimation
Time domain estimation proves a fruitful technique in the
case of CFO. The use of training symbols and the cyclic
prefix (CP) are the ways through which we can perform
time domain estimation for CFO efficiently.
3.1.1 Cyclic Prefix
The cyclic prefix (CP) of the OFDM symbol can be used to
estimate the CFO in time domain. We know that the CFO
causes the phase distortion in the OFDM symbol which can
be denoted as
2n[n
N
, where describes the CFO effect. If
we consider that channel effect is minimal and can be
neglected then the phase difference of the CP and the
OFDM symbol which is the victim of CFO can be found
by
2n[N
N
, = 2n[. Now we can find the amount of CFO
by the multiplication of OFDM symbol (CFO affected)
with the CP and after that taking their phase angle
measurements [6]. This can be represented by the
mathematical expression below which shows the average
value over the CP samples.
[ =
1
2n
org _ y
I
-
|n] y
I
|n + N]
-1
n=-N
g
_
The range of the CFO () can be estimated from the above
equation. As orgfunction can be performed by the use of
ton
-1
function which has the range of |-n, n] in a 2n
-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
CFO=0
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
CFO=0.01
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
CFO=0.05
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
CFO=0.3
W. Aziz, et al., JOE, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 5-10, 2012 8
interval. This corresponds to the value of CFO in the range
of |-u.S, +u.S] accordingly.
We can conclude that the CP results the CFO estimation in
the range |[| u.S , hence this technique is useful for the
Fractional CFO (FFO) which deals with the fractional
offsets in the OFDM symbol. There is a drawback of using
CP as improves non-effective in the case of Integer CFO
(IFO), because it does not estimate integer offset.
3.1.2 Training Symbol
To overcome the issues of CP, Training Symbol (TS)
technique can be employed which covers the wide range to
estimate the value of CFO (). TS has repetitive nature with
periods of short duration, which ensures the correlation by
bringing together two sampled OFDM blocks. This will
prove helpful in increasing the range of the CFO.
Lets suppose we denote the ratio of OFDM symbol to the
repetitive length of the pattern by an integer T. Then we can
estimate the CFO by using this integer T by the following
equation:
[ =
I
2n
org _ y
I
-
|n] y
I
|n + NI]
N1-1
n=0
_
This gives an estimation range of|[| I2, which depends
upon the controllable factor of T. As the value of T
decrease the estimation range of CFO decreases and vice
versa [7].
One main disadvantage in the case of TS is that the value of
Mean Square Error (MSE) increase as we widen our CFO
range. This is due to reduction in the correlation samples by
a factor of 1I. The solution to this problem is to calculate
average of all the estimates over repetitive short periods
which will reduce the amount of MSE without affecting the
estimation range.
3.2 Frequency Domain Estimation
The problems faced in the time domain estimation of CFO
can be tackled well by the use frequency domain estimation
techniques. The well known technique for CFO estimation
is by pilot insertion or pilot tones.
3.2.1 Pilot Tones
In the pilot tone technique we insert some known symbols
(pilots) information in the frequency domain and then
OFDM symbols transmitted for the purpose of estimating
CFO. After necessary synchronization these known
symbols are extracted at the receiver end after taking FFT
[8].After this frequency domain estimation the received
signal is further compensated by using time domain
estimation techniques as described earlier.
This works well by the implementation of two different
estimation modes commonly known as the tracking and
acquisition modes. Acquisition mode estimates the Integer
CFO by enhancing the range of CFO, while tracking mode
only supports fine CFO [9]. We can estimate the acquisition
mode by the expression below:
[
ucq
=
1
2n. I
sub
mox __
I
+ |A|i], []
I
-
|A|i], e]X
I
-
K-1
=0
+ |A|i]X
I
|A|i]]__
WhereKdenote the number of pilot tones,A|i] denotes the
location of the itb pilot tone, andX
I
|A|i] shows the pilot
tone located atA|i] in the frequency domain at the ltb
symbol period. In the same way we can develop a
mathematical expression for Fine CFO as:
[
]
=
1
2n. I
sub
. I
org __
I
K-1
=1
+ |A|i], [
ucq
]
I
-
|A|i], [
ucq
]X
I
-
+ |A|i]X
I
|A|i]]__
In the tracking mode we estimate the [
]