AE 2304- PROPULSION - II PART A 1.Differentiate between impulse stage and reaction stage turbines. 2.Define match point. 3.

Write down the merits and demerits of integral ram-rocket. 4.What do you mean by supercritical mode of operation of ramjet !. "ame any two o#idi$er-fuel combinations used for hybrid rockets. %. &ompare air breathing engine and rocket engine. '. Define (pecific impulse. ). Define temperature sensiti*ity coefficient of a solid propellant. +. Define &haracteristic *elocity. 1,. What is the basic concept in using ad*anced propulsion techni-ue 11. Define .a/ 0mpulse stage .b/ 1eaction stage. 12. Define total-to-total efficiency and state when it is appropriate to use this efficiency. 13. 2n ideal ramjet engine operates at 3 4 1.! at an altitude of %!,, m. 5ind its cycle efficiency. 14. 6ow do you classify ramjets based on combustion process 1!. What are the limitations of hybrid rockets 1%. Define discharge correction factor. &an it be more than one 7ustify your answer. 1'. Define characteristic e#haust *elocity. 1). Define specific impulse. 1+. Why electrical rockets are called essentially power limited 2,. What is the basic principle of operation of a solid propellant rocket

PART B - (5 x 16 = 80 marks 11. .a/ .i/ Describe the working of an a#ial flow turbine stage with a neat sketch. Draw the 8-( diagram and *elocity triangles. .ii/ Discuss the limiting factors in turbine design. .b/ 2 mean-diameter design of a turbine stage ha*ing e-ual inlet and outlet *elocities leads to the following data. 3ass flow m 0nlet temperature TOI 0nlet pressure 9:0 2#ial *elocity .constant through stage/ &a ;lade sped U "o$$le effiu# angle a2 e # i t ( t a g e

swirl a3

2, kg<s 1,,, = 4., bar 2%, nfs 3%, nfs %! degrees 1, degrees

Determine the rotor blade >as angles? degree of reaction? temperature drop coefficient (2cpD.Tos/U2) and power output. 2ssuming a no$$le loss coefficient AW of ,.,!? calculate the no$$le throat area re-uired .ignoring the effect of friction on the critical conditions/. 12. .a/ . .i/ Describe the working of a ramjet engine. Depict the *arious thermodynamic processes occurring in it on h-s diagram. .ii/ Discuss the performances of (upersonic &ombustion 1amjet. &ompare (ubsonic and (upersonic combustion 1amjets. .b/ 2 ramjet is tra*eling at 3ach 3 at an altitude of 4!'2 m? the e#ternal static temperature is 2!).4=? and the e#ternal static pressure is !'.1 k9a. 8he heating *alue of the fuel is 4%?!2, k7lkg. 2ir flows through the engine at 4!.3! kg<so 8he burner e#it total temperature is 1+44 = 5ind the thrust? fuel ratio? and 8(5&. 8he specific heat ratio can be assumed to be 14. 13. .a/ 2 chemical rocket is used for launch into earth orbit. 2t the end of the combustion chamber the stagnation temperature is 3,,, =? 8he molecular weight of the combustion products is 2%. 8he gases e#pand isentropically as an ideal gas mi#ture with specific heat ratio@ 1.2? 8he area ratio Ae < A' of the no$$le is 2,? and the throat is ,.1 m. 2t sea le*el determineA .i/ 8he stagnation pressure if the e#pansion is correct? .ii/ 8he rocket thnist. .b/ .i/ B#plain the working of li-uid propellant rocket engine with a gas pressure feed system. Write down its merits and demerits. .ii/ What are the important factors in selecting a li-uid propellant 7ustify those points. 14. .a/ .i/ What are the important factors that influence the burning rate of a solid propellant B#plain them with appropriate sketches. .ii/ 6ow do you classify solid propellant rockets "ame any four solid propellant ingredients function with two e#amples for each function. .b/ 2 rocket is to be designed to produce ! 3" of thrust at sea le*el. 8he pressure in the combustion chamber is ' 39a and the temperature is 2),, =. 0f the working fluid is assumed to be a perfect gas with the properties of air at room temperature? determine the followingA .i/ (pecific impulse? .ii/ 3ass flow rate? .iii/ 8hroat diameter? .i*/ B#it diameter and

.*/ 8hrust at 3, km altitude . 1!. .a/ .i/ 3ention the *arious methods of cooling of thrust chamber assemblies and briefly e#plain anyone cooling method. .ii/ With the aid of neat sketches e#plain *arious techni-ues for thrust *ector control. .b/ .i/ Draw a neat sketch and e#plain the working of ion propulsion rocket. .ii/ 6ow does the shape of the no$$le affect performance 6ow do you o*ercome the thrust loss associated with o*er e#pansion

AE 2304- PROPULSION - II

PART B - (5 x 16 = 80 marks)

11. (a) (i) Draw neat sketch and explain the general working principle of a nuclear rocket. (ii) Draw a neat sketch and briefly explain about electric rocket propulsion technique. (b) (i) Explain the working of electric plasma rocket with a neat sketch. (ii) Describe the concept of No leless propulsion with their merits and demerits. 1!. (a) "he following data apply to a single#stage turbine designed on free#$ortex theory. %ass flow )nlet temperature )nlet pressure "emperature )sentropic efficiency %ean blade speed 1otational speed *utlet $elocity "*) -*)
!:J.To
TJi

&' kg(s 1!++ , ..+ bar 1/+ , +.0 &!+ rnfs !/+ re$(s 3++ rnfs

Um
N 2&

"he outlet $elocity is axial. 2alculate the blade height and radius ratio of the anriulus from the outlet conditions. "he turbine is designed with a constant annulus area through the stage4 i.e. with no flare. (b) Draw "#5 diagram for a reaction stage turbine. Define the terms no le loss coefficient and rotor blade loss coefficient and pro$e that A 6 +..' 7 for e$en when the %ach number at the blade exit is unity.
1&. (a) 8 9et engine is to propel an aircraft at %ach & at high altitude where ambient pressure is ../ k-a and the ambient temperature is !!+ ,. "he turbine inlet temperature is !/3+ ,. )f all components of the engine are frictionless determine (i) "he thermal efficiency

(ii) "he propulsion efficiency (iii) "he o$erall efficiency :et the specific heat ratio be r 4 1.3 and make the approximation of f 1. (b) (i) ;ith a neat sketch explain the concept of integral ram#rocket and mention its ad$antages and disad$antages. (ii) <riefly discuss performance of supersonic combustion ram9et and compare subsonic combustion 1am9et with supersonic combustion 1am9et engine. 13. (a) (i) ;hat are the important factors that influence the burning rate of a solid propellant= Explain them with appropriate sketches. (ii) >ow do you classify solid propellant rockets= Name any four solid propellant ingredients with two examples for each. (b) 8 chemical rocket is used for launch into earth orbit. 8t the end of the combustion chamber the stagnation temperature is &+++ , and the stagnation pressure is ! %-a. "he molecular weight of the combustion products is !'. "he gases expand entropically as an ideal gas mixture with specific heat ratio 1.!. "he area ratio Ae ( A of the no le is !+4 and the throat diameter is +.1 m. 8t sea le$el4 determine the rocket thrust.
? 1/. (a) >ow long would it take for a thrust of a rocket to diminish to 1+? of its steady $alue if the fuel and oxidant flows into the chamber were suddenly stopped= 2onsider4 for example4 the following conditions@

)nitial combustion chamber pressure Po )nitial combustion chamber temperature To 2ombustion chamber $olume A "hroat area 8B %olecular weight of propellant M 1atio of specific heats r

4 4 4 4 4 4

1+ %-a &+++ , +.1/ m& +.1 m2 1+

1.2

4 + 8mbient pressure Pa (b) (i) >ow does the shape of the no le affect performance= >ow do you o$ercome the thrust loss associated with o$er expansion=

(ii) Explain $arious methods of thrust $ector control with sketches.

RA ALA!S"#I EN$INEERIN$ %OLLE$E AE2304 PROPULSION-II

PART A & (10 ' 2 = 20 marks) !1.Differentiate between impulse stage and reaction stage turbines. !!.Define match point. !&.;rite down the merits and demerits of integral ram# rocket. !3.;hat do you mean by supercritical mode of operation of ram9et= !/.Name any two oxidi er#fuel combinations used for hybrid rockets. !'.Define total#to#total efficiency and state when it is appropriate to use this efficiency. !C. 8n ideal ram9et engine operates at % 6 1./ at an altitude of '/++ m. Dind its cycle efficiency. !..>ow do you classify ram9ets based on combustion process= !0.;hat are the limitations of hybrid rockets= &+.Define discharge correction factor. 2an it be more than one= Eustify your answer

PART B & (5 ' 16 = 80 marks) 11. (a) (i) Describe the working of an axial flow turbine stage with a neat sketch and Draw the "#5 diagram and $elocity triangles. (ii) Discuss the limiting factors in turbine design. (*1) (b) 8 mean#diameter design of a turbine stage ha$ing equal inlet and outlet $elocities leads to the following data.

%ass flow m )nlet temperature )nlet pressure

# !+ kg(s # 1+++ k # 3.+ bar

8xial $elocity (constant through stage) # !'+ rps <lade speed F No le efflux angle # &'+ rps # '/+ # 1++

5tage exit swirl

Determine the rotor blade angles4 degree of reaction4 temperature drop coefficient and power output. 8ssuming a no le loss coefficient A of +.+/4 calculate the no le throat area required (ignoring the effect of friction on the critical conditions). 1!. (a) . (i) Describe the working of a ram9et engine. Depict the Aarious "hermodynamic processes occurring in it on h#s diagram. (ii) Discuss the performances of 5upersonic 2ombustion 1am9et. 2ompare 5ubsonic and 5upersonic combustion 1am9ets. (*1) (b) 8 ram9et is tra$eling at %ach & at an altitude of 3/C! m4 the external static temperature is !/..3,4 and the external static pressure is /C.1 k-a. "he heating $alue of the fuel is 3'4/!+ kE(kg. 8ir flows through the engine at 3/.&/ kg(s. "he burner exit total temperature is 1033,.Dind the thrust4 fuel ratio4 and "5D2. "he specific heat ratio can be assumed to be 1.3. 1&. (a) 8 9et pressure is ../ k-a and the ambient temperature is !!+ ,. "he turbine inlet temperature is !/3+ engine is to propel an aircraft at %ach & at high altitude where ambient ,. )f all components of the engine are frictionless determine (i) "he thermal efficiency (ii) "he propulsion efficiency (iii) "he o$erall efficiency

:et the specific heat ratio be r 6 1.3 and make the approximation of f 1. (*1) (b) (i) ;ith a neat sketch explain the concept of integral ram#rocket and mention its ad$antages and disad$antages. (ii) <riefly discuss performance of supersonic combustion ram9et and compare subsonic combustion 1am9et with supersonic combustion 1am9et engine. 13. (a) (i) ;hat are the important factors that influence the burning rate of a solid propellant= Explain them with appropriate sketches. (ii) >ow do you classify solid propellant rockets= Name any four solid propellant ingredients with two examples for each. (*1) (b) 8 chemical rocket is used for launch into earth orbit. 8t the end of the combustion chamber the stagnation temperature is &+++ , and the stagnation pressure is ! %-a. "he molecular weight of the combustion products is !'. "he gases expand entropically as an ideal gas mixture with specific heat ratio 1.!. "he area ratio Ae ( A of the no le is !+4 and the throat diameter is +.1 m. 8t sea le$el4 determine the rocket thrust. 1/. (a) >ow long would it take for a thrust of a rocket to diminish to 1+? of its steady $alue if the fuel and oxidant flows into the chamber were suddenly stopped= 2onsider4 for example4 the following conditions@ )nitial combustion chamber pressure Po 2ombustion chamber $olume A "hroat area 8B %olecular weight of propellant M 1atio of specific heats r 8mbient pressure Pa 6 6 6 6 6 )nitial combustion chamber temperature To 6 1+ %-a &+++ , +.1/ m& +.1 m! 1+ 1.!

6 + (*1) (b) (i) >ow does the shape of the no le affect performance= >ow do you o$ercome the thrust loss associated with o$er expansion= (ii) Explain $arious methods of thrust $ector control with sketches.