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Chemistry HSC Formulas Production of Materials Acid reactions: acid + base acid + metal acid + carbonate CaCl(s) + CO2(g)

2(g) + H2O acid + hydrogen carbonate solid, its dry ice) Complete combustion: hydrocarbon + oxygen Displacement reactions: Y + X (anion) X + Y (anion); where Y > X on activity series or Eo table. water + carbon dioxide salt + carbon dioxide gas + water (note: there is CO2 salt + water HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) HCl(aq) + Mg(s) NaCl(s) + H2O(l) MgCl2(s) + H2 (g) HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s)

salt + hydrogen gas

salt + carbon dioxide gas + water

Alkene/alkane reactions:
Cracking of pentane: pentane C5H12 (g) ethylene + propane C2H4 (g) + C3H8 (g)

Hydration of ethylene (the reverse can also happen known as de-hydration, where concentrated acid is used): ethylene + water C2H4 (g) + H2O (l) ethanol C2H5OH (l)

Hydrogenation of ethylene: ethylene + hydrogen C2H4 (g) + H2 (g) ethane C2H6 (g)

Hydrohalogenation (more specifically, Hydrofluorination) of ethylene: ethylene + hydrogen fluoride C2H4 (g) + HFl (g) C2H5Fl (g) fluoroethane

Reaction of cyclohexene with bromine water: cyclohexene + bromine water C6H10 (l) + Br2 (aq) 2-bromo-1-cyclohexane

C6H10Br2 (aq)

Reaction of cyclohexane with bromine water (subsitution reaction, only under sunlight, that is UV light): C6H12 (l) + Br2(aq) C6H11Br(aq) + HBr(aq)

Fermentation and combustion of ethanol:

Fermentation of glucose: glucose C6H12O6 (aq) ethanol + carbon dioxide 2C2H5OH (aq) + 2CO2 (g)

Note: the yeast used is zymase Combustion of ethanol: ethanol + oxygen C2H5OH (l) + 3O2 (g) carbon dioxide + water 2CO2 (g) + 3H2O (g) + 1367 kj/mol

Electrochemistry, an example:
Displacement of copper from solution due to zinc: zinc + copper sulfate Zn (s) + CuSO4 (aq) Ionic equation: zinc + copper(II) ion + sulfate ion Zn + Cu2+ + SO42 Net ionic equation: zinc + copper(II) ion Zn (s) + Cu2+ (aq) Half-equations: Zn Cu2+ + 2e Zn2+ + 2e Cu zinc(II) ion + copper Zn2+ (aq) + Cu (s) zinc(II) ion + sulfate ion + copper Zn2+ + SO42- + Cu zinc sulfate + copper ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu (s)

Acidic Environment Acid reactions: acid + base acid + metal


(g)

salt + water

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) HCl(aq) + Mg(s)

NaCl(s) + H2O(l) MgCl2(s) + H2

salt + hydrogen gas

acid + carbonate

salt + carbon dioxide gas + water

HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s)

CaCl(s) + CO2(g) + H2O acid + hydrogen carbonate there is CO2 solid, its dry ice) Formation of hydronium: H+ + H2O H3O+ salt + carbon dioxide gas + water (note:

Reactions of various oxides with water:


Non-metal (acidic) oxides: CO2 (g) + H2O (l) SO2 (g) + H2O (l) 2NO2 (g) + H2O (l) P2O5 (g) + H2O (l) H2CO3 (aq) (carbonic acid) H2SO3 (aq) (sulfurous acid) HNO3 (aq) + HNO2 (aq) (nitric and nitrous acid) 2H3PO4 (aq) (phosphoric acid)

Metal (basic) oxides: K2O (s) + H2O (l) Na2O (s) + H2O (l) MgO (s) + H2O (l) 2KOH (aq) (potassium hydroxide) 2NaOH (aq) (sodium hydroxide) Mg(OH)2 (aq) (magnesium hydroxide)

Various equilibrium reactions:


Formation of carbonic acid: CO2 (g) + H2O (l) Copper complex-ions: Cu(H2O)42+ (aq) + 4Cl(aq) Decomposition of dinitrogen tetroxide: N2O4 (g) Decomposition of calcium carbonate: CaCO3 (s) H2CO3 (aq) CuCl42(aq) + 4H2O (l) 2NO2 (g) CaO (s) + CO2 (g)

Non-Arrhenius acid/base reaction (ie no water present and no free H+ ions):


Gaseous hydrogen chloride and ammonia react: HCl
(g) +

NH3 (g)

NH4Cl (s)

Ionisation of strong and weak acids:


Hydrochloric: HCl (g) + H2O (l) Nitric: HNO3 (l) + H2O (l) Sulfuric: H2SO4 (l) + 2H2O (l) Ethanoic: CH3COOH (s) + H2O (l) Sulfur Oxides: Organic decomposition: 2H2S (g) + 3O2 (g) Burning high-sulfur coals: S (s) + O2 (g) Smelting metal sulfides: 2PbS (s) + 3O2 (g) 2SO2 (g) + 2H2O (l) SO2 (g) 2PbO (s) + 2SO2 H3O+ (aq) + Cl( aq) H3O+ (aq) + NO32H3O+ (aq) + SO42 H3O+ (aq) + CH3COO( aq)

Sources of sulfur and nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere:

Nitrogen Oxides: Lightning: N2 (g) + O2 (g) 2NO (g) NO2 (g)

Further Catalysed by oxygen particles: 2NO (g) + O2 (g)

Amphiprotic substances:
Hydrogen carbonate (ie bicarbonate): HCO3( aq) + H3O+ (aq) HCO3( aq) + OH ( aq) H2CO3 (aq) + H2O (l) CO32( aq) + H2O (l)

Natural Buffers:
The carbonic acid/hydrogen carbonate ion buffer in the mammalian blood system: H2CO3 (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + HCO3( aq)

Esterification:
General word-formula: acid + alcohol ester + water ester + water

alkanoic acid + alkanol

Example: butanoic acid + pentanol C3H7COOH (aq) + C5H11OH (l) pentyl butanoate C3H7COOCH2C4H9 (aq) + H2O (l)

Chemical Monitoring & Management Different products under different conditions: Complete combustion: propane + oxygen C3H8 (g) + 5O2 (g) Incomplete combustion: propane + oxygen C3H8 (g) + 3O2 (g) Common Fertiliser: NH3 (g) + HNO3 (aq) NH3 (g) + H2SO4 (aq) NH4NO3 (aq) (NH4)2SO4 (aq) carbon + carbon monoxide + water C (s) + 2CO (g) + 4H2O (g) carbon dioxide + water 3CO2 (g) + 4H2O (g)

Reaction of ammonia to form important products:

Nitric acid (through the Ostwald Process). NH3 (g) + 2O2 (g) HNO3 (g) + H2O (l) ammonia + heat 2NH3 (g) H = -92 kJ/mol

Haber Process: nitrogen + hydrogen N2 (g) + 3H2 (g)

Sulfate Content in Fertilizer: barium chloride + sulfate BaCl2 (aq) + SO42- (aq) barium sulfate + chloride BaSO4 (s) + 2Cl- (aq)

How Ozone Protects Us From UV Radiation: Oxygen reacts with UV, forming 2 radicals: O2 + UV radiation 2O

Radical reacts with oxygen, forming ozone: O + O2 O3

Ozone reacts with UV, forming oxygen and a radical: O3 + UV radiation O + O2

Radical reacts with ozone, creating oxygen: O + O3 2O2

All the CFC-Related Equations: Formation of chlorine radical: CCl2F2 (g) + UV radiation Reaction of ozone: Cl (g) + O3 (g) Regeneration of chlorine: ClO (g) + O (g) Cl (g) + O2 (g) ClO (g) + O2 (g) Cl (g) + CClF2 (g)

Removal of chlorine radical: Cl (g) + CH4 (g) HCl (g) + CH3 (g)

Removal of chlorine monoxide radical: ClO (g) + NO2 (g) ClONO2 (g)

Formation of molecular chlorine: HCl (g) + ClONO2 (g) Cl2 (g) + HNO3 (g)

Decomposition of molecular chlorine: Cl2 (g) + UV radiation 2Cl (g)

The Heavy-Metal Sulfide Test: The sulfide-test is based on the following equilibrium: S2- (aq) + 2H3O+ (aq) H2S (aq) + 2H2O (l)

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