Burrell 1 Cover Memo This paper was a real struggle for me to write.

In my first draft, I realized half way through writing it that my article didnt have enough content for me to write this whole paper. This didnt allow me to get feedback on my actual first draft and since the second draft was only peer review I had to just hope their review was good enough. My second draft also lacked content because I wasnt sure how to include some of the necessary information. I was able to take away enough from the in class peer reviews to finish all parts of my research paper, hopefully well enough. In general, this paper was not fun to write. The articles combination of dryness and confusing technical terms did not make for an easy read. It took quite a few reads through to finally somewhat understand the research that was being done. I think if I were to do this paper again I would choose a completely different topic.

Burrell 2 Nick Burrell Brittany Biesiada ENG 106 4/29/14 Research Draft 2 1. Borsari, Vanderlei, and Joo Vicente de Assuno. Nitrous oxide emissions from gasohol, ethanol, and CNG light duty vehicles. Climatic Change 111.3-4 (2012): 519-531. Web. 25 April 2014. This paper covered a study where 21 vehicles were tested using three different fuel types that are common in Brazil. The amount of N20 emissions released was measured using two different methods. The study aimed to correct previously collected data that was shown to be incorrect. I picked this article because I am an MET major and I would like to go into a field involving cars. Ethanol and alternative fuels are a hot topic right now and seemed like a good topic to research. I was not very surprised that this paper was so dry and boring. It was hard to read farther than a paragraph without having to look up a term or being completely lost. 2. The authors, for the most part, follow Swales CARS model of an introduction.

They begin their introduction by making Step 1, in which Borsari and de Assuno claim centrality by stating that scientific community largely accepts the relation between greenhouse gas emissions from human activities and the increase of their concentration in the atmosphere and the Earths rising temperature (519). Step 2 is made in the third sentence when the authors state the greenhouse gases that are created by the transportation sector. Step 3 is made in the second paragraph of the introduction where two different studies from 2000 and 2001 about the concentration of greenhouse gases

Burrell 3 are cited. This completes Move 1 in which Borsari and de Assuno establish their territory to be greenhouse gas emissions in the transportation sector. Borsari and de Assuno establish a niche at the end of the third paragraph. They acknowledge there have been multiple papers published concerning N20 emissions in Brazil but there is a gap with respect to Brazilian reality (520). Step 1B is made in paragraph three when the authors cover Brazils switch to cars that run on ethanol and gasoline mixtures or CNG. This shows the need for the study to find the emission factors of Brazils most commonly used light-duty vehicles. Step 2 and 3 are never made. 3. The authors cite 27 different sources in the 12 pages of research. All of these

sources are from different studies done on greenhouse gas emissions; this shows the large amount of people studying this topic in the scientific community. One source used a lot in this paper is the IPCC. This is the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is the leading international body for the assessment of climate change. They provide the world with the current state of knowledge on climate change using work contributed by thousands of scientists all over the world. The authors use in-text citations whenever they introduce new statistics or numbers. They include a lot of previous research to support their own research and add to the academic conversation about greenhouse gas emissions. The author conducted his research on a number of each type of car proportional to those in the current Brazilian fleet. Every car and fuel combination used in this study can be found in Table 1 (Borsari, de Assuno 522). The authors used AMNT standards when determining the emissions of each car; these standards are very similar to those used by

Burrell 4 the United States EPA (Borsari, de Assuno 521). Every step in the testing process is covered and every machine used for the tests is stated in the Methodologies section followed by a chart or table of the results. Two different testing methods, FTIR and NDIR were used to test the emissions and they resulted in varying slopes but a high correlation coefficient (Borsari, de Assuno 525). 4. The tone of this paper is extremely dry and the writing style is formal, which is to

be expected in academic writing. The authors dont waste any time getting straight to the point in this article. They rely on facts to prove their points and this shows that the paper was written for the scientific community. The articles style is extremely organized with several different headings starting with the Introduction and ending with Conclusions. The sections also include Methodologies and Results, which go over how the research was conducted and what the research results were. After each research method or study is explained the authors include a chart or graph showing the results. 5. The thesis of this paper is found in the third paragraph. The correct estimation of

nitrous oxide emissions from vehicles is currently important because of its relevance to the production of emission inventories of greenhouse, both by nations and by institutions (Borsari, de Assuno 520). The authors support this thesis by researching nitrous oxide emissions and using a number of each type of gas mixture proportional to those found in the current fleet of Brazilian cars (Borsari, de Assuno 521). The authors succeed in the purpose of their paper. The greenhouse gas emissions of Brazils cars are researched in the correct proportions and with varying testing methods. All testing methods are properly documented and explained and the equipment used for the tests are listed as

Burrell 5 well. After each tests explanation the results are reported in the form of a chart or graph. The results are later more thoroughly discussed in the Results section and the various tests are related to each other. The authors compare the results of each type of fuel tested to show which fuel has the lowest emissions in Table 6 (Borsari, de Assuno 527). Finally, Borsari and de Assuno finish their paper by comparing their results of N2O emissions to the studies that they claimed were incorrect in the introduction. He places these results in the bar graph in Figure 4 (Borsari, de Assuno 529). This graph shows the extremely varying numbers in the previous research on greenhouse emissions.