Conversions between temperature scales

26.4.
2014 Conversions among international temperature scales

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Monday, 06 December 2010 14:00
CONVERSIONS AMONG INTERNATIONAL TEMPERATURE SCALES
Algorithms - Temperature
Wri tten by Admi ni strator
Conversions among different international temperature scales
Conversion among IPTS-68 and ITS-90
The International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) was assembled to represent absolute thermodynamic temperature as good as
possible. Conversion among the ITS-90 and the older IPTS-68 can be performed by two polynomials for different temperature ranges.
Equation
The Blue Book (Preston-Thomas & Quinn 1997) gives a polynomial to reproduce (t
90
-t
68
) differences in the range of -200C to 630C, with
an uncertainty of 1.5mK below and 1mK above 0C:
Between 630.615C and 1064.18C Rusby et al. (1994) introduced a revised polynomial for calculating (t
90
-t
68
). It replaces the original
equation given by the first edition of the Blue Book (Preston-Thomas 1990). In the 1997 edition of the Blue-Book these changes are listed in
the Amendment section (Preston-Thomas & Quinn 1997, Page v):
Coefficients are given in the table below. Although the given equations define conversion from ITS-90 to IPTS-68 they can be used in both
directions. When using this equation for an IPTS-68 to ITS-90 conversion the deviation from an (t
90
-t
68
) conversion is <=0.05mK within the
range -200C < t < 630C and <=0.26mK within 630.615C < t < 1064.18C (personal communication J. Fischer and S. Friederici,
Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt, www.ptb.de).
Table for the coefficients for calculating the difference (t90-t68)
26.4.2014 Conversions among international temperature scales
Table for the coefficients for calculating the difference (t90-t68)

-200C to 630C 630.615C to 1064.18C
a
0
=0
b
0
=+7.8687209*10
1
a
1
=-0.148759
b
1
=-4.7135991*10
-1
a
2
=-0.267408
b
2
=+1.0954715*10
-3
a
3
=+1.080760
b
3
=-1.2357884*10
-6
a
4
=+1.269056
b
4
=+6.7736583*10
-10
a
5
=-4.089591
b
5
=-1.4458081*10
-13
a
6
=-1.871251
a
7
=+7.438081
a
8
=-3.536296
Algorithm
For a given temperature in aTemp the function returns the difference between ITS-90 and IPTS-68 in DeltaT. The return value of the function
is TRUE, iff the passed value in aTemp is within -200C to 1064.18C. Between 630.00C and 630.15C none of the functions is officially
valid, but both reasonable. Investigating polynomials it is found that they intersect at approximately 630.147C. For practical reasons it is
useful to switch between polynomials at this point. Within the range 630.00C to 630.15C deviations from officially tabulated values are
<0.7mK (personal communication J. Fischer and S. Friederici, Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt, www.ptb.de).
Source
Function temp_DeltaITS90andIPTS68 (aTemp: Double; Var DeltaT : Double) : Boolean;
// The function temp_DeltaITS90andIPTS68 returns the difference
// of the ITS-90 temperature scale compared to the IPTS-60
// scale. The function combines two polynomials to cover the
// range from -200C up to 1064C. Function returns TRUE when
// aTemp was in the range covered by the polynomials and gives
// the respective (t90-t68) in DeltaT. Otherwise the function
// returns FALSE and DeltaT is 0.
//-------------------------------------------------------------
// Units:
// aTemp Input temperature in ITS-90 C
// DeltaT Output difference between scales (t90-t68) C
//-------------------------------------------------------------
// References:
// Preston-Thomas & Quinn 1990 - Techniques for approximating
// the international temperature scale of 1990 - Bureau
// International des Poids et Mesures, 2nd Edition 1997,
// respecting the amendments of the 2nd Edition
// Rusby et al. 1994 - Revised values for (t90-t68) from 630C
// to 1064C, Metrologia 31:149-153
//-------------------------------------------------------------
// (c) Dr. Jan Schulz, 11. December 2008, www.code10.info
Var TempFrac : Double;
Begin
// we expect the best
temp_DeltaITS90andIPTS68 := True;
// check whether aTemp is in a valid range
If (aTemp >= -200) And (aTemp <= 1064.18) THen
Begin
If aTemp <= 630.147 then
If aTemp <= 630.147 then
Begin
// if temp is below or equal 630.147C use first polynomial
TempFrac := aTemp/630;
DeltaT := (((((((- 3.536296 * TempFrac + 7.438081) * TempFrac
- 1.871251) * TempFrac - 4.089591) * TempFrac
+ 1.269056) * TempFrac + 1.080760) * TempFrac
- 0.267408) * TempFrac - 0.148759) * TempFrac;
end
Else
Begin
// otherwise use second polynomial
DeltaT := ((((- 1.4458081E-13 * aTemp + 6.7736583E-10) * aTemp
- 1.2357884E-06) * aTemp + 1.0954715E-03) * aTemp
- 4.7135991E-01) * aTemp + 7.8687209E01;
end;
end
Else
Begin
// when aTemp is not within valid range return FALSE and defined DeltaT
temp_DeltaITS90andIPTS68 := False;
DeltaT := 0;
end;
end;

References
Preston-Thomas H. (1990): The International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90). Metrologia 27:3-10.
Preston-Thomas H., Quinn T.J. (1997): Techniques for approximating the international temperature scale of 1990 - ITS-90. Bureau
International des Poids et Mesures, 1997 reprinting of the 1990 first edition.
Rusby R.L., Hudson R.P., Durieux M. (1994): Revised values for (t90-t68) from 630C to 1064C. Metrologia 31:149-153.

Simple conversion between IPTS-48 and IPTS-68 in the range -2C to 30C
Within the range of -2C to 30C a simple conversion between IPTS-48 and IPTS-68 can be used. This conversion is supported by the Joint
Panel on Oceanographic Tables and Standards (JPOTS) for oceanographic issues (ICES documentation on
http://www.ices.dk/ocean/procedures/its.htm, updated 31.January 2005).
Equation
The formula was constructed by Fofonoff and published in Fofonoff & Bryden (1975):
t
68
= t
48
4.4*10
-6
* t
48
*(100-t
48
)
Solved for t
48
it becomes:
t
48
= -113586.36365 + (113586.36365
2
+ 227272.7273 * t
68
)
0.5
Source
Function temp_IPTS48toIPTS68 (aIPTS48Temp: Double; Var aIPTS68Temp : Double): Boolean;
// The function temp_IPTS48toIPTS68 converts a given IPTS-48
// temperature in C to a temperature on the IPTS-68 scale.
// The conversion is valid in the temperature range from -2C
// up to 30C. If the respective temperature is in the valid
// range the function returns TRUE. In any other case the
// function returns FALSE and both aIPTS48Temp and aIPTS68Temp
// carry the same value.
// This equation is supported by the Joint Panel on oceanographic
// issues (JPOTS).
//----------------------------------------------------------------
// Units:
// aIPTS48Temp Input IPTS-48 temperature C
// aIPTS68Temp Returned IPTS-68 temperature C
//----------------------------------------------------------------
// References:
// Fofonoff & Bryden 1975 - Specific gravity and density of
// seawater at atmospheric pressure. Journal of Marine
// Research 33:69-82
//-------------------------------------------------------------
//-------------------------------------------------------------
// (c) Dr. Jan Schulz, 16. January 2010, www.code10.info
Begin
If (aIPTS48Temp < -2) Or (aIPTS48Temp > 30) THen
Begin
aIPTS68Temp := aIPTS48Temp;
Result := False;
end
Else
Begin
aIPTS68Temp := aIPTS48Temp - (4.4e-06 * aIPTS48Temp * (100 - aIPTS48Temp));
Result := True;
end;
end;
Function temp_IPTS68toIPTS48 (aIPTS68Temp: Double; Var aIPTS48Temp : Double): Boolean;
// The function temp_IPTS68toIPTS48 converts a given IPTS-68
// temperature in C to a temperature on the IPTS-48 scale.
// The conversion is valid in the temperature range from -2C
// up to 30C. If the respective temperature is in the valid
// range the function returns TRUE. In any other case the
// function returns FALSE and both aIPTS68Temp and aIPTS48Temp
// carry the same value.
// This equation is supported by the Joint Panel on oceanographic
// issues (JPOTS).
//----------------------------------------------------------------
// Units:
// aIPTS68Temp Input IPTS-68 temperature C
// aIPTS48Temp Returned IPTS-48 temperature C
//----------------------------------------------------------------
// References:
// Fofonoff & Bryden 1975 - Specific gravity and density of
// seawater at atmospheric pressure. Journal of Marine
// Research 33:69-82 (the respective equation was here
// transformed to calculate the IPTS-48 temperature)
//-------------------------------------------------------------
// (c) Dr. Jan Schulz, 16. January 2010, www.code10.info
Begin
If (aIPTS68Temp < -2) Or (aIPTS68Temp > 30) THen
Begin
aIPTS48Temp := aIPTS68Temp;
Result := False;
end
Else
Begin
aIPTS48Temp := -113586.36365 + Sqrt (113586.36365 * 113586.36365 + 227272.7273 * aIPTS68Temp);
Result := True;
end;
end;

References
Fofonoff N.P., Bryden H. (1975): Specific gravity and density of seawater at atmospheric pressure. Journal of Marine Research, 33,
Supplement, 69-82.

Simple conversion between IPTS-68 and ITS-90 in the range -2C to +40C
For biological and oceanographic purposes, as well as for a couple of other applications the temperature range between -2C and 40C is
most important. In this range IPTS-68 and ITS-90 scales are nearly linear and show a similar slope. Thus, a more simple conversion may
be used. This conversion was recommended by Saunders (1990) and is supported by the Joint Panel on Oceanographic Tables and
Standards (JPOTS) (ICES documentation on http://www.ices.dk/ocean/procedures/its.htm, updated 31.January 2005).
Equation
t
68
= t
90
* 1.00024
t
90
= t
68
* 0.99976
Approximation with these formulas result in deviations <0.5mK from officially tabulated values between -2C to 40C (personal
communication J. Fischer and S. Friederici, Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt, www.ptb.de) compared to the conversion given by
Preston-Thomas & Quinn (1997).
Last Updated on Friday, 18 March 2011 18:28
Algorithm
The conversion can be simply implemented in the code whenever needed. Thus, no individual functions are given.
References
Saunders P. (1990): The International Temperature Scale of 1990, ITS-90. WOCE Newsletter 10.
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Conversions between temperature scales

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26.4.

2014 Conversions among international temperature scales

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