Page 1

REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION
ORIGINAL SUIT NO. 3 OF 2006
State of Tamil Nadu Plaitiff
Ve!"u"
State of #e!ala $ A!% Defedat"
JUDGMENT
R.M. LODHA, CJI.
T&i" Cou!t !emai" "ei'ed of t&e (!o)lem *it& !e+a!d to t&e *ate!
le,el of Mulla(e!i-a! dam afte! it &ad "ol,ed o ./%0.%.001 2Mullaperiyar
Environmental Protection Forum
1
3 )e4au"e t&e #e!ala State Le+i"latu!e
ea4ted t&e la* immediatel- t&e!eafte! fi5i+ ad limiti+ Full Re"e!,oi! Le,el
2FRL3 to 671 ft%
Mullaperiyar dam : 1886 Lease Agreement
.% Mulla(e!i-a! dam 8 a ma"o!- dam 8 *a" 4o"t!u4ted (u!"uat
to t&e Pe!i-a! La9e Lea"e A+!eemet dated .:%60%6;;1 2<6;;1 Lea"e
A+!eemet=3 a4!o"" Pe!i-a! !i,e!% T&e 4o"t!u4tio 4otiued fo! a)out ei+&t
-ea!" ad *a" 4om(leted i 6;:>% T&e dam i" "ituated at T&e99ad- Di"t!i4t i
#e!ala ad i" o*ed ad o(e!ated )- t&e Go,e!met of Tamil Nadu% ?- t&e
1
Mullaperiyar Environmental Protection Forum v. Union of India & Ors.; [(!!"# $ %&& "'$(
1
Page 2
6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet )et*ee t&e Ma&a!a@a of T!a,a4o!e ad t&e
Se4!eta!- of State fo! Idia i Cou4ilA t&e lea"ed a!ea a" "et out t&e!ei *a"
+!ated o lea"e fo! ::: -ea!" f!om 06%06%6;;1% T&e le+t& of t&e mai dam
i" 6.00 ft% 271>%/1 m%3 ad to( of t&e dam i" 6>> ft% 2B/%.B m%3% T&e to( of "olid
(a!a(et ad ma5imum &ei+&t of t&e dam f!om dee(e"t foudatio a!e 6>; ft%
2B;%61 m%3 ad 6/1 ft% 2>7%1B m%3A !e"(e4ti,el-% T&e FRL of t&e dam i" 6>. ft%
2B1%77 m%3% T&e o!i+ial "(ill*a- 4a(a4it- of t&e dam *a" 60 ,et" of 71C 5 61C
260%:/ m% 5 B%;; m%3% T&e le+t& of t&e ?a)- dam i" .B0 ft% 2/7%6> m%3%
1979-1980 : Controversy about safety of te !am
7% I 6:/: *it& !e+a!d to t&e "afet- of t&e Mulla(e!i-a! damA t&e
Go,e!met of #e!ala *!ote to t&e Tamil Nadu Go,e!met to ta9e immediate
"te(" to "t!e+t&e t&e dam% Simultaeou"l-A t&e #e!ala Go,e!met al"o
!eDue"ted t&e Cet!al Go,e!met to de(ute a team f!om Cet!al Eate!
Commi""io 2CEC3 to i"(e4t t&e dam ad "u++e"t "t!e+t&ei+ mea"u!e"%
B% I (u!"ua4e of t&e !eDue"t f!om t&e #e!ala Go,e!metA t&e t&e
C&ai!maA CEC i"(e4ted t&e dam ad &eld a meeti+ o .>%66%6:/: i
*&i4& t&e offi4e!" f!om Tamil Nadu ad #e!ala (a!ti4i(ated% I t&at meeti+A
t&!ee le,el mea"u!e"A 2i3 eme!+e4-A 2ii3 medium ad 2iii3 lo+ te!mA *e!e
"u++e"ted to "t!e+t&e t&e dam% I t&e meatimeA it *a" !e4ommeded t&at
*ate! le,el i t&e !e"e!,oi! )e 9e(t at 671 ft% 2B6%B> m%3

Page 3
>% I t&e "e4od meeti+ &eld o .:%0B%6:;0A it *a" o(ied t&at
afte! t&e 4om(letio of eme!+e4- ad mediumFte!m "t!e+t&ei+ mea"u!e"A
t&e *ate! le,el i t&e !e"e!,oi! 4a )e !e"to!ed u( to 6B> ft% 2BB%. m%3%
1998 : Litigation begins
1% Tamil Nadu "a-" t&at all mea"u!e" 8 eme!+e4-A medium ad
lo+ te!m a" "u++e"ted )- t&e CEC &a,e )ee ude!ta9e )- it )ut de"(ite
t&at o 4o"e"u" 4ould )e !ea4&ed )et*ee t&e t*o State Go,e!met" 2of
Tamil Nadu ad #e!ala3 to !ai"e t&e *ate! le,el i t&e Mulla(e!i-a! !e"e!,oi!
)e-od 671 ft% T&i" led to t&e fili+ of um)e! of *!it (etitio" i t&e #e!ala
Hi+& Cou!t a" *ell a" i t&e Mad!a" Hi+& Cou!t "ometime i 6::; o t&e i""ue
fo! ad a+ai"t !ai"i+ of *ate! le,el i t&e Mulla(e!i-a! !e"e!,oi! ad t&e
"afet- of t&e dam% A" t&e 4ot!o,e!"- *a" (edi+ )efo!e t&e t*o Hi+& Cou!t"
ad t&e!e *a" li9eli&ood of 4ofli4ti+ @ud+met"A "ome t!a"fe! (etitio" *e!e
filed )efo!e t&i" Cou!t%
/% O .;%0B%.000A i t&e t!a"fe! (etitio"A t&i" Cou!t de"i!ed Uio
Mii"te! of Eate! Re"ou!4e" to 4o,ee a meeti+ of t&e C&ief Mii"te!" of
#e!ala ad Tamil Nadu to ami4a)l- !e"ol,e t&e i""ue% T&e meeti+ *a"
4o,eed o 6:%0>%.000 )ut o 4o"e"u" 4ould )e !ea4&ed i t&e meeti+
a" *ell% Ho*e,e!A i t&at meeti+A t&e Uio Mii"te! of Eate! Re"ou!4e"
de4ided to 4o"titute a E5(e!t Committee to +o ito t&e detail" of t&e "afet-
of t&e dam ad ad,i"e &im o !ai"i+ of *ate! le,el i t&e !e"e!,oi!%
$
Page 4
;% O 6B%01%.000A t&e E5(e!t Committee *a" 4o"tituted &a,i+ t&e
follo*i+ te!m" of !efe!e4e%
<2a3 To "tud- t&e "afet- of Mulla(e!i-a! dam lo4ated o Pe!i-a! !i,e!
i #e!ala *it& !e"(e4t to t&e "t!e+t&ei+ of dam 4a!!ied out )- t&e
Go,e!met of Tamil Nadu i a44o!da4e *it& t&e "t!e+t&ei+
mea"u!e" "u++e"ted )- CEC ad to !e(o!tGad,i"e t&e HoC)le
Mii"te! of Eate! Re"ou!4e" o t&e "afet- of t&e dam%
2)3 To ad,i"e t&e HoC)le Mii"te! of Eate! Re"ou!4e" !e+a!di+
!ai"i+ of *ate! le,el i Mulla(e!i-a! !e"e!,oi! )e-od 671 ft% 2B6%B>
m3 a" a !e"ult of "t!e+t&ei+ of t&e dam ad it" "afet- a" at 2a3
a)o,e%=
:% Afte! iitial !e"i"ta4eA t&e Go,e!met of #e!ala omiated oe
Mem)e! to t&e E5(e!t Committee%
60% T&e E5(e!t Committee +a,e it" fial !e(o!t o 61%07%.006% E&ile
t&e matte! *a" ude! 4o"ide!atio )- t&e E5(e!t CommitteeA it al"o +a,e
4e!tai ite!im di!e4tio"% I it" !e(o!tA t&e E5(e!t Committee &ad o(ied t&at
*ate! le,el i t&e Mulla(e!i-a! !e"e!,oi! 4ould )e !ai"ed to 6B. ft% 2B7%.; m%3
a" t&at *ill ot eda+e! t&e "afet- of t&e mai damA i4ludi+ "(ill*a-A )a)-
dam ad ea!t&e )ud%
"irst litigation before tis Court
66% De"(ite t&e a)o,e !e4ommedatio f!om t&e E5(e!t CommitteeA
t&e Go,e!met of #e!ala 4otiued to !e"i"t !ai"i+ of *ate! le,el i t&e
!e"e!,oi! )e-od 671 ft% It *a" t&e t&at a *!it (etitio *a" filed )-
Mulla(e!i-a! E,i!ometal P!ote4tio Fo!um di!e4tl- )efo!e t&i" Cou!t
*&e!ei di,e!"e (!a-e!" *e!e made% T&i" Cou!t al"o t!a"fe!!ed t&e *!it
'
Page 5
(etitio" *&i4& *e!e (edi+ )efo!e t&e #e!ala Hi+& Cou!t ad Mad!a" Hi+&
Cou!t to t&i" Cou!t%
6.% Afte! &ea!i+ t&e (a!tie"A i4ludi+ t&e t*o "tate"A t&i" Cou!t +a,e
it" de4i"io o ./%0.%.001 (e!mitti+ t&e *ate! le,el i t&e Mulla(e!i-a! dam
to )e !ai"ed u( to 6B. ft% T&e State of #e!ala ad it" offi4e!" *e!e al"o
!e"t!aied f!om 4au"i+ a- o)"t!u4tio to t&e a)o,e% It *a" al"o o)"e!,ed
t&at afte! t&e "t!e+t&ei+ *o!9 *a" 4om(lete to t&e "ati"fa4tio of CECA
ide(edet e5(e!t" *ould e5amie t&e "afet- a+le )efo!e t&e *ate! le,el i"
(e!mitted to )e !ai"ed u( to 6>. ft%
#00$ A%t
67% #e!ala I!!i+atio ad Eate! Co"e!,atio A4tA .007 2fo! "&o!tA
<.007 A4t=3 *a" ea4ted )- #e!ala le+i"latu!eA *&i4& 4ame ito fo!4e o
6;%0:%.007% .007 A4t *a" ea4ted to 4o"olidate ad amed t&e la*" !elati+
to 4o"t!u4tio of i!!i+atio *o!9"A 4o"e!,atio ad di"t!i)utio of *ate! fo!
t&e (u!(o"e of i!!i+atio ad le,- of )ette!metA 4ot!i)utio ad *ate! 4e"" o
lad" )eefited )- i!!i+atio *o!9" i t&e State of #e!ala ad to (!o,ide fo!
i,ol,emet of fa!me!" i *ate! utili"atio "-"tem ad fo! matte!" 4oe4ted
t&e!e*it& o! i4idetal t&e!eto% .007 A4t *a" eit&e! !efe!!ed to o! !elied
u(o )- #e!ala at t&e time of &ea!i+ i Mullaperiyar Environmental Protection
Forum
6
%
#006 &Amendment' A%t
)
Page 6
6B% O 6;%07%.001A i le"" t&a t&!ee *ee9" of t&e de4i"io of t&i"
Cou!t i Mullaperiyar Environmental Protection Forum
6
A t&e #e!ala State
le+i"latu!e ameded .007 A4t )- t&e #e!ala I!!i+atio ad Eate! Co"e!,atio
2Amedmet3 A4tA .001 Hfo! "&o!tA <.001 2Amedmet3 A4t=3I
.
%
6>% I t&e Se4od S4&eduleA a((eded to t&e .001 2Amedmet3 A4tA
t&e Mulla(e!i-a! dam o*ed ad maitaied )- Tamil Nadu i" i4luded a"
Item No% 6 *&e!e t&e &ei+&t of t&e FRL &a" )ee fi5ed at 671 ft%
(e%ond litigation before tis Court : (uit by )amil *adu

*+e salient features of t+e !!" (,mendment# ,ct are as follo-s.

i. In %ection / clause (0a# defines 1custodian2 to mean a %tate 3overnment
-+ic+ +as esta4lis+ed or is runnin5 or ot+er-ise operatin5 any dam in 6erala. Furt+er/ clause (ala#
defines 1%c+eduled 7am2 to mean any dam included in t+e second sc+edule. *+e very first entry in
t+e %econd %c+edule is t+e Mullai Periyar 7am.
ii. In %ection )8 (1# t+e -ords 9%urveillance/ inspection: is replaced 4y
9ensurin5 t+e safety and security:
iii. Introduction of )8($# in main &+apter ;II < 1&onstitution of 7am %afety
,ut+ority2 to 5ive effect to &+apter ;II inspite of any ot+er la-s.
iv. =eplacement of e>istin5 section "(1#(a# to (i# 4y ne- section " (1#(a# to
(0#. *+e ne-ly su4stituted %ection "(1#/ in so far as is material/ reads as under.
"(1# ?ot-it+standin5 anyt+in5 contained in any ot+er la-/ 0ud5ment/ decree or order of any &ourt
or in any treaty/ a5reement/ contract/ instrument or ot+er document/ t+e aut+ority s+all e>ercise t+e
follo-in5 po-ers vi@.A
(a#(4#(c# >>> >>> >>>
(d# to direct t+e custodians to carry out any
alteration/ improvement/ replacement or stren5t+enin5 measures to any dam found to pose a
treat to +uman life or property;
(e# to direct t+e custodian to suspend t+e
functionin5 of any dam/ to decommission any dam or restrict t+e functionin5 of any dam if
pu4lic safety or t+reat to +uman life or property/ so reBuires;
(f# to advise t+e 3overnment/ custodian/ or
ot+er a5encies a4out policies and procedures to 4e follo-ed in site investi5ation/ desi5n/
construction/ operation and maintenance of dams;
(5# to conduct studies/ inspect and advise
t+e custodian or any ot+er a5ency on t+e advisa4ility of raisin5 or lo-erin5 of t+e Ma>imum
Cater Devel or Full =eservoir Devel of any dam not 4ein5 a sc+eduled dam/ taEin5 into
account t+e safety of t+e dam concerned;
(+# to conduct studies/ inspect and advise
t+e custodian or any a5ency on t+e sustaina4ility or suita4ility of any dam not 4ein5 a
sc+eduled dam/ to +old -ater in its reservoir/ to 5et e>pert opinion of international repute/
and provide advice 4y damA4reaE analysis and independent study and to direct stren5t+enin5
measures or reBuire t+e commissionin5 of a ne- dam -it+in a timeframe to 4e prescri4ed to
replace t+e e>istin5 dam;:
"
Page 7
61% T&e State of Tamil Nadu immediatel- t&e!eafte! i"tituted t&e
(!e"et "uit ude! A!ti4le 676 of t&e Co"titutio of Idia a+ai"t t&e State of
#e!ala% It i" e4e""a!- to ela)o!ate "ome*&at o fa4t" a" (!o4eedi+" a!e i
t&e atu!e of "uit i o!i+ial @u!i"di4tio of t&i" Cou!t% T&e (lait a,e!" t&at o
4omi+ ito fo!4e of t&e State" Reo!+ai"atio A4tA 6:>1A 2fo! "&o!tA <SR A4t=3A
t&e State of T!a,a4o!e 8 Co4&i 2Pa!t 8 ?A State3 *a" fo!med% T&e State of
#e!ala 2fi!"t defedat3 i" t&e "u44e""o! i ite!e"t of t&e State of T!a,a4o!e
8 Co4&i% T&e State of Tamil Nadu i" t&e "u44e""o! i ite!e"t of t&e Go,e!o!
i Cou4ilA Se4!eta!- of State fo! Idia% Tamil Nadu &a"A t&u"A (leaded t&at
(laitiff ad t&e fi!"t defedat a!e "u44e""o!" i ite!e"t of t&e o!i+ial
4ot!a4ti+ (a!tie" of t&e 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet%
6/% It i" a,e!!ed )- Tamil Nadu t&at o .:%0>%6:/0A t*o "u((lemetal
a+!eemet" *e!e e5e4uted )et*ee it ad #e!ala% T&e t*o "u((lemetal
a+!eemet" did ot 4&a+e t&e )a"i4 4&a!a4te! of t&e 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet%
?- fi!"t "u((lemetal a+!eemetA Tamil Nadu "u!!ede!ed t&e fi"&i+ !i+&t" i
t&e lea"ed lad" ad al"o a+!eed to t&e u(*a!d !e,i"io of t&e !et of t&e
lea"ed lad% T&e "e4od "u((lemetal a+!eemet 4ofe!!ed o Tamil NaduA
t&e !i+&t to +ee!ate (o*e! ad !i+&t to 4o"t!u4t all fa4ilitie" !eDui!ed fo!
(o*e! +ee!atio% A additioal e5tet of B.%/ a4!e" *a" lea"ed to Tamil
Nadu fo! t&e "aid (u!(o"e" ad 4o!!e"(odi+l- Tamil Nadu *a" !eDui!ed to
(a- to #e!ala a "um auall- a" "(e4ified i t&e a+!eemet% Tamil Nadu
4laim" t&at t&e t*o "u((lemetal a+!eemet" &a,e !eFaffi!medA !eFa""e!ted
8
Page 8
ad !atified 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemetA *&i4& *a" "tatuto!il- (!ote4ted ad
4otiued )- Se4tio 60; of t&e SR A4t%
+rounds of %allenge to #006 &Amendment' A%t
6;% T&e 4&alle+e to .001 2Amedmet3 A4t to t&e e5tet it affe4t"
Mulla(e!i-a! dam i" laid i t&e (lait o di,e!"e +!oud"A "ome of *&i4& a!e
t&e follo*i+J
2a3 T&e im(u+ed le+i"latio amout" to u"u!(atio of @udi4ial (o*e!
ia"mu4& a" #e!ala State Le+i"latu!e &a" a!!o+ated to it"elf t&e !ole of a
@udi4ial )od- ad &a" it"elf dete!mied t&e Due"tio" !e+a!di+ t&e dam "afet-
ad !ai"i+ t&e *ate! le,el *&e "u4& Due"tio" fall e54lu"i,el- *it&i t&e
(!o,i4e of t&e @udi4ia!- ad &a,e al!ead- )ee dete!mied )- t&i" Cou!t i it"
@ud+met dated ./%0.%.001%
2)3 .001 Amedmet A4t i" )e-od t&e le+i"lati,e 4om(ete4e of t&e
State of #e!ala i"ofa! a" it affe4t" t&e Mulla(e!i-a! dam i ,ie* of Se4tio
60; of t&e SR A4t *&i4& i" a la* made )- Pa!liamet ude! A!ti4le" 7 ad B of
t&e Co"titutioA *&i4& 4ofe! (lea!- (o*e! to t!a,e!"e all le+i"lati,e et!ie"
i all t&e t&!ee li"t" i4ludi+ Et!- 6/ Li"t II%
243 T&e im(u+ed le+i"latioA i it" a((li4atio to t&e Mulla(e!i-a!
damA ,iolate" t&e !ule of la* ad t&e fede!al "t!u4tu!e ad t&e "e(a!atio of
(o*e! ude! t&e Co"titutio% T&e #e!ala State Le+i"latu!e &a" ta9e t&e la*
i it" o* &ad" afte! t&e de4la!atio of la* )- t&i" Cou!t% #e!ala &a,i+
F
Page 9
(a!ti4i(ated i t&e ad@udi4ato!- (!o4e"" )efo!e t&i" Cou!t 4aot )e4ome a
Jud+e i it" o* 4au"e ad "ee9 to !e,e!"e t&e de4i"io of t&i" Cou!t )e4au"e
it &a" +oe a+ai"t it%
2d3 T&e im(u+ed le+i"latio ot ol- fi5e" ad limit" t&e FRL to 671
ft% i di!e4t 4ot!a,etio of t&e @ud+met of t&i" Cou!t )ut al"o (!o4eed" to
aut&o!i"e t&e Dam Safet- Aut&o!it- of #e!ala 8 to di"o)e- ad di"!e+a!d t&e
de4i"io of t&i" Cou!t )- t&e follo*i+A amo+ ot&e! (!o,i"io"J
Se4tio 1.2632e3 em(o*e!" t&e aut&o!it- to di!e4t t&e "u"(e"io
o! !e"t!i4tio of t&e fu4tioi+ of a- dam o! de4ommi""ioi+%
Se4tio 1.A263 !ead *it& Se4od S4&edule i" a le+i"lati,e
@ud+met t&at t&e Mulla(e!i-a! dam i" eda+e!ed o a44out of
it" a+eA de+!adatioA "t!u4tu!al o! ot&e! im(edimet" ad limit"
t&e *ate! le,el to 671 ft%
Su)F"e4tio 2.3 (!o&i)it" i4!ea"e of *ate! le,el fi5ed i t&e
Se4od S4&edule ot*it&"tadi+ a- @ud+metA de4!ee o! o!de!
of a- 4ou!t o! a- ot&e! la* o! a- t!eat-A 4ot!a4tA a+!eemetA
i"t!umet o! do4umet e54e(t ad i a44o!da4e *it& t&e
(!o,i"io" of t&e A4t%
G
Page 10
Su)F"e4tio 273 al"o 4otai" a non-obstante 4lau"e ad !eDui!e"
(!io! 4o"et i *!iti+ of t&e aut&o!it- fo! i4!ea"i+ "to!a+e
4a(a4it- ad fo! doi+ a- a4t o! *o!9 fo! "u4& (u!(o"e%
Su)F"e4tio 2B3 di!e4t" a- a4t o! *o!9 fo! (!e(a!atio )- a-
e5e4utat to "to( t&e *o!9 immediatel- ad to a((l- fo! 4o"et
of t&e aut&o!it-%
Se4tio 1;A (!ote4t" t&e aut&o!it- ad a- offi4e! o! em(lo-ee
f!om a- "uitA (!o"e4utio o! ot&e! le+al (!o4eedi+" i !e"(e4t
of a-t&i+ doe ude! t&e A4t ad al"o ou"t" t&e @u!i"di4tio of
4i,il 4ou!t"%
.001 2Amedmet3 A4t i" ot a ,alidatio a4t )ut a me!e de,i4e
to def-A o)"t!u4t ad ullif- t&e @ud+met of t&i" Cou!t ad
4o"titutioall- ite!fe!e *it&A !e"t!i4t o! e5ti+ui"& t&e le+al !i+&t"
of Tamil Nadu a" u(&eld )- t&i" Cou!t% A Le+i"latu!e 4aot )-
me!e de4la!atio ad ea4tmet o,e!!ule ad ullif- a @udi4ial
de4i"io% T&e di!e4t o)@e4t ad effe4t of t&e im(u+ed le+i"latio
i" to o,e!tu! t&e @ud+met of t&i" Cou!t ad to a!!o+ate to #e!ala
t&e (o*e! to (!e,et Tamil Nadu f!om e5e!4i"i+ it" le+al !i+&t"
*&i4& &a,e al!ead- )ee u(&eld )- t&i" Cou!t%
1!
Page 11
6:% O t&e a)o,e +!oud"A Tamil Nadu &a" "ou+&t t*oFfold !eliefA 2i3
to de4la!e t&e .001 2Amedmet3 A4t (a""ed )- t&e #e!ala le+i"latu!e a"
u4o"titutioal i it" a((li4atio to ad effe4t o t&e Mulla(e!i-a! dam ad 2ii3
to (a"" a de4!ee of (e!maet i@u4tio !e"t!aii+ t&e fi!"t defedat f!om
a((l-i+ ad efo!4i+ t&e im(u+ed le+i"latio ite!fe!i+ *it& o! o)"t!u4ti+
t&e (laitiff f!om i4!ea"i+ t&e *ate! le,el to 6B. ft% ad f!om 4a!!-i+ out t&e
!e(ai! *o!9" a" (e! t&e @ud+met of t&i" Cou!t dated ./%0.%.001 i E% P%
2Ci,il3 No% 7;1 of .006 *it& 4oe4ted matte!"% T&e Uio of Idia &a" )ee
im(leaded a" defedat o% . i t&e "uit%
!efen%e by ,erala
.0% #e!ala &a" t!a,e!"ed t&e 4laim of Tamil Nadu o me!it" ad &a"
al"o !ai"ed o)@e4tio" a)out t&e maitaia)ilit- of t&e "uit% #e!alaC" defe4e i"
t&at t&e 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet fo! ::: -ea!" la("ed ude! t&e (!o,i"io" of
Se4tio /2632)3 of t&e Idia Ide(ede4e A4tA 6:B/ 2<A4t of 6:B/=3% F!om
6:B/ to .1%06%6:>0A t&e lea"e *a" 4otiued a" a tem(o!a!- lea"e o aual
)a"i"% Afte! .1%06%6:>0A e,e t&e tem(o!a!- 4otiuatio of t&e lea"e 4ame to
a ed% T&e (o""e""io of t&e lad &eld ad 4otiued )- t&e t&e
Go,e!met of Mad!a" ad o* Tamil NaduA afte! .1%06%6:>0 &a" o @u!idi4al
)a"i"%
.6% #e!ala "tate" t&at 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemetA o t&e )a"i" of *&i4&
Tamil Nadu &a" laid it" 4laimA i" a u4o"4ioa)le 4ot!a4t )e4au"e of it"
du!atio 2::: -ea!"3 a" *ell a" t&e fa4t t&at t&e lea"e 4o,e-" fo! a "mall !et
11
Page 12
a ,ital !e"ou!4e of #e!ala% T&e lea"e *a" o)taied )- t&e Se4!eta!- of State
fo! Idia i E+lad o),iou"l- )- &oldi+ t&!eat of (a!amout4- o,e! Ma&a!a@a
of T!a,a4o!eA *&o *a" &i" ,a""al%
..% A" !e+a!d" t&e t*o "u((lemetal a+!eemet" of 6:/0A #e!ala
"tate" t&at t&e"e a+!eemet" &a,e ot )ee e5e4uted i te!m" of madato!-
(!o,i"io" of A!ti4le .:: of t&e Co"titutio adA t&e!efo!eA t&e- do ot
4o"titute 4ot!a4t" i t&e e-e of la*% I a- e,etA t&e"e a+!eemet" do ot
)id t&e State le+i"latu!e at all%
.7% A)out .001 2Amedmet3 A4tA it i" "tated t&at #e!ala le+i"latu!e
ea4ted t&e A4t !e+ulati+ t&e "to!a+e le,el" of .. dam" li"ted i t&e Se4od
S4&edule !ead *it& Se4tio 1.A 263A a" t&e"e dam" fall eti!el- *it&i t&e
te!!ito!- of #e!ala ad t&e"e dam" a!e 4o"ide!ed to )e eda+e!ed o
a44out of t&ei! a+eA de+ee!atioA de+!adatioA "t!u4tu!al o! ot&e!
im(edimet"% #e!ala "tate" t&at "u4& la* i" (e!fe4tl- ,alid% Ude! Se4tio
1.A273 of t&e .001 2Amedmet3 A4tA t&e FRL 4a )e i4!ea"ed )e-od 671
ft% afte! o)taii+ (!io! 4o"et of t&e Dam Safet- Aut&o!it- &eaded )- a
!eti!ed Jud+e of t&e Hi+& Cou!t% If Tamil Nadu a((!oa4&e" ude! Se4tio
1.A273A #e!ala !e"e!,e" it" !i+&t to o((o"e "u4& (lea )- demo"t!ati+ &o*
"u4& i4!ea"e *ould lead to "(!ead of )a49*ate! )e-od t&e 4otou! lie of
6>> ft% ad &o* t&e flo!a ad faua i4ludi+ e4olo+- *ould )e de"t!o-ed% T&e
im(a4t of i4!ea"ed "to!a+e" o t&e "afet- of t&e dam *ill al"o )e
demo"t!ated )efo!e t&e Dam Safet- Aut&o!it-% T&i" *a" ot t&e matte! t&at
*a" !eDui!ed to )e 4o"ide!ed )- t&i" Cou!t i t&e (!e,iou" 4a"eA "i4e i t&at
1
Page 13
4a"eA t&e fo4al i""ue *a" t&e im(li4atio" of t&e i4!ea"e i &ei+&t u(o t&e
"afet- ad ite+!it- of t&e dam% .001 2Amedmet3 A4t 4!eate" a *o!9i+
me4&ai"m to deal *it& a (!o)lem li9e di"(la4emet of t&o"e *&o"e lad" a!e
li9el- to )e affe4ted )- t&e )a49*ate! effe4t%
.B% T&e 4om(ete4- of #e!ala le+i"latu!e to ea4t t&e .001
2Amedmet3 A4t i" "ou+&t to )e @u"tified )- !el-i+ u(o Et!ie" 6/ ad 6; of
Li"t II 2State Li"t3 ad Et!ie" 6/A 6/FA ad 6/F? of t&e Co4u!!et Li"t of t&e
Se,et& S4&edule to t&e Co"titutio% #e!ala al"o "tate" t&at it i" 4om(etet
fo! t&e #e!ala le+i"latu!e to modif- t&e te!m" of t&e lea"e i (u)li4 ite!e"t 2if
t&e lea"e &a" "u!,i,ed a" 4oteded )- t&e Tamil Nadu3A a" t&e lea"e
i&e!ited ude! A!ti4le .:> of t&e Co"titutio doe" ot )id t&e le+i"latu!e of
t&e "tate ad t&at it i" al*a-" o(e to t&e le+i"latu!e to modif- "u4& 4oditio"
)- la*%
.>% A" !e+a!d" "t!u4tu!e of t&e Mulla(e!i-a! damA #e!alaC" "tad i"
t&at it i" ot 4o"t!u4ted eti!el- *it& !u))le ma"o!- i lime mo!ta!% T&e f!ot
ad !ea! fa4e" a!e 4o"t!u4ted of u4ou!"ed !u))le ma"o!- i lime mo!ta!%
T&e &ea!ti+ 24ete! 4o!e3 i" of lime "u!9&i 4o4!eteA t&e!efo!eA dam 4aot )e
4o"ide!ed a" &omo+eeou" ma"o!- dam ude! a- 4i!4um"ta4e"% I ,ie*
of #e!alaA a dam 4ould e,e! &a,e )ee iteded to !emai fo! lo+ -ea!"
*it&out de4ommi""ioi+ at "ome (oit of time% Fo! t&i" )a49+!oudA (eo(le i
#e!ala li,i+ i t&e do*"t!eam !e+io of t&e Mulla(e!i-a! dam &a,e !ai"ed
"e!iou" a((!e&e"io" a+ai"t t&e "afet- of t&e "t!u4tu!e%
1$
Page 14
.1% #e!ala &a" deied t&at !i,e! Pe!i-a! i" a ite!F"tate !i,e!% It &a"
a""e!ted t&at !i,e! Pe!i-a! i" a it!aF"tate !i,e! a" it !i"e" i Kuilo Di"t!i4t i
#e!ala ad t!a,e!"e" ol- t&!ou+& t&e te!!ito!- of #e!ala )efo!e falli+ ito t&e
A!a)ia "ea% T&e total 4at4&met of Pe!i-a! )a"i i" >7:; "D% 9m% of *&i4&
ol- a)out 667 o! 66B "D% 9m% lie *it&i t&e te!!ito!- of Tamil Nadu% E,e t&i"
"mall 4at4&met of 667 "D% 9m% l-i+ i Tamil NaduA i" i t&e do*"t!eam
!e+io of t&e Mulla(e!i-a! dam% T&e!efo!eA o *ate! f!om t&i" 4at4&met i"
4ot!i)uted to t&e 9itt- of Mulla(e!i-a! dam%
./% A" !e+a!d" t&e ea!lie! @ud+met of t&i" Cou!tA #e!alaC" "tad i"
t&at t&e @ud+met 4o4luded t&e i""ue !elati+ to "afet- of t&e (eo(le ad
de+!adatio of t&e e,i!ometA a(a!t f!om i""ue a!i"i+ f!om A!ti4le 717 of
t&e Co"titutio% T&e do4t!ie of res judicata o! constructive res judicata &a"
o !ele,a4e to t&e Due"tio of (o*e!" o t&e #e!ala le+i"latu!e to !e+ulate
t&e "to!a+e le,el of t&e Mulla(e!i-a! dam i la!+e! (u)li4 ite!e"t )-
le+i"latio% #e!ala "tate" t&at t&e im(u+ed le+i"latio !emo,e" t&e le+al )a"i"
of t&e @ud+metA i%e%A t&e !i+&t of Tamil Nadu to "to!e *ate! u( to 6B. ft% i
Mulla(e!i-a! !e"e!,oi!% T&e le+i"latu!e i" 4om(etet to !emo,e t&e )a"i" of a-
@ud+met adA t&e!efo!eA it i" ot (e!mi""i)le fo! Tamil Nadu to 4laim a- !i+&t
to "to!e *ate! at Mulla(e!i-a! dam )e-od 671 ft% #e!ala &a" a""ailed t&e
fidi+" ad 4o4lu"io" i t&e ea!lie! @ud+met dated ./%0.%.001 o all
(o""i)le +!oud"%
.;% #e!ala &a" !ai"ed t&e o)@e4tio a)out maitaia)ilit- of t&e
(!e"et "uit ude! A!ti4le 676 of t&e Co"titutio of Idia% A44o!di+ to #e!alaA
1'
Page 15
)e4au"e t&e )a"i" of 4laim made )- Tamil Nadu lie" i t&e 6;;1 Lea"e
A+!eemet *&i4& i" a 4ot!a4tual !i+&t leadi+ to 4i,il di"(uteA if a-A )ut it i"
ot i di"(ute i t&e 4o"titutioal 4ote5t a" !eDui!ed ude! A!ti4le 676 of t&e
Co"titutio of Idia% #e!alaC" fu!t&e! 4a"e i" t&at 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet *a"
e5e4uted )et*ee t&e Ma&a!a@a of T!a,a4o!e ad Se4!eta!- of State fo! Idia
i E+lad ad a" "u4& t&e a+!eemet i" i t&e atu!e of t!eat- ad a4t of
"tateA t&e efo!4emet of *&i4& i" )a!!ed )- (!o,i"o to A!ti4le 676 of t&e
Co"titutio% Tamil NaduA t&e!efo!eA 4aot "ee9 efo!4emet of 6;;1 lea"e
deed )efo!e t&i" Cou!t%
.:% #e!ala &a" al"o 4&alle+ed t&e !e(o!t of t&e E5(e!t Committee fo!
a""e""i+ t&e "t!u4tu!al "afet- of t&e dam t&at *a" !elied u(o )- t&i" Cou!t i
it" @ud+met o ./%0.%.001% #e!ala "a-" t&at )ot& t&e ite!im !e(o!t ad
fial !e(o!t "u)mitted )- t&e E5(e!t Committee a!e !iddled *it&
i4o"i"te4ie" ad t&e ,ie*" of t&e Committee do ot 4o"titute a
aut&o!itati,e o(iio% #e!ala &a" deied t&at "to!a+e" at Mulla(e!i-a! dam
)e-od 671 ft% *ill ot (o"e a- da+e!%
70% #e!ala "tate" t&at t&e "to!a+e at Mulla(e!i-a! dam )e-od 671 ft%
*ould ot )e !eDui!ed to meet t&e i!!i+atio !eDui!emet of .A0;A6BB a4!e" i >
"out&e! di"t!i4t" of Tamil NaduA alt&ou+& t&e i!!i+atio o!i+iall- (laed *a"
ot mo!e t&a 6%> la9& a4!e"% #e!ala &a" deied t&e 4otetio of Tamil Nadu
t&at due to oF!e"to!atio of FRL f!om 671 ft%A Tamil NaduC" i!!i+atio i"
+etti+ "uffe!ed% A44o!di+ to #e!alaA Tamil Nadu *a" a)le to i!!i+ate mo!e
a!ea *it& Mulla(e!i-a! *ate!A e,e afte! lo*e!i+ t&e *ate! le,el to 671 ft%
1)
Page 16
76% #e!ala &a"A t&u"A (!a-ed t&at "uit filed )- Tamil Nadu )e
di"mi""ed *it& 4o"t"%
-ssues
7.% O 67%6.%.00/A t&e Cou!t f!amed t&e follo*i+ i""ue" fo!
4o"ide!atio i t&e "uitJ
<6% E&et&e! t&e "uit i" maitaia)le ude! A!ti4le 676 of t&e
Co"titutio of Idia%
.% 2a3 E&et&e! t&e #e!ala
I!!i+atio ad Eate! Co"e!,atio 2Amedmet3 A4t .001 i"
u4o"titutioal ad ult!a ,i!e"A i it" a((li4atio to ad effe4t
o t&e Mullai Pe!i-a! DamL
2)3 E&et&e! (laitiff i"
etitled to a (e!maet i@u4tio !e"t!aii+ t&e fi!"t defedat
f!om a((l-i+ ad efo!4i+ t&e #e!ala I!!i+atio ad Eate!
Co"e!,atio 2Amedmet3 A4tA .001 *it& !efe!e4e to Mullai
Pe!i-a! DamL
7% E&et&e! t&e !i+&t" of t&e (laitiffA 4!-"tali"ed i t&e Jud+met
dated ./%0.%.001 (a""ed )- t&i" Cou!t i EP2C3 No% 7;1G.006 4a )e
ullified )- a le+i"latio made )- t&e #e!ala State Le+i"latu!eL
B% 2a3 E&et&e! t&e @ud+met
dated ./%.%.001 of t&i" Cou!t i EP2C3 No% 7;1G.006 o(e!ated
a" !e" @udi4ataA i !e"(e4t of all o! a- of t&e defe4e" "et u( )-
t&e fi!"t defedat i it" *!itte "tatemetL
2)3 E&et&e! t&e (lea"
!elati+ to ,alidit- ad )idi+ atu!e of t&e deed dated
.:%60%6;;1A t&e atu!e of Pe!i-a! Ri,e!A "t!u4tu!al "afet- of
Mullai Pe!i-a! Dam et4% !ai"ed )- t&e fi!"t defedat i it"
defe4eA a!e fiall- de4ided )- t&e @ud+met of t&i" Cou!t dated
./%.%.001 i EP2C3 No% 7;1G.006A ad 4o"eDuetl- fi!"t
defedat i" )a!!ed f!om !ai"i+ o! !ea+itati+ t&o"e i""ue" ad
(lea" i t&i" "uitA )- t&e (!i4i(le of !e" @udi4ata ad
4o"t!u4ti,e !e" @udi4ataL
>% E&et&e! t&e "uit )a"ed o a le+al !i+&t 4laimed ude! t&e lea"e
deed e5e4uted )et*ee t&e Go,e!met of t&e Ma&a!a@a of
1"
Page 17
T!a,a4o!e ad t&e Se4!eta!- of State fo! Idia o .:%60%6;;1A i"
)a!!ed )- t&e (!o,i"o to A!ti4le 676 of t&e Co"titutio of IdiaL
1% E&et&e! t&e fi!"t defedat i" e"to((ed f!om !ai"i+ t&e (lea
t&at t&e deed dated .:%60%6;;1 &a" la("edA i ,ie* of "u)"eDuet
4odu4t of t&e fi!"t defedat ad e5e4utio of t&e "u((lemetal
a+!eemet" dated .:%0>%6:/0 !atif-i+ t&e ,a!iou" (!o,i"io" of t&e
o!i+ial Deed dated .:%60%6;;1%
/% E&et&e! t&e lea"e deed e5e4uted )et*ee t&e Go,e!met of
t&e Ma&a!a@a of T!a,a4o!e ad Se4!eta!- of State fo! Idia o
.:%60%6;;1 i" ,alidA )idi+ o fi!"t defedat ad efo!4ea)le )-
(laitiff a+ai"t t&e fi!"t defedat%
;% E&et&e! t&e fi!"t defedat i" e"to((ed f!om 4otedi+ t&at
Pe!i-a! Ri,e! i" ot a ite!FState !i,e!%
:% E&et&e! t&e offe! of t&e fi!"t defedatA to 4o"t!u4t a e* dam
a4!o"" Ri,e! Pe!i-a! i t&e do*"t!eam !e+io of Mullai Pe!i-a! Dam
*ould meet t&e ed" of @u"ti4e ad !eDui!emet" of (laitiff%
60% E&et&e! t&e fi!"t defedat 4a o)"t!u4t t&e (laitiff f!om
i4!ea"i+ t&e *ate! le,el of Mullai Pe!i-a! Dam to 6B. ft% ad f!om
4a!!-i+ out !e(ai! *o!9" a" (e! t&e @ud+met dated ./%.%.001 of t&i"
Cou!t i EP2C3 No% 7;1G.006%
66% To *&at !elief i" t&e (laitiff etitled toL=
!o%umentary and oral eviden%e by te parties
77% T&e admi""ioGdeial of do4umet" tede!ed )- t&e (a!tie" *a"
4om(leted o 61%0>%.00;% Do4umet" E5% P6 to E5% PBB tede!ed )- Tamil
Nadu *e!e admitted )- #e!ala ad do4umet" E5% D6 to D6/ tede!ed )-
#e!ala *e!e admitted )- Tamil Nadu% Tamil NaduC" do4umet" E5% MP6 to
MPB ad #e!alaC" do4umet" E5% MD6 to MD.B *e!e deied )- t&e ot&e! "ide%
7B% A" !e+a!d" o!al e,ide4eA Tamil Nadu (!odu4ed R% Su)!amaia
2PEF63 a" t&e "ole *ite""% O t&e ot&e! &adA #e!ala (!odu4ed fi,e
18
Page 18
*ite""e"A V%#% Ma&aude,a 2DEF63A #% Ja-a9uma! 2DEF.3A D!% A%#%
Go"ai 2DEF73A D!% D&!u)a@-oti G&o"& 2DEFB3 ad M%#% Pa!ame"*a!a Nai!
2DEF>3%
.eferen%e to te /-0udge Constitution 1en%
7>% Iitiall-A t&e matte! *a" &ea!d )- a t&!eeFJud+e ?e4&% O
60%66%.00:A matte! *a" !efe!!ed to t&e Co"titutio ?e4& a" "ome of t&e
i""ue" f!amed i t&e "uit i,ol,ed de4i"io o 4e!tai "u)"tatial Due"tio" of
la* 4o4e!i+ ite!(!etatio of t&e Co"titutio ad i (a!ti4ula!J
2i3 A!ti4le" 7 ad B !ead *it& A!ti4le .B1 of t&e Co"titutioN
2ii3 A!ti4le 676 !ead *it& A!ti4le 7. of t&e Co"titutio 2i t&e
4ote5t of res-judicata3N
2iii3 P!o,i"o to A!ti4le 676 !ead *it& A!ti4le" .:> ad 717 of t&e
Co"titutio ad t&e effe4t of t&e Co"titutio 2.1
t&
Amedmet3
A4tA 6:/6N ad
2i,3 T&e effe4t of de4i"io of t&i" Cou!t i Mullaperiyar Environmental
Protection Forum
1
i t&e 4ote5t of afo!eF!efe!!ed 4o"titutioal
(!o,i"io"%
Constitution of te 2mpo3ered Committee &2C'
71% A ,e!- im(o!tat de,elo(met o44u!!ed *&e t&e matte! *a"
ta9e u( iitiall- )- t&e Co"titutio ?e4&% It *a" felt )- t&e Co"titutio
?e4& t&at e5amiatio of all a"(e4t" of t&e matte! i4ludi+ "afet- of
1F
Page 19
Mulla(e!i-a! dam )- a Em(o*e!ed Committee 2EC3 ma- &el( t&e Cou!t i
de4idi+ t&e matte! effe4ti,el-% A44o!di+l-A o 6;%0.%.060A t&e Co"titutio
?e4& di!e4ted t&e Cet!al Go,e!met to 4o"titute a EC ude! t&e
C&ai!ma"&i( of D!% A%S% AadA fo!me! C&ief Ju"ti4e of Idia ad 4om(!i"i+
of t*o mem)e!" omiated )- t&e State" of #e!ala ad Tamil Nadu ad t*o
!eo*ed te4&i4al e5(e!t"% T&e EC *a" !eDue"ted to &ea! (a!tie" to t&e "uit
o all i""ue" t&at ma- )e !ai"ed )efo!e itA *it&out )ei+ limited to t&e i""ue"
t&at &a,e )ee !ai"ed )efo!e t&e Cou!t i t&e matte! ad fu!i"& a !e(o!t a" fa!
a" (o""i)le *it&i "i5 mot&" f!om it" 4o"titutio% It *a" left o(e to t&e EC to
f!ame it" o* (!o4edu!e ad i""ue a((!o(!iate di!e4tio" a" to t&e &ea!i+" a"
*ell a" ,eue of it" "itti+" ad it *a" al"o left to t&e EC to !e4ei,e "u4&
fu!t&e! e,ide4e a" it 4o"ide!ed a((!o(!iate% It *a"A &o*e,e!A 4la!ified t&at
t&e le+al ad 4o"titutioal i""ue" i4ludi+ ,alidit- of t&e .001 Amedmet
A4tA a!e matte!" t&at *ould )e 4o"ide!ed )- t&e Cou!t%
7/% T&e EC "u)mitted "tatu" !e(o!t" f!om time to time% T&e time fo!
+i,i+ fial !e(o!t *a" e5teded al"o% T&e !e(o!t *a" "u)mitted )- t&e
Em(o*e!ed Committee fiall- o .7%0B%.06.%
+eneral observation
7;% A" a +ee!al o)"e!,atioA )efo!e *e em)a!9 u(o t&e di"4u""io
o di,e!"e i""ue"A it mu"t )e "tatedA t&at a "uit of t&i" atu!e 4aot ad ou+&t
ot to )e de4ided *it& ,e!- te4&i4al a((!oa4& i"ofa! a" (leadi+" ad
(!o4edu!e a!e 4o4e!ed% A "uit filed i o!i+ial @u!i"di4tio of t&i" Cou!t i" ot
1G
Page 20
+o,e!ed )- t&e (!o4edu!e (!e"4!i)ed i Ci,il P!o4edu!e Code "a,e ad
e54e(t t&e (!o4edu!e *&i4& &a" )ee e5(!e""l- made a((li4a)le )- t&e
Su(!eme Cou!t Rule"% It i" al"o im(o!tat to )ea! i mid t&at t&e 4ote"t
)et*ee t&e "tate" i" to )e "ettled i t&e la!+e ad am(le *a- t&at aloe
)e4ome" t&e di+it- of liti+at" 4o4e!ed 2State of Andhra Pradesh
7
3%
Ufo!tuatel-A t&e!e i" a "&a!( 4ofli4t o,e! ea4& ad e,e!- a"(e4t of t&e
"u)@e4t matte! )et*ee t&e 4ote"ti+ "tate"% E,e i !e"(e4t of t&e !e(o!t
"u)mitted )- t&e EC 4&ai!ed )- a fo!me! C&ief Ju"ti4e of t&i" Cou!tA oe
omiee ea4& of t&e t*o "tate" *&o a!e fo!me! @ud+e" of t&i" Cou!t ad t*o
!eo*ed te4&i4al e5(e!t"A t&e t*o "tate" &a,e diffe!et ,ie*" alt&ou+& EC
&a" "u)mitted it" !e(o!t afte! a ,e!- tediou" ad miute 4o"ide!atio of fa4t"
o t&e "afet- of t&e Mulla(e!i-a! damA *&i4& em)!a4ed t&e !e(o!t" of te"t"A
i,e"ti+atio ad te4&i4al "tudie" 4a!!ied out t&!ou+& t&e t&!ee a(e5
o!+ai'atio"A )e"ide" t&!ou+& ot&e! "(e4iali"t o!+ai'atio" of t&e
Go,e!met of Idia ad "(e4iali"t e5(e!t a+e4ie" ad al"o afte! "ite
a((!ai"al% Mo!eo,e!A t&e i,e"ti+atio"A te"t" ad te4&i4al "tudie" *e!e
di!e4ted to )e 4a!!ied out )- t&e EC i a""o4iatio *it& t&e !e(!e"etati,e" of
)ot& t&e State"%
-ssue *os4 15 /5 6 and 7.
7:% T&e"e fou! i""ue" a!e ite!!elated ia"mu4& a" t*o of t&e"e
i""ue" !elate to ,alidit- ad )idi+ atu!e of 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet ad t&e
$
%tate of ,nd+ra Prades+ v. %tate of Ma+aras+tra and Ors.; [(!1$# ) %&& "F(.
!
Page 21
effe4t of 6:/0 "u((lemetal a+!eemet" ad t&e ot&e! t*o i""ue" 4o4e!
maitaia)ilit- of "uit ude! A!ti4le 676A if 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet i" &eld ,alidA
)idi+ ad efo!4ea)le% E5te"i,e a!+umet" &a,e )ee add!e""ed to u" )-
t&e lea!ed "eio! 4ou"el fo! t&e t*o 4ote"ti+ "tate" i !e"(e4t of t&e"e
i""ue"% Ho*e,e!A it mu"t )e oted immediatel- t&at #e!ala did ot di"(ute t&e
(o"itio t&at ude! Se4tio 6// of t&e Go,e!met of Idia A4tA 6:7> e5i"ti+
4ot!a4t" made )- t&e Se4!eta!- of State (!io! to 6:7> 2made fo! t&e (u!(o"e"
of t&e Go,e!met of a P!o,i4e3 *ould &a,e effe4t a" if t&e- *e!e made o
)e&alf of t&at P!o,i4e% I ,ie* of t&i" admitted (o"itio )- #e!alaA *e "&all
fi!"t "ee *&et&e! 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet *a" a e5i"ti+ 4ot!a4t made fo!
t&e (u!(o"e" of t&e Go,e!met of P!o,i4e of Mad!a" o t&e 4omme4emet
of 6:7> A4t%
1886 Lease Agreement 6 3eter an e7isting %ontra%t under 19$/ A%t
B0% T&e Mad!a" P!e"ide4- 2Fo!t St% Geo!+e3 *a" e"ta)li"&ed )- t&e
Pitt" A4tA 6/;B% T&e!eafte!A )- t&e Go,e!met of Idia A4tA 6;>;A t&e
te!!ito!ie" ude! t&e Go,e!met of Ea"t Idia Com(a- *e!e t!a"fe!!ed fo!
)ei+ ,e"ted i He! Ma@e"t-% Ude! t&i" ea4tmetA t&e Se4!eta!- of State i
Cou4il *a" em(o*e!ed to ete! ito 4ot!a4t"% ?- t&e 6;>: 2Amedmet3
A4tA t&e ?!iti"& Pa!liamet aut&o!i"ed t&e Go,e!o! i Cou4il of Fo!t St%
Geo!+e to ete! ito 4ot!a4t" !efe!!ed to a" Se4!eta!- of State i Cou4il%
6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet *a" ete!ed ito )et*ee t&e Se4!eta!- of State i
Cou4il ad Ma&a!a@a of T!a,a4o!e ude! t&i" (!o,i"io% Go,e!met of Idia
1
Page 22
A4tA 6:6: did ot alte! t&e (o"itio *it& !e+a!d to t&e 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet
"i4e P!e"ide4- of Fo!t St% Geo!+e *a" t!eated a" P!o,i4e fo! t&e (u!(o"e"
of lo4al +o,e!met% ?- ,i!tue of Se4tio B1 of t&e 6:7> A4tA t&e P!e"ide4- of
Fo!t St% Geo!+e *&i4& *a" deemed to )e a P!o,i4e ude! 6:6: A4t )e4ame
Go,e!o!C" P!o,i4e of Mad!a"%
B6% Se4tio 6// of t&e 6:7> A4tA omitti+ t&e ue4e""a!- (a!t !ead"A
<%%a- 4ot!a4t made )efo!e t&e 4omme4emet of Pa!t III of t&i" A4t )-A o!
o )e&alf ofA t&e Se4!eta!- of State i Cou4il "&allA a" f!om t&at date 8 2a3 if it
*a" made fo! t&e (u!(o"e" *&i4& *ill afte! t&e 4omme4emet of Pa!t III of
t&i" A4t )e (u!(o"e" of t&e Go,e!met of a P!o,i4eA &a,e effe4t a" if it &ad
)ee made o )e&alf of t&at P!o,i4e= ?- ,i!tue of t&i" (!o,i"ioA t&e
e5i"ti+ 4ot!a4t" of t&e Se4!eta!- of State i Cou4il *ould &a,e t&e effe4t a"
if t&e- &ad )ee made o )e&alf of t&e P!o,i4e% E&e *e "ee 6;;1 Lea"e
A+!eemet i li+&t of Se4tio 6// of t&e 6:7> A4tA t&e!e !emai" o dou)t at
all t&at lea"e t&at *a" e5e4uted )- t&e Se4!eta!- of State i Cou4il fo! t&e
P!e"ide4- of Mad!a" 2Mad!a" P!o,i4e3 &ad t&e effe4t a" if it &ad )ee made
o )e&alf of t&e P!e"ide4- of Mad!a" o! fo! t&at matte! Mad!a" P!o,i4e% To
(ut it diffe!etl-A )- le+al fi4tio 4!eated ude! Se4tio 6//2632a3A t&e
P!e"ide4- of Mad!a" 2Mad!a" P!o,i4e3 )e4ame le""ee ude! t&e 6;;1
Lea"e A+!eemet% Ee &a,eA t&e!efo!eA o &e"itatio i a44e(ti+ t&e
"u)mi""io of M!% Viod ?o)deA lea!ed "eio! 4ou"el fo! Tamil Nadu t&at )-
,i!tue of Se4tio 6// of t&e 6:7> A4tA a" f!om t&e 4omme4emet of t&e 6:7>

Page 23
A4tA t&e Go,e!met of t&e P!o,i4e of Mad!a" i" deemed to )e "u)"tituted a"
t&e le""ee i t&e 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet%
2ffe%t and impa%t of events bet3een 1840741987 and #6401419/0
B.% I li+&t of t&e a)o,e &oldi+A *e &a,e to "ee t&e effe4t ad im(a4t
of 4e!tai e,et" t&at o44u!!ed )et*ee 6;%0/%6:B/ 2*&e A4t of 6:B/ *a"
ea4ted )- ?!iti"& Pa!liamet3 ad .1%06%6:>0 2t&e date of 4omme4emet of
Co"titutio3%
B.%6% O 6;%0/%6:B/A a )ulleti *a" i""ued )- t&e Ma&a!a@a of
T!a,a4o!e State deou4i+ all a+!eemet"%
B.%.% O ..%0/%6:B/A t&e De*a of T!a,a4o!e i" "aid to &a,e "tated i
&i" ote" "u)mitted to t&e Ma&a!a@a t&at i &i" di"4u""io *it& t&e Vi4e!o-A &e
&ad ueDui,o4all- deou4ed t&e 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet ad t&at t&e Vi4e!o-
&ad a44e(ted t&e +ood "e"e ude!l-i+ t&e deou4emet%
B.%7% O 60%0;%6:B/A i &i" lette!A M!% C%C% De"aiA Additioal Se4!eta!-
+a,e a a""u!a4e t&at all a+!eemet" *ould )e !ee+otiated%
B.%B% O 6.%0;%6:B/A I"t!umet of A44e""io *a" e5e4uted )- t&e
Rule! of T!a,a4o!e de4la!i+ t&at T!a,a4o!e &a" a44eded to t&e Domiio of
Idia%
B.%>% Follo*i+ I"t!umet of A44e""ioA o 6.%0;%6:B/ it"elfA a
"tad"till a+!eemet *a" ete!ed ito )et*ee State of T!a,a4o!e ad t&e
Domiio of Idia%
$
Page 24
B.%1% O 6B%0;%6:B/A Idia 2P!o,i"ioal Co"titutio3 O!de!A 6:B/ *a"
(!omul+ated *&e!e)-A inter aliaA Se4tio 6// of t&e 6:7> A4t *a" omitted%
B.%/% O 6>%0;%6:B/A A4t of 6:B/ 4ame ito effe4t%
B.%;% O .B%0>%6:B:A t&e t*o State" 8 T!a,a4o!e ad Co4&i 8
me!+ed to+et&e!%
9eter 1886 Lease Agreement lapsed:
B7% M!% Ha!i"& N% Sal,eA lea!ed "eio! 4ou"el fo! #e!alaA i ,ie* of
t&e a)o,e e,et" "u)mit" t&at 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet la("ed ad did ot
"u!,i,e o ad f!om 6>%0;%6:B/%
BB% ?- A4t of 6:B/A t&e (!o,i"io" *e!e made fo! "etti+ u( i Idia of
t*o Idia domiio" to )e 9o* !e"(e4ti,el- a" Idia ad Pa9i"ta f!om
6>%0;%6:B/% Se4tio / of A4t of 6:B/ !ead" a" follo*" J
</% Co"eDue4e" of t&e "etti+ u( of t&e e* Domiio"%O
263 A" f!om t&e a((oited da-O
2a3 Hi" Ma@e"t-C" Go,e!met i t&e Uited #i+dom &a,e o
!e"(o"i)ilit- a" !e"(e4t" t&e +o,e!met of a- of t&e te!!ito!ie"
*&i4&A immediatel- )efo!e t&at da-A *e!e i4luded i ?!iti"& IdiaN
2)3 t&e "u'e!ait- of Hi" Ma@e"t- o,e! t&e Idia State" la("e"A
ad *it& itA all t!eatie" ad a+!eemet" i fo!4e at t&e date of t&e
(a""i+ of t&i" A4t )et*ee Hi" Ma@e"t- ad t&e !ule!" of Idia
State"A all fu4tio" e5e!4i"a)le )- Hi" Ma@e"t- at t&at date *it&
!e"(e4t to Idia State"A all o)li+atio" of Hi" Ma@e"t- e5i"ti+ at t&at
date to*a!d" Idia State" o! t&e !ule!" t&e!eofA ad all (o*e!"A !i+&t"A
'
Page 25
aut&o!it- o! @u!i"di4tio e5e!4i"a)le )- Hi" Ma@e"t- at t&at date i o! i
!elatio to Idia State" )- t!eat-A +!atA u"a+eA "uffe!a4e o!
ot&e!*i"eN ad
243 t&e!e la("e al"o a- t!eatie" o! a+!eemet" i fo!4e at t&e
date of t&e (a""i+ of t&i" A4t )et*ee Hi" Ma@e"t- ad a- (e!"o"
&a,i+ aut&o!it- i t&e t!i)al a!ea"A a- o)li+atio" of Hi" Ma@e"t-
e5i"ti+ at t&at date to a- "u4& (e!"o" o! *it& !e"(e4t to t&e t!i)al
a!ea"A ad all (o*e!"A !i+&t"A aut&o!it- o! @u!i"di4tio e5e!4i"a)le at
t&at date of Hi" Ma@e"t- i o! i !elatio to t&e t!i)al a!ea" )- t!eat-A
+!atA u"a+eA "uffe!a4e o! ot&e!*i"eJ
P!o,ided t&atA ot*it&"tadi+ a-t&i+ i (a!a+!a(& 2)3 o!
(a!a+!a(& 243 of t&i" "u)F"e4tioA effe4t "&allA a" ea!l- a" ma- )e
4otiued to )e +i,e to t&e (!o,i"io" of a- "u4& a+!eemet a" i"
t&e!ei !efe!!ed to *&i4& !elate to 4u"tom"A t!a"it ad
4ommui4atio"A (o"t" ad tele+!a(&"A o! ot&e! li9e matte!"A util t&e
(!o,i"io" i Due"tio a!e deou4ed )- t&e !ule! of t&e Idia State
o! (e!"o &a,i+ aut&o!it- i t&e t!i)al a!ea" o t&e oe &adA o! )-
t&e Domiio o! P!o,i4e o! ot&e! (a!t t&e!eof 4o4e!ed o t&e ot&e!
&adA o! a!e "u(e!"eded )- "u)"eDuet a+!eemet"%
2.3 %=
B>% A" oted a)o,eA A4t of 6:B/ 4ame ito effe4t f!om 6>%0;%6:B/%
Se4tio / deal" *it& t&e 4o"eDue4e" of t&e "etti+ u( of t&e e* domiio"%
Clau"e 2)3 of "u)F"e4tio 263 of Se4tio / de4la!e" t&at "u'e!ait- of Hi"
Ma@e"t- o,e! t&e Idia State" la("e"% O la("i+ of "u'e!ait-A it (!o,ide" fo!
la("i+ of all t!eatie" ad a+!eemet" i fo!4e )et*ee Hi" Ma@e"t- ad t&e
Rule!" of Idia State" f!om t&at date% P!o,i"o a((eded to "u)F"e4tio 263A
&o*e,e!A 4otiue" "u4& a+!eemet" ule"" t&e (!o,i"io" i "u4& a+!eemet
a!e deou4ed )- t&e Rule! of t&e Idia State o! a!e "u(e!"eded )- a
"u)"eDuet a+!eemet%
B1% It i" t&e 4otetio of M!% Ha!i"& N% Sal,e t&at fi!"tl-A 6;;1 Lea"e
A+!eemet la("ed )- ,i!tue of mai (!o,i"io of Se4tio /2632)3 of t&e A4t of
6:B/ a" it 4om(!e&ed" all t!eatie" ad a+!eemet" ad "e4odl-A t&e
)
Page 26
Ma&a!a@a of T!a,a4o!e deou4ed all a+!eemet" i4ludi+ 6;;1 Lea"e
A+!eemet%
B/% It i" t!ue t&at Se4tio /2632)3 of A4t of 6:B/ A4t u"e" t&e
e5(!e""io <all t!eatie" ad a+!eemet"= )utA i ou! o(iioA t&e *o!d <all= i"
ot iteded to 4o,e! t&e a+!eemet" *&i4& a!e ot (oliti4al i atu!e% T&i" i"
4lea! f!om t&e (u!(o"e of Se4tio / a" it deal" *it& la("i+ of "u'e!ait- of
Hi" Ma@e"t- o,e! t&e Idia State" ad t&e 4o"eDue4e of la("i+ of
"u'e!ait-% O),iou"l-A t&e (!o,i"io *a" ot iteded to 4o,e! t&e a+!eemet"
ad t!eatie" ot&e! t&a (oliti4al% EeA a44o!di+l-A &old t&at Se4tio /2632)3
4o4e!" ol- *it& (oliti4al t!eatie" ad a+!eemet"%
B;% T&e atu!e of 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet )ei+ ot (oliti4al i"
al!ead- 4o4luded )- t&i" Cou!t i .001 @ud+met 2Mullaperiyar Environmental
Protection Forum
6
3% T&i" Cou!t &a" &eld t&e!ei 8 ad *e &a,e o @u"tifia)le
!ea"o to ta9e a diffe!et ,ie* 8 t&at 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet i" a o!dia!-
a+!eemet )ei+ a lea"e a+!eemet ad it i" *&oll- oF(oliti4al i atu!e%
B:% T&e!e i"A t&u"A o me!it i t&e 4otetio ad,a4ed o )e&alf of
#e!ala t&at 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet la("ed ude! t&e mai (!o,i"io of Se4tio
/2632)3 of 6:B/ A4t%
>0% No*A fo! 4o"ide!atio of t&e ot&e! lim) of t&e a!+umet
add!e""ed to u" )- M!% Ha!i"& N% Sal,e t&at e,e ot&e!*i"eA t&e Ma&a!a@a of
T!a,a4o!e deou4ed all a+!eemet" i4ludi+ 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemetA it i"
e4e""a!- to !efe! to t&e (!o,i"o a((eded to Se4tio /2632)3% T&e e5(!e""io
<deou4ed )- t&e Rule! of t&e Idia State= i t&e (!o,i"o a((eded to
"
Page 27
Se4tio /A i ou! o(iioA !efe!" to uam)i+uou"A ueDui,o4al ad e5(!e""
deou4emet% #e!ala &a" ot (!odu4ed a- mate!ial o! do4umet to "&o*
t&at t&e!e *a" e5(!e"" deou4emet of t&at atu!e )- t&e Rule! of
T!a,a4o!e i"ofa! a" 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet i" 4o4e!ed% Ee do ot t&i9
t&at t&e )ulleti i""ued o 6;%0/%6:B/ 4lea!l- o! fiall- deou4ed t&e 6;;1
Lea"e A+!eemet%
>6% Mo!eo,e!A to )e a ,alid ad effe4ti,e deou4emet of t&e
a+!eemet )et*ee t&e Rule! ad Hi" Ma@e"t- "u4& deou4emet mu"t )e
made afte! 6:B/ A4t 4ame ito effe4t% Admittedl-A t&e!e i" o deou4emet of
6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet )- t&e T!a,a4o!e Rule! afte! 6>%0;%6:B/%
>.% T&e !ele,at (o!tio of t&e "tad"till a+!eemet dated 6.%0;%6:B/
!ead" a" follo*"J
<A+!eemet )et*ee t&e State of T!a,a4o!e ad t&e Domiio of
Idia
E&e!ea" it i" to t&e )eefit ad ad,ata+e of t&e Domiio of
Idia a" *ell a" of t&e Idia State" t&at e5i"ti+ a+!eemet" ad
admii"t!ati,e a!!a+emet" i t&e matte!" of 4ommo 4o4e!A
"&ould 4otiue fo! t&e time )ei+A )et*ee t&e Domiio of Idia o!
a- (a!t t&e!eof ad t&e Idia State" J
No* t&e!efo!e it i" a+!eed )et*ee t&e T!a,a4o!e State ad
t&e Domiio of Idia t&atJF
6% 263 Util e* a+!eemet" i t&i" )e&alf a!e madeA all
a+!eemet" ad admii"t!ati,e a!!a+emet" a" to matte!"
of 4ommo 4o4e! o* e5i"ti+ )et*ee t&e C!o* ad
a- Idia State "&allA i "o fa! a" ma- )e a((!o(!iateA
4otiue a" )et*ee t&e Domiio of Idia o! a" t&e 4a"e
ma- )eA t&e (a!t t&e!eof ad t&e State%
2.3 I (a!ti4ula!A ad *it&out de!o+atio f!om t&e +ee!alit-
of "u)F4lau"e 263 of t&i" 4lau"e t&e matte!" !efe!!ed to a)o,e
"&all i4lude t&e matte!" "(e4ified i t&e S4&edule to t&i"
A+!eemet%=
8
Page 28
>7% It i" a!+ued )- M!% Ha!i"& N% Sal,e t&at t&e "tad"till a+!eemetA
*&i4& i" )et*ee (a!tie" diffe!et f!om t&o"e *&o &ad e5e4uted t&e 6;;1
Lea"e A+!eemetA i" a f!e"& a+!eemet *&i4& )!ou+&t ito fo!4eA fo! t&e time
)ei+A 4ot!a4tual o)li+atio" )et*ee t&e Ma&a!a@a of T!a,a4o!e ad t&e
Domiio of Idia% A" t&e (a!tie" *e!e diffe!et ad t&e A4t of 6:B/ (!o,ided
fo! t&e la("e of t&e ?!iti"& "u'e!ait- o,e! t&e P!i4el- State"A t&e Due"tio of
4otiua4e of 6;;1 lea"e a+!eemet doe" ot a!i"e% I a- 4a"eA lea!ed
"eio! 4ou"el fo! #e!ala a!+ue" t&at "tad"till a+!eemet 4ould ot "u!,i,e
afte! t&e deletio of Se4tio 6// of t&e 6:7> A4t% Ee fid o me!it i t&e"e
a!+umet"% T&e "tad"till a+!eemet i" ot a f!e"& a+!eemet )et*ee
Domiio of Idia ad State of T!a,a4o!e a" "u++e"ted )- M!% Ha!i"& N%
Sal,e% T&e "tad"till a+!eemet *a" iteded fo! t&e )eefit of t&e (a!tie" *&o
*e!e (a!tie" to t&e a+!eemet" ad a!!a+emet"A *&i4& *e!e matte!" of
4ommo 4o4e! e5i"ti+ )et*ee t&e C!o* ad t&e State of T!a,a4o!e% I
t&e )a49+!oud of I"t!umet of A44e""ioA it )e4ame e4e""a!- to &a,e
"ome a!!a+emet "o t&at t&e e5i"ti+ a+!eemet" ad a!!a+emet"
)et*ee t&e C!o* ad t&e Idia State" 4otiued% Ee do ot t&i9 t&at
"tad"till a+!eemet i" (oliti4al i atu!e a" 4oteded o )e&alf of #e!ala%
>B% T&e a!+umet t&at "tad"till a+!eemet 4ould ot "u!,i,e afte! t&e
deletio of Se4tio 6// *it& effe4t f!om 6>%0;%6:B/ )- ,i!tue of Idia
2P!o,i"ioal Co"titutio3 O!de!A 6:B/ i" al"o *it&out "u)"ta4e% Se4tio 6//
*a" deleted )e4au"e it 4ould o lo+e! *o!9 ad )e4au"e Domiio of Idia
*a" to 4ome ito )ei+ *it& (!o,i4e" a" (a!t of t&e Domiio ad t&e!e *a"
F
Page 29
to )e o Se4!eta!- of State i Cou4il% Ee a!e i a+!eemet *it& M!% Viod
?o)deA lea!ed "eio! 4ou"el fo! Tamil Nadu t&at deletio of Se4tio 6//
*a" (!o"(e4ti,e ad it did ot affe4t t&e deemi+ t&at &ad al!ead- ta9e (la4e
i 6:7>% T&e "tad"till a+!eemetA i ou! ,ie*A 4aot )e "aid to &a,e )ee
*i(ed out )- t&e deletio of Se4tio 6//%
>>% M!% Ha!i"& N% Sal,e i" !i+&t i "u)mitti+ t&at ude! Se4tio 6//
e5i"ti+ 4ot!a4t" made )- t&e Se4!eta!- of State (!io! to 6:7> *ould &a,e
effe4t a" if t&e- *e!e made o )e&alf of t&e 4o4e!ed P!o,i4e ad )- ,i!tue
of t&i" (!o,i"ioA t&e P!o,i4e of Mad!a" *a" a )eefi4ia!- of "tad"till
a+!eemet )ut &e doe" ot "eem to )e !i+&t *&e &e "a-" t&at t&i" "ituatio
4&a+ed o 6B%0;%6:B/ *&e t&e Idia 2P!o,i"ioal Co"titutio3 O!de!A 6:B/
*a" i""ued ad t&e "tad"till a+!eemet a!!i,ed at o 6.%0;%6:B/ 4ea"ed to
)e fo! t&e )eefit of P!o,i4e of Mad!a"% A" "tated )- u" ea!lie!A t&e deletio
of Se4tio 6// i" (!o"(e4ti,e ad did ot udo *&at &ad al!ead- ta9e (la4e%
T&i" al"o e+ate" t&e a!+umet of M!% Sal,e t&at t&e !i+&t" of t&e C!o*A
*&i4& *e!e e@o-ed )- t&e P!o,i4e of Mad!a" ude! Se4tio 6//A o deletio
of t&e "aid Se4tio &ad 4ome to a ed a" t&e!e *a" o "u44e""o! to t&e
C!o*%
>1% T&e a!+umet t&at t&e!e i" o "u44e""o! of C!o* i" i!!ele,at
)e4au"e )- ,i!tue of Se4tio 6//A t&e Go,e!met of P!o,i4e of Mad!a" &ad
al!ead- )e4ome le""ee i t&e 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet )- deemi+ i 6:7>
it"elf% T&e "tad"till a+!eemet 4otiued 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet )et*ee
t&e P!o,i4e of Mad!a" ad t&e State of T!a,a4o!e% 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet
G
Page 30
did ot la("e ude! t&e mai (!o,i"io of Se4tio /2i32)3 of t&e A4t of 6:B/%
T&e!e *a" o ueDui,o4al ad uam)i+uou" deou4emet of 6;;1 Lea"e
A+!eemet )- t&e Rule! of T!a,a4o!e ude! (!o,i"o to Se4tio /2i32)3% T&e
P!o,i4e of Mad!a" *a" )eefi4ia!- of t&e "tad"till a+!eemet% Su!el-A
deletio of Se4tio 6// &a" ot affe4ted t&e !i+&t" of P!o,i4e of Mad!a"%
>/% Rel-i+ u(o Babu Ram Sasena
!
" it i" ,e&emetl- a!+ued )- M!%
Ha!i"& N% Sal,eA lea!ed "eio! 4ou"el fo! #e!ala t&at u(o me!+e! of t*o
"tate" 8 T!a,a4o!e ad Co4&i 8 i 6:B: all t!eatie" ete!ed ito )- t&e
Rule!" of e!"t*&ile "tate" la("ed% Hi" "u)mi""io i" t&at t&e "tad"till
a+!eemetA *&et&e! it *a" a ide(edet a+!eemet o! i 4otiuatio of
6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemetA 4ame to a ed i li+&t of t&e le+al (o"itio e5(o"ited
i Babu Ram Sasena
!
% Lea!ed "eio! 4ou"el i t&i" !e+a!d al"o !elied u(o
t&e de4i"io of t&i" Cou!t i State of #imachal Pradesh
$
%
1abu .am (a;sena
>;% Let u" 4a!efull- 4o"ide! Babu Ram Sasena
!
% T&e fa4t" i
Babu Ram Sasena
!
*e!e a" follo*"J ?a)u Ram Sa9"ea *a" a mem)e! of
Utta! P!ade"& Ci,il Se!,i4e ad "e!,ed To9 State i ,a!iou" 4a(a4itie"% It
*a" alle+ed t&at du!i+ "e!,i4eA &e &el(ed t&e Na*a) of To9 i o)taii+ t&e
"a4tio of t&e Go,e!met of Idia to t&e (a-met of R"%6BA00A000GF to t&e
Na*a) out of State t!ea"u!- fo! t&e di"4&a!+e of &i" de)t"A ad idu4ed t&e
Na*a) )- t&!eat" ad de4e(tio to (a- &imA i !etu! fo! "u4& &el(A "um"
'
7r. Ha4u =am %aEsena v. %tate; [,I= 1G)! %& 1))(
)
%tate of Iimac+al Prades+ v. Union of India & Ors.; [(!11# 1$ %&& $''(
$!
Page 31
totali+ R"%7A00A000GF o ,a!iou" date"% D!% ?a)u Ram Sa9"ea *a" 4&a!+ed
*it& t&e offe4e" ude! Se4tio" 7;7A >/> ad B.0 of t&e Idia Peal Code%
T&e"e offe4e" *e!e e5t!adita)le offe4e" ude! t&e Idia E5t!aditio A4tA
6:07 2fo! "&o!tA P6:07 A4tC3% T&e *a!!at *a" i""ued ude! Se4tio / of t&e
6:07 A4t to t&e Di"t!i4t Ma+i"t!ateA NaiitalA *&e!e t&e a44u"ed *a" !e"idi+
afte! !e,e!ti+ to t&e "e!,i4e of t&e Utta! P!ade"& Go,e!metA to a!!e"t ad
deli,e! &im u( to t&e Di"t!i4t Ma+i"t!ate of To9% T&e a44u"ed !ai"ed defe4e"
o me!it" a" *ell a" to t&e ,alidit- of t&e *a!!at ad 4&alle+ed t&e
@u!i"di4tio of t&e Ma+i"t!ate at Naiital to ta9e 4o+i'a4e of t&e matte! ad
a!!e"t t&e a((ellat% T&e Hi+& Cou!t o,e!!uled all t&e o)@e4tio" ad
di"mi""ed t&e a((li4atio fo! t&e !elea"e of t&e a((ellat% T&e matte! *a"
4a!!ied to t&i" Cou!t% &nter aliaA t&e 4otetio o )e&alf of t&e a((ellat
)efo!e t&i" Cou!t *a" t&at t&e t!eat- ete!ed ito )et*ee t&e ?!iti"&
Go,e!met ad t&e To9 "tate o .;%06%6;1:A alt&ou+& de4la!ed )- Se4tio
/ of t&e 6:B/ A4tA to &a,e la("ed a" f!om 6>%0;%6:B/ *a" 4otiued i fo!4e
)- t&e "tad"till a+!eemet ete!ed ito o 0;%0;%6:B/N t&at t&at t!eat-
e54lu"i,el- +o,e!ed all matte!" !elati+ to e5t!aditio )et*ee t&e t*o "tate"A
ad t&atA ia"mu4& a" it did ot 4o,e! t&e offe4e" o* 4&a!+ed a+ai"t t&e
a((ellatA o e5t!aditio of t&e a((ellat 4ould )e demaded o! o!de!ed% T&e
Atto!e- Gee!alA o t&e ot&e! &adA !e"(oded )- 4otedi+ t&at t&e
"tad"till a+!eemet ete!ed ito *it& ,a!iou" Idia State" *e!e (u!el-
tem(o!a!- a!!a+emet" de"i+ed to maitai t&e status 'uo ante i !e"(e4t
of 4e!tai admii"t!ati,e matte!" of 4ommo 4o4e! (edi+ t&e a44e""io of
$1
Page 32
t&o"e State" to t&e Domiio of Idia ad t&e- *e!e "u(e!"eded )- t&e
i"t!umet of A44e""io e5e4uted )- t&e Rule!" of t&o"e "tate"% To9 &a,i+
a44eded to t&e Domiio o 61%0;%6:B/A t&e "tad"till a+!eemet !elied o )-
t&e a((ellat mu"t )e ta9e to &a,e la("ed a" f!om t&at date% Se4odl-A t&e
t!eat- *a" o lo+e! "u)"i"ti+ ad it" e5e4utio )e4ame im(o""i)leA a" t&e
To9 State 4ea"ed to a44ede (oliti4all- ad a" "u4& "o,e!ei+t- a" it
(o""e""ed *a" e5ti+ui"&edA *&e it 4o,eated *it& 4e!tai ot&e! "tate"A
*it& t&e 4o4u!!e4e of t&e Idia Go,e!met <to uite ad ite+!ate t&ei!
te!!ito!ie" i oe "tateA *it& t&e 4ommo e5e4uti,eA le+i"latu!e ad @udi4ia!-A
)- t&e ame of t&e Uited State of Ra@a"t&a=A t&e la"t of "u4& 4o,eat"
*&i4& "u(e!"eded t&e ea!lie! oe"A &a,i+ )ee ete!ed ito o 67%07%6:B:%
La"tl-A it *a" a!+ued )- t&e Atto!e- Gee!al t&at t&e t!eat- *a" "till i
o(e!atio a" a )idi+ e5e4uto!- 4ot!a4t ad it" (!o,i"io" *e!e i o *a-
de!o+ated f!om )- t&e a((li4atio of Se4tio / of t&e 6:07 A4t i t&e
e5t!aditio *a!!at i""ued ude! t&at Se4tio ad t&e a!!e"t made i
(u!"ua4e t&e!eof *e!e le+al ad ,alid ad 4ould ot )e 4alled i Due"tio
ude! Se4tio B:6 of t&e Code of C!imial P!o4edu!e%
>:% It i" im(o!tat to ote t&at i Babu Ram Sasena
!
A t*o o(iio"
&a,e )ee +i,e )- t&i" Cou!tA oe )- Pata@ali Sa"t!iA J% ad t&e ot&e! )-
Mu9&e!@eaA J% I"ofa! a" Pata@ali Sa"t!iA J% i" 4o4e!edA Hi" Lo!d"&i( did ot
+i,e a- o(iio o t&e fi!"t t*o 4otetio" !ai"ed )- t&e Atto!e- Gee!al%
T&i" i" 4lea! *&e Pata@ali Sa"t!iA J% "aidA <A" *e a!e 4lea!l- of t&e o(iio
t&at t&e a((ellatC" 4otetio" mu"t fail o t&i" la"t +!oudA *e 4o"ide! it
$
Page 33
ue4e""a!- to (!oou4e o t&e ot&e! (oit" !ai"ed )- t&e Atto!e- Gee!al
e"(e4iall- a" t&e i""ue" i,ol,ed a!e ot (u!el- le+al )ut al"o of a (oliti4al
4&a!a4te!A ad *e &a,e ot &ad t&e ,ie*" of t&e a44u"ed 4o4e!ed o t&o"e
(oit"=% Ha,i+ "aid t&atA Pata@ali Sa"t!iA J% 4o"ide!ed t&e Due"tio *&et&e!
e5t!aditio ude! Se4tio / of t&e 6:07 A4t fo! a offe4e *&i4& i" ot
e5t!adita)le ude! t&e t!eat- i"A i a- "e"eA a de!o+atio f!om t&e (!o,i"io"
of t&e t!eat- *&i4& (!o,ide" fo! t&e e5t!aditio of offede!" fo! 4e!tai "(e4ified
offe4e" 4ommitted i t&e !e"(e4ti,e te!!ito!ie" of t&e &i+& 4ot!a4ti+ (a!tie"%
>:%6% I t&e ot&e! o(iio +i,e )- Mu9&e!@eaA J% a" !e+a!d" t&e
Due"tioA &o* fa! *a" t&e E5t!aditio T!eat- )et*ee t&e To9 State ad t&e
?!iti"& Go,e!met affe4ted )- !ea"o of t&e me!+e! of t&e To9 State alo+
*it& ei+&t ot&e! State" i ,ie* of a 4o,eat ete!ed ito )- t&e Rule!" of
t&e"e ie State"A ito t&e Uited State of Ra@a"t&aA it &a" )ee &eld t&at a"
a !e"ult of amal+amatio o! me!+e!A a State lo"e" it" full ad ide(edet
(o*e! of a4tio o,e! t&e "u)@e4t matte! of a t!eat- (!e,iou"l- 4o4ludedA t&e
t!eat- mu"t la("e% Mu9&e!@eaA J% oted A!ti4le 1 of t&e me!+e! ad t&e +ee!al
o(iio of t&e ite!atioal @u!i"t" t&at *&e a State !eliDui"&e" it" life a"
"u4& t&!ou+& i4o!(o!atio ito o! a)"o!(tio )- aot&e! State eit&e!
,oluta!il- o! a" a !e"ult of 4oDue"t o! ae5atioA t&e t!eatie" of t&e fo!me!
a!e automati4all- te!miated% Mu9&e!@eaA J% o)"e!,ed a" follo*"J
Q%%T&e !e"ult i" "aid to )e (!odu4ed )- !ea"o of 4om(lete lo"" of
(e!"oalit- 4o"eDuet o e5ti4tio of State life% T&e 4a"e" di"4u""ed
i t&i" 4oe4tio a!e +ee!all- 4a"e" *&e!e ide(edet State" &a,e
4ea"ed to )e "u4& t&!ou+& 4o"t!aied o! ,oluta!- a)"o!(tio )-
aot&e! *it& attedat e5ti4tio of t&e fo!me!R" t!eatie" *it& ot&e!
$$
Page 34
State"% T&u" t&e fo!4ea)le i4o!(o!atio of Hao,e! ito t&e P!u""ia
#i+dom de"t!o-ed t&e (!e,iou" t!eatie" of Hao,e!% T&e admi""io of
Te5a" ito t&e Uited State" of Ame!i4a )- @oit !e"olutio e5ti+ui"&ed
t&e T!eatie" of t&e Ide(edet Re(u)li4 of Te5a"% T&e (o"itio i" t&e
"ame *&e #o!ea me!+ed ito Ja(a% A44o!di+ to O((e&eimA *&o"e
o(iio &a" )ee !elied u(o )- Si! AlladiA o "u44e""io of !i+&t" ad
dutie" o!dia!il- ta9e" (la4e i "u4& 4a"e"A ad a" (oliti4al ad (e!"oal
t!eatie" (!e"u((o"e t&e e5i"te4e of a 4ot!a4ti+ StateA t&e- a!e
alto+et&e! e5ti+ui"&ed% It i" a de)ata)le (oit *&et&e! "u44e""io ta9e"
(la4e i 4a"e" of t!eatie" !elati+ to 4omme!4e o! e5t!aditio )ut &e!e
a+ai t&e ma@o!it- of *!ite!" a!e of o(iio t&at t&e- do ot "u!,i,e
me!+e! o! ae5atio=
>:%.% T&e a)o,e o)"e!,atio" of Mu9&e!@eaA J% *e!e )a"ed o t&e t*o
!eo*ed )oo9"A 2oe3 H-de o Ite!atioal La*A Vol% IIIA P+% 6>.: ad 2t*o3
O((e&eim o Ite!atioal La*A Vol% IA P+% 6>.%
>:%7% Deali+ *it& t&e 4o,eat ude! 4o"ide!atioA Mu9&e!@eaA J%
*et o to "tate a" follo*"J
<T&e !ema!9" Duoted a)o,e do otA &o*e,e!A "eem Duite a((!o(!iate to
a 4a"e of t&e (!e"et de"4!i(tio% He!e t&e!e *a" o a)"o!(tio of oe
State )- aot&e! *&i4& *ould (ut a ed to t&e State life of t&e fo!me!
ad e5ti+ui"& it" (e!"oalit-% E&at &a((eed &e!e *a" t&at "e,e!al
State" ,oluta!il- uited to+et&e! ad ite+!ated t&ei! te!!ito!ie" "o a"
to fo!m a la!+e! ad 4om(o"ite State of *&i4& e,e!- oe of t&e
4o,eati+ (a!tie" *a" a 4om(oet (a!t% T&e!e *a" to )e oe
4ommo e5e4uti,eA le+i"latu!e ad @udi4ia!- ad t&e Cou4il of Rule!"
*ould 4o"i"t of t&e Rule!" of all t&e Co,eati+ State"% It ma- ot )e
"aidA t&e!efo!eA t&at t&e Co,eati+ State" lo"t t&ei! (e!"oalit-
alto+et&e! ad it i" to )e oted t&at fo! (u!(o"e" of "u44e""io of
Rule!"&i( ad fo! 4outi+ ,ote" o t&e "t!e+t& of (o(ulatio ad
ot&e! (u!(o"e" t&e Co,eat of Me!+e! !e4o+i"e" a Dua"iF"e(a!atio
)et*ee t&e te!!ito!ie" of t&e diffe!et State"% ?ut alt&ou+& "u4&
"e(a!atio e5i"t" fo! "ome (u!(o"e" )et*ee oe State te!!ito!- ad
aot&e!A it i" 4lea! t&at t&e i&a)itat" of all t&e diffe!et State"
)e4ameA f!om t&e date of me!+e!A t&e "u)@e4t" of t&e Uited State of
Ra@a"t&a ad t&e- 4ould ot )e de"4!i)ed a" "u)@e4t" of a- (a!ti4ula!
State% T&e!e i" o "u4& t&i+ a" "u)@e4t of t&e To9 State e5i"ti+ at
t&e (!e"et da- ad t&e Rule! of To9 4aot ide(edetl- ad i &i"
o* !i+&t e5e!4i"e a- fo!m of "o,e!ei+t- o! 4ot!ol o,e! t&e To9
te!!ito!-% T&e Go,e!metA *&i4& e5e!4i"e" "o,e!ei+ (o*e!"A i" ol-
oeA e,e t&ou+& t&e diffe!et Rule!" ma- &a,e a ,oi4e i it% It "eem" to
u" t&at i t&o"e alte!ed 4i!4um"ta4e" t&e E5t!aditio T!eat- of 6;1:
$'
Page 35
&a" )e4ome eti!el- i4a(a)le of e5e4utio% It i" ot (o""i)le fo! t&e
To9 StateA *&i4& i" oe of t&e 4ot!a4ti+ (a!tie" to a4t i a44o!da4e
*it& t&e te!m" of t&e t!eat-A fo! it &a" o lo+e! a- ide(edet
aut&o!it- o! "o,e!ei+ !i+&t" o,e! t&e To9 te!!ito!- ad 4a eit&e!
ma9e o! demad e5t!aditio% E&e a" a !e"ult of amal+amatio o!
me!+e!A a State lo"e" it" full ad ide(edet (o*e! of a4tio o,e! t&e
"u)@e4tFmatte! of a t!eat- (!e,iou"l- 4o4ludedA t&e t!eat- mu"t
e4e""a!il- la("e% It 4aot )e "aid t&at t&e "o,e!ei+t- of t&e To9
State i t&i" !e"(e4t i" o* ,e"ted i t&e Uited State of Ra@a"t&a% T&e
aut&o!it-A "o fa! a" e5t!aditio *a" 4o4e!edA *a" al!ead- "u!!ede!ed
)- t&e To9 State i fa,ou! of t&e Domiio Go,e!met )- t&e
I"t!umet of A44e""io% ?ut e,e a""umi+ t&at t&e"e t!eat- !i+&t"
4ould de,ol,e u(o t&e Uited State of Ra@a"t&a )- !ea"o of A!ti4le 1
of t&e Co,eat of Me!+e!A t&e latte!A it "eem" to meA 4ould )e totall-
i4a(a)le of +i,i+ effe4t to t&e te!m" of t&e t!eat-% A" &a" )ee "aid
al!ead-A t&e!e 4ould )e o "u4& t&i+ a" a "u)@e4t of t&e To9 State at
t&e (!e"et momet ad A!ti4le . of t&e T!eat- *&i4& (!o,ide" fo!
e5t!aditio of To9 "u)@e4t" a44u"ed of &a,i+ 4ommitted &eiou"
offe4e" *it&i To9 te!!ito!- ad "ee9i+ a"-lum el"e*&e!e *ould )e
*&oll- if!u4tuou"% T&e Uited State of Ra@a"t&a 4ould ot (o""i)l-
demad e5t!aditio o t&e )a"i" of t&i" a!ti4leA ad if !e4i(!o4it-A *&i4&
i" t&e e""e4e of a E5t!aditio A+!eemetA i" +oeA t&e T!eat- mu"t )e
deemed to )e ,oid ad io(e!ati,e%=
>:%B% T&e ,ie* of Mu9&e!@eaA J% *a" 4o4u!!ed *it& )- Ma&a@aA J%
Da"A J% "u)"tatiall- a+!eed *it& t&e !ea"oi+ of Mu9&e!@eaA J% Fa'l AliA J%
a+!eed *it& t&e lie of !ea"oi+ i )ot& t&e @ud+met" deli,e!ed )- Pata@ali
Sa"t!iA J% ad Mu9&e!@eaA J%
>:%>% A 4a!eful 4o"ide!atio of t&e @ud+met )- Mu9&e!@eaA J% i Babu
Ram Sasena
!
*ould "&o* t&at Hi" Lo!d"&i(C" o(iio &a" o a((li4atio to a
oF(oliti4al a+!eemet "u4& a" 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet% T&e o)"e!,atio of
Mu9&e!@eaA J%A <E&e a" a !e"ult of amal+amatio o! me!+e!A a State lo"e" it"
full ide(edet (o*e! of a4tio o,e! t&e "u)@e4t matte! of a t!eat- (!e,iou"l-
4o4ludedA t&e t!eat- mu"t e4e""a!il- la("e= i" i t&e 4ote5t of a
e5t!aditio t!eat- *&i4& i" (u!el- (oliti4al i atu!e% I ou! ,ie*A Babu Ram
$)
Page 36
Sasena
!
i" 4lea!l- di"ti+ui"&a)le ad doe" ot &el( #e!ala i it" a!+umet
t&at 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet la("ed o me!+e! of t&e t*o State"A T!a,a4o!e
ad Co4&iA ito t&e Uited State of T!a,a4o!e ad Co4&i%
(tate of <ima%al =rades
10% M!% Ha!i"& N% Sal,e al"o (la4ed &ea,- !elia4e u(o t&e de4i"io
of t&i" Cou!t i t&e 4a"e of State of #imachal Pradesh
$
% T&e di"(ute i t&at
4a"e *a" )et*ee t&e State of Hima4&al P!ade"& o t&e oe &ad ad t&e
Uio of IdiaA State of Pu@a)A State of Ha!-aaA State of Ra@a"t&a ad
Uio Te!!ito!- of C&adi+a!& o t&e ot&e! !elati+ to t&e (o*e! +ee!ated i
t&e ?&a9!aFNa+al ad ?ea" P!o@e4t"% Oe of t&e i""ue" ude! 4o"ide!atio
*a" *&et&e! afte! t&e me!+e! of t&e State of ?ila"(u! *it& t&e Domiio of
IdiaA t&e State of Hima4&al P!ade"& 4ould "till &a,e a- 4au"e of a4tio to file
t&e "uit% E&ile deali+ *it& t&i" i""ueA t&i" Cou!t !efe!!ed to ?ila"(u! Me!+e!
A+!eemet dated 6>%0;%6:B;A (a!ti4ula!l-A A!ti4le 6 t&e!eof% Afte! &a,i+
oti4ed t&at (!o,i"ioA t&i" Cou!t i (a!a+!a(& B; of t&e Re(o!t 2P+"% 7>:F7103
&eld a" ude!J
<B;% It i" t&u" 4lea! t&at )- t&e ?ila"(u! Me!+e! A+!eemet dated 6>F;F6:B;
t&e Ra@a of ?ila"(u! 4eded to t&e Domiio Go,e!met full ad e54lu"i,e
aut&o!it-A @u!i"di4tio ad (o*e!" fo! ad i !elatio to t&e +o,e!a4e of t&e
State ad a+!eed to t!a"fe! t&e admii"t!atio of t&e State to t&e Domiio
Go,e!met o 6.F60F6:B;% T&e!eafte!A t&e Go,e!met of IdiaA Mii"t!-
of La*A i""ued a Notifi4atio dated .0F/F6:B: 2E5t% DFBG.FA3 i e5e!4i"e of
it" (o*e!" ude! Se4tio .:0FA of t&e Go,e!met of Idia A4tA 6:7>
ma9i+ t&e State" Me!+e! 2C&ief Commi""ioe!"C P!o,i4e"3 O!de!A 6:B:A
*&i4& 4ame ito fo!4e f!om 6F;F6:B:% Ude! t&i" State" Me!+e! 2C&ief
Commi""ioe!"C P!o,i4e"3 O!de!A 6:B:A ?ila"(u! *a" to )e admii"te!ed i
all !e"(e4t" a" if it *a" a C&ief Commi""ioe!C" P!o,i4e% Ude! t&e
$"
Page 37
Co"titutio of Idia al"o iitiall- ?ila"(u! 4otiued to )e admii"te!ed a"
t&e C&ief Commi""ioe!C" P!o,i4e ad *a" i4luded i t&e Fi!"t S4&edule
to t&e Co"titutio a" a Pa!t C State% Ude! A!ti4le .:B2b3 all !i+&t"A
lia)ilitie" ad o)li+atio" of t&e Go,e!met of t&e Domiio of IdiaA
*&et&e! a!i"i+ out of a- 4ot!a4t o! ot&e!*i"eA )e4ame t&e !i+&t"A
lia)ilitie" ad o)li+atio" of t&e Go,e!met of Idia% T&e"e (!o,i"io" of
t&e ?ila"(u! Me!+e! A+!eemet dated 6>F;F6:B; 2E5t% DFBG6FA3A t&e State"
Me!+e! 2C&ief Commi""ioe!"C P!o,i4e"3 O!de!A 6:B:A t&e Fi!"t S4&edule
to t&e Co"titutio ad A!ti4le .:B2b3 of t&e Co"titutio ma9e it 4lea! t&at
?ila"(u! )e4ame t&e (a!t of t&e Domiio of Idia ad t&e!eafte! *a"
admii"te!ed a" a C&ief Commi""ioe!C" P!o,i4e )- t&e Go,e!met of
Idia ad all !i+&t" of t&e Ra@a of ?ila"(u! ,e"ted i t&e Go,e!met of
Idia% EeA t&e!efo!eA &old t&at t&e (laitiff *ill ot &a,e a- 4au"e of a4tio
to ma9e a- 4laim o t&e )a"i" of a- !i+&t of t&e Ra@a of ?ila"(u! (!io! to
t&e me!+e! of ?ila"(u! State *it& t&e Domiio of Idia%=
16% T&e a)o,e o)"e!,atio" i State of #imachal Pradesh
>
mu"t )e
!ead i t&e 4ote5t of ?ila"(u! Me!+e! A+!eemet dated 6>%0;%6:B; *&e!e)-
t&e Ra@a of ?ila"(u! 4eded to t&e Domiio Go,e!met full ad e54lu"i,e
aut&o!it-A @u!i"di4tio ad (o*e!" fo! ad i !elatio to t&e +o,e!a4e of t&e
State ad all !i+&t" of Ra@a of ?ila"(u! &ad ,e"ted i t&e Go,e!met of Idia%
Ee fid it diffi4ult to a((!e4iate &o* t&e"e o)"e!,atio" &a,e a- a((li4atio
i"ofa! a" t&e 4otiua4e of t&e 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet afte! t&e me!+e! of
t&e T!a,a4o!e State ad t&e Co4&i State ito a e* "tateA amel-A Uited
State of T!a,a4o!e ad Co4&i a!e 4o4e!ed% T&e @ud+met of t&i" Cou!t i
State of #imachal Pradesh
$
A i ou! ,ie*A &a" o a((li4atio to t&e "u)mi""io
ad,a4ed o )e&alf of #e!ala%
(tatus of -ndian (tates on a%%ession
1.% It i" im(o!tat to )ea! i mid t&at a44e""io of Idia State" to
t&e Domiio of Idia did ot e5ti+ui"& t&o"e State" a" etitie"% T&e- ol-
$8
Page 38
)e4ame (a!t of Domiio of Idia a" 4o"tituet State" alo+ *it& t&e
(!o,i4e" of e!"t*&ile ?!iti"& Idia% Ee a!e ua)le to &old t&at t&e etitie" of
t&o"e State" *&o a44eded to t&e Domiio of Idia *e!e totall- *i(ed out%
T&e!e i" me!it i t&e "u)mi""io of Tamil Nadu t&at t&e fa4t t&at o .B%0>%6:B:
t&e State" of T!a,a4o!e ad Co4&i me!+ed to+et&e! al"o e"ta)li"&e" t&at
Idia State" *&i4& a44eded to t&e Domiio 4otiued a" etitie"%
17% I li+&t of t&e a)o,eA *e a!e ua)le to a44e(t t&e a!+umet of
#e!ala t&at Mad!a" 4ea"ed to )e a le""ee o 6>%0;%6:B/% It i" (e!tiet to
o)"e!,e &e!e t&at #e!ala ete!ed ito t&e "u((lemetal a+!eemet" *it& Tamil
Nadu i 6:/0% I t&e"e "u((lemetal a+!eemet"A t&e 4otiua4e of 6;;1
lea"e i" "tated i 4lea! ad uam)i+uou" *o!d"% Had 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet
4ea"ed to )e o(e!atioal o ad f!om 6>%0;%6:B/A t&e!e *a" o o44a"io fo!
#e!ala to ete! ito "u((lemetal a+!eemet" *it& Tamil Nadu i 6:/0% ?-
fi!"t "u((lemetal a+!eemetA Tamil Nadu "u!!ede!ed t&e fi"&i+ !i+&t" i t&e
lea"ed lad" ad al"o a+!eed to t&e u(*a!d !e,i"io of t&e !et of t&e lea"ed
lad% T&e "e4od "u((lemetal a+!eemet 4ofe!!ed o Tamil Nadu t&e !i+&t
to +ee!ate (o*e! ad !i+&t to 4o"t!u4t all fa4ilitie" !eDui!ed fo! (o*e!
+ee!atio% A additioal e5tet of B.%/ a4!e" *a" lea"ed to Tamil Nadu fo!
t&e "aid (u!(o"e"% M!% Ha!i"& N% Sal,eA lea!ed "eio! 4ou"el fo! #e!ala
a!+ued t&at 6:/0 "u((lemetal a+!eemet" ad t&e "tatemet t&e!ei a)out
4otiua4e of 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet *e!e )a"ed o a mi"ta9e of la*
2*!o+ful a""um(tio3 of 4otiua4e of lea"e of 6;;1% T&e "u)mi""io of t&e
lea!ed "eio! 4ou"el fo! #e!ala 4a &a!dl- )e a44e(ted fi!"tl-A i ,ie* of ou!
$F
Page 39
fidi+ t&at 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet 4otiued o ad f!om 6>%0;%6:B/ ad
"e4odl-A i ,ie* of t&e de4i"io of t&i" Cou!t i State of Andhra Pradesh
(
A
*&e!ei a t&!eeFJud+e ?e4& of t&i" Cou!t "(ea9i+ t&!ou+& oe of u" 2R%M%
Lod&aA J%A a" &e t&e *a"3 o)"e!,edA <*&e a a+!eemet i" ete!ed ito
)et*ee t*o o! mo!e "tate"A t&e- &a,e a""i"ta4e of 4om(etetA le+al ad
te4&i4al mid" a,aila)le *it& t&em% T&e "tate" do ot &a,e la49 of d!afti+
a)ilit-% Su4& a+!eemet i" (!o,ided )- t!aied mid"%=% T&e 6:/0
"u((lemetal a+!eemet" &a,i+ )ee ete!ed ito )- t*o &i+& (a!tie"A
amel-A State of #e!ala ad State of Tamil NaduA it 4a &a!dl- )e a44e(ted
t&at t&e 4otiua4e of 6;;1 lea"e *a" *!o+l- a""umed t&ou+& it &ad la("ed
o 6>%0;%6:B/% #e!ala o),iou"l- mu"t &a,e &ad 4om(etet ad le+al mid"
a,aila)le *it& t&em *&e "u((lemetal a+!eemet" *e!e ete!ed ito i 6:/0
*it& Tamil Nadu% T&e!e i" o me!it i t&e a!+umet of #e!ala t&at
"u((lemetal a+!eemet" *e!e )a"ed o mi"ta9e of la*%
-s 1886 lease agreement an a%t of (tate:
1B% I" 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet a a4t of State o! Ite!atioal T!eat-L
T&e a"*e! &a" to )e i t&e e+ati,e% It i" *ell "ettled t&at a a4t of State i"
t&e ta9i+ o,e! of "o,e!ei+ (o*e!" )- a State i !e"(e4t of te!!ito!- *&i4&
*a" ot till t&e (a!t of itA )- 4oDue"tA t!eat-A 4e""io o! ot&e!*i"eA ad t&e
mui4i(al 4ou!t" !e4o+i"ed )- t&e e* "o,e!ei+ &a,e t&e (o*e! ad
$G
Page 40
@u!i"di4tio to i,e"ti+ate ad a"4e!tai ol- "u4& !i+&t" a" t&e e* "o,e!ei+
&a" 4&o"e to !e4o+i"e o! a49o*led+e )- le+i"latioA a+!eemet o!
ot&e!*i"eA ad t&at "u4& a !e4o+itio ma- )e e5(!e"" o! ma- )e im(lied f!om
t&e 4i!4um"ta4e"% 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet i" a o!dia!- 4ot!a4t of lea"e%
Me!el-A )e4au"e t&e 4ot!a4t *a" a!!i,ed at )et*ee t&e C!o* t&!ou+& t&e
Se4!eta!- of State ad t&e T!a,a4o!e State 8 a (!i4el- Idia State 8 t&e
atu!e of 4ot!a4t i" ot 4&a+ed ad it doe" ot )e4ome a (oliti4al
a!!a+emet% A" oted a)o,eA t&i" Cou!t i Mullaperiyar Environmental
Protection Forum
6
&a" al!ead- de4la!ed t&at 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet i" ot
(oliti4al i atu!e% Ee a!e i a+!eemet *it& t&i" ,ie*% T&e "ame !ea"oi+
a((lie" eDuall- to "tad"till a+!eemet%
>irendra (ing
1>% M!% Ha!i"& N% Sal,eA lea!ed "eio! 4ou"el fo! #e!ala !elied u(o
t&e de4i"io of t&i" Cou!t i )irendra Sin*h
+
% T&e Co"titutio ?e4& i
)irendra Sin*h
+
*a" 4o4e!ed *it& t&e Due"tio a)out t&e (o"tFCo"titutioal
!i+&t" to (!o(e!t- "ituate i Idia State" t&at *e!e ot (a!t of ?!iti"& Idia
)efo!e t&e Co"titutio )ut *&i4& a44eded to t&e domiio of Idia "&o!tl-
)efo!e t&e Co"titutio ad )e4ame a ite+!al (a!t of t&e Idia Re(u)li4
afte! it% C&a!9&a!i ad Sa!ila *e!e ide(edet State" ude! t&e (a!amout4-
of t&e ?!iti"& C!o*% T&e- a49o*led+ed t&e ?!iti"& C!o* a" t&e "u'e!ai
(o*e!% Idia o)taied Ide(ede4e ad )e4ame a Domiio )- !ea"o of
"
Jirendra %in5+ & Ors. v. %tate of Uttar Prades+; [(1G))# 1 %&= '1) . ,I= 1G)' %& ''8(
'!
Page 41
A4t of 6:B/% T&e t*o State" 8 C&a!9&a!i ad Sa!ila 8 e5e4uted I"t!umet" of
A44e""io ad a44eded to domiio% I t&e I"t!umet of A44e""ioA t&e
"o,e!ei+t- of t&e a44edi+ State" *a" e5(!e""l- !e4o+i"ed ad
"afe+ua!ded% T&e Rule! of Sa!ila +!atedA o .;%06%6:B;A oe ,illa+e to t&e
*!it (etitioe!" ad t&e Rule! of C&a!9&a!i al"o +!ated 4e!tai ,illa+e" to t&e
(etitioe!"% O 67%07%6:B;A t&i!t-Ffi,e State" i ?udel9&ad ad
?a+&el9&ad 2i4ludi+ C&a!9&a!i ad Sa!ila3 a+!eed to uite t&em"el,e" i
oe State *&i4& *a" to )e 4alled Uited State of Vid&-a P!ade"&% Fe* da-"
late!A (u!"uat to t&e a)o,e a+!eemetA a 4o,eat *a" "i+ed )- all t&e
t&i!t-Ffi,e Rule!" *&i4& )!ou+&t t&e e* State ito )ei+% T&i" a!!a+emet
*a" dome"ti4 a!!a+emet ad ot a t!eat- *it& t&e domiio of Idia% Soo
afte! t&i"A t&e Re,eue Offi4e!" of t&e e*l- fo!med Vid&-a P!ade"& Uio
t!ied to ite!fe!e *it& t&e +!at" made )- t&e a)o,e Rule!"% T&e ite+!atio
did ot *o!9 "ati"fa4to!il-% SoA o .1%6.%6:B:A t&e "ame t&i!t-Ffi,e Rule!"
ete!ed ito aot&e! a+!eemet a)!o+ati+ t&ei! 4o,eat ad di""ol,i+ t&e
e*l- 4!eated State a" f!om 06%06%6:>0% ?- t&e "ame i"t!umet ea4& Rule!
4eded to t&e Go,e!met of t&e Idia Domiio a" f!om t&e "ame date% T&e
i"t!umet *a" 4alled t&e Vid&-a P!ade"& Me!+e! A+!eemet% T&e
Go,e!met of Idia Domiio *a" al"o (a!t- to t&e a+!eemet% T&e
Domiio Go,e!met too9 o,e! t&e admii"t!atio of t&e State" *&i4& fo!med
Vid&-a P!ade"& o 06%06%6:>0 ad de4ided to fo!m t&em ito a C&ief
Commi""ioe!C" (!o,i4e% T&e Co"titutio 4ame ito fo!4e o .1%06%6:>0%
T&e +!at" of Ja+i!" ad Muafi" made )- t&e Rule!" of C&a!9&a!i ad Sa!ila
'1
Page 42
*e!e !e,o9ed "ome*&e!e i Au+u"tA 6:>.% It *a" t&i" o!de! of !e,o4atio
*&i4& *a" 4&alle+ed )efo!e t&i" Cou!t )- i,o9i+ A!ti4le 7. of t&e
Co"titutio%
1>%6% E&ile deali+ *it& t&e i""ue oted a)o,e ad i li+&t of ,a!iou"
de4i"io" 4ited at t&e )a!A t&i" Cou!t e5(o"ited a" follo*"J
<No* it i" udou)ted t&at t&e a44e""io" ad t&e a44e(ta4e of t&em
)- t&e Domiio of Idia *e!e a4t" of State ito *&o"e 4om(ete4- o
mui4i(al Cou!t 4ould eDui!eN o! 4a a- Cou!t i IdiaA afte! t&e
Co"titutioA a44e(t @u!i"di4tio to "ettle a- di"(ute a!i"i+ out of
t&em )e4au"e of a!ti4le 717 ad t&e (!o,i"o to a!ti4le 676N all t&e- 4a
do i" to !e+i"te! t&e fa4t of a44e""ioN "ee "e4tio 1 of t&e Go,e!met
of Idia A4tA 6:7> !elati+ to t&e A44e""io of State"% ?ut *&at t&eL
E&et&e! t&e P!i,- Cou4il ,ie* i" 4o!!e4t o! t&at (ut fo!*a!d )- C&ief
Ju"ti4e Ma!"&all i it" )!oade"t outlie" i" mo!e (!o(e!A all aut&o!itie"
a!e a+!eed t&at it i" *it&i t&e 4om(ete4e of t&e e* "o,e!ei+ to
a44o!d !e4o+itio to e5i"ti+ !i+&t" i t&e 4oDue!ed o! 4eded
te!!ito!ie" adA )- le+i"latio o! ot&e!*i"eA to a((l- it" o* la*" to
t&emN ad t&e"e la*" 4aA ad ideed *&e t&e o44a"io a!i"e" mu"tA
)e e5amied ad ite!(!eted )- t&e mui4i(al Cou!t" of t&e a)"o!)i+
State%=

1>%.% T&e e5(o"itio of a)o,e le+al (o"itio )- t&e Co"titutio ?e4&
&a!dl- admit" of a- dou)t% O),iou"l-A t&e a44e""io of a Idia State to t&e
domiio of Idia ad a44e(ta4e of it )- t&e Domiio a!e a4t" of State ad
@u!i"di4tio of t&e 4ou!t" to +o ito it" 4om(ete4- o! "ettle a- di"(ute a!i"i+
out of t&em a!e 4lea!l- )a!!ed ude! A!ti4le 717 ad t&e (!o,i"o to A!ti4le 676%
A" *e &a,e al!ead- &eld 8 ad t&at i" *&at &a" )ee &eld i t&e .001
@ud+met a" *ell 8 t&at 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet i" a o!dia!- a+!eemet ad
t&at it i" ot (oliti4al i atu!eA t&e em)a!+o of A!ti4le 717 ad t&e (!o,i"o to
A!ti4le 676 &a,e o a((li4atio%
'
Page 43
(%ope of Arti%le $6$ and Arti%le 1$1
11% A!ti4le 717
/
of t&e Co"titutio i" a em)a!+o fo! t&e 4ou!t"
i4ludi+ Su(!eme Cou!t to deal *it& a- di"(ute a!i"i+ out of a t!eat-A
a+!eemetA 4o,eatA e+a+emetA "aad o! ot&e! "imila! i"t!umet *&i4&
*a" ete!ed ito o! e5e4uted )efo!e t&e 4omme4emet of t&e Co"titutio )-
a- Rule! of a Idia "tate ad to *&i4& t&e Go,e!met of t&e domiio of
Idia o! a- of it" (!ede4e""o!" Go,e!met *a" a (a!t- ad it &a" o! &a"
)ee 4otiued i o(e!atio afte! "u4& 4omme4emet% T&e @u!i"di4tio of t&e
4ou!t" i" al"o )a!!ed to ite!fe!e i a- di"(ute i !e"(e4t of a- !i+&t a44!ui+
ude! a- lia)ilit- o! o)li+atio a!i"i+ out of a- of t&e (!o,i"io" of t&i"
Co"titutio !elati+ to a- "u4& t!eat-A a+!eemetA 4o,eatA e+a+emetA
"aad o! ot&e! "imila! i"t!umet%
1/% A (lai !eadi+ of A!ti4le 717 lea,e" o mae! of dou)t t&at if
t&e di"(ute a!i"e" i !e"(e4t of a do4umet of t&at de"4!i(tio ad if "u4&
do4umet &ad )ee e5e4uted )efo!e t&e 4omme4emet of Co"titutioA t&e
ite!fe!e4e )- 4ou!t" i" )a!!ed% T&e do4umet" !efe!!ed to i A!ti4le 717 a!e
t&o"e *&i4& a!e (oliti4al i atu!e% A- di"(ute !e+a!di+ "u4& do4umet" i"
8
$"$. Har to interference 4y courts in disputes arisin5 out of certain treaties/ a5reements/ etc. < (1#
?ot-it+standin5 anyt+in5 in t+is &onstitution 4ut su40ect to t+e provisions of ,rticle 1'$/ neit+er t+e %upreme
&ourt nor any ot+er court s+all +ave 0urisdiction in any dispute arisin5 out of any provision of a treaty/
a5reement/ covenant/ en5a5ement/ sanad or ot+er similar instrument -+ic+ -as entered into or e>ecuted
4efore t+e commencement of t+is &onstitution 4y any =uler of an Indian %tate and to -+ic+ t+e 3overnment of
t+e 7ominion of India or any of its predecessor 3overnment -as a party and -+ic+ +as or +as 4een continued
in operation after suc+ commencement/ or in any dispute in respect of any ri5+t accruin5 under or any lia4ility
or o4li5ation arisin5 out of any of t+e provisions of t+is &onstitution relatin5 to any suc+ treaty/ a5reement/
covenant/ en5a5ement/ sanad or ot+er similar instrument
(# In t+is article A
(a# 9Indian %tate: means any territory reco5nised 4efore t+e commencement of t+is &onstitution 4y
Iis Ma0esty or t+e 3overnment of t+e 7ominion of India as 4ein5 suc+ a %tate; and
(4# 9=uler: includes t+e Prince/ &+ief or ot+er person reco5nised 4efore suc+ commencement 4y Iis
Ma0esty or t+e 3overnment of t+e 7ominion of India as t+e =uler of any Indian %tate.
'$
Page 44
oF@u"ti4ia)le% T&e o)@e4t )e&id A!ti4le 717 i" to )id t&e Idia Rule!" *it&
t!eatie"A a+!eemet"A 4o,eat"A e+a+emet"A "aad" o! ot&e! "imila!
i"t!umet" ete!ed ito o! e5e4uted )efo!e t&e 4omme4emet of t&e
Co"titutio ad to (!e,et t&e Idia Rule!" f!om !e"ili+ f!om "u4&
a+!eemet" a" t&e ite+!it- of Idia *a" to )e maitaied at all 4o"t ad 4ould
ot )e affe4ted )- !ai"i+ 4e!tai di"(ute"% It ma- )e of !ele,a4e to !efe! to
t&e E&ite Pa(e! o Idia State" (!e(a!ed )- t&e Go,e!met of Idia i
6:B; *&i4& )!i+" out t&e &i"to!i4al (e!"(e4ti,e *&i4& e4e""itated t&e
ado(tio of t&e (!o,i"io" i A!ti4le 717% It "a-" <A!ti4le 717 &a" t&e!efo!e
)ee em)odied i t&e Co"titutio *&i4& e54lude" "(e4ifi4all- t&e A+!eemet"
of Me!+e! ad t&e Co,eat" f!om t&e @u!i"di4tio of 4ou!t" e54e(t i 4a"e"
*&i4& ma- )e !efe!!ed to t&e Su(!eme Cou!t )- t&e P!e"idet=%
1;% A!ti4le 676
;
of t&e Co"titutio deal" *it& t&e o!i+ial @u!i"di4tio
of t&i" Cou!t% Su)@e4t to t&e (!o,i"io" of t&e Co"titutioA t&i" Cou!t &a"
o!i+ial @u!i"di4tio i a- di"(uteA inter aliaA )et*ee t&e Go,e!met of Idia
ad a- State o! State" o oe "ide ad oe o! mo!e ot&e! State" o t&e ot&e!
if ad i"ofa! a" t&e di"(ute i,ol,e" a- Due"tio 2*&et&e! of la* o! fa4t3 o
*&i4& t&e e5i"te4e of le+al !i+&t de(ed"% Ho*e,e!A )- (!o,i"o a((eded
F
,rt. 1$1. Ori5inal 0urisdiction of t+e %upreme &ourt.K %u40ect to t+e provisions of t+is &onstitution/ t+e
%upreme &ourt s+all/ to t+e e>clusion of any ot+er court/ +ave ori5inal 0urisdiction in any disputeK
(a# 4et-een t+e 3overnment of India and one or more %tates; or
(4# 4et-een t+e 3overnment of India and any %tate or %tates on one side and one or more ot+er
%tates on t+e ot+er; or
(c# 4et-een t-o or more %tates/
if and in so far as t+e dispute involves any Buestion (-+et+er of la- or fact# on -+ic+ t+e e>istence or
e>tent of a le5al ri5+t depends.
Provided t+at t+e said 0urisdiction s+all not e>tend to a dispute arisin5 out of any treaty/ a5reement/
covenant/ en5a5ement/ sanad or ot+er similar instrument -+ic+/ +avin5 4een entered into or e>ecuted 4efore
t+e commencement of t+is &onstitution/ continues in operation after suc+ commencement/ or -+ic+ provides
t+at t+e said 0urisdiction s+all not e>tend to suc+ a dispute.:
''
Page 45
t&e!etoA t&e @u!i"di4tio of t&i" Cou!t i" )a!!ed if t&e di"(ute to *&i4& a State
"(e4ified i Pa!t ? of t&e Fi!"t S4&edule i" a (a!t- if t&e di"(ute a!i"e" out of
a- (!o,i"io of a t!eat-A a+!eemetA 4o,eatA e+a+emetA "aad o! ot&e!
"imila! i"t!umet *a" ete!ed ito o! e5e4uted )efo!e t&e 4omme4emet of
t&e Co"titutio ad &a" o! &a" )ee 4otiued i o(e!atio afte! "u4&
4omme4emet%
1:% T&e!e i" "imila!it- of (!o,i"io i A!ti4le 717 ad (!o,i"o to A!ti4le
676% T&e o!i+ial @u!i"di4tio 4ofe!!ed o t&i" Cou!t )- t&e mai (!o,i"io
4otaied i A!ti4le 676 i" e54e(ted )- ,i!tue of (!o,i"o i t&e matte!" of
(oliti4al "ettlemet"% ?- ma9i+ (!o,i"io" "u4& a" A!ti4le 717 ad (!o,i"o to
A!ti4le 676A t&e (oliti4al "ettlemet" &a,e )ee ta9e out of (u!,ie* of @udi4ial
(!oou4emet"% P!o,i"o a((eded to A!ti4le 676 !ede!" a di"(ute a!i"i+
out of a- t!eat-A a+!eemetA 4o,eatA e+a+emetA "aad o! "imila!
i"t!umet *&i4& i" (oliti4al i atu!e e5e4uted )efo!e t&e 4omme4emet of
t&e Co"titutio ad *&i4& &a" o! &a" )ee 4otiued i o(e!atioA oF
@u"ti4ia)le ad @u!i"di4tio of t&i" Cou!t i" )a!!ed% T&e @u!i"di4tio of t&i" Cou!t
i" ot ta9e a*a- i !e"(e4t of t&e di"(ute a!i"i+ out of a o!dia!-
a+!eemet% T&e i"t!umet" !efe!!ed to ad de"4!i)ed i (!o,i"o a!e ol-
t&o"e *&i4& a!e (oliti4al i atu!e% NoF(oliti4al i"t!umet" a!e ot 4o,e!ed
)- t&e (!o,i"o%
/0% 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet doe" (!o,ide fo! !e"olutio of di"(ute"
)et*ee t&e (a!tie" to t&e a+!eemet )- *a- of a!)it!atioN it 4otai" a
a!)it!atio 4lau"e% T&e "u)mi""io of #e!ala t&at efo!4emet of a- a*a!d
')
Page 46
ude! t&e a!)it!atio 4lau"e *ould )e (oliti4al i atu!e i" mi"(la4ed% T&e
a""um(tio of #e!ala t&at 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet *a" ot @u"ti4ia)le ad
efo!4ea)le i 4ou!t of la* (!io! to t&e Co"titutio a" o 4ou!t i T!a,a4o!e
*ould o),iou"l- ete!tai a 4laim a+ai"t Ma&a!a@a ad o 4ou!t out"ide t&e
State of T!a,a4o!e &a,e @u!i"di4tio o,e! t&e Ma&a!a@a of T!a,a4o!e i" ot
!ele,at at all ad de,oid of a- me!it%
/6% Ee a!e i 4om(lete a+!eemet *it& t&e ,ie* ta9e )- t&i" Cou!t
i Mullaperiyar Environmental Protection Forum
1
t&at 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet
*ould ot 4ome *it&i t&e (u!,ie* of A!ti4le 717 ad @u!i"di4tio of t&i" Cou!t
i" ot )a!!ed% A" a e4e""a!- 4o!olla!-A t&e di"(ute a!i"i+ out of 6;;1 Lea"e
A+!eemet i" ot )a!!ed ude! A!ti4le 676 (!o,i"o a" *ell% Mo!eo,e!A t&e
(!i4i(al 4&alle+e laid i t&e "uit (e!tai" to 4o"titutioal ,alidit- of .001
2Amedmet3 A4t fo! *&i4& A!ti4le 717 o! fo! t&at matte! ude! A!ti4le 676
(!o,i"o doe" ot 4ome ito o(e!atio at all%
Arti%le #98 and Arti%le #9/
/.% ?- ,i!tue of A!ti4le .:B
:
A all (!o(e!tie" immediatel- )efo!e t&e
4omme4emet of t&e Co"titutio *&i4& ,e"ted i Hi" Ma@e"t- fo! t&e
(u!(o"e" of t&e Go,e!met of t&e Domiio of Idia ,e"t i t&e Uio ad all
G
G'. %uccession to property/ assets/ ri5+ts/ lia4ilities and o4li5ations in certain cases.K,s from t+e
commencement of t+is &onstitutionK
(a# ...............
(4# all ri5+ts/ lia4ilities and o4li5ations of t+e 3overnment of t+e 7ominion of India and of t+e
3overnment of eac+ 3overnor2s Province/ -+et+er arisin5 out of any contract or ot+er-ise/ s+all 4e t+e ri5+ts/
lia4ilities and o4li5ations respectively of t+e 3overnment of India and t+e 3overnment of eac+ correspondin5
%tate/
su40ect to any ad0ustment made or to 4e made 4y reason of t+e creation 4efore t+e commencement of
t+is &onstitution of t+e 7ominion of PaEistan or of t+e Provinces of Cest Hen5al/ East Hen5al/ Cest Pun0a4
and East Pun0a4.
'"
Page 47
(!o(e!tie" *&i4& ,e"ted i Hi" Ma@e"t- fo! t&e (u!(o"e" of t&e Go,e!met of
ea4& Go,e!o!C" P!o,i4e ,e"t i t&e 4o!!e"(odi+ State ad all !i+&t"A
lia)ilitie" ad o)li+atio" of t&e Go,e!met of Domiio of Idia ad t&e
Go,e!met of ea4& Go,e!o!C" P!o,i4e a!e !e4o+i"ed to )e !i+&t"A
lia)ilitie" ad o)li+atio" !e"(e4ti,el- of t&e Go,e!met of Idia ad t&e
Go,e!met of ea4& 4o!!e"(odi+ State% I ot&e! *o!d"A t&i" a!ti4le de4la!e"
*&i4& (!o(e!t- *ould ,e"t i t&e Uio ad *&i4& *ould ,e"t i t&e State
Go,e!met% T&e!e !emai" o dou)t t&at )- ,i!tue of A!ti4le .:B2)3 !ead *it&
Fi!"t S4&edule a((eded to t&e Co"titutioA lea"e&old !i+&t" de,ol,ed u(o
t&e State of Mad!a" ude! t&e 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet%
/7% A!ti4le .:>
60
!elate" to "u44e""io to (!o(e!t-A a""et"A !i+&t"A
lia)ilitie" ad o)li+atio"% Clau"e 62a3 "tate" t&at f!om t&e 4omme4emet of
t&e Co"titutio all (!o(e!t- ad a""et" *&i4& immediatel- )efo!e "u4&
4omme4emet *e!e ,e"ted i a Idia State 4o!!e"(odi+ to a State
"(e4ified i Pa!t ? of t&e Fi!"t S4&edule "&all ,e"t i t&e UioA if t&e (u!(o"e"
fo! *&i4& "u4& (!o(e!t- ad a""et" *e!e &eldA )e (u!(o"e" of t&e Uio%
1!
,rticle G) A %uccession to property/ assets/ ri5+ts/ lia4ilities and o4li5ations in ot+er cases. A
(1# ,s from t+e commencement of t+is &onstitutionA
(a# all property and assets -+ic+ immediately 4efore suc+ commencement -ere vested in any Indian
%tate correspondin5 to a %tate specified in Part H of t+e First %c+edule s+all vest in t+e Union/ if t+e purposes
for -+ic+ suc+ property and assets -ere +eld immediately 4efore suc+ commencement -ill t+ereafter 4e
purposes of t+e Union relatin5 to any of t+e matters enumerated in t+e Union Dist/ and
(4# all ri5+ts/ lia4ilities and o4li5ations of t+e 3overnment of any Indian %tate correspondin5 to a
%tate specified in Part H of t+e First %c+edule/ -+et+er arisin5 out of any contract or ot+er-ise/ s+all 4e t+e
ri5+ts/ lia4ilities and o4li5ations of t+e 3overnment of India/ if t+e purposes for -+ic+ suc+ ri5+ts -ere
acBuired or lia4ilities or o4li5ations -ere incurred 4efore suc+ commencement -ill t+ereafter 4e purposes of
t+e 3overnment of India relatin5 to any of t+e matters enumerated in t+e Union Dist/
su40ect to any a5reement entered into in t+at 4e+alf 4y t+e 3overnment of India -it+ t+e 3overnment
of t+at %tate.
(# %u40ect as aforesaid/ t+e 3overnment of eac+ %tate specified in Part H of t+e First %c+edule s+all/
as from t+e commencement of t+is &onstitution/ 4e t+e successor of t+e 3overnment of t+e correspondin5
Indian %tate as re5ards all property and assets and all ri5+ts/ lia4ilities and o4li5ations/ -+et+er arisin5 out of
any contract or ot+er-ise/ ot+er t+an t+ose referred to in clause (1#.
'8
Page 48
Clau"e 62)3 (!o,ide" t&at all !i+&t" ad lia)ilitie" ad o)li+atio" of t&e
Go,e!met of a- Idia State 4o!!e"(odi+ to a State "(e4ified i Pa!t ? of
t&e Fi!"t S4&eduleA *&et&e! a!i"i+ out of a- 4ot!a4t o! ot&e!*i"e "&all )e
t&e !i+&t"A lia)ilitie" ad o)li+atio" of t&e Go,e!met of Idia if t&e (u!(o"e"
fo! *&i4& "u4& !i+&t" *e!e a4Dui!ed o! lia)ilitie" ad o)li+atio" *e!e i4u!!edA
)e (u!(o"e" of t&e Go,e!met of Idia% Clau"e 2.3 of t&i" A!ti4le (!o,ide"
t&at Go,e!met of ea4& State "(e4ified i Pa!t ? of t&e Fi!"t S4&edule "&all
)e t&e "u44e""o! of t&e 4o!!e"(odi+ State a" !e+a!d" all (!o(e!t- ad
a""et" ad all !i+&t"A lia)ilitie" ad o)li+atio"A *&et&e! a!i"i+ out of a-
4ot!a4t o! ot&e!*i"eA ot&e! t&a t&o"e !efe!!ed to i 4lau"e 263% T&i" i" "u)@e4t
to a- a+!eemet ete!ed ito t&at )e&alf )- t&e Go,e!met of Idia *it& t&e
Go,e!met of t&e State 4o4e!ed% T&e e5(!e""io PGo,e!met of t&e
4o!!e"(odi+ Idia State= i A!ti4le .:>2.3A i ou! o(iioA *it& !efe!e4e to
Go,e!met of Pa!t ? State of T!a,a4o!eOCo4&i meat ot ol- t&e
me!+ed e!"t*&ile State of T!a,a4o!e ad Co4&i )ut al"o it" 4om(oet"%
See t&u"A )- ,i!tue of A!ti4le .:>2.3A t&e Go,e!met of Pa!t ? State of
T!a,a4o!e 8 Co4&i )e4ame "u44e""o! of t&e 4o!!e"(odi+ State of
T!a,a4o!e a" !e+a!d" all !i+&t"A lia)ilitie" ad o)li+atio" a!i"i+ out of 6;;1
Lea"e A+!eemet%
"indings on issue *os4 15 /5 6 and 7
/B% I li+&t of t&e a)o,eA ou! fidi+ o i""ue No"% 6A >A 1 ad / a!eJ
'F
Page 49
2i3 T&e "uit filed )- t&e State of Tamil Nadu i" maitaia)le ude! A!ti4le
676 of t&e Co"titutio%
2ii3 T&e "uit )a"ed o a le+al !i+&t 4laimed ude! t&e lea"e deed e5e4uted
)et*ee t&e Go,e!met of t&e Ma&a!a@a of T!a,a4o!e ad t&e Se4!eta!- of
State fo! Idia i Cou4il o .:%60%6;;1 i" ot )a!!ed )- t&e (!o,i"o to A!ti4le
676 of t&e Co"titutio%
2iii3 T&e State of #e!ala 2fi!"t defedat3 i" e"to((ed f!om !ai"i+ t&e (lea
t&at t&e lea"e deed dated .:%60%6;;1 &a" la("edA i ,ie* of t&e "u((lemetal
a+!eemet" dated .;%0>%6:/0%
2i,3 T&e lea"e deed e5e4uted )et*ee t&e Go,e!met of t&e Ma&a!a@a of
T!a,a4o!e ad Se4!eta!- of State fo! Idia i Cou4il o .:%60%6;;1 i" ,alid
ad )idi+ o t&e fi!"t defedat ad it i" efo!4ea)le )- (laitiff a+ai"t t&e
fi!"t defedat%
-ssue *os4 #&a'5 $5 8&a'5 8&b' and 10
/>% T&e"e i""ue" a!e ite!F!elated adA t&e!efo!eA t&e- a!e )ei+
di"4u""ed to+et&e!%
Contentions on bealf of )amil *adu
/1% M!% Viod ?o)deA lea!ed "eio! 4ou"el fo! Tamil Nadu "u)mit"
t&at .001 @ud+met &ad !ede!ed a fidi+ of fa4t o t&e "afet- of Mulla(e!i-a!
dam fo! !ai"i+ *ate! le,el to 6B. ft% .001 2Amedmet3 A4t 4ould ot &a,e
ta9e a*a- t&e le+al !i+&t of Tamil Nadu flo*i+ f!om t&e @ud+met% Se4tio
'G
Page 50
1.2A3 of t&e .001 2Amedmet3 A4t di!e4tl- "ee9" to ullif- t&e @ud+met of
t&i" Cou!t )- de4la!i+ t&e dam to )e eda+e!ed ad )- fi5i+ t&e &ei+&t of
t&e *ate! le,el at 671 ft% It al"o aut&o!i"e" t&e Dam Safet- Aut&o!it- to di"4a!d
t&e @ud+met ad to ad@ud+e fo! it"elf *&et&e! to allo* !ai"i+ of *ate! le,el%
T&e Se4tio al"o +oe" o to f!ee'e all *o!9 o t&e dam allo*ed )- t&i" Cou!t
i .001 @ud+met% Se4tio 1.2632e3 of t&e .001 2Amedmet3 A4t i it"
a((li4atio to t&e "u)@e4t damA "ee9" to o,e!4ome t&e fidi+ of "afet- )-
aut&o!i'i+ t&e Dam Safet- Aut&o!it- to o!de!A inter aliaA de4ommi""ioi+ of
t&e dam% T&e ullifi4atio of @ud+met i"A t&u"A (lai ad o),iou"% A fial
@ud+metA o4e !ede!edA o(e!ate" ad !emai" i fo!4e util alte!ed )- t&e
4ou!t i a a((!o(!iate (!o4eedi+% He "u)mit" t&at uilate!al le+i"latio
ullif-i+ a @ud+met i" 4o"titutioall- im(e!mi""i)le%
//% Rel-i+ u(o t&e @ud+met of t&i" Cou!t i Prithvi ,otton
11
A
lea!ed "eio! 4ou"el fo! Tamil Nadu "u)mit" t&at ullifi4atio of a @ud+met
*it&out !emo,al of it" le+al )a"i" i" oe of t&e 4ate+o!ie" of u"u!(atio% A
@ud+met o a Due"tio of fa4t 4aot )e ullified "o al"o t&e effe4t of
@ud+metA *&i4& efo!4e" a le+al !i+&t% ?- !el-i+ u(o t&e P!i,- Cou4il
@ud+met i -iyana*e
1.
" &e "u)mitted t&at ite!fe!e4e *it& t&e @udi4ial (!o4e""
i a (edi+ matte! al"o amout" to u"u!(atio of @udi4ial (o*e!% I )ot&
4ate+o!ie" of u"u!(atioA t&e a"*e! *ould de(ed o fa4t" of ea4& 4a"e afte!
4o"ide!i+ t&e le+al effe4t of t&e la* o a @ud+met o! a @udi4ial (!o4eedi+%
M!% Viod ?o)de "u)mit" t&at t&e t!ue (u!(o"e of t&e le+i"latioA t&e &a"te
11
%+ri Prit+vi &otton Mills Dtd. and ,nr. v. Hroac+ Horou5+ Municipality and Ors.; [(1G"G# %&& F$(
1
7on Lo+n Francis 7ou5las Diyana5e & Ors. v. *+e Mueen; [(1G""# 1 ,ll E.=. ")!(
)!
Page 51
*it& *&i4& it *a" ea4tedA ad t&e "u!!oudi+ 4i!4um"ta4e"A a!e !ele,at
4i!4um"ta4e"%
/;% It i" a!+ued )- lea!ed "eio! 4ou"el fo! Tamil Nadu t&at t&e te"t
fo! dete!mii+ *&et&e! a @ud+met i" ullified i" to "ee *&et&e! t&e la* ad
t&e @ud+met a!e i4o"i"tet ad i!!e4o4ila)le "o t&at )ot& 4aot "tad
to+et&e!% T&e fidi+ of fa4t )- t&i" Cou!t i .001 @ud+met t&at t&e dam i"
"afe 4a e,e! )e deemed to )e ima+ia!- )- le+al fi4tio *&i4& t&e
(!o4eed" to deem t&e o((o"ite to )e !ealA amel-A t&at t&e dam i"
eda+e!ed% T&e (!o,i"io limiti+ t&e &ei+&t of *ate! le,el to 671 ftA ea4ted
*it&i 6> da-" afte! t&e @ud+met of t&i" Cou!t fidi+ t&e dam to )e "afe ad
allo*i+ t&e *ate! le,el to )e !ai"ed to 6B. ft%A "&o*" t&e t!ue (u!(o"e of t&e
le+i"latioA t&e "ituatio to *&i4& it *a" di!e4ted ad t&e 4lea! itetio to def-
ad a4t a" a @udi4ial aut&o!it- "itti+ i a((eal o,e! t&e @ud+met of t&i" Cou!t%
/:% M!% Viod ?o)de "u)mit" t&at )et*ee ./%0.%.001 *&e t&e
@ud+met *a" !ede!ed )- t&i" Cou!t ad 6>%07%.001 *&e .001
2Amedmet3 A4t *a" ea4ted )- #e!ala State le+i"latu!eA o e* fa4t"
eme!+ed o! t&e!e *a" a- 4&a+e i 4i!4um"ta4e"% #e!ala Go,e!met ad
#e!ala State Le+i"latu!e did ot &a,e a "i+le (ie4e of ifo!matio of fa4t
)efo!e it 4o4e!i+ "ei"mi4 4oeffi4iet ,alue"A P!o)a)le Ma5imum Flood
2PMF3 le,el" o! a- ot&e! matte! o! mate!ial 4ot!adi4ti+ o! e,e dou)ti+ t&e
fidi+ of t&i" Cou!t i .001 @ud+met *&i4& *a" )a"ed o t&e fidi+" of t&e
E5(e!t Committee%
)1
Page 52
;0% It i" "t!euou"l- u!+ed )- lea!ed "eio! 4ou"el fo! Tamil Nadu
t&at o4e a di"(ute i" )efo!e a 4ou!t ad (a!tie" a!e at i""ue o a- Due"tio
of fa4tA t&e de4i"io o t&at Due"tio 4a )e !ede!ed ol- )- t&e 4ou!t ad ot
)- t&e le+i"latu!e o! t&e e5e4uti,e% T&e le+i"latu!e 4aot de4ide t&at t&e
*ate! le,el "&all ot e54eed 671 ft% *&e t&e ,e!- i""ue &ad )ee ad@udi4ated
u(o )- t&e 4ou!t%
;6% Lea!ed "eio! 4ou"el fo! Tamil Nadu a!+ue" t&at t&e fidi+ of
fa4t a)out "afet- of t&e dam fo! *ate! le,el u(to 6B. ft% i" res judicata ad
)id" t&e t*o State"% It i" ot *it&i t&e (!o,i4e of t&e #e!ala Le+i"latu!e to
"it i @ud+met o t&e fidi+ of t&i" Cou!t ad (u!(o!t to !e,e!"e t&e "ame )-
di!e4ti+ t&at *ate! le,el "&all !emai at 671 ft% A44o!di+ to Tamil NaduA t&i"
i" ot a le+i"latioN it i" t&e e5e!4i"e of <de"(oti4 di"4!etio= ad offed" t&e
!ule of la* ad t&e (!i4i(le of "e(a!atio of (o*e!"%
;.% Rel-i+ u(o a de4i"io of t&i" Cou!t i &ndra Sa/hney
1(
A it i"
a!+ued )- lea!ed "eio! 4ou"el fo! Tamil Nadu t&at t&e le+i"lati,e
de4la!atio of fa4t i Se4tio 1.A t&at t&e dam" i Se4od S4&edule a!e
eda+e!ed o a44out of t&ei! a+eA de+ee!atioA de+!adatioA "t!u4tu!e o!
ot&e! im(edimet" i" ot )e-od @udi4ial "4!uti- ad it i" o(e to t&e 4ou!t to
e5amie t&e t!ue fa4t"%
;7% M!% Viod ?o)de a!+ue" t&at .001 2Amedmet3 A4t i" ot a
,alidati+ ea4tmet )e4au"e 2i3 t&e @ud+met of t&i" Cou!t did ot !ea4& t&e
fidi+ a)out t&e "afet- of t&e dam fouded o a- la* *&i4& *a" 4o"ide!ed
1$
Indra %a-+ney v. Union of India and Ot+ers; [(!!!# 1 %&& 1"F(
)
Page 53
to "uffe! f!om a- 4o"titutioal ,i4e o! defe4tN 2ii3 t&e!e *a" o o44a"io at all
to !emo,e a- ,i4e o! 4u!e a- defe4t i a- la* ad (e!fo!m a ,alidati+
e5e!4i"eN ad 2iii3 i fa4tA t&e .001 2Amedmet3 A4t doe" ot (u!(o!t to 4u!e
a- defe4t foud )- t&i" Cou!t i a- la*% I t&i" !e+a!dA !elia4e i" (la4ed
u(o de4i"io" of t&i" Cou!t i Prithvi ,otton
11
A Madan Mohan Patha
1!
"
People0s 1nion for ,ivil -iberties 2P1,-3
1$
" Municipal ,orporation of the ,ity of
Ahmedabad and Anr%
1+
ad 4anapada Sabha
15
%
;B% It i" a!+ued )- M!% Viod ?o)de t&at ,alidati+ la*" a!e (a""ed
)- t&e le+i"latu!e afte! 4u!i+ t&e defe4t" i t&e la* *&i4& &a,e )ee "t!u49
do* )ut *&e!e a fa4t i" ad@udi4ated u(oA t&e!e i" o (o*e! i t&e le+i"latu!e
o! e5e4uti,e to "it i @ud+met u(o a de4i"io o a di"(uted Due"tio of fa4t
ad "u)"titute it" o* <le+i"lati,e @ud+met= fo! t&at Cou!t% Lea!ed "eio!
4ou"el (la4e" !elia4e u(o t&e @ud+met of t&i" Cou!t i ,auvery
reference
16
%
;>% It i"A t&u"A a!+ued )- t&e lea!ed "eio! 4ou"el fo! Tamil Nadu
t&at .001 2Amedmet3 A4t i" u4o"titutioal%
Contentions on bealf of ,erala
1'
Madan Mo+an Pat+aE & ,nr. v. Union of India and Ot+ers; [(1G8F# %&& )!(
1)
People2s Union for &ivil Di4erties (PU&D# and ,nr. v. Union of India and ,nr.; [(!!$# ' %&& $GG(
1"
Municipal &orporation of t+e &ity of ,+meda4ad & ,nr. v. ?e- %+rocE %p5. ,nd Cv5. &o. Dtd.
[(1G8!# %&& F!(
18
Lanapada %a4+a &++ind-ara v. &entral Provinces %yndicate Dtd. and ,nr.; [(1G8!# 1 %&& )!G(
1F
&auvery Cater 7isputes *ri4unal/ =e; [1GG$ %upp (1# %&& G" (#(
)$
Page 54
;1% M!% Ha!i"& N% Sal,eA lea!ed "eio! 4ou"el fo! #e!ala o t&e
ot&e! &ad a!+ue" t&at #e!ala le+i"latu!e i" 4om(etet to o,e!!ide t&e
4ot!a4t" ad !e+ulate t&e "afet- of Mulla(e!i-a! dam "ituated *it&i it"
te!!ito!- a4!o"" !i,e! Pe!i-a!% E,e a+!eemet" ete!ed ito )et*ee fo!ei+
"o,e!ei+" 4a )e o,e!!idde i e5e!4i"e of le+i"lati,e (o*e!"% He !elie" u(o
t&e de4i"io" of t&i" Cou!t i 7haur 4a*annath Bash
18
" Maharaj 1me*
Sin*h
.9
" Mani*ault
.1
ad a a!ti4le )- Rode!i49 E% Eal"to titled <7he Public
7rust :octrine in the ;ater Ri*hts ,onte<ts=
..
%
;/% Lea!ed "eio! 4ou"el fo! #e!ala 4oted" t&at o t&e )a"i" of
<a+e=A et4%A a" "afet- "tada!d"A t&e #e!ala le+i"latu!e a" a (!e4autioa!-
mea"u!e &a" de4la!ed t&at .. dam" a!e <eda+e!ed= ad !e"t!i4ted "to!a+e"
t&e!eude! )- ,i!tue of Se4tio 1.2A3263 ad 2.3 !ead *it& Se4od S4&edule%
Lea!ed "eio! 4ou"el !elie" u(o Brotherhood of -ocomotive Firemen
.7
"
Raymond Motor 7ransportation
.!
" Raymond =assel
.$
" American 7rucin*
Association
.+
and Pfi>er Animal #ealth
.5
% Lea!ed "eio! 4ou"el al"o !elie"
u(oA <Science and Ris Re*ulation and &nternational -a/= )- Ja4Duelie
Peel
.;
*&e!ei Pfi>er Animal #ealth
.5
&a" )ee !efe!!ed%
1G
*+aEur La5annat+ HaEs+ %in5+ v. *+e United Provinces; [8$ I, 1$(
!
Ma+ara0 Ume5 %in5+ and Ors. v. %tate of Hom4ay and Ors.; [(1G))# %&= 1"'(
1
,rt+ur M. Mani5ault v. ,lfred ,. %prin5s et al; [(1G!)# 1GG U% '8$(

9*+e Pu4lic *rust 7octrine in t+e Cater =i5+ts &onte>ts: 4y =odericE E. Calston; G ?atural =esources
Lournal )F).
$
Hrot+er+ood of Docomotive Firemen & En5inemen et al. v. &+ica5o/ =ocE Island & Pacific =ailA=oad
&o. et al.; [(1G"F# $G$ U% 1G(
'
=aymond Motor *ransportation/ Inc. et al. v. Nel %. =ice et al.; [(1G8F# '$' U% 'G(
)
=aymond 6assel et al. v. &onsolidated Frei5+t-ays &orporation of 7ela-are; [(1GF1# ')! U% ""(
"
,merican *rucEin5 ,ssociations/ Inc. v. *+omas 7. Darson; [(1GF# "F$ F.d 8F8(
8
Pfi@er ,nimal Iealt+ %, v. &ouncil of t+e European Union; [(!!# E&= IIA!$$!)(
F
9%cience and =isE =e5ulation and International Da-: 4y LacBueline Peel; Pu4lis+ed 4y &am4rid5e
University Press/ !1!.
)'
Page 55
;;% M!% Ha!i"& Sal,eA lea!ed "eio! 4ou"el fo! #e!ala a!+ue" t&at
le+i"latu!e i" 4om(etet to !emo,e t&e )a"i" of @ud+met ad eut!ali'e it"
effe4t% I !e"(o"e to t&e 4otetio of Tamil Nadu t&at .001 2Amedmet3
A4t 4o"titute" u"u!(atio of @udi4ial (o*e!A lea!ed "eio! 4ou"el a!+ue" t&at
.007 A4t *a" i (la4e *&e t&e @ud+met *a" deli,e!ed )- t&i" Cou!t o
./%0.%.001 )ut t&e Cou!t &a" ot ta9e ito 4o"ide!atio Se4tio" 7 ad B
ad "o al"o Se4tio 70 of t&e .007 A4t% It *a" a""umed t&at Se4tio 60; of
t&e 6:>1 A4t *ould "a,e t&e 4ot!a4tual !i+&t" a!i"i+ f!om t&e 6;;1 Lea"e
A+!eemet ad (u!(o!tedl- 4otiued )- t&e "u((lemeta!- a+!eemet" of
6:/0% T&e .007 A4t *a" ot ude! 4&alle+e eit&e! i t&e (!e,iou" liti+atio
o! i t&e (!e"et "uit% Lea!ed "eio! 4ou"el fo! #e!alaA t&u"A "u)mit" t&at
*&e!e a @ud+met i" per incuriamA oe !emed- i" )- *a- of fu!t&e! a((!o(!iate
le+i"latio%
;:% Lea!ed "eio! 4ou"el fo! #e!ala i t&e 4ou!"e of a!+umet"
e5te"i,el- !efe!!ed to t&e (!o,i"io" of .007 A4t ad t&e "u)"titutio of
Se4tio 1. )- (!o,idi+ *it& non obstante 4lau"e t&at t&e fu4tio of
e,aluatio of "afet- of a dam ad t&e (o*e! to i""ue di!e4tio" to t&e
4u"todia a!e 4ofe!!ed u(o Dam Safet- Aut&o!it- ot*it&"tadi+ a-
de4!ee of a- 4ou!tA ad ot*it&"tadi+ a-t&i+ 4otaied i a- t!eat-A
4ot!a4tA i"t!umet o! ot&e! do4umet" ad "u)mitted t&at .007 A4t ad .001
2Amedmet3 A4t &a,e 4!eated a "tatuto!- f!ame*o!9 fo! !e+ulati+ *ate!
le,el i !e"(e4t of dam" *it&i t&e State of #e!alaA )ot& "4&eduled ad oF
"4&eduled% .001 2Amedmet3 A4t e"ta)li"&e" a "tatuto!- aut&o!it-A *&i4&
))
Page 56
4ofe!" u(o it t&e (o*e! to ta9e 4e!tai mea"u!e" i t&e ite!e"t of (u)li4
"afet-% T&e @ud+met of t&i" Cou!t i .001A #e!ala 4oted"A e,e doe" ot
"u++e"t !emotel- t&at #e!ala le+i"latu!e la49" (o*e! to ma9e mea"u!e" fo!
(u)li4 "afet- i !elatio to t&e !e"e!,oi! "ituated *it&i t&e State%
:0% M!% Ha!i"& Sal,e a!+ue" t&at i de4la!i+ a dam to )e u"afeA t&e
Le+i"latu!e doe" ot !ede! a fidi+ of fa4t% It deem" t&e dam to )e u"afe
ad "et" u( a aut&o!it- to !e+ulate t&e dam i a (a!ti4ula! mae!% T&e
le+i"lati,e 4om(ete4e of t&e le+i"latu!e to (ut i (la4e "tatuto!- ma4&ie!- to
!e+ulate *ate! le,el" i a dam "ituated *it&i t&e State i t&e ite!e"t of (u)li4
"afet- 4aot )e deied% He a!+ue" t&at a" to *&at 4o"titute" a eda+e!ed
dam i" a matte! of le+i"lati,e (oli4- ad "afet- i" a44e(ted to )e a matte!
(!ima!il- of (oli4-% A 4ou!t t&!ou+& t&e (!o4e"" of ad@udi4atio !ede!" fidi+"
ad ad@udi4atio i" al*a-" a" (e! la* i fo!4e% O4e t&e la* i" alte!edA t&e
ad@udi4atio 4aot "tad o it" o*% A44o!di+ to M!% Sal,eA t&e a!+umet of
Tamil Nadu t&at im(u+ed le+i"latio i" u"u!(atio of @udi4ial (o*e! i"
mi"4o4ei,ed%
:6% Lea!ed "eio! 4ou"el fo! #e!ala !elie" u(o ;heelin* Brid*e
.8
i "u((o!t of t&e (!i4i(le t&at (!i,ate !i+&t" (a"" ito @ud+met" )ut ot t&e
(u)li4 !i+&t" ad al"o "u)mit" t&at ;heelin* Brid*e
.8
(!i4i(le &a" )ee
G
*+e %tate of Pennsylvania v. *+e C+eelin5 and Helmont Hrid5e &ompany/ et al.;[ (1F))# )G U.%. '1(
)"
Page 57
a((lied i t&e "u)"eDuet 4a"e" ,i'%A 7he ,linton Brid*e
(9
" #od*es
(1
ad
,harles B% Miller
(.
%
:.% S&!i Ha!i"& N% Sal,eA a!+ue" t&at .001 2Amedmet3 A4t i" ot a
Validatio A4t i a stricto sensu% E&ile ad@udi4ati+ u(o 4o"titutioal ,alidit-A
&e a!+ue" t&at t&e 4ou!t mu"t (!o4eed o t&e (!emi"e t&at t&e le+i"latu!e
ude!"tad" ad 4o!!e4tl- a((!e4iate" t&e eed" of it" o* (eo(le ad it"
la*" a!e di!e4ted to t&e (!o)lem" made maife"t )- it" e5(e!ie4e ad a!e
)a"ed o adeDuate +!oud"% Lea!ed "eio! 4ou"el fo! #e!ala !elie" u(o t&e
de4i"io of t&i" Cou!t i Elphinstone Spinnin*
((
*&i4& a((!o,ed t&e ea!lie!
de4i"io" i Sanjeev ,oe
(!
ad :oypac Systems
($
%
-ndian Constitution : (eparation of po3ers
:7% Idia Co"titutioA uli9e Co"titutio of Uited State" of
Ame!i4a ad Au"t!aliaA doe" ot &a,e e5(!e"" (!o,i"io of "e(a!atio of
(o*e!"% Ho*e,e!A t&e "t!u4tu!e (!o,ided i ou! Co"titutio lea,e" o mae!
of dou)t t&at t&e do4t!ie of "e(a!atio of (o*e!" !u" t&!ou+& t&e Idia
Co"titutio% It i" fo! t&i" !ea"o t&at t&i" Cou!t &a" !e4o+i'ed "e(a!atio of
(o*e! a" a )a"i4 featu!e of t&e Co"titutio ad a e""etial 4o"tituet of
t&e !ule of la*% T&e do4t!ie of "e(a!atio of (o*e!" i"A t&ou+&A ot e5(!e""l-
e+!afted i t&e Co"titutioA it" "*ee(A o(e!atio ad ,i"i)ilit- a!e a((a!et
$!
*+e &linton Hrid5e case; [(1F8!# 88 U% ')'(
$1
Iod5es et al. v. %nyder et al.; [(1G$# "1 U% "!!(
$
&+arles H. Miller/ %uperintendent/ Pendleton &orrectional Facility et al. v. =ic+ard ,. Frenc+ et al.;
[(!!!#
)$! U.%. $8(
$$
Union of India v. Elp+instone %pinnin5 and Ceavin5 &o. Dtd. and Ors.; [(!!1# ' %&& 1$G(.
$'
%an0eev &oEe Manufacturin5 &o. v. MOs. H+arat &oEin5 &oal Dtd. and ,nr.; [(1GF$# 1 %&& 1'8(
$)
MOs. 7oypacE %ystems Pvt. Dtd. v. Union of India and Ors.; [(1GFF# %&& GG(
)8
Page 58
f!om t&e Co"titutio% Idia Co"titutio &a" made dema!4atio *it&out
d!a*i+ fo!mal lie" )et*ee t&e t&!ee o!+a" 8 le+i"latu!eA e5e4uti,e ad
@udi4ia!-%
Maal Cand (etia
:B% I Mahal ,hand Sethia
71
" *&ile deali+ *it& t&e a!+umet t&at
alt&ou+& it *a" o(e to t&e State le+i"latu!e )- a A4t ad t&e Go,e!o! )- a
O!dia4e to amed t&e Ee"t ?e+al C!imial La* Amedmet 2S(e4ial
Cou!t"3 A4tA 6:B:A it *a" i4om(etet fo! eit&e! of t&em to ,alidate a o!de! of
t!a"fe! *&i4& &ad )ee Dua"&ed )- t&e i""ue of a *!it of certiorari )- t&e Hi+&
Cou!t ad t&e o!de! of t!a"fe! )ei+ ,i!tuall- deadA 4ould ot )e !e"u"4itated
)- t&e Go,e!o! o! le+i"latu!e ad t&e ,alidati+ mea"u!e" 4ould ot tou4&
a- ad@udi4atio )- t&e Cou!t% Mitte! J% "(ea9i+ fo! t&e Cou!t "tated t&e
le+al (o"itio JF
<A le+i"latu!e of a State i" 4om(etet to (a"" a- mea"u!e *&i4& i"
*it&i it" le+i"lati,e 4om(ete4e ude! t&e Co"titutio of Idia% Of
4ou!"eA t&i" i" "u)@e4t to t&e (!o,i"io" of Pa!t III of t&e Co"titutio%
La*" 4a )e ea4ted eit&e! )- t&e O!dia4e ma9i+ (o*e! of a
Go,e!o! o! t&e Le+i"latu!e of a State i !e"(e4t of t&e to(i4" 4o,e!ed
)- t&e et!ie" i t&e a((!o(!iate Li"t i t&e Se,et& S4&edule to t&e
Co"titutio% Su)@e4t to t&e a)o,e limitatio" la*" 4a )e (!o"(e4ti,e
a" al"o !et!o"(e4ti,e i o(e!atio% A 4ou!t of la* 4a (!oou4e u(o
t&e ,alidit- of a- la* ad de4la!e t&e "ame to )e ull ad ,oid if it *a"
)e-od t&e le+i"lati,e 4om(ete4e of t&e Le+i"latu!e o! if it if!i+ed
t&e !i+&t" e"&!ied i Pa!t III of t&e Co"titutio% Needle"" to add it
4a "t!i9e do* o! de4la!e i,alid a- A4t o! di!e4tio of a State
Go,e!met *&i4& i" ot aut&o!i"ed )- la*% T&e (o"itio of a
Le+i"latu!e i" &o*e,e! diffe!et% It 4aot de4la!e a- de4i"io of a
Cou!t of la* to )e ,oid o! of o effe4t%=
$"
Ma+al &+and %et+ia v. %tate of Cest Hen5al; &rl. ,. ?o. 8) of 1G"G/ decided on 1!
t+
%eptem4er/ 1G"G;
[1G"G (# UL "1" %&(
)F
Page 59
2em(&a"i" "u((lied3
=ritvi Cotton
:>% Oe of t&e leadi+ 4a"e" of t&i" Cou!t o t&e le+i"lati,e
4om(ete4e ,i"FSF,i" de4i"io of t&e Cou!t i" Prithvi ,otton
11
% I t&at 4a"eA t&e
,alidit- of t&e Gu@a!at Im(o"itio of Ta5e" )- Mui4i(alitie" 2Validatio3 A4tA
6:17 *a" a""ailed o )e&alf of t&e (etitioe!"% T&e Validatio A4t &ad to )e
ea4ted i ,ie* of t&e de4i"io of t&i" Cou!t i Patel ?ordhandas
#ar*ovindas
(5
% Se4tio 7 of t&e Validatio A4t (!o,ided t&at ot*it&"tadi+
a-t&i+ 4otaied i a- @ud+metA de4!ee o! o!de! of a 4ou!t o! t!i)ual o!
a- ot&e! aut&o!it-A o ta5 a""e""ed o! (u!(o!ted to &a,e )ee a""e""ed )- a
mui4i(alit- o t&e )a"i" of 4a(ital ,alue of a )uildi+ o! lad ad im(o"edA
4olle4ted o! !e4o,e!ed )- t&e mui4i(alit- at a- time )efo!e t&e
4omme4emet of t&e Validatio A4t "&all )e deemed to &a,e )ee i,alidl-
a""e""edA im(o"edA 4olle4ted o! !e4o,e!ed ad t&e im(o"itioA 4olle4tio o!
!e4o,e!- of t&e ta5 "o a""e""ed "&all )e ,alid ad "&all )e deemed to &a,e
)ee al*a-" ,alid ad "&all ot )e 4alled i Due"tio me!el- o t&e +!oud
t&at t&e a""e""met of t&e ta5 o t&e )a"i" of 4a(ital ,alue of t&e )uildi+ o!
lad *a" ot aut&o!i'ed )- la* ad a44o!di+l- a- ta5 "o a""e""ed )efo!e
t&e 4omme4emet of t&e Validatio A4t ad le,ia)le fo! a (e!iod (!io! to "u4&
4omme4emet )ut ot 4olle4ted o! !e4o,e!ed )efo!e "u4& 4omme4emet
ma- )e 4olle4ted o! !e4o,e!ed i a44o!da4e *it& t&e !ele,at mui4i(al la*%
$8
Patel 3ord+andas Iar5ovindas v. Municipal &ommissioner/ ,+meda4ad ; [(1G"'# %&= "!F(
)G
Page 60
T&e Co"titutio ?e4& e5(o"ited t&at t&e ,alidit- of a ,alidati+ la*
de(eded u(o *&et&e! t&e le+i"latu!e (o""e""e" t&e 4om(ete4e *&i4& it
4laim" o,e! t&e "u)@e4t matte! ad *&et&e! i ma9i+ t&e ,alidatio it !emo,ed
t&e defe4t *&i4& t&e 4ou!t" &ad foud i t&e e5i"ti+ la* ad made adeDuate
(!o,i"io" i t&e ,alidati+ la* fo! a ,alid im(o"itio of t&e ta5e"% I t&e *o!d"
of t&e Co"titutio ?e4&J
<%E&e a Le+i"latu!e "et" out to ,alidate a ta5 de4la!ed )- a 4ou!t
to )e ille+all- 4olle4ted ude! a ieffe4ti,e o! a i,alid la*A t&e
4au"e fo! ieffe4ti,ee"" o! i,alidit- mu"t )e !emo,ed )efo!e
,alidatio 4a )e "aid to ta9e (la4e effe4ti,el-% T&e mo"t im(o!tat
4oditioA of 4ou!"eA i" t&at t&e Le+i"latu!e mu"t (o""e"" t&e (o*e! to
im(o"e t&e ta5A fo!A if it doe" otA t&e a4tio mu"t e,e! !emai
ieffe4ti,e ad ille+al% G!ated le+i"lati,e 4om(ete4eA it i" ot
"uffi4iet to de4la!e me!el- t&at t&e de4i"io of t&e Cou!t "&all ot )id
fo! t&at i" tatamout to !e,e!"i+ t&e de4i"io i e5e!4i"e of @udi4ial
(o*e! *&i4& t&e Le+i"latu!e doe" ot (o""e"" o! e5e!4i"e% A 4ou!tC"
de4i"io mu"t al*a-" )id ule"" t&e 4oditio" o *&i4& it i" )a"ed
a!e "o fudametall- alte!ed t&at t&e de4i"io 4ould ot &a,e )ee
+i,e i t&e alte!ed 4i!4um"ta4e"% O!dia!il-A a 4ou!t &old" a ta5 to )e
i,alidl- im(o"ed )e4au"e t&e (o*e! to ta5 i" *ati+ o! t&e "tatute o!
t&e !ule" o! )ot& a!e i,alid o! do ot "uffi4ietl- 4!eate t&e
@u!i"di4tio% Validatio of a ta5 "o de4la!ed ille+al ma- )e doe ol- if
t&e +!oud" of ille+alit- o! i,alidit- a!e 4a(a)le of )ei+ !emo,ed ad
a!e i fa4t !emo,ed ad t&e ta5 t&u" made le+al% Sometime" t&i" i"
doe )- (!o,idi+ fo! @u!i"di4tio *&e!e @u!i"di4tio &ad ot )ee
(!o(e!l- i,e"ted )efo!e% Sometime" t&i" i" doe )- !eFea4ti+
!et!o"(e4ti,el- a ,alid ad le+al ta5i+ (!o,i"io ad t&e )- fi4tio
ma9i+ t&e ta5 al!ead- 4olle4ted to "tad ude! t&e !eFea4ted la*%
Sometime" t&e Le+i"latu!e +i,e" it" o* meai+ ad ite!(!etatio of
t&e la* ude! *&i4& ta5 *a" 4olle4ted ad )- le+i"lati,e fiat ma9e" t&e
e* meai+ )idi+ u(o 4ou!t"% T&e Le+i"latu!e ma- follo* a- oe
met&od o! all of t&em ad *&ile it doe" "o it ma- eut!ali"e t&e effe4t
of t&e ea!lie! de4i"io of t&e 4ou!t *&i4& )e4ome" ieffe4ti,e afte! t&e
4&a+e of t&e la*% E&i4&e,e! met&od i" ado(ted it mu"t )e *it&i t&e
4om(ete4e of t&e le+i"latu!e ad le+al ad adeDuate to attai t&e
o)@e4t of ,alidatio% If t&e Le+i"latu!e &a" t&e (o*e! o,e! t&e "u)@e4tF
matte! ad 4om(ete4e to ma9e a ,alid la*A it 4a at a- time ma9e
"u4& a ,alid la* ad ma9e it !et!o"(e4ti,el- "o a" to )id e,e (a"t
t!a"a4tio"% T&e ,alidit- of a Validati+ La*A t&e!efo!eA de(ed" u(o
*&et&e! t&e Le+i"latu!e (o""e""e" t&e 4om(ete4e *&i4& it 4laim"
"!
Page 61
o,e! t&e "u)@e4tFmatte! ad *&et&e! i ma9i+ t&e ,alidatio it
!emo,e" t&e defe4t *&i4& t&e 4ou!t" &ad foud i t&e e5i"ti+ la* ad
ma9e" adeDuate (!o,i"io" i t&e Validati+ La* fo! a ,alid im(o"itio
of t&e ta5%=
2em(&a"i" "u((lied3

0anapada (aba
:1% T&e Co"titutio ?e4& i 4anapada Sabha
15
" 4o"ide!ed t&e
(o"itio *it& !e+a!d to le+i"lati,e (o*e! ad a de4i"io of t&e Su(!eme Cou!t
ad made t&e follo*i+ *ei+&t- o)"e!,atio"J
<%%O t&e *o!d" u"ed i t&e A4tA it i" (lai t&at t&e Le+i"latu!e
attem(ted to o,e!!ule o! "et a"ide t&e de4i"io of t&i" Cou!t% T&atA i
ou! @ud+metA i" ot o(e to t&e Le+i"latu!e to do ude! ou!
4o"titutioal "4&eme% It i" o(e to t&e Le+i"latu!e *it&i 4e!tai limit"
to amed t&e (!o,i"io" of a A4t !et!o"(e4ti,el- ad to de4la!e *&at
t&e la* "&all )e deemed to &a,e )eeA )ut it i" ot o(e to t&e
Le+i"latu!e to "a- t&at a @ud+met of a Cou!t (!o(e!l- 4o"tituted ad
!ede!ed i e5e!4i"e of it" (o*e!" i a matte! )!ou+&t )efo!e it "&all )e
deemed to )e ieffe4ti,e ad t&e ite!(!etatio of t&e la* "&all )e
ot&e!*i"e t&a a" de4la!ed )- t&e Cou!t%=
2em(&a"i" "u((lied )- u"3
Muni%ipal Corporation of te City of Amedabad
:/% T&e a)o,e t&!ee de4i"io" ad oe mo!e de4i"io of t&i" Cou!t i
Amal*amated ,oal Fields
7;
*e!e oted )- t&e t*oFJud+e ?e4& of t&i" Cou!t
i t&e Municipal ,orporation of the ,ity of Ahmedabad
1+
% E&ile a44e(ti+ t&at
t&e le+i"latu!e ude! ou! Co"titutio &a,e *it&i t&e (!e"4!i)ed limit"A (o*e!"
$F
%tate of M.P. v. ,mal5amated &oalfields Dtd. and ,nr; [(1G8!# 1 %&& )!G(.
"1
Page 62
to ma9e la*" (!o"(e4ti,el- a" *ell a" !et!o"(e4ti,el- ad t&at )- e5e!4i"e of
t&o"e (o*e!"A t&e le+i"latu!e 4a !emo,e t&e )a"i" of a de4i"io !ede!ed )-
a 4om(etet 4ou!t t&e!e)- !ede!i+ t&at de4i"io ieffe4ti,e )ut o le+i"latu!e
&a" (o*e! to a"9 t&e i"t!umetalitie" of t&e State to di"o)e- o! di"!e+a!d t&e
de4i"io" +i,e )- 4ou!t"%
Madan Moan =ata;
:;% Tet aot&e! im(o!tat de4i"io )- t&e /FJud+e Co"titutio ?e4&
of t&i" Cou!t o t&e "u)@e4t i" Madan Mohan Patha
1!
%

P%N% ?&a+*atiA J%
"(ea9i+ fo! &im"elfA #!i"&a I-e! ad De"aiA JJ% *&ile deali+ *it& t&e
4o"titutioal ,alidit- of t&e Life I"u!a4e Co!(o!atio 2Modifi4atio of
Settlemet3 A4tA 6:/1A *&i4& *a" ea4ted )- t&e Pa!liamet i li+&t of t&e
de4i"io of t&e Cal4utta Hi+& Cou!t &oldi+ a im(o"t o! ta5 to )e i,alidA
o)"e!,ed t&at i!!e"(e4ti,e of *&et&e! t&e im(u+ed A4t *a" 4o"titutioall-
,alid o! otA Life I"u!a4e Co!(o!atio *a" )oud to o)e- t&e *!it of
madamu" i""ued )- t&e Cal4utta Hi+& Cou!t% M%H% ?e+A C%J%A a+!eei+ *it&
t&e ,ie* of P%N% ?&a+*atiA J% t&at t&e )eefit" of !i+&t" !e4o+i'ed )- t&e
@ud+met of t&e Cal4utta Hi+& Cou!t 4ould ot )e idi!e4tl- ta9e a*a- ude!
Se4tio 7 of t&e im(u+ed A4t "ele4ti,el-A "aid t&at if t&e !i+&t 4ofe!!ed )- t&e
@ud+met ide(edetl- i" "ou+&t to )e "et a"ideA t&e Se4tio 7 *ould )e
i,alid fo! t!e4&i+ u(o t&e @udi4ial (o*e!% M%H% ?e+A C%J% fu!t&e! "aidJ
< I ma-A &o*e,e!A o)"e!,e t&at e,e t&ou+& t&e !eal o)@e4t of t&e A4t
ma- )e to "et a"ide t&e !e"ult of t&e madamu" i""ued )- t&e Cal4utta
"
Page 63
Hi+& Cou!tA -etA t&e "e4tio doe" ot metio t&i" o)@e4t at all%
P!o)a)l- t&i" *a" "o )e4au"e t&e @u!i"di4tio of a Hi+& Cou!t ad t&e
effe4ti,ee"" of it" o!de!" de!i,ed t&ei! fo!4e f!om A!ti4le ..1 of t&e
Co"titutio it"elf% T&e"e 4ould ot )e tou4&ed )- a o!dia!- a4t of
Pa!liamet% E,e if Se4tio 7 of t&e A4t "ee9" to ta9e a*a- t&e )a"i"
of t&e @ud+met of t&e Cal4utta Hi+& Cou!tA *it&out metioi+ itA )-
ea4ti+ *&at ma- a((ea! to )e a la*A -etA I t&i9 t&atA *&e!e t&e
!i+&t" of t&e 4iti'e a+ai"t t&e State a!e 4o4e!edA *e "&ould ado(t
a ite!(!etatio *&i4& u(&old" t&o"e !i+&t"% T&e!efo!eA a44o!di+ to
t&e ite!(!etatio I (!efe! to ado(t t&e !i+&t" *&i4& &ad (a""ed ito
t&o"e em)odied i a @ud+met ad )e4ame t&e )a"i" of a madamu"
f!om t&e Hi+& Cou!t 4ould ot )e ta9e a*a- i t&i" idi!e4t fa"&io%=
2em(&a"i" "u((lied )- u"3
=4 (ambamurty
::% T&e im(o!ta4e of (o*e! of @udi4ial !e,ie* i !ule of la* &a" )ee
"i+ifi4atl- &i+&li+&ted i P% Sambamurthy
(8
% I t&at 4a"e" t&i" Cou!t *&ile
&oldi+ t&at (!o,i"o to 4lau"e 2>3 of A!ti4le 7/6FD *a" ,iolati,e of t&e )a"i4
"t!u4tu!e do4t!ieA o)"e!,ed t&at if t&e e5e!4i"e of t&e (o*e! of @udi4ial !e,ie*
4ould )e "et at au+&t )- t&e State Go,e!met )- o,e!!idi+ t&e de4i"io
a+ai"t itA it *ould "oud t&e deat& 9ell of t&e !ule of la*% Soudi+ a *o!d of
4autioA t&i" Cou!t "aid t&at t&e !ule of la* *ould 4ea"e to &a,e a- meai+ if
t&e State Go,e!met *e!e to def- t&e la* ad -et to +et a*a- *it& it%
Cauvery .eferen%e
600% I ,auvery reference
16
"

t&i" Cou!t *a" 4o4e!ed *it& t&e ,alidit-
of #a!ata9a Cau,e!- ?a"i I!!i+atio P!ote4tio O!dia4eA 6::6% Rel-i+
u(o it" (!e,iou" de4i"io" i Madan Mohan Patha
1!
ad P% Sambamurthy
(8
A
$G
P. %am4amurt+y and Ors. v. %tate of ,.P. and ,nr.;[ (1GF8# 1 %&& $"(
"$
Page 64
t&i" Cou!t de4la!ed t&e O!dia4e u4o"titutioal a" it "ou+&t to ullif- t&e
o!de! of t&e T!i)ual im(i+i+ o t&e @udi4ial (o*e! of t&e State%

=?CL
606% I People0s 1nion for ,ivil -iberties 2P1,-3
1$
A t&e Due"tio ude!
4o"ide!atio )efo!e t&e t&!eeFJud+e ?e4& of t&i" Cou!t *a" t&e ,alidit- of
t&e Re(!e"etatio of t&e Peo(le 2Amedmet3 O!dia4eA .00.% T&e
amedmet follo*ed t&e de4i"io of t&i" Cou!t i Association for :emocratic
Reforms
!9
% M%?% S&a&A J% "(ea9i+ fo! t&e ma@o!it- oti4ed t&e ea!lie!
de4i"io" of t&i" Cou!t i P% Sambamurthy
(8
"

,auvery reference
16
A Municipal
,orporation of the ,ity of Ahmedabad
1+
A Prithvi ,otton
11
ad Mahal ,hand
Sethia
71
ad "tated J
<T&e Le+i"latu!e 4a 4&a+e t&e )a"i" o *&i4& a de4i"io i"
!ede!ed )- t&i" Cou!t ad 4&a+e t&e la* i +ee!al% Ho*e,e!A t&i"
(o*e! 4a )e e5e!4i"ed "u)@e4t to 4o"titutioal (!o,i"ioA (a!ti4ula!l-A
le+i"lati,e 4om(ete4e ad if it i" ,iolati,e of fudametal !i+&t"
e"&!ied i Pa!t III of t&e Co"titutioA "u4& la* *ould )e ,oid a"
(!o,ided ude! A!ti4le 67 of t&e Co"titutio% T&e Le+i"latu!e al"o
4aot de4la!e a- de4i"io of a 4ou!t of la* to )e ,oid o! of o
effe4t=%
,esavananda 1arti5 -ndira *eru +andi5 1al Mu;und (a and -4.4
Coelo
60.% T&at "e(a!atio of (o*e!" )et*ee t&e le+i"latu!eA t&e e5e4uti,e
ad t&e @udi4ia!- i" t&e )a"i4 "t!u4tu!e of t&e Co"titutio i" e5(!e""l- "tated
)- Si9!iA C%J% i =esavananda Bharti
!1
% S&elat ad G!o,e!A JJ% !eite!ati+ t&e
'!
Union of India v. ,ssociation for 7emocratic =eforms and ,nr.; [(!!# ) %&& G'(
'1
Iis Ioliness 6esavananda H+arati %ripada5alvaru v. %tate of 6erala and ,nr.;[(1G8$# ' %&& )(
"'
Page 65
,ie*" of Si9!iA J% "aid t&at dema!4atio of (o*e! )et*ee t&e le+i"latu!eA t&e
e5e4uti,e ad t&e @udi4ia!- 4ould )e !e+a!ded a" )a"i4 elemet" of t&e
Co"titutioal "t!u4tu!e% T&e "ame ,ie* i" e5(!e""ed i "u)"eDuet de4i"io"
of t&i" Cou!t i &ndira @ehru ?andhi
!.
" Bal Muund Sah
!(
and &%R% ,oelho
!!
%
T&e ieFJud+e Co"titutio ?e4& i &%R% ,oelho
!!
&a" de"4!i)ed t&at
eDualit-A !ule of la*A @udi4ial !e,ie* ad "e(a!atio of (o*e!" fo!m (a!t" of t&e
)a"i4 "t!u4tu!e of t&e Co"titutio% T&e Cou!t i &%R% ,oelho
!!
"aidJ
<% % % % % %% Ea4& of t&e"e 4o4e(t" a!e itimatel- 4oe4ted% T&e!e 4a
)e o !ule of la*A if t&e!e i" o eDualit- )efo!e t&e la*% T&e"e *ould
)e meai+le"" if t&e ,iolatio *a" ot "u)@e4t to t&e @udi4ial !e,ie*%
All t&e"e *ould )e !edudat if t&e le+i"lati,eA e5e4uti,e ad @udi4ial
(o*e!" a!e ,e"ted i oe o!+a% T&e!efo!eA t&e dut- to de4ide *&et&e!
t&e limit" &a,e )ee t!a"+!e""ed &a" )ee (la4ed o t&e @udi4ia!-%=
-4*4 (a;sena
607% D!a*i+ di"ti4tio )et*ee le+i"lati,e ad @udi4ial a4t" ad
fu4tio"A t&i" Cou!t i &%@% Sasena
!$
&eld 2(a!a .6 ad .. of t&e Re(o!t3J
<.6% T&e di"ti4tio )et*ee a <le+i"lati,e= a4t ad a <@udi4ial= a4t i"
*ell 9o*A t&ou+& i "ome "(e4ifi4 i"ta4e" t&e lie *&i4& "e(a!ate"
oe 4ate+o!- f!om t&e ot&e! ma- ot )e ea"il- di"4e!i)le% Ad@udi4atio
of t&e !i+&t" of t&e (a!tie" a44o!di+ to la* ea4ted )- t&e le+i"latu!e i"
a @udi4ial fu4tio% I t&e (e!fo!ma4e of t&i" fu4tioA t&e 4ou!t
ite!(!et" ad +i,e" effe4t to t&e itet ad madate of t&e le+i"latu!e
a" em)odied i t&e "tatute% O t&e ot&e! &adA it i" fo! t&e le+i"latu!e to
la- do* t&e la*A (!e"4!i)i+ o!m" of 4odu4t *&i4& *ill +o,e!
'
%mt. Indira ?e+ru 3and+i v. %+ri =a0 ?arain and ,nr; [1G8) (%upp.# %&& 1(
'$
%tate of Hi+ar and ,nr. v. Hal MuEund %a+ and Ot+ers; [(!!!# ' %&& "'!(
''
I.=. &oel+o (7ead# 4y D=s. v. %tate of *.?.; [(!!8# %&& 1(
')
I.?. %aEsena v. %tate of Mad+ya Prades+; [(1G8"# ' %&& 8)!(
")
Page 66
(a!tie" ad t!a"a4tio" ad to !eDui!e t&e 4ou!t to +i,e effe4t to t&at
la*%
..% E&ileA i ,ie* of t&i" di"ti4tio )et*ee le+i"lati,e ad @udi4ial
fu4tio"A t&e le+i"latu!e 4aot )- a )a!e de4la!atioA *it&out mo!eA
di!e4tl- o,e!!uleA !e,e!"e o! o,e!!ide a @udi4ial de4i"ioA it ma-A at a-
time i e5e!4i"e of t&e (lea!- (o*e!" 4ofe!!ed o it )- A!ti4le" .B>
ad .B1 of t&e Co"titutio !ede! a @udi4ial de4i"io ieffe4ti,e )-
ea4ti+ a ,alid la* o a to(i4 *it&i it" le+i"lati,e field fudametall-
alte!i+ o! 4&a+i+ *it& !et!o"(e4ti,eA 4u!ati,e o! eut!ali"i+ effe4t
t&e 4oditio" o *&i4& "u4& de4i"io i" )a"ed% A" (oited out )- Ra-A
C%J% i &ndira @ehru ?andhi ,% Raj @arain" t&e !ede!i+ ieffe4ti,e of
@ud+met" o! o!de!" of 4om(etet 4ou!t" ad T!i)ual" )- 4&a+i+
t&ei! )a"i" )- le+i"lati,e ea4tmet i" a *ellF9o* (atte! of all
,alidati+ A4t"% Su4& ,alidati+ le+i"latio *&i4& !emo,e" t&e 4au"e"
fo! ieffe4ti,ee"" o! i,alidit- of a4tio" o! (!o4eedi+" i" ot a
e4!oa4&met o @udi4ial (o*e!%=
607%6% I &%@% Sasena
!$
" t&i" Cou!t !efe!!ed to a ea!lie! de4i"io
i #ari Sin*h
!+
*&e!ei a ?e4& of "e,e Jud+e" of t&i" Cou!t oted t&e t*o
te"t" fo! @ud+i+ t&e ,alidit- of a ,alidati+ la*J 2i3 *&et&e! t&e le+i"latu!e
(o""e""e" 4om(ete4e o,e! t&e "u)@e4tFmatte!A adA 2ii3 *&et&e! )-
,alidatioA t&e le+i"latu!e &a" !emo,ed t&e defe4t *&i4& t&e 4ou!t" &a,e foud
i t&e (!e,iou" la*% E&ile follo*i+ t&e"e t*o te"t"A t&e fou!FJud+e ?e4& i
&%@% Sasena
B>
added a t&i!d te"tJ *&et&e! it i" 4o"i"tet *it& t&e (!o,i"io" of
Pa!t III of t&e Co"titutio%
=4 ,annadasan
60B% Prithvi ,otton
11
&a" )ee follo*ed i #industan ?um and
,hemicals
!5
A )ijay Mills ,ompany
!6
ad P% =annadasan
!8
% It i" ot e4e""a!-
to )u!de t&i" @ud+met *it& all t&e t&!ee @ud+met" a"A i ou! ,ie*A !efe!e4e
'"
Iari %in5+ and Ors. v. Military Estate Officer and ,nr.; [(1G8# %&& $G(
'8
Iindustan 3um and &+emicals Dtd. v. %tate of Iaryana and Ot+ers; [(1GF)# ' %&& 1'(
'F
Ji0ay Mills &ompany Dimited and Ot+ers v. %tate of 3u0arat and Ors.; [(1GG$# 1 %&& $')(
'G
P. 6annadasan and Ot+ers v. %tate of *.?. and Ot+ers; [(1GG"# ) %&& "8!(
""
Page 67
to oe of t&emA i%e%A P% =annadasan
!8
*ill "uffi4e% I P% =annadasan
!8
t&i"
Cou!t oted t&at t&e Co"titutio of Idia !e4o+i"ed t&e do4t!ie of "e(a!atio
of (o*e!" )et*ee t&e t&!ee o!+a" of t&e StateA amel-A t&e le+i"latu!eA t&e
e5e4uti,e ad t&e @udi4ia!-% T&e Cou!t "aid J
<6>%% It mu"t )e !emem)e!ed t&at ou! Co"titutio !e4o+i"e" ad
i4o!(o!ate" t&e do4t!ie of "e(a!atio of (o*e!" )et*ee t&e t&!ee
o!+a" of t&e StateA ,i'%A t&e Le+i"latu!eA t&e E5e4uti,e ad t&e
Judi4ia!-% E,e t&ou+& t&e Co"titutio &a" ado(ted t&e (a!liameta!-
fo!m of +o,e!met *&e!e t&e di,idi+ lie )et*ee t&e le+i"latu!e
ad t&e e5e4uti,e )e4ome" t&iA t&e t&eo!- of "e(a!atio of (o*e!" i"
"till ,alid% Ou!" i" al"o a fede!al fo!m of +o,e!met% T&e "u)@e4t" i
!e"(e4t of *&i4& t&e Uio ad t&e State" 4a ma9e la*" a!e
"e(a!atel- "et out i Li"t I ad Li"t II of t&e Se,et& S4&edule to t&e
Co"titutio !e"(e4ti,el-% 2Li"t III i"A of 4ou!"eA a 4o4u!!et li"t%3 T&e
Co"titutio &a" i,e"ted t&e Su(!eme Cou!t ad Hi+& Cou!t" *it& t&e
(o*e! to i,alidate la*" made )- Pa!liamet ad t&e State
Le+i"latu!e" t!a"+!e""i+ t&e 4o"titutioal limitatio"% E&e!e a A4t
made )- a State Le+i"latu!e i" i,alidated )- t&e 4ou!t" o t&e +!oud
t&at t&e State Le+i"latu!e *a" ot 4om(etet to ea4t itA t&e State
Le+i"latu!e 4aot ea4t a la* de4la!i+ t&at t&e @ud+met of t&e 4ou!t
"&all ot o(e!ateN it 4aot o,e!!ule o! aul t&e de4i"io of t&e 4ou!t%
?ut t&i" doe" ot mea t&at t&e ot&e! le+i"latu!e *&i4& i" 4om(etet to
ea4t t&at la* 4aot ea4t t&at la*% It 4a% Simila!l-A it i" o(e to a
le+i"latu!e to alte! t&e )a"i" of t&e @ud+met a" (oited out )- t&i"
Cou!t i Shri Prithvi ,otton Mills -td% ,% Broach Borou*h MunicipalityO
all t&e *&ile ad&e!i+ to t&e 4o"titutioal limitatio"N i "u4& a 4a"eA
t&e de4i"io of t&e 4ou!t )e4ome" ieffe4ti,e i t&e "e"e t&at t&e
)a"i" u(o *&i4& it i" !ede!edA i" 4&a+ed% T&e e* la* o! t&e
ameded la* "o made 4a )e 4&alle+ed o ot&e! +!oud" )ut ot o
t&e +!oud t&at it "ee9" to ieffe4tuate o! 4i!4um,et t&e de4i"io of
t&e 4ou!t% T&i" i" *&at i" meat )- <4&e49" ad )ala4e"= i&e!et i a
"-"tem of +o,e!met i4o!(o!ati+ t&e 4o4e(t of "e(a!atio of
(o*e!"% T&i" a"(e4t &a" )ee !e(eatedl- em(&a"i"ed )- t&i" Cou!t i
ume!ou" de4i"io" 4omme4i+ f!om Shri Prithvi ,otton Mills% Ude!
ou! Co"titutioA eit&e! *i+ i" "u(e!io! to t&e ot&e!% Ea4& *i+
de!i,e" it" (o*e! ad @u!i"di4tio f!om t&e Co"titutio% Ea4& mu"t
o(e!ate *it&i t&e "(&e!e allotted to it% T!-i+ to ma9e oe *i+
"u(e!io! to t&e ot&e! *ould )e to it!odu4e a im)ala4e i t&e "-"tem
ad a e+atio of t&e )a"i4 4o4e(t of "e(a!atio of (o*e!" i&e!et
i ou! "-"tem of +o,e!met%%=
-ndian Aluminium Company
"8
Page 68
60>% I &ndian Aluminium ,ompany
$9
" oe of t&e 4otetio"
add!e""ed to t&i" Cou!t *a" t&at t&e #e!ala le+i"latu!e &ad o (o*e! to ea4t
Se4tio 66 of t&e im(u+ed A4t ,alidati+ t&e le,- *it& !et!o"(e4ti,e effe4t a"
it amouted to e4!oa4&met u(o @udi4ial (o*e! of t&e 4ou!t"% E&ile deali+
*it& t&i" 4otetioA t&e Cou!t !efe!!ed to ea!lie! de4i"io" of t&i" Cou!t ad
4ulled out t&e follo*i+ (!i4i(le" 2(a!a >1N P+"% 11.F117 of t&e Re(o!t3J
<263 T&e ad@udi4atio of t&e !i+&t" of t&e (a!tie" i" t&e e""etial @udi4ial
fu4tio% Le+i"latu!e &a" to la- do* t&e o!m" of 4odu4t o! !ule"
*&i4& *ill +o,e! t&e (a!tie" ad t&e t!a"a4tio" ad !eDui!e t&e
4ou!t to +i,e effe4t to t&emN
2.3 T&e Co"titutio delieated deli4ate )ala4e i t&e e5e!4i"e of t&e
"o,e!ei+ (o*e! )- t&e le+i"latu!eA e5e4uti,e ad @udi4ia!-N
273 I a demo4!a4- +o,e!ed )- !ule of la*A t&e le+i"latu!e e5e!4i"e"
t&e (o*e! ude! A!ti4le" .B> ad .B1 ad ot&e! 4om(aio a!ti4le"
!ead *it& t&e et!ie" i t&e !e"(e4ti,e li"t" i t&e Se,et& S4&edule to
ma9e t&e la* *&i4& i4lude" (o*e! to amed t&e la*%
2B3 Cou!t" i t&ei! 4o4e! ad edea,ou! to (!e"e!,e @udi4ial (o*e!
eDuall- mu"t )e +ua!ded to maitai t&e deli4ate )ala4e de,i"ed )-
t&e Co"titutio )et*ee t&e t&!ee "o,e!ei+ fu4tioa!ie"% I o!de!
t&at !ule of la* (e!meate" to fulfil 4o"titutioal o)@e4ti,e" of
e"ta)li"&i+ a e+alita!ia "o4ial o!de!A t&e !e"(e4ti,e "o,e!ei+
fu4tioa!ie" eed f!ee (la- i t&ei! @oit" "o t&at t&e ma!4& of "o4ial
(!o+!e"" ad o!de! !emai" uim(eded% T&e "moot& )ala4e )uilt *it&
deli4a4- mu"t al*a-" )e maitaiedN
2>3 I it" a5iet- to "afe+ua!d @udi4ial (o*e!A it i" ue4e""a!- to )e
o,e!'ealou" ad 4o@u!e u( i4u!"io ito t&e @udi4ial (!e"e!,e
i,alidati+ t&e ,alid la* 4om(etetl- madeN
213 T&e 4ou!tA t&e!efo!eA eed" to 4a!efull- "4a t&e la* to fid outJ 2 a3
*&et&e! t&e ,i4e (oited out )- t&e 4ou!t ad i,alidit- "uffe!ed )-
(!e,iou" la* i" 4u!ed 4om(l-i+ *it& t&e le+al ad 4o"titutioal
!eDui!emet"N 2b3 *&et&e! t&e le+i"latu!e &a" 4om(ete4e to ,alidate
t&e la*N 2c3 *&et&e! "u4& ,alidatio i" 4o"i"tet *it& t&e !i+&t"
+ua!ateed i Pa!t III of t&e Co"titutio%
2/3 T&e 4ou!t doe" ot &a,e t&e (o*e! to ,alidate a i,alid la* o! to
le+ali"e im(o"t of ta5 ille+all- made ad 4olle4ted o! to !emo,e t&e
o!m of i,alidatio o! (!o,ide a !emed-% T&e"e a!e ot @udi4ial
fu4tio" )ut t&e e54lu"i,e (!o,i4e of t&e le+i"latu!e% T&e!efo!eA t&e-
a!e ot e4!oa4&met o @udi4ial (o*e!%
2;3 I e5e!4i"i+ le+i"lati,e (o*e!A t&e le+i"latu!e )- me!e de4la!atioA
*it&out a-t&i+ mo!eA 4aot di!e4tl- o,e!!uleA !e,i"e o! o,e!!ide a
)!
Indian ,luminium &ompany and Ot+ers v. %tate of 6erala and Ot+ers; [(1GG"# 8 %&& "$8(
"F
Page 69
@udi4ial de4i"io% It 4a !ede! @udi4ial de4i"io ieffe4ti,e )- ea4ti+
,alid la* o t&e to(i4 *it&i it" le+i"lati,e field fudametall- alte!i+
o! 4&a+i+ it" 4&a!a4te! !et!o"(e4ti,el-% T&e 4&a+ed o! alte!ed
4oditio" a!e "u4& t&at t&e (!e,iou" de4i"io *ould ot &a,e )ee
!ede!ed )- t&e 4ou!tA if t&o"e 4oditio" &ad e5i"ted at t&e time of
de4la!i+ t&e la* a" i,alid% It i" al"o em(o*e!ed to +i,e effe4t to
!et!o"(e4ti,e le+i"latio *it& a deemi+ date o! *it& effe4t f!om a
(a!ti4ula! date% T&e le+i"latu!e 4a 4&a+e t&e 4&a!a4te! of t&e ta5 o!
dut- f!om im(e!mi""i)le to (e!mi""i)le ta5 )ut t&e ta5 o! le,- "&ould
a"*e! "u4& 4&a!a4te! ad t&e le+i"latu!e i" 4om(etet to !e4o,e! t&e
i,alid ta5 ,alidati+ "u4& a ta5 o !emo,i+ t&e i,alid )a"e fo!
!e4o,e!- f!om t&e "u)@e4t o! !ede! t&e !e4o,e!- f!om t&e State
ieffe4tual% It i" 4om(etet fo! t&e le+i"latu!e to ea4t t&e la* *it&
!et!o"(e4ti,e effe4t ad aut&o!i"e it" a+e4ie" to le,- ad 4olle4t t&e
ta5 o t&at )a"i"A ma9e t&e im(o"itio of le,- 4olle4ted ad !e4o,e!- of
t&e ta5 made ,alidA ot*it&"tadi+ t&e de4la!atio )- t&e 4ou!t o! t&e
di!e4tio +i,e fo! !e4o,e!- t&e!eof%
2:3 T&e 4o"i"tet t&!ead t&at !u" t&!ou+& all t&e de4i"io" of t&i"
Cou!t i" t&at t&e le+i"latu!e 4aot di!e4tl- o,e!!ule t&e de4i"io o!
ma9e a di!e4tio a" ot )idi+ o it )ut &a" (o*e! to ma9e t&e
de4i"io ieffe4ti,e )- !emo,i+ t&e )a"e o *&i4& t&e de4i"io *a"
!ede!edA 4o"i"tet *it& t&e la* of t&e Co"titutio ad t&e
le+i"latu!e mu"t &a,e 4om(ete4e to do t&e "ame%=
Arooran (ugars
601% I Arooran Su*ars
$1
" t&e matte! !ea4&ed t&i" Cou!t f!om t&e
@ud+met of t&e Mad!a" Hi+& Cou!t% ?efo!e t&e Mad!a" Hi+& Cou!tA t&e
4&alle+e *a" laid to t&e 4o"titutioal ,alidit- of T%N% Lad Refo!m" 2Fi5atio
of Ceili+ o Lad3 Amedmet A4tA 6:/; o di,e!"e +!oud"% T&e Di,i"io
?e4& of t&e Mad!a" Hi+& Cou!t allo*ed t&e *!it (etitio"% T&e State of Tamil
Nadu )ei+ ot "ati"fied *it& t&at @ud+met a((!oa4&ed t&i" Cou!t% E&ile
deali+ *it& t&e (o*e! of t&e le+i"latu!eA t&e Co"titutio ?e4& of t&i" Cou!t
o)"e!,edJ <T&e (o*e! of t&e le+i"latu!e to amedA delete o! o)lite!ate a
"tatute o! to ea4t a "tatute (!o"(e4ti,el- o! !et!o"(e4ti,el- 4aot )e
)1
%tate of *.?. v. ,rooran %u5ars Dtd.; [(1GG8# 1 %&& $"(
"G
Page 70
Due"tioed ad 4&alle+ed ule"" t&e 4ou!t i" of t&e ,ie* t&at "u4& e5e!4i"e i"
i ,iolatio of A!ti4le 6B of t&e Co"titutio% It eed ot )e im(!e""ed t&at
*&ee,e! a- A4t o! amedmet i" )!ou+&t i fo!4e !et!o"(e4ti,el- o! a-
(!o,i"io of t&e A4t i" deleted !et!o"(e4ti,el-A i t&i" (!o4e"" !i+&t" of "ome
a!e )oud to )e affe4ted oe *a- o! t&e ot&e!% I e,e!- 4a"eA it 4aot )e
u!+ed t&at t&e e5e!4i"e )- t&e le+i"latu!e *&ile it!odu4i+ a e* (!o,i"io o!
deleti+ a e5i"ti+ (!o,i"io *it& !et!o"(e4ti,e effe4t per se "&all )e ,iolati,e
of A!ti4le 6B of t&e Co"titutio% If t&at "tad i" a44e(tedA t&e t&e e4e""a!-
4o!olla!- "&all )e t&at le+i"latu!e &a" o (o*e! to le+i"late !et!o"(e4ti,el-A
)e4au"e i t&at e,et a ,e"ted !i+&t i" effe4tedN of 4ou!"eA i a "(e4ial
"ituatio t&i" Cou!t &a" &eld t&at "u4& e5e!4i"e *a" ,iolati,e of A!ti4le 6B of
t&e Co"titutio%%= % T&e Co"titutio ?e4& &eld t&at t&e (!o,i"io" of t&e
im(u+ed A4t do ot (u!(o!t to affe4t a- ,e"ted o! a4Dui!ed !i+&tA it ol-
!e"to!e" t&e (o"itio *&i4& e5i"ted *&e t&e (!i4i(al A4t *a" i fo!4e% It
fu!t&e! &eld t&at t&e Amedi+ A4t did ot a"9 t&e i"t!umetalitie" of t&e
State to di"o)e- o! di"!e+a!d t&e de4i"io +i,e )- t&e Hi+& Cou!t )ut *&at it
&a" doe i" t&at it &a" !emo,ed t&e )a"i" of it" de4i"io%
2lpinstone (pinning and 9eaving Company
60/% T&e Co"titutio ?e4& of t&i" Cou!t i Elphinstone Spinnin* and
;eavin* ,ompany
((
laid do*J 2a3 t&e!e i" al*a-" a (!e"um(tio t&at t&e
le+i"latu!e doe" ot e54eed it" @u!i"di4tioA 2)3 t&e )u!de of e"ta)li"&i+ t&at
t&e le+i"latu!e &a" t!a"+!e""ed 4o"titutioal madate" i" al*a-" o t&e
8!
Page 71
(e!"o *&o 4&alle+e" it" ,i!e"A ad 243 ule"" it )e4ome" 4lea! )e-od
!ea"oa)le dou)t t&at t&e le+i"latio i Due"tio &a" t!a"+!e""ed t&e
4o"titutioal limit"A it mu"t )e allo*ed to "tad%
!aram !utt
60;% T&e (!i4i(le t&at t&e do4t!ie of 4olo!a)le le+i"latio doe" ot
i,ol,e )oa fide" o! mala fide" o t&e (a!t of t&e le+i"latu!e i" &i+&li+&ted )-
t&i" Cou!t i :haram :utt
>.
% Rel-i+ u(o ea!lie! de4i"io" i =%,% ?ajapati
@arayan :eo
$(
ad Ayurvedic and 1nani 7ibia ,olle*e
$!
A t&e Cou!t i
:haram :utt52 fu!t&e! o)"e!,ed J
<61T&e *&ole do4t!ie !e"ol,e" it"elf ito t&e Due"tio of t&e
4om(ete4- of a (a!ti4ula! le+i"latu!e to ea4t a (a!ti4ula! la*% If t&e
le+i"latu!e i" 4om(etet to (a"" a (a!ti4ula! la*A t&e moti,e" *&i4&
im(elled it to a4t a!e !eall- i!!ele,at% O t&e ot&e! &adA if t&e
le+i"latu!e la49" 4om(ete4-A t&e Due"tio of moti,e doe" ot a!i"e at
all% Ee *illA t&e!efo!eA 4o4et!ate o t&e le+i"lati,e 4om(ete4e of
Pa!liamet to ea4t t&e im(u+ed le+i"latio% If Pa!liamet &a" t&e
!eDui"ite 4om(ete4e to ea4t t&e im(u+ed A4tA t&e eDui!- ito t&e
moti,e *&i4& (e!"uaded Pa!liamet ito (a""i+ t&e A4t *ould )e of
o u"e at all%=
60;%6% O t&e Due"tio of t&e effe4t of t&e (!e,iou" @ud+met of
t&e Hi+& Cou!t o t&e im(u+ed le+i"latioA t&i" Cou!t i :haram :utt
$.
!efe!!ed to Madan Mohan Patha
1!
A Prithvi ,otton
11
A &ndian Aluminium
,ompany
$9
A &ndira @ehru ?andhi
!.
ad ot&e! de4i"io" of t&i" Cou!t ad &eld
i (a!a+!a(& 1: 2(+% />73 of t&e Re(o!t a" follo*"J
)
7+aram 7utt and Ors. v. Union of India and Ors.; [(!!'# 1 %&& 81(
)$
%ri %ri %ri 6.&. 3a0apati ?arayan 7eo v. %tate of Orissa; [,I= 1G)$ %& $8)(
)'
Hoard of *rustees/ ,yurvedic and Unani *i4ia &olle5e/ 7el+i v. %tate of 7el+i (no- 7el+i ,dministration#
and ,nr.; [,I= 1G" %& ')F(
81
Page 72
<1:% T&at de4i"io of t&e lea!ed Si+le Jud+e *a" ot left
u4&alle+ed% I fa4tA t&e 4o!!e4te"" of t&e @ud+met of t&e lea!ed
Si+le Jud+e *a" (ut i i""ue )- t&e Uio of Idia )- fili+ a it!aF
4ou!t a((eal% Fili+ of a a((eal de"t!o-" t&e fialit- of t&e @ud+met
ude! a((eal% T&e i""ue" dete!mied )- t&e lea!ed Si+le Jud+e
*e!e o(e fo! 4o"ide!atio )efo!e t&e Di,i"io ?e4&% Ho*e,e!A t&e
Di,i"io ?e4& *a" deied t&e o((o!tuit- of &ea!i+ ad t&e
a++!ie,ed (a!t- 4ould al"o ot (!e"" fo! de4i"io of t&e a((eal o
me!it"A a" )efo!e t&e a((eal 4ould )e &ea!d it *a" !ede!ed if!u4tuou"
o a44out of t&e O!dia4e it"elf &a,i+ 4ea"ed to o(e!ate% T&e Uio
of IdiaA &o*"oe,e! it ma- &a,e felt a++!ie,ed )- t&e (!oou4emet of
t&e lea!ed Si+le Jud+eA &ad o !emed- left a,aila)le to it to (u!"ue%
T&e @ud+met of t&e Di,i"io ?e4& !efu"i+ to d*ell u(o t&e
4o!!e4te"" of t&e @ud+met of t&e Si+le Jud+e &ad t&e effe4t of
lea,i+ t&e matte! at la!+e% U(o t&e la("i+ of t&e ea!lie! O!dia4e
(edi+ a a((eal )efo!e a Di,i"io ?e4&A t&e @ud+met of t&e Si+le
Jud+e a)out t&e ille+alit- of t&e ea!lie! O!dia4eA 4aot a- lo+e!
)a! t&i" Cou!t f!om de4idi+ a)out t&e ,alidit- of a f!e"& la* o it" o*
me!it"A e,e if t&e f!e"& la* 4otai" "imila! (!o,i"io"%=
60;%.% T&e Cou!tA &o*e,e!A did ot i,alidate t&e im(u+ed A4t%
T&i" i" *&at t&e 4ou!t "aid i (a!a /0 2(+%/>73 of t&e Re(o!tJ
<T&e do4t!ie of "e(a!atio of (o*e!" ad t&e 4o"titutioal
4o,etio of t&e t&!ee o!+a" of t&e StateA &a,i+ !e+a!d ad !e"(e4t
fo! ea4& ot&e!A i" eou+& a"*e! to t&e (lea !ai"ed o )e&alf of t&e
(etitioe!" fouded o t&e do4t!ie of "e(a!atio of (o*e!"% Ee
4aot "t!i9e do* a le+i"latio *&i4& *e &a,e o a ide(edet
"4!uti- &eld to )e *it&i t&e le+i"lati,e 4om(ete4e of t&e ea4ti+
le+i"latu!e me!el- )e4au"e t&e le+i"latu!e &a" !eFea4ted t&e "ame
le+al (!o,i"io" ito a A4t *&i4&A te -ea!" )efo!eA *e!e i4o!(o!ated
i a O!dia4e ad *e!e foud to )e u4o"titutioal i a e!!oeou"
@ud+met of t&e Hi+& Cou!t ad )efo!e t&e e!!o! 4ould )e 4o!!e4ted i
a((eal t&e O!dia4e it"elf la("ed% It &a" to )e !emem)e!ed t&at )-
t&e im(u+ed A4t Pa!liamet &a" ot o,e!!uled t&e @ud+met of t&e
Hi+& Cou!t o! &a" it de4la!ed t&e "ame la* to )e ,alid *&i4& &a"
)ee (!oou4ed to )e ,oid )- t&e Cou!t% It *ould &a,e )ee )ette! if
)efo!e (a""i+ t&e ?ill ito a A4t t&e attetio of Pa!liamet *a"
"(e4ifi4all- i,ited to t&e fa4tum of a ea!lie! pari materia O!dia4e
&a,i+ )ee aulled )- t&e Hi+& Cou!t% If a O!dia4e i,alidated
)- t&e Hi+& Cou!t i" "till !eFea4ted ito a A4t afte! t&e
(!oou4emet )- t&e Hi+& Cou!tA t&e "u)"eDuet A4t *ould )e lia)le
to )e aulled o4e a+ai o fidi+ t&at t&e Hi+& Cou!t *a" !i+&t i
ta9i+ t&e ,ie* of t&e ille+alit- of t&e O!dia4eA *&i4& it did% Ho*e,e!A
a" *e &a,e al!ead- "tatedA t&i" i" ot t&e (o"itio o)taii+ i t&e
8
Page 73
(!e"et 4a"e% T&e im(u+ed A4t i" ot lia)le to )e aulled o t&e
+!oud of ,iolatio of t&e do4t!ie of "e(a!atio of (o*e!"%=
>irender (ing <ooda &--'
60:% I )irender Sin*h #ooda 2&&3
$$
" t&i" Cou!t *a" 4o4e!ed *it& t&e
,alidit- of Ha!-aa Ci,il Se!,i4e" 2E5e4uti,e3 ?!a4& ad Allied Se!,i4e" ad
ot&e! Se!,i4e"A CommoGCom)ied E5amiatio A4tA .00. 2fo! "&o!tA Pt&e
A4tC3% T&e 4otetio of t&e (etitioe!" i t&at 4a"e *a" t&at t&e A4t amouted
to u"u!(atio of @udi4ial (o*e! )- t&e State le+i"latu!e *it& a ,ie* to o,e!!ule
t&e de4i"io" of t&i" Cou!t i )irender Sin*h #ooda 2&3
$+
ad Sandeep Sin*h
$5
%
Ha,i+ !e+a!d to t&e 4otetio" of t&e (etitioe!"A oe of t&e Due"tio"
f!amed )- t&e Cou!t fo! dete!miatio *a"A *&et&e! t&e A4tA to t&e e5tet of it"
!et!o"(e4ti,it-A i" ultra vires a" it amout" to u"u!(atio of @udi4ial (o*e! )-
t&e State le+i"latu!e o! it !emo,e" t&e )a"i" of de4i"io" i )irender Sin*h
#ooda 2&3
$+
ad Sandeep Sin*h
$5
4a"e"% T&e Cou!t oted t&at oe of t&e fa4et"
of t&e Due"tio ude! 4o"ide!atio *a" *&et&e! a *!it of Madamu" 4a )e
made ieffe4ti,e )- a ea4tmet of t&e le+i"latu!e% Deali+ *it& t&e
le+i"lati,e (o*e!A t&e Cou!t o)"e!,edA <T&e le+i"lati,e (o*e! to ma9e la* *it&
!et!o"(e4ti,e effe4t i" *ell !e4o+i"ed% It i" al"o *ellF"ettled t&at t&ou+& t&e
le+i"latu!e &a" o (o*e! to "it o,e! Cou!tC" @ud+met o! u"u!( @udi4ial (o*e!A
)utA it &a" "u)@e4t to t&e 4om(ete4e to ma9e la*A (o*e! to !emo,e t&e )a"i"
*&i4& led to t&e Cou!tC" de4i"io% T&e le+i"latu!e &a" (o*e! to ea4t la*" *it&
))
Jirender %in5+ Iooda (II# and Ors. v. %tate of Iaryana and ,not+er; [(!!'# 1 %&& )FF(
)"
Jirender %in5+ Iooda (I# and Ors. v. %tate of Iaryana and ,not+er; [(1GGG# $ %&& "G"(
)8
%andeep %in5+ v. %tate of Iaryana and ,nr.; [(!!# 1! %&& )'G(
8$
Page 74
!et!o"(e4ti,e effe4t )ut &a" o (o*e! to 4&a+e a @ud+met of 4ou!t of la*
eit&e! !et!o"(e4ti,el- o! (!o"(e4ti,el-% T&e Co"titutio 4lea!l- defie" t&e
limit" of le+i"lati,e (o*e! ad @udi4ial (o*e!% Noe 4a e4!oa4& u(o t&e
field 4o,e!ed )- t&e ot&e!% T&e la*" made )- t&e le+i"latu!e &a,e to 4ofo!m
to t&e 4o"titutioal (!o,i"io" %=%
60:%6 T&e Cou!t fu!t&e! "aidJ <It i" *ell "ettled t&at if t&e le+i"latu!e &a"
t&e (o*e! o,e! t&e "u)@e4tFmatte! ad 4om(ete4e to ma9e a ,alid la*A it 4a
at a- time ma9e "u4& a ,alid la* ad ma9e it !et!o"(e4ti,el- "o a" to )id
e,e (a"t t!a"a4tio"% T&e ,alidit- of a ,alidati+ la*A t&e!efo!eA de(ed"
u(o *&et&e! t&e le+i"latu!e (o""e""e" t&e 4om(ete4e *&i4& it 4laim" o,e!
t&e "u)@e4t matte! ad *&et&e! i ma9i+ t&e ,alidatio it !emo,e" t&e defe4t
*&i4& t&e 4ou!t" &ad foud i t&e e5i"ti+ la*=%
60:%.% T&e Cou!t al"o "aid J <It i" eDuall- *ellF"ettled t&at t&e le+i"latu!e
4aot )- a )a!e de4la!atioA *it&out a-t&i+ mo!eA di!e4tl- o,e!!uleA !e,e!"e
o! o,e!!ide a @udi4ial de4i"ioN it ma-A at a- time i e5e!4i"e of t&e (lea!-
(o*e! 4ofe!!ed o it )- t&e Co"titutio !ede! a @udi4ial de4i"io ieffe4ti,e
)- ea4ti+ a ,alid la* o a to(i4 *it&i it" le+i"lati,e fieldA fudametall-
alte!i+ o! 4&a+i+ *it& !et!o"(e4ti,eA 4u!ati,e o! eut!ali'i+ effe4t t&e
4oditio" o *&i4& "u4& de4i"io i" )a"ed=
60:%7% E&ile d!a*i+ di"ti4tio )et*ee e4!oa4&met o t&e @udi4ial
(o*e! ad t&e ullifi4atio of t&e effe4t of a @udi4ial de4i"io )- 4&a+i+ t&e
la* !et!o"(e4ti,el-A t&e Cou!t !efe!!ed to 7irath Ram Rajinder @ath
$6
ad
)F
*irat+ =am =a0inder ?at+/ DucEno- v. %tate of U.P. and ,nr.; [(1G8$# $ %&& )F)(
8'
Page 75
"tatedA <t&e fo!me! i" out"ide t&e 4om(ete4e of t&e le+i"latu!e )ut t&e latte! i"
*it&i it" (e!mi""i)le limit"% T&e !ea"o fo! t&i" lie" i t&e 4o4e(t of
"e(a!atio of (o*e!" ado(ted )- ou! 4o"titutioal "4&eme% T&e ad@udi4atio
of t&e !i+&t" of t&e (a!tie" a44o!di+ to la* i" a @udi4ial fu4tio% T&e
le+i"latu!e &a" to la- do* t&e la* (!e"4!i)i+ o!m" of 4odu4t *&i4& *ill
+o,e! (a!tie" ad t!a"a4tio" ad to !eDui!e t&e 4ou!t to +i,e effe4t to t&at
la*=%
60:%B% Rel-i+ u(o a de4i"io of t&i" Cou!t i S%S% Bola
$8
" t&e Cou!t i
)irender Sin*h #ooda 2&&3
$$
"aid J
<B:% E&e a (a!ti4ula! !ule o! t&e A4t i" ite!(!eted )- a 4ou!t of la* i
a "(e4ified mae! ad t&e la*Fma9i+ aut&o!it- fo!m" t&e o(iio
t&at "u4& a ite!(!etatio *ould ad,e!"el- affe4t t&e !i+&t" of t&e
(a!tie" ad *ould )e +!o""l- iiDuitou" ad a44o!di+l- a e* "et of
!ule" o! la*" i" ea4tedA it i" ,e!- ofte 4&alle+ed o t&e +!oud t&at
t&e le+i"latu!e &a" u"u!(ed t&e @udi4ial (o*e!% I "u4& a 4a"e t&e 4ou!t
&a" a deli4ate fu4tio to e5amie t&e e* "et of la*" ea4ted )- t&e
le+i"latu!e ad to fid out *&et&e! i fa4t t&e le+i"latu!e &a" e5e!4i"ed
t&e le+i"lati,e (o*e! )- me!el- de4la!i+ a ea!lie! @udi4ial de4i"io to
)e i,alid ad ieffe4ti,e o! t&e le+i"latu!e &a" alte!ed ad 4&a+ed
t&e 4&a!a4te! of t&e le+i"latio *&i4& ultimatel- ma- !ede! t&e @udi4ial
de4i"io ieffe4ti,e%=
Liyanage
660% Ha,i+ "u!,e-ed +ood um)e! of de4i"io" of t&i" Cou!t o t&e
"e(a!atio of (o*e!" do4t!ieA it i" time t&at *e 4o"ide! "ome leadi+ fo!ei+
@ud+met" o t&i" a"(e4t% T&e fi!"t @ud+met i t&i" 4ate+o!- t&at de"e!,e"
4o"ide!atioA *&i4& *a" al"o !efe!!ed to )- M!% Viod ?o)deA lea!ed "eio!
4ou"el fo! Tamil Nadu i" -iyana*e
1.
% T&e fa4t" i -iyana*e
1.
(!o,ide a
)G
%.%. Hola and Ors. v. H.7. %ardana and Ors.; [(1GG8# F %&& )(
8)
Page 76
4la""i4 e5am(le of u"u!(atio of @udi4ial fu4tio )- t&e le+i"latu!e i a
(edi+ 4a"e% I t&at 4a"eA t&e Judi4ial Committee of t&e P!i,- Cou4il &eld
t&at t&e C!imial La* 2S(e4ial P!o,i"io"3 A4t No% 6 of 6:1. u"u!(ed ad
if!i+ed @udi4ial (o*e! ad *a"A t&e!efo!eA i,alid% T&i" A4t modified t&e
C!imial P!o4edu!e Code a((li4a)le i Ce-lo )- (u!(o!ti+ to le+ali"e e<-
post facto t&e detetio of (e!"o" im(!i"oed i !e"(e4t of a attem(ted
4ou(A to *ide t&e 4la"" of offe4e" fo! *&i4& t!ial )- t&!ee Jud+e"A omiated
)- t&e Mii"te! of Ju"ti4e "itti+ *it&out a @u!-A 4ould )e o!de!ed to ,alidate
!et!o"(e4ti,e a!!e"t" fo! 4e!tai offe4e" made *it&out *a!!at ad to
(!e"4!i)e e* miimum (ealtie" fo! t&e offe4e of *a+i+ *a! a+ai"t t&e
Kuee% T&e le+i"latio *a" &eld to i,ol,e <a +!a,e ad deli)e!ate i4u!"io
ito t&e @udi4ial "(&e!e= *&i4& *a" i4o"i"tet *it& t&e "e(a!atio of @udi4ial
(o*e! f!om le+i"lati,e (o*e! !eDui!ed )- t&e Co"titutio of Ce-lo%
-iyana*e
1.
effe4ti,el- la-" do* t&at @udi4ial (o*e! i" u"u!(ed 2i3 *&e t&e!e i"
le+i"lati,e ite!fe!e4e i a "(e4ifi4 (!o4eedi+A 2ii3 t&e ite!fe!e4e affe4t" t&e
(edi+ liti+atio ad 2iii3 t&e ite!fe!e4e affe4t" t&e @udi4ial (!o4e"" it"elfA
i%e%A t&e di"4!etio o! @ud+met of t&e @udi4ia!- o! t&e !i+&t"A aut&o!it- o!
@u!i"di4tio of t&e Cou!t% -iyana*e
1.
inter alia &old" t&at (o*e!" i 4a"e of
4out!ie" *it& *!itte Co"titutio" mu"t )e e5e!4i"ed i a44o!da4e *it& t&e
te!m" of Co"titutio f!om *&i4& t&e- a!e de!i,ed% Ma9i+ o)"e!,atio" o t&e
t!ue atu!e ad (u!(o"e of t&e im(u+ed ea4tmetA -iyana*e
1.
"a-" t&at
alte!atio" made )- Pa!liamet i t&e fu4tio of t&e @udi4ia!- 4o"tituted a
8"
Page 77
+!a,e ad deli)e!ate i4u!"io i t&e @udi4ial "(&e!e% It i" *o!t& oti4i+ t&e
follo*i+ (a""a+e f!om -iyana*e
1.
J
<If "u4& A4t" a" t&e"e *e!e ,alid t&e @udi4ial (o*e! 4ould
)e *&oll- a)"o!)ed )- t&e Le+i"latu!e ad ta9e out of t&e &ad"
of t&e Jud+e"% It i" a((!e4iated t&at t&e Le+i"latu!e &a" o "u4&
+ee!al itetio% It *a" )e"et )- a +!a,e "ituatio ad it too9
+!a,e mea"u!e" to deal *it& itA t&i9i+A oe mu"t (!e"umeA t&at it
&ad (o*e! to do "o ad *a" a4ti+ !i+&tl-% ?ut t&at 4o"ide!atio
i" i!!ele,atA ad +i,e" o ,alidit- to a4t" *&i4& if!i+e t&e
Co"titutio% E&at i" doe o4eA if it )e allo*edA ma- )e doe
a+ai ad i a le""e! 4!i"i" ad le"" "e!iou" 4i!4um"ta4e"% Ad
t&u" @udi4ial (o*e! ma- )e e!oded% Su4& a e!o"io i" 4ot!a!-
to t&e 4lea! itetio of t&e Co"titutio%=
660%6% -iyana*e
1.
i" )a"ed o t&e (!i4i(le of im(lied limitatio"
o t&e le+i"lati,e (o*e!% T&i" (o"itio i" a44e(ted )- ou! o* Cou!t i
=esavananda Bharati
B6
2(e! S&elat ad G!o,e!A JJ%3%
*i%olas
666% A" !e+a!d" t&e 4o"titutioal (o"itio i Au"t!aliaA it eed"
to )e metioed t&at Au"t!alia &a" a Co"titutio *it& t&e !i+id dema!4atio of
(o*e!" )et*ee t&e le+i"lati,e ad @udi4ial o!+a" of t&e Go,e!met% T&e
Au"t!alia Co"titutio &a" im(e!ati,el- "e(a!ated t&e t&!ee )!a4&e" of t&e
Go,e!metA ad &a" a""i+ed to ea4&A )- it" o* aut&o!it- t&e a((!o(!iate
o!+a%
66.% I @icholas
+9
" t&e Hi+& Cou!t of Au"t!aliaA deali+ *it& t&e
if!i+emet ad u"u!(atio of @udi4ial (o*e!A &eld t&e le+i"latio to )e i,alid
o t&e +!oud t&at it !e,i"ed t&e fial @ud+met of a fede!al 4ou!t i )!ea4& of
"!
?ic+olas v. t+e Mueen; [(1GGF# 1G$ &D= 18$(
88
Page 78
"e(a!atio of (o*e!"% It la-" do* t&at u"u!(atio o44u!" *&e t&e le+i"latu!e
&a" e5e!4i"ed @udi4ial (o*e! o it" o* )e&alf%
9eeling 1ridge
667% T&e de4i"io of t&e US Su(!eme Cou!t i ;heelin* Brid*e
.8
de"e!,e" a little ela)o!ate 4o"ide!atio "i4e a +!eat deal of !elia4e &a"
)ee (la4ed )- M!% Ha!i"& Sal,e o t&i" @ud+met% T&e di"(ute i t&at 4a"e
4o4e!ed a,i+atio o t&e O&io Ri,e!% I t&e ea!lie! de4i"io i,ol,i+ t&e
"ame (a!tie"A t&e U%S% Su(!eme Cou!t &ad &eld t&e defedatC" )!id+e to )e
a ula*ful "t!u4tu!e to t&e e5tet t&at it o)"t!u4ted a,i+atio o t&e O&io
Ri,e! i )!ea4& of t&e fede!al "tatute" ad t&e!e)- o)"t!u4ti+ (u)li4 !i+&t of
f!ee a,i+atio% T&e State of Pe"-l,aia *&i4& filed t&e "uit *a" +!ated a
i@u4ti,e !elief% T&e defedat 2E&eeli+ ad ?elmot ?!id+e Com(a-3
*a" o!de!ed to !emo,e t&e )!id+eA o! ele,ate it to t&e le,el" (!e"4!i)ed )-
"tatute% Su)"eDuetl-A Co+!e"" ea4ted le+i"latio )- *&i4& t&e )!id+e *a"
!ede!ed a la*ful "t!u4tu!e ad "&i(" *e!e madated to )e modified "o a" ot
to ite!fe!e *it& t&e )!id+e% A" t&e lu49 *ould &a,e )eeA t&e )!id+e *a"
de"t!o-ed )- &i+& *id"% T&e State of Pe"-l,aia a((lied fo! i@u4tio
f!om !e4o"t!u4ti+ t&e )!id+e e54e(t i a mae! 4o"i"tet *it& t&e o!de! of
t&e 4ou!t i t&e (!e,iou" (!o4eedi+" *&i4& *a" +!ated% T&e 4om(a-
de"(ite t&e i@u4tio o!de! (!o4eeded to 4o"t!u4t t&e )!id+e lo*e! t&a t&at
!eDui!ed )- t&e o!i+ial 4ou!t o!de!% T&e State of Pe"-l,aia )!ou+&t t&e
matte! a+ai )efo!e t&e 4ou!t% T&e defedat !elied u(o t&e fede!al "tatute
8F
Page 79
*&i4& de4la!ed t&e o!i+ial )!id+e la*fulA ad a!+ued t&at t&e !eDui!emet" fo!
a la*ful "t!u4tu!e *e!e "et out t&e!eiA !ede!i+ t&e !eDui!emet" o *&i4&
t&e o!i+ial @ud+met *a" )a"ed !edudat% T&e Due"tio t&at a!o"e fo!
4o"ide!atio *a" *&et&e! t&e "tatute t&at o,e!tu!ed t&e fial @ud+met of t&e
US Su(!eme Cou!t i t&e fo!m of i@u4tio i t&e ea!lie! "uit *a"
4o"titutioalL Nel"oA J%A *&o deli,e!ed t&e ma@o!it- o(iio of t&e 4ou!tA
a44e(ted t&e +ee!al (!o(o"itio t&at a a4t of Co+!e"" 4aot &a,e t&e
effe4t ad o(e!atio to aul t&e @ud+met of t&e 4ou!t al!ead- !ede!edA o!
t&e !i+&t" t&e!e)- dete!mied% It *a" fu!t&e! o)"e!,ed t&at ad@udi4atio" u(o
t&e (!i,ate !i+&t" of t&e (a!tie" *&i4& &a,e (a""ed ito @ud+metA )e4ome
a)"olute ad it i" t&e dut- of t&e 4ou!t to efo!4e it% Nel"oA J% &eldJ <?ut t&at
(a!t of t&e de4!ee di!e4ti+ t&e a)atemet of t&e o)"t!u4tioA i" e5e4uto!-A a
4otiui+ de4!eeA *&i4& !eDui!e" ot ol- t&e !emo,al of t&e )!id+e )ut
e@oi" t&e defedat" a+ai"t a- !e4o"t!u4tio o! 4otiua4e% No*A
*&et&e! it i" a futu!e e5i"ti+ o! 4otiui+ o)"t!u4tio de(ed" u(o t&e
Due"tio *&et&e! o! ot it ite!fe!e" *it& t&e !i+&t of a,i+atio% IfA i t&e mea
timeA "i4e t&e de4!eeA t&i" !i+&t &a" )ee modified )- t&e 4om(etet
aut&o!it-A "o t&at t&e )!id+e i" o lo+e! a ula*ful o)"t!u4tioA it i" Duite
(lai t&e de4!ee of t&e 4ou!t 4aot )e efo!4ed% T&e!e i" o lo+e! a-
ite!fe!e4e *it& t&e e@o-met of t&e (u)li4 !i+&t i4o"i"tet *it& la*A o
mo!e t&a t&e!e *ould )e *&e!e t&e (laitiff &im"elf &ad 4o"eted to itA afte!
t&e !editio of t&e de4!ee%= Nel"oA J%A o(ied t&at alt&ou+& )!id+e 4ould
"till )e a o)"t!u4tio i fa4t )ut it *a" ot "o i 4otem(latio of t&e la*%
8G
Page 80
Co"eDuetl-A t&e 4ou!t ,a4ated it" i@u4tio% Nel"oA J% di"ti+ui"&ed
ad@udi4atio u(o (!i,ate !i+&t" f!om ad@udi4atio u(o (u)li4 !i+&t" ad &eld J
<I !e"(e4t to t&e"e (u!el- ite!al "t!eam" of a StateA t&e (u)li4 !i+&t
of a,i+atio i" e54lu"i,el- ude! t&e 4ot!ol ad !e+ulatio of t&e
"tate le+i"latu!eN ad i 4a"e" *&e!e t&e"e e!e4tio" o! o)"t!u4tio" to
t&e a,i+atio a!e 4o"t!u4ted ude! a la* of t&e StateA o! "a4tioed
)- le+i"lati,e aut&o!it-A t&e- a!e eit&e! a (u)li4 ui"a4e "u)@e4t to
a)atemetA o! i" t&e idi,idual *&o ma- &a,e "u"taied "(e4ial
dama+e f!om t&ei! ite!fe!e4e *it& t&e (u)li4 u"e etitled to a-
!emed- fo! &i" lo""% So fa! a" t&e (u)li4 u"e of t&e "t!eam i"
4o4e!edA t&e le+i"latu!e &a,i+ t&e (o*e! to 4ot!ol ad !e+ulate itA
t&e "tatute aut&o!i'i+ t&e "t!u4tu!eA t&ou+& it ma- )e a !eal
im(edimet to t&e a,i+atioA ma9e" it la*ful%=
667%6% T&e o(iio of Nel"oA J%A *&i4& i" ma@o!it- o(iio i 7he
;heelin* Brid*e
.8
t&ou+& maitai" t&e +ee!al (!i4i(le of t&e i,iola)ilit- of
fial @ud+met" (u!"uat to t&e "e(a!atio of (o*e!" do4t!ie )ut it i" made
"u)@e4t to Dualifi4atio t&at uli9e (!i,ate !i+&t"A (u)li4 !i+&t" do ot (a"" ito
@ud+met"% I t&e o(iio of Nel"oA J%A t&e atu!e of @udi4ial !emed- i"
!ele,atN a eDuita)le !elief "u4& a" i@u4tio i" ot )e-od t&e !ea4& of t&e
(o*e! of t&e 4o+!e"" )ut a de4!ee of dama+e" o! 4o"t" i" uaffe4ted )- t&e
"u)"eDuet la*%
667%.% M4LeaA J%A *&o di""eted f!om t&e ma@o!it- o(iioA o t&e
ot&e! &adA em(&a"i'ed i ;heelin* Brid*e
.8
t&at t&e ea!lie! de4!ee *a" t&e
!e"ult of a @udi4ial i,e"ti+atioA fouded u(o fa4t" a"4e!taied i t&e 4ou!"e
of t&e &ea!i+ ad it *a" "t!i4tl- a @udi4ial Due"tio% T&e 4om(lait *a" a
o)"t!u4tio of 4omme!4eA )- t&e )!id+eA to t&e i@u!- of t&e 4om(laiatA ad
t&e 4ou!t foud t&e fa4t to )e a" alle+ed i t&e )ill% Follo*i+ t&e "tatemet of
F!
Page 81
C&ief Ju"ti4e Ma!"&all t&at 4o+!e"" 4ould do ma- t&i+" )ut t&at it 4aot
alte! a fa4tA M4LeaA J% i &i" o(iio "tated J
<T&e @udi4ial (o*e! i" e5e!4i"ed i t&e de4i"io of 4a"e"N t&e
le+i"lati,eA i ma9i+ +ee!al !e+ulatio" )- t&e ea4tmet of la*"%
T&e latte! a4t" f!om 4o"ide!atio" of (u)li4 (oli4-N t&e fo!me! )- t&e
(leadi+" ad e,ide4e i a 4a"e% F!om t&i" ,ie* it i" at o4e "eeA
t&at 4o+!e"" 4ould ot ude!ta9e to &ea! t&e 4om(lait of
Pe"-l,aia i t&i" 4a"eA ta9e te"timo- o! 4au"e it to )e ta9eA
e5amie t&e "u!,e-" ad !e(o!t" of e+iee!"A de4ide t&e Due"tio" of
la* *&i4& a!i"e o t&e admi""io of t&e te"timo-A ad +i,e t&e (!o(e!
ad le+al effe4t to t&e e,ide4e i t&e fial de4!ee% To do t&i" i" t&e
a((!o(!iate dut- of t&e @udi4ial (o*e!% Ad t&i" i" *&at *a" doe )-
t&i" 4ou!tA )efo!e t&e a)o,e a4t of 4o+!e"" *a" (a""ed% T&e 4ou!t
&eldA t&at t&e )!id+e o)"t!u4ted t&e a,i+atio of t&e O&io Ri,e!A ad
t&atA 4o"eDuetl-A it *a" a ui"a4e% T&e a4t de4la!ed t&e )!id+e to
)e a le+al "t!u4tu!eA adA 4o"eDuetl-A t&at it *a" ot a ui"a4e%
No*A i" t&i" a le+i"lati,e o! a @udi4ial a4tL E&et&e! it )e a ui"a4e o!
otA de(ed" u(o t&e fa4t of o)"t!u4tioN ad t&i" *ould "eem to )e
"t!i4tl- a @udi4ial Due"tioA to )e de4ided o e,ide4e (!odu4ed )- t&e
(a!tie" i a 4a"e%=
667%7% I t&e mio!it- o(iioA M4Lea% J% de4la!ed t&e a4t of t&e
Co+!e"" io(e!ati,e ad ,oid ad !eite!ated t&at de4!ee al!ead- (a""ed )e
4a!!ied ito effe4t a44o!di+ to it" t!ue itet%
667%B% I aot&e! mio!it- o(iio i ;heelin* Brid*e
.8
A Ea-eA J%A
*&ile di""eti+ *it& t&e ma@o!it- ad 4o4u!!i+ *it& M4Lea J% "tated t&at
Co+!e"" &ad o (o*e! to ite!fe!e *it& t&e @ud+met of t&e U%S% Su(!eme
Cou!t ude! t&e (!ete4e of a (o*e! to le+ali'e t&e "t!u4tu!e of )!id+e" o,e!
t&e (u)li4 a,i+a)le !i,e!" of t&e Uited State"A eit&e! *it&i t&e State"A o!
di,idi+ State" f!om ea4& ot&e!A o! ude! t&e 4omme!4ial (o*e!" of Co+!e""
to !e+ulate 4omme!4e amo+ t&e State"%
Clinton 1ridge
F1
Page 82
66B% Nel"oAJ%A *&o deli,e!ed ma@o!it- o(iio i ;heelin* Brid*e
.8
A
al"o deli,e!ed o(iio of t&e U%S% Su(!eme Cou!t i t&e ,linton Brid*e
(9
%
Alt&ou+& i ;heelin* Brid*e
.8
a de4!ee &ad )ee !ede!ed )- t&e 4ou!t
a+ai"t t&e )!id+eA *&ile i t&e ,linton Brid*e
(9
t&e 4au"e *a" (edi+
ude4idedA )ut &e follo*ed t&e ma@o!it- o(iio i ;heelin* Brid*e
.8
%
Manigault
66>% M!% Ha!i"& Sal,eA lea!ed 4ou"el fo! t&e State of #e!alaA (la4ed
!elia4e u(o Arthur M% Mani*ault
.1
% I t&at 4a"eA t&e U%S% Su(!eme Cou!t
follo*ed t&e (!i4i(le t&at ite!di4tio of t&e "tatute" im(ai!i+ t&e o)li+atio of
4ot!a4t" doe" ot (!e,et t&e State f!om e5e!4i"i+ "u4& (o*e!" a" a!e
,e"ted i it fo! t&e (!omotio of t&e 4ommo *ealA o! a!e e4e""a!- fo! t&e
+ee!al +ood of t&e (u)li4A t&ou+& 4ot!a4t" (!e,iou"l- ete!ed ito )et*ee
idi,idual" ma- t&e!e)- )e affe4ted% E&ile e5(laii+ t&at t&i" (o*e! i"
9o* a" t&e P(oli4e (o*e!CA it i" a e5e!4i"e of t&e "o,e!ei+ !i+&t of t&e
Go,e!met to (!ote4t t&e li,e"A &ealt&A mo!al"A 4omfo!tA ad +ee!al *elfa!e
of t&e (eo(leA ad i" (a!amout to a- !i+&t ude! t&e 4ot!a4t" )et*ee t&e
idi,idual"% It i" "tated t&at "u)@e4t to limitatio" i 4e!tai 4a"e"A t&e!e i" *ide
di"4!etio o t&e (a!t of t&e le+i"latu!e i dete!mii+ *&at i" ad *&at i" ot
e4e""a!-% I "u4& di"4!etioA t&e 4ou!t" o!dia!il- *ill ot ite!fe!e *it&%
Deali+ *it& t&e e5(o"itio of la*A flo*i+ f!om "ome of it" (!e,iou" de4i"io"A
t&e U%S% Su(!eme Cou!tA o)"e!,edJ
F
Page 83
<%Ee "ee o !ea"o *&- t&e "ame (!i4i(le "&ould ot a((l- to
4a"e" *&e!e t&e "tate le+i"latu!eA e5e!4i"i+ it" (oli4e (o*e!A di!e4t" a
4e!tai dam to )e )uiltA ad t&e!e)- i4idetall- im(ai!" a44e"" to
lad" a)o,e t&e dam% I )ot& 4a"e" t&e "o,e!ei+ i" e5e!4i"i+ it"
4o"titutioal !i+&tA i oe 4a"e i im(!o,i+ t&e a,i+atio of t&e
!i,e!A ad i t&e ot&e!A i d!aii+ it" lo*lad"A ad t&e!e)- e&a4i+
t&ei! ,alue fo! a+!i4ultu!al (u!(o"e"%=
<odges
661% I #od*es
(1
A t&e U%S% Su(!eme Cou!tA follo*i+ ;heelin* Brid*e
.8
&eld a" follo*" JF
<I t&e E&eeli+ ?!id+e Ca"eA a" i t&e Clito ?!id+e Ca"eA t&e
(u)li4 !i+&t i,ol,ed *a" t&at of a)ati+ a o)"t!u4tio to t&e
a,i+atio of a !i,e!% T&e !i+&t i,ol,ed i t&e (!e"et "uitA of e@oii+
t&e maitea4e of a ille+al "4&ool di"t!i4t ad t&e i""ua4e of it"
)od"A i" li9e*i"e a (u)li4 !i+&t "&a!ed )- t&e (laitiff" *it& all ot&e!
!e"idet ta5(a-e!"% Ad *&ile i t&e E&eeli+ ?!id+e Ca"e t&e )ill
*a" filed )- t&e StateA alt&ou+& (a!tl- i it" (!o(!ieta!- 4a(a4it- a" t&e
o*e! of 4e!tai 4aal" ad !ail*a-"A t&e do4t!ie t&at a @ud+met
de4la!i+ a (u)li4 !i+&t ma- )e aulled )- "u)"eDuet le+i"latioA
a((lie" *it& li9e fo!4e i t&e (!e"et "uitA alt&ou+& )!ou+&t )-
idi,idual" (!ima!il- fo! t&ei! o* )eefitN t&e !i+&t i,ol,ed ad
ad@ud+edA i t&e oe 4a"e a" i t&e ot&e!A )ei+ (u)li4A ad ot
(!i,ate%=
661%6% #od*es
(1
*a" a 4a"e *&e!e t&e U%S% Su(!eme Cou!t di""ol,ed a
i@u4tio a+ai"t t&e fo!matio of a 4o"olidated "4&ool di"t!i4t follo*i+
le+i"latio *&i4& aut&o!i"ed "u4& a 4o"olidatioA ad -et u(&eld t&e @ud+met
i t&e (!e,iou" de4i"io ma9i+ to a a*a!d of dama+e"%
1roterood of Lo%omotive "iremen
66/% I Brotherhood of -ocomotive Firemen
.(
A t&e U%S% Su(!eme Cou!t
*a" 4of!oted *it& t&e Due"tio *&et&e! t&e A!9a"a" <fullF4!e*= la*"
F$
Page 84
"(e4if-i+ a miimum um)e! of em(lo-ee" *&o mu"t "e!,e a" (a!t of a t!ai
4!e* ude! 4e!tai 4i!4um"ta4e"A ,iolate t&e 4omme!4e 4lau"e o! t&e
Fou!teet& Amedmet of t&e U%S% Co"titutio% T&e 4o"titutioalit- of t&e"e
A!9a"a" La*" &ad )ee "(e4ifi4all- u(&eld a+ai"t 4&alle+e" ude! t&e
"ame 4o"titutioal (!o,i"io" i t&!ee de4i"io" ea!lie!% Ho*e,e!A f!om t&e
4a"e t&at !ea4&ed t&e U%S% Su(!eme Cou!tA t&e Di"t!i4t Cou!t foud t&at a" a
!e"ult of e4oomi4 ad te4&i4al de,elo(met" "i4e t&e la"t de4i"io o t&e
"u)@e4tA t&e "tatute" *e!e o lo+e! @u"tified a" "afet- mea"u!e" F t&e +!oud
o *&i4& t&e- &ad fo!me!l- )ee "u"taied% T&e Su(!eme Cou!t of Uited
State" "t!u49 do* t&e im(u+ed la*" a" 4ot!a!- to t&e 4omme!4e 4lau"e of
t&e Co"titutio ad t&e due (!o4e"" 4lau"e of t&e Fou!teet& Amedmet%
?la49A J%A *&o deli,e!ed t&e o(iio o )e&alf of t&e ma@o!it-A &eld t&at t&e
Di"t!i4t Cou!t idul+ed i a le+i"lati,e @ud+met *&oll- )e-od it" limited
aut&o!it- to !e,ie* "tate le+i"latio ude! t&e 4omme!4e 4lau"e% T&e Cou!t
"aid t&at it *a" ot o(e fo! t&e Di"t!i4t Cou!t to (la4e a ,alue o t&e
additioal "afet- i te!m" of dolla!" ad 4et" i o!de! to "ee *&et&e! t&i"
,alue a" 4al4ulated )- t&e Cou!t e54eeded t&e fia4ial 4o"t to t&e !ail !oad"%
T&e ma@o!it- ,ie*A t&u"A 4o4ludedJ
<Ude! all t&e 4i!4um"ta4e" *e "ee o !ea"o to de(a!t f!om t&i"
Cou!tC" (!e,iou" de4i"io" &oldi+ t&at t&e A!9a"a" fullF4!e* la*" do
ot udul- )u!de ite!"tate 4omme!4e o! ot&e!*i"e ,iolate t&e
Co"titutio% Udou)tedl- &eated di"(ute" *ill 4otiue a" to t&e
e5tet to *&i4& t&e"e la*" 4ot!i)ute to "afet- ad ot&e! (u)li4
ite!e"t"A ad t&e e5tet to *&i4& "u4& 4ot!i)utio" a!e @u"tified )-
t&e 4o"t of t&e additioal ma(o*e!% T&e"e di"(ute" *ill 4otiue to
)e *o!9ed out i t&e le+i"latu!e" ad i ,a!iou" fo!m" of 4olle4ti,e
F'
Page 85
)a!+aii+ )et*ee maa+emet ad t&e uio"% A" *e &a,e "aid
ma- time"A Co+!e"" uDue"tioa)l- &a" (o*e! ude! t&e
Comme!4e Clau"e to !e+ulate t&e um)e! of em(lo-ee" *&o "&all )e
u"ed to ma t!ai" u"ed i ite!"tate 4omme!4e% I t&e a)"e4e of
4o+!e""ioal a4tioA &o*e,e!A *e 4aot i,o9e t&e @udi4ial (o*e! to
i,alidate t&i" @ud+met of t&e (eo(le of A!9a"a" ad t&ei! ele4ted
!e(!e"etati,e" a" to t&e (!i4e "o4iet- "&ould (a- to (!omote "afet- i
t&e !ail!oad idu"t!-=
.aymond Motor )ransportation
66;% T*o mo!e de4i"io" of t&e U%S% Su(!eme Cou!tA oeA Raymond
Motor 7ransportation
.!
ad t&e ot&e!A Raymond =assel
.$
ma- o* )e
4o"ide!ed% Raymond Motor 7ransportation
.!
*a" 4o4e!ed *it& t&e
Due"tio *&et&e! admii"t!ati,e !e+ulatio" of t&e State of Ei"4o"i
+o,e!i+ t&e le+t& ad 4ofi+u!atio of 4ot!a4t" t&at ma- )e o(e!ated
*it&i t&e "tate ,iolated t&e 4omme!4e 4lau"e% T&e t&!eeFJud+e Di"t!i4t Cou!t
&eld t&at t&e !e+ulatio" *e!e ot u4o"titutioal o eit&e! +!oud% U("etti+
t&e ,ie* of t&e Di"t!i4t Cou!tA Po*ellA J%A *&o deli,e!ed t&e o(iio of t&e Cou!t
fi!"t oted t&e +ee!al !uleA < E&e!e t&e "tatute !e+ulate" e,e&adedl- to
effe4tuate a le+itimate lo4al (u)li4 ite!e"tA ad it" effe4t" o ite!"tate
4omme!4e a!e ol- i4idetalA it *ill )e u(&eld ule"" t&e )u!de im(o"ed o
"u4& 4omme!4e i" 4lea!l- e54e""i,e i !elatio to t&e (utati,e lo4al )eefit"=%
Po*ellA J%A t&e 4o4luded t&at t&e 4&alle+ed !e+ulatio" ,iolated t&e
4omme!4e 4lau"e )e4au"e t&e- (la4ed a "u)"tatial )u!de o ite!"tate
4omme!4e ad t&e- 4aot )e "aid to ma9e mo!e t&a mo"t "(e4ulati,e
4ot!i)utio to &i+&*a- "afet-%
F)
Page 86
66;%6% ?la49muA J%A *it& *&om ?!eaA CJ% ad Re&Dui"tA J%
4o4u!!edA &eld t&at if "afet- @u"tifi4atio" *e!e ot illu"o!-A t&e Cou!t *ill ot
"e4odF+ue"" le+i"lati,e @ud+met a)out t&ei! im(o!ta4e i 4om(a!i"o *it&
!elated )u!de" o ite!"tate 4omme!4e% ?la49mu JA al"o &eld J
<He!eA t&e Cou!t doe" ot e+a+e i a )ala4e of (oli4ie" it doe" ot
ma9e a le+i"lati,e 4&oi4e% I"teadA afte! "ea!4&i+ t&e fa4tual !e4o!d
de,elo(ed )- t&e (a!tie"A it 4o4lude" t&at t&e "afet- ite!e"t" &a,e
ot )ee "&o* to e5i"t a" a matte! of la*%=
.aymond ,assel
66:% I Raymond =assel
.$
A afte! !e4o!di+ e,ide4e ad 4o4lu"io of
t!ialA t&e Di"t!i4t Cou!t a((lied t&e "tada!d *&i4& *a" a44e(ted i Raymond
Motor 7ransportation
.!
ad 4o4luded t&at t&e "tate la* im(e!mi""i)l- 4!eated
)u!de o ite!F"tate 4omme!4e% T&e Cou!t of a((eal" a44e(ted t&e Di"t!i4t
Cou!tC" fidi+" ad t&e ,ie*% T&i" i" &o* t&e matte! !ea4&ed t&e U%S%
Su(!eme Cou!t% Po*ellA J%A *&o deli,e!ed t&e o(iio of t&e Cou!t i *&i4&
E&iteA ?la49mu ad Ste,e" JJ% @oiedA o)"e!,edJ <*&ile Su(!eme Cou!t
&a" )ee mo"t !elu4tat to i,alidate "tate !e+ulatio" t&at tou4& u(o "afet-A
e"(e4iall- &i+&*a- "afet-A 4o"titutioalit- of "u4& !e+ulatio" e,e!t&ele""
de(ed" u(o "e"iti,e 4o"ide!atio of *ei+&t ad atu!e of "tate !e+ulato!-
4o4e! i li+&t of e5tet of )u!de im(o"ed o 4ou!"e of ite!"tate
4omme!4e=%
66:%6% ?!eaA J%A *it& *&om Ma!"&allA J% @oiedA 4o4u!!i+ *it& t&e
@ud+met o)"e!,ed J <T&i" Cou!tC" &ei+&teed defe!e4e to t&e @ud+met" of
F"
Page 87
"tate la* ma9e!" i t&e field of "afet- i" la!+el- att!i)uta)le to a @udi4ial
di"i4liatio to *ei+& t&e ite!e"t of "afet- a+ai"t ot&e! "o4ietal ite!e"t"A
"u4& a" t&e e4oomi4 ite!e"t i t&e f!ee flo* of 4omme!4e%%=
=laut
6.0% T&e @ud+met of t&e US Su(!eme Cou!t i Plaut
+1
o t&e do4t!ie
of "e(a!atio of (o*e!" i" "i+ifi4at ad de"e!,e" a((!o(!iate 4o"ide!atio%
I t&at 4a"eA t&e US Su(!eme Cou!t *a" (!e"eted *it& t&e Due"tio *&et&e!
Se4tio ./A2)3 of t&e Se4u!itie" E54&a+e A4tA 6:7B *a" ,iolati,e of t&e
Co"titutioC" "e(a!atio of (o*e!" o! t&e due (!o4e"" 4lau"e of t&e Fift&
Amedmet to t&e e5tet it !eDui!ed Fede!al Cou!t" to !eo(e fial @ud+met"
i (!i,ate 4i,il a4tio" ude! Se4tio 602)3 of t&e A4t% S4aliaA J%A *&o deli,e!ed
t&e ma@o!it- o(iioA !efe!!ed to t&e follo*i+ Fi!"t Iau+u!al Add!e"" )-
President -incoln

i *&i4& t&e P!e"idet e5(laied *&- t&e (oliti4al )!a4&e"
4ould otA ad eed ot ite!fe!e *it& t&e @ud+met J
QI do ot fo!+et t&e (o"itio a""umed )- "omeA t&at 4o"titutioal
Due"tio" a!e to )e de4ided )- t&e Su(!eme Cou!tN o! do I de- t&at
"u4& de4i"io" mu"t )e )idi+ i a- 4a"eA u(o t&e (a!tie" to a "uitA
a" to t&e o)@e4t of t&at "uit % % % % Ad *&ile it i" o),iou"l- (o""i)le t&at
"u4& de4i"io ma- )e e!!oeou" i a- +i,e 4a"eA "till t&e e,il effe4t
follo*i+ itA )ei+ limited to t&at (a!ti4ula! 4a"eA *it& t&e 4&a4e t&at it
ma- )e o,e!F!uledA ad e,e! )e4ome a (!e4edet fo! ot&e! 4a"e"A
4a )ette! )e )o!e t&a 4ould t&e e,il" of a diffe!et (!a4ti4e%Q
6.0%6% S4aliaA J% al"o !efe!!ed to t&e ,ie*" of T&oma" Coole- 2a
4o"titutioal S4&ola!3 *&o &ad "aid J
"1
Plaut et al. v. %pendt+rift Farm/ Inc./ et al.; [(1GG)# )1' U.%. 11(
F8
Page 88
QIf t&e le+i"latu!e 4aot t&u" idi!e4tl- 4ot!ol t&e a4tio of t&e 4ou!t"A
)- !eDui!i+ of t&em a 4o"t!u4tio of t&e la* a44o!di+ to it" o*
,ie*"A it i" ,e!- (lai it 4aot do "o di!e4tl-A )- "etti+ a"ide t&ei!
@ud+met"A 4om(elli+ t&em to +!at e* t!ial"A o!de!i+ t&e di"4&a!+e
of offede!"A o! di!e4ti+ *&at (a!ti4ula! "te(" "&all )e ta9e i t&e
(!o+!e"" of a @udi4ial iDui!-%Q
6.0%.% S4alia JA o)"e!,ed t&at t&e (o*e! to aal-'e a fial @ud+met *a"
<a a""um(tio of @udi4ial (o*e!= adA t&e!efo!eA fo!)idde% Fialit- !ule *a"
+i,e (!eFemie4e% T&i" )e4ome" e,idet f!om &i" follo*i+ o)"e!,atio"J
<Ha,i+ a4&ie,ed fialit-A &o*e,e!A a @udi4ial de4i"io )e4ome" t&e la"t
*o!d of t&e @udi4ial de(a!tmet *it& !e+a!d to a (a!ti4ula! 4a"e o! 4ot!o,e!"-A
ad Co+!e"" ma- ot de4la!e )- !et!oa4ti,e le+i"latio t&at t&e la*
a((li4a)le to t&at ,e!- 4a"e *a" "omet&i+ ot&e! t&a *&at t&e 4ou!t" "aid it
*a"%%=
6.0%7% I Plaut
+1
A t&e ma@o!it- o(iio al"o &old" t&at 4o"ide!atio" "u4&
a" t&at le+i"latio *a" moti,ated )- a +euie 4o4e! to im(lemet (u)li4
(oli4- *a" i!!ele,at% T&e ma@o!it- o(iio e5(o"ited t&at (!o&i)itio
2"e(a!atio of (o*e!3 *a" ,iolated *&e a idi,idual fial @ud+met i"
le+i"lati,el- !e"4ided fo! e,e t&e )e"t of !ea"o"A "u4& a" le+i"latu!eC"
+euie 4o,i4tio 2"u((o!ted )- all t&e (!ofe""ioal" i t&e lad3 t&at t&e
@ud+met *a" *!o+A%=
6.0%B% T&e US Su(!eme Cou!tA t&u"A )- ma@o!it- de4la!ed t&at Se4tio
./A2)3 of t&e A4t *a" ,iolati,e of t&e "e(a!atio of t&e (o*e!" do4t!ie%
FF
Page 89
(ummary of (eparation of po3ers do%trine under te -ndian
Constitution
6.6% O dee( !efle4tio of t&e a)o,e di"4u""ioA i ou! o(iioA t&e
4o"titutioal (!i4i(le" i t&e 4ote5t of Idia Co"titutio !elati+ to
"e(a!atio of (o*e!" )et*ee le+i"latu!eA e5e4uti,e ad @udi4ia!- ma-A i
)!iefA )e "umma!i'ed t&u" J
2i3 E,e *it&out e5(!e"" (!o,i"io of t&e "e(a!atio of (o*e!"A t&e
do4t!ie of "e(a!atio of (o*e!" i" a et!e4&ed (!i4i(le i t&e Co"titutio
of Idia% T&e do4t!ie of "e(a!atio of (o*e!" ifo!m" t&e Idia 4o"titutioal
"t!u4tu!e ad it i" a e""etial 4o"tituet of !ule of la*% I ot&e! *o!d"A t&e
do4t!ie of "e(a!atio of (o*e! t&ou+& ot e5(!e""l- e+!afted i t&e
Co"titutioA it" "*ee(A o(e!atio ad ,i"i)ilit- a!e a((a!et f!om t&e "4&eme
of Idia Co"titutio% Co"titutio &a" made dema!4atioA *it&out d!a*i+
fo!mal lie" )et*ee t&e t&!ee o!+a" F le+i"latu!eA e5e4uti,e ad @udi4ia!-% I
t&at "e"eA e,e i t&e a)"e4e of e5(!e"" (!o,i"io fo! "e(a!atio of (o*e!A
t&e "e(a!atio of (o*e! )et*ee le+i"latu!eA e5e4uti,e ad @udi4ia!- i" ot
diffe!et f!om t&e 4o"titutio" of t&e 4out!ie" *&i4& 4otai e5(!e""
(!o,i"io fo! "e(a!atio of (o*e!"%
2ii3 Ide(ede4e of 4ou!t" f!om t&e e5e4uti,e ad le+i"latu!e i"
fudametal to t&e !ule of la* ad oe of t&e )a"i4 teet" of Idia
Co"titutio% Se(a!atio of @udi4ial (o*e! i" a "i+ifi4at 4o"titutioal
(!i4i(le ude! t&e Co"titutio of Idia%
FG
Page 90
2iii3 Se(a!atio of (o*e!" )et*ee t&!ee o!+a" 8 le+i"latu!eA
e5e4uti,e ad @udi4ia!- 8 i" al"o ot&i+ )ut a 4o"eDue4e of (!i4i(le" of
eDualit- e"&!ied i A!ti4le 6B of t&e Co"titutio of Idia% A44o!di+l-A
)!ea4& of "e(a!atio of @udi4ial (o*e! ma- amout to e+atio of eDualit-
ude! A!ti4le 6B% Stated t&u"A a le+i"latio 4a )e i,alidated o t&e )a"i" of
)!ea4& of t&e "e(a!atio of (o*e!" "i4e "u4& )!ea4& i" e+atio of eDualit-
ude! A!ti4le 6B of t&e Co"titutio%
2i,3 T&e "u(e!io! @udi4ia!- 2Hi+& Cou!t" ad Su(!eme Cou!t3 i"
em(o*e!ed )- t&e Co"titutio to de4la!e a la* made )- t&e le+i"latu!e
2Pa!liamet ad State le+i"latu!e"3 ,oid if it i" foud to &a,e t!a"+!e""ed t&e
4o"titutioal limitatio" o! if it if!i+ed t&e !i+&t" e"&!ied i Pa!t III of t&e
Co"titutio%
2,3 T&e do4t!ie of "e(a!atio of (o*e!" a((lie" to t&e fial
@ud+met" of t&e 4ou!t"% Le+i"latu!e 4aot de4la!e a- de4i"io of a 4ou!t of
la* to )e ,oid o! of o effe4t% It 4aA &o*e,e!A (a"" a amedi+ A4t to
!emed- t&e defe4t" (oited out )- a 4ou!t of la* o! o 4omi+ to 9o* of it
aliude% I ot&e! *o!d"A a 4ou!tC" de4i"io mu"t al*a-" )id ule"" t&e
4oditio" o *&i4& it i" )a"ed a!e "o fudametall- alte!ed t&at t&e de4i"io
4ould ot &a,e )ee +i,e i t&e alte!ed 4i!4um"ta4e"%
2,i3 If t&e le+i"latu!e &a" t&e (o*e! o,e! t&e "u)@e4tFmatte! ad
4om(ete4e to ma9e a ,alidati+ la*A it 4a at a- time ma9e "u4& a
,alidati+ la* ad ma9e it !et!o"(e4ti,e% T&e ,alidit- of a ,alidati+ la*A
G!
Page 91
t&e!efo!eA de(ed" u(o *&et&e! t&e le+i"latu!e (o""e""e" t&e 4om(ete4e
*&i4& it 4laim" o,e! t&e "u)@e4tFmatte! ad *&et&e! i ma9i+ t&e ,alidatio
la* it !emo,e" t&e defe4t *&i4& t&e 4ou!t" &ad foud i t&e e5i"ti+ la*%
2,ii3 T&e la* ea4ted )- t&e le+i"latu!e ma- a((a!etl- "eem to )e
*it&i it" 4om(ete4e )ut -et i "u)"ta4e if it i" "&o* a" a attem(t to
ite!fe!e *it& t&e @udi4ial (!o4e""A "u4& la* ma- )e i,alidated )ei+ i )!ea4&
of do4t!ie of "e(a!atio of (o*e!"% I "u4& "ituatioA t&e le+al effe4t of t&e
la* o a @ud+met o! a @udi4ial (!o4eedi+ mu"t )e e5amied 4lo"el-A &a,i+
!e+a!d to le+i"lati,e (!e"4!i(tio o! di!e4tio% T&e Due"tio" to )e a"9ed a!eA
2i3 Doe" t&e le+i"lati,e (!e"4!i(tio o! le+i"lati,e di!e4tio ite!fe!e *it& t&e
@udi4ial fu4tio"L 2ii3 I" t&e le+i"latio ta!+eted at t&e de4ided 4a"e o!
*&et&e! im(u+ed la* !eDui!e" it" a((li4atio to a 4a"e al!ead- fiall-
de4idedL 2iii3 E&at a!e t&e te!m" of la*N t&e i""ue" *it& *&i4& it deal" ad t&e
atu!e of t&e @ud+met t&at &a" attaied fialit-L If t&e a"*e! to 2i3 to 2ii3 i" i
t&e affi!mati,e ad t&e 4o"ide!atio of a"(e4t" oted i Due"tio 2iii3
"uffi4ietl- e"ta)li"&e" t&at t&e im(u+ed la* ite!fe!e" *it& t&e @udi4ial
fu4tio"A t&e Cou!t ma- de4la!e t&e la* u4o"titutioal%
Analysis of te Mullaperiyar 2nvironmental =rote%tion "orum 0udgment
&#006 0udgment'
6..% I li+&t of t&e a)o,e 4o"titutioal (!i4i(le" !elati+ to "e(a!atio
of (o*e!" )et*ee le+i"latu!eA e5e4uti,e ad @udi4ia!-A *e "&all o* e5amie
t&e 4o"titutioal ,alidit- of t&e .001 2Amedmet3 A4t i it" a((li4atio to ad
G1
Page 92
effe4t o t&e Mulla(e!i-a! dam% Fo! de4idi+ t&i" Due"tioA it i" a((!o(!iate to
fi!"t !efe! to t&e de4i"io of t&i" Cou!t i Mullaperiyar Environmental Protection
Forum
1
at "ome le+t&% T&at de4i"io *a" !ede!ed )- t&i" Cou!t i a *!it
(etitio filed )- Mulla(e!i-a! E,i!omet P!ote4tio Fo!um ude! A!ti4le 7. of
t&e Co"titutio of Idia ad fe* t!a"fe!!ed 4a"e"% I t&at 4a"eA t&e
(etitioe!C" 4laim *a" t&at *ate! le,el i t&e !e"e!,oi! 4aot )e !ai"ed f!om it"
(!e"et le,el of 671 ft% T&at *a" t&e "tad of #e!ala a" *ell% A44o!di+ to
#e!alaA t&e life of Mulla(e!i-a! dam *a" fift- -ea!" f!om t&e date of
4o"t!u4tio )ut it &ad al!ead- 4om(leted mo!e t&a &ud!ed -ea!" ad it &ad
"e!,ed it" u"eful life% I #e!alaR" ,ie*A it *a" da+e!ou" to allo* !ai"i+ of
*ate! le,el" )e-od 671 ft% ad "e!iou" 4o"eDue4e" 4ould e"ue !e"ulti+
i *i(i+ out of t&!ee ad@oii+ di"t!i4t" 4om(letel-% O t&e ot&e! &adA Tamil
Nadu "et u( t&e 4a"e t&at a" (e! t&e !e(o!t of t&e E5(e!t Committee
4o"tituted )- t&i" Cou!tA t&e *ate! le,el 4ould )e !ai"ed u(to 6B. ft% a" a
ite!im mea"u!e ad o ta9i+ 4e!tai "te(" ad afte! e5e4utio of t&e
"t!e+t&ei+ mea"u!e i !e"(e4t of )a)- damA ea!t&e )ud ad o
4om(letio of !emaii+ (o!tioA *ate! le,el 4ould )e allo*ed to )e !e"to!ed at
FRL of 6>. ft% Tamil Nadu "ou+&t "(e4ifi4 di!e4tio fo! !ai"i+ *ate! le,el to
6B. ft% ad afte! "t!e+t&ei+A to it" full le,el of 6>. ft%
6..%6% T&e Cou!t oted t&e follo*i+ te!m" of !efe!e4e ad t&e ta"9
+i,e to t&e E5(e!t CommitteeJ
<2a3 To "tud- t&e "afet- of Mulla(e!i-a! dam lo4ated o Pe!i-a! !i,e! i
#e!ala *it& !e"(e4t to t&e "t!e+t&ei+ of dam 4a!!ied out )- t&e
G
Page 93
Go,e!met of Tamil Nadu i a44o!da4e *it& t&e "t!e+t&ei+
mea"u!e" "u++e"ted )- CEC ad to !e(o!tGad,i"e t&e HoC)le
Mii"te! of Eate! Re"ou!4e" o t&e "afet- of t&e dam%
2)3 To ad,i"e t&e HoC)le Mii"te! of Eate! Re"ou!4e" !e+a!di+
!ai"i+ of *ate! le,el i Mulla(e!i-a! !e"e!,oi! )e-od 671 ft 2B6%B> m3
a" a !e"ult of "t!e+t&ei+ of t&e dam ad it" "afet- a" at 2a3 a)o,e%
T&e Committee *ill ,i"it t&e dam to &a,e fi!"tF&ad ifo!matio ad to
a""e"" t&e "afet- a"(e4t" of t&e dam% It *ill &old di"4u""io" *it& t&e
Se4!eta!-A I!!i+atio of t&e #e!ala Go,e!met a" *ell a" Se4!eta!-A
PEDA Go,e!met of Tamil Nadu *it& !e"(e4t to "afet- of t&e dam
ad ot&e! !elated i""ue"%=
6..%.% T&e t&e Cou!t ad,e!ted to t&e !e4ommedatio" of t&e E5(e!t
Committee a" follo*"J
<6% T&e "t!e+t&ei+ mea"u!e" (e!taii+ to )a)- dam ad t&e
ea!t&e )udA a" al!ead- "u++e"ted )- CEC ad fo!mulated )- t&e
Go,e!met of Tamil NaduA "&ould )e 4a!!ied out at t&e ea!lie"t%
.% T&e Go,e!met of #e!ala "&ould allo* t&e e5e4utio of
"t!e+t&ei+ mea"u!e" of )a)- damA ea!t&e )ud ad t&e !emaii+
(o!tio of a)out .0 m of (a!a(et *all o t&e mai Mulla(e!i-a! dam u(
to EL 610 ft% 2B;%// m3 immediatel-%
7% CEC *ill fiali"e t&e i"t!umetatio fo! i"tallatio at t&e mai
dam% I additioA i"t!umet" *ill )e i"talled du!i+ "t!e+t&ei+ of
)a)- damA i4ludi+ t&e ea!t&e )udA "o t&at moito!i+ of t&e &ealt&
of Mulla(e!i-a! damA )a)- dam ad ea!t&e )ud 4a )e doe o a
4otiuou" )a"i"%
B% T&e *ate! le,el i t&e Mulla(e!i-a! !e"e!,oi! )e !ai"ed to a le,el
*&e!e t&e te"ile "t!e"" i t&e )a)- dam doe" ot e54eed .%;> tGm
.
2a" "u++e"ted )- S&!i Pa!ame"*a!a Nai!A #e!ala !e(!e"etati,e3
e"(e4iall- i 4oditio E 2full !e"e!,oi! le,el *it& ea!t&Dua9e3 a" (e!
?IS Code IS 1>6.F6:;B *it& a&U 0%6. + ad aal-"i" a" (e! 4lau"e"
7%B%.%7 ad /%7%6 of ?IS Code 6;:7F6:;B%
>% T&e 4ommittee mem)e!" di"4u""ed t&e i""ue of !ai"i+ of *ate!
le,el a)o,e EL 671%00 ft 2B6%B> m3 afte! "tud-i+ t&e aal-"i" of "afet-
of )a)- dam% P!of% A% Mo&aa9!i"&aA Mem)e! of Tamil Nadu
Go,e!metA o(ied i t&e li+&t of (a!a B t&at t&e *ate! le,el "&ould
)e !ai"ed u( to at lea"t EL 6B7%00 ft 2B7%>: m3 a" t&e te"ile "t!e""e"
a!e *it&i t&e (e!mi""i)le limit"% S&!i M%#% Pa!ame"*a!a Nai!A
Mem)e! of #e!ala Go,e!met did ot a+!ee to !ai"e t&e *ate! le,el
a)o,e EL 671%00 ft 2B6%B> m3% Ho*e,e!A t&e Committee afte! detailed
G$
Page 94
deli)e!atio"A &a" o(ied t&at t&e *ate! le,el i t&e Mulla(e!i-a!
!e"e!,oi! )e !ai"ed to EL 6B.%00 ft 2B7%.; m3 *&i4& *ill ot eda+e!
t&e "afet- of t&e mai damA i4ludi+ "(ill*a-A )a)- dam ad ea!t&e
)ud% T&e a)"t!a4t" of t&e 4al4ulatio" fo! "t!e"" aal-"i" a!e
e4lo"ed a" Ae5u!e MIM%
1% T&i" !ai"i+ of !e"e!,oi! le,el u( to a le,el *&e!e t&e te"ile "t!e""
doe" ot e54eed .%;> tGm
.
du!i+ t&e ea!t&Dua9e 4oditio i" a
ite!im mea"u!e ad fu!t&e! !ai"i+ of *ate! le,el to t&e FRL EL
6>.%00 ft 2B1%77 m3 2o!i+ial de"i+ FRL of t&e Mulla(e!i-a! !e"e!,oi!3
)e "tudied afte! t&e "t!e+t&ei+ mea"u!e" o )a)- dam a!e 4a!!ied
out ad 4om(leted%=
6..%7 T&e Cou!t f!amed t&e follo*i+ fi,e Due"tio" fo! 4o"ide!atioJ
<6% E&et&e! Se4tio 60; of t&e State" Reo!+ai"atio A4tA 6:>1 i"
u4o"titutioalL
.% E&et&e! t&e @u!i"di4tio of t&i" Cou!t i" )a!!ed i ,ie* of A!ti4le .1.
!ead *it& Se4tio 66 of t&e Ite!FState Eate! Di"(ute" A4tA 6:>1L
7% E&et&e! A!ti4le 717 of t&e Co"titutio )a!" t&e @u!i"di4tio of t&i"
Cou!tL
B% E&et&e! di"(ute" a!e lia)le to )e !efe!!ed to a!)it!atioL
>% E&et&e! t&e !ai"i+ of *ate! le,el of t&e !e"e!,oi! f!om 671 ft to 6B.
ft *ould !e"ult i @eo(a!di"i+ t&e "afet- of t&e (eo(le ad al"o
de+!adatio of t&e e,i!ometL=
6..%B E&ile deali+ *it& Due"tio No% 6A t&e Cou!tA inter aliaA &eld t&at
la* ma9i+ (o*e! ude! A!ti4le" 7 ad B of t&e Co"titutio *a" (a!amout
ad it *a" eit&e! "u)@e4ted to o! fette!ed )- A!ti4le .B1 ad Li"t" II ad III of
t&e Se,et& S4&edule% T&e Cou!t al"o &eld t&at (o*e! of Pa!liamet to ma9e
la* ude! A!ti4le" 7 ad B *a" (lea!- ad t!a,e!"e" o,e! all le+i"lati,e
"u)@e4t" a" a!e e4e""a!- fo! effe4tuati+ a (!o(e! !eo!+ai'atio of t&e
"tate"% A44o!di+l-A t&e Cou!t foud o me!it i 4&alle+e to t&e ,alidit- of
Se4tio 60; of t&e State" Reo!+ai"atio A4tA 6:>1%
G'
Page 95
6..%> Deali+ *it& Due"tio No% .A t&e Cou!t oted t&at t&e di"(ute
!elati+ to !ai"i+ t&e *ate! le,el i t&e Mulla(e!i-a! dam *a" ot a *ate!
di"(ute "i4e t&e !i+&t of Tamil Nadu to di,e!t *ate! f!om Pe!i-a! !e"e!,oi! to
Tamil Nadu fo! ite+!ated (u!(o"e of i!!i+atio o! to u"e t&e *ate! to +ee!ate
(o*e! o! fo! ot&e! u"e" *a" ot i di"(ute% It *a" o)"e!,ed t&at t&e!e *a" o
di"(ute a)out t&e lea"e +!ated to Tamil Nadu i 6;;1 o! a)out
"u((lemeta!- a+!eemet" of 6:/0 ad t&at till 6:/: t&e!e *a" o di"(ute
*it& !e+a!d to *ate! le,el at all% I 6:/:A t&e *ate! le,el *a" )!ou+&t do* to
671 ft% to fa4ilitate Tamil Nadu to 4a!!- out 4e!tai "t!e+t&ei+ mea"u!e"
"u++e"ted )- t&e CEC% T&e Cou!tA t&u"A &eld t&at "afet- of t&e dam o
i4!ea"e of *ate! le,el to 6B. ft% *a" ot t&e i""ue &it )- A!ti4le .1. of t&e
Co"titutio o! t&e Ite!FState Ri,e! Eate! Di"(ute" A4tA 6:>1%
6..%1 Eit& !e+a!d to Due"tio No% 7A t&e Cou!t &eld t&at t&e!e *a" o
Due"tio of t&e @u!i"di4tio of t&i" Cou!t )ei+ )a!!ed a" A!ti4le 717 &a" o
a((li4atio to a a+!eemet "u4& a" 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet *&i4& i" a
o!dia!- a+!eemet of lea"e ad i" ot a (oliti4al a!!a+emet%
6..%/ O Due"tio No% BA t&e Cou!t o)"e!,ed t&at (!e"et di"(ute *a"
ot a)out t&e !i+&t"A (o*e!" ad o)li+atio" o! ite!(!etatio of a- (a!t of t&e
a+!eemet )ut t&e 4ot!o,e!"- *a" 4ofied to *&et&e! *ate! le,el i t&e
!e"e!,oi! 4ould )e i4!ea"ed to 6B. ft% fo! *&i4& t&e!e *a" al!ead- a !e(o!t )-
a E5(e!t Committee%
G)
Page 96
6..%; Fo! 4o"ide!atio of Due"tio No% >A t&e Cou!t 4a!efull- !efe!!ed to
t&e !e(o!t of t&e E5(e!t Committee *it& !e+a!d to "afet- of t&e dam o *ate!
le,el )ei+ !ai"ed to 6B. ft% I (a!a 70 of t&e @ud+metA t&i" Cou!t &eld a"
ude!J
<70% Re+a!di+ t&e i""ue a" to t&e "afet- of t&e dam o *ate! le,el
)ei+ !ai"ed to 6B. ft f!om t&e (!e"et le,el of 671 ftA t&e ,a!iou"
!e(o!t" &a,e e5amied t&e "afet- a+le iFde(t& i4ludi+ t&e
,ie*(oit of ea!t&Dua9e !e"i"ta4e% T&e a((!e&e"io" &a,e )ee
foud to )e )a"ele""% I fa4tA t&e !e(o!t" "u++e"t a o)"t!u4tioi"t
attitude o t&e (a!t of t&e State of #e!ala% T&e E5(e!t Committee *a"
4om(!i"ed of ide(edet offi4e!"% Sei"mi4 fo!4e" a" (e! t&e
(!o,i"io" *e!e ta9e ito a44out ad "t!u4tu!al de"i+" made
a44o!di+l- *&ile 4a!!-i+ out "t!e+t&ei+ mea"u!e"% T&e fial
!e(o!t of t&e Committee "et u( )- t&e Mii"t!- of Eate! Re"ou!4e"A
Go,e!met of Idia to "tud- t&e *ate! "afet- a"(e4t of t&e dam ad
!ai"i+ t&e *ate! le,el &a" e5amied t&e matte! i detail% T&e
C&ai!ma of t&e Committee *a" a Mem)e! 2D$R3 of t&e Cet!al Eate!
Commi""ioA t*o C&ief E+iee!" of t&e Cet!al Eate! Commi""ioA
Di!e4to!A Dam Safet-A Go,e!met of Mad&-a P!ade"& ad !eti!ed
E+iee!FiFC&iefA U%P% )e"ide" t*o !e(!e"etati,e" of t&e
Go,e!met" of Tamil Nadu ad #e!alaA *e!e mem)e!" of t&e
Committee% All a((eded t&ei! "i+atu!e" e54e(t t&e !e(!e"etati,e of
t&e #e!ala Go,e!met% T&e "umma!- of t&e !e"ult" of "ta)ilit-
aal-"i" of Mulla(e!i-a! )a)- dam 4otai" a ote *&i4& "&o*" t&at
t&e (e!mi""i)le te"ile "t!e+t& *a" ma"o!- a" (e! t&e "(e4ifi4atio"
metioed t&e!ei )a"ed o te"t 4odu4ted )- CSMRSA Del&i o t&e
time ad a+!eed )- all 4ommittee mem)e!" i4ludi+ t&e #e!ala
!e(!e"etati,e i t&e meeti+ of t&e Committee &eld o :G60F.F.006% It
al"o "&o*" t&e ,a!iou" "t!e+t&ei+ mea"u!e" "u++e"ted )- CEC
&a,i+ )ee 4om(leted )- t&e Tamil Nadu PED o t&e dam i4ludi+
(!o,idi+ of RCC )a49i+ to t&e dam% T&e !e(o!t al"o "u++e"t" t&at
t&e (a!a(et *all of )a)- dam ad mai dam &a,e )ee !ai"ed to 610 ft
2B;%// m3 e54e(t fo! a .0 m "t!et4& o t&e mai dam due to deial of
(e!mi""io )- t&e Go,e!met of #e!ala% Some ot&e! *o!9" a" "tated
t&e!ei *e!e ot allo*ed to )e 4a!!ied o )- t&e State of #e!ala% T&e
!e(o!t of CEC afte! i"(e4tio of t&e mai damA t&e +alle!ie"A )a)-
damA ea!t&e )ud ad "(ill*a-A 4o4lude" t&at t&e dam i" "afe ad
o e54e""i,e "ee(a+e i" "ee ad t&at Mulla(e!i-a! dam &a" )ee
!e4etl- "t!e+t&eed% T&e!e a!e o ,i"i)le 4!a49" t&at &a,e o44u!!ed
i t&e )od- of t&e dam ad "ee(a+e mea"u!emet" idi4ate o 4!a49"
i t&e u("t!eam "ide of t&e dam% Ou! attetio &a" al"o )ee d!a* to
,a!iou" do4umet" ad d!a*i+" i4ludi+ 4!o""F"e4tio" of t&e
G"
Page 97
Pe!i-a! dam to demo"t!ate t&e "t!e+t&ei+ mea"u!e"% Fu!t&e!A it i"
(e!tiet to ote t&at t&e dam immediatel- i lie afte! Mulla(e!i-a!
dam i" Idu99i dam% It i" t&e 4a"e of t&e State of #e!ala t&at de"(ite t&e
<4o(iou" !ai=A t&e Idu99i !e"e!,oi! i" ot filled to it" 4a(a4it-A *&ile t&e
4a(a4it- of t&e !e"e!,oi! i" /0%>00 TMCA it *a" filled ol- to t&e e5tet
of >/%71> TMC% T&i" al"o "&o*" t&at a""umi+ t&e *o!"t &a((e"A
mo!e t&a 66 TMC *ate! *ould )e ta9e )- Idu99i dam% T&e De(ut-
Di!e4to!A Dam Safet-A Moito!i+ Di!e4to!ateA Cet!al Eate!
Commi""ioA Mii"t!- of Eate! Re"ou!4e" i t&e affida,it of A(!il .00B
&a"A ite! aliaA "tated t&at du!i+ t&e !e4et ea!t&Dua9e metioed )-
t&e #e!ala Go,e!met i it" affida,itA o dama+e to t&e dam *a"
!e(o!ted )- CEC offi4e!" *&o i"(e4ted t&e dam% T&e e5(e!t" &a,i+
!e(o!ted a)out t&e "afet- of t&e dam ad t&e #e!ala Go,e!met
&a,i+ ado(ted a o)"t!u4tioi"t a((!oa4&A 4aot o* )e (e!mitted
to ta9e "&elte! ude! t&e (lea t&at t&e"e a!e di"(uted Due"tio" of
fa4t% T&e!e i" o !e(o!t to "u++e"t t&at t&e "afet- of t&e dam *ould )e
@eo(a!di"ed if t&e *ate! le,el i" !ai"ed fo! t&e (!e"et to 6B. ft% T&e
!e(o!t i" to t&e 4ot!a!-%=
2em(&a"i" "u((lied )- u"3
6..%: I ,ie* of t&e a)o,e 4o"ide!atioA t&i" Cou!t !e"t!aied #e!ala
ad it" offi4e!" f!om 4au"i+ a- o)"t!u4tio f!om 4a!!-i+ out fu!t&e!
"t!e+t&ei+ mea"u!e" )- Tamil Nadu a" "u++e"ted )- CEC ad Tamil
Nadu *a" (e!mitted to i4!ea"e *ate! le,el of Mulla(e!i-a! dam to 6B. ft%
6..%60% T&e @ud+met i Mullaperiyar Environmental Protection Forum
6
*a" (!oou4ed o ./%0.%.001%
6.7% O 6BG6>%07%.001A a "(e4ial "e""io of t&e #e!ala Le+i"lati,e
A""em)l- *a" 4o,eed ad a ?ill *a" it!odu4ed to amed t&e .007 A4tA
*&i4& *a" (a""ed o 6>%07%.001% O 6;%07%.001A t&e ?ill !e4ei,ed t&e a""et
of t&e Go,e!o! ad )e4ame a ea4tmet *it& effe4t f!om t&at da-%
6.B% It i"A t&u"A "ee t&at oe of t&e i""ue" t&at di!e4tl- fell fo!
4o"ide!atio )efo!e t&i" Cou!t i Mullaperiyar Environmental Protection
G8
Page 98
Forum
6
*a" *&et&e! t&e !ai"i+ of *ate! le,el of t&e !e"e!,oi! f!om 671 ft% to
6B. ft% *ould !e"ult i @eo(a!di"i+ t&e "afet- of t&e (eo(leL F!om t&e ,a!iou"
!e(o!t" i4ludi+ t&e !e(o!t of t&e E5(e!t CommitteeA t&e Cou!t &eld t&at
a((!e&e"io" 2*i(i+ out of t&!ee di"t!i4t"3 of #e!ala *e!e foud to )e
)a"ele"" i t&e"e !e(o!t" ad t&e!e *a" ot&i+ to "u++e"t t&at t&e "afet- of
dam *ould )e @eo(a!di"ed if t&e *ate! le,el *a" !ai"ed to 6B. ft% T&e
@ud+met !e4o!d" t&e fidi+ !e+a!di+ t&e "afet- of t&e dam o *ate! le,el
)ei+ !ai"ed to 6B. ft% f!om t&e (!e"et le,el of 671 ft%A i t&e"e *o!d"J <t&e
,a!iou" !e(o!t" &a,e e5amied t&e "afet- a+le iFde(t& i4ludi+ t&e
,ie*(oit of ea!t&Dua9e !e"i"ta4e% T&e a((!e&e"io" &a,e )ee foud to
)e )a"ele""%= adA <T&e !e(o!t of CEC afte! i"(e4tio of mai damA t&e
+alle!ie"A )a)- damA ea!t&e )ud ad "(ill*a-A 4o4lude" t&at t&e dam i"
"afe % %=
6.>% Fo! t&e"e !ea"o"A ad ot&e!" 4otaied i t&e @ud+metA t&i"
Cou!t !ea4&ed to t&e fi!m 4o4lu"io t&at !ai"i+ t&e *ate! le,el f!om 671 ft% to
6B. ft% *ould ot @eo(a!di"e t&e "afet- of t&e dam i a- mae!%
Co"eDuetl-A t&i" Cou!t !e"t!aied #e!ala ad it" offi4e!" f!om 4au"i+ a-
o)"t!u4tio f!om 4a!!-i+ out fu!t&e! "t!e+t&ei+ mea"u!e" )- Tamil Nadu
a" "u++e"ted )- CEC ad Tamil Nadu *a" (e!mitted to i4!ea"e *ate! le,el
of Mulla(e!i-a! dam to 6B. ft%
6.1% T&e de4i"io of t&i" Cou!t o ./%0.%.001 i t&e Mullaperiyar
Environmental Protection Forum
6
4a"e *a" t&e !e"ult of @udi4ial i,e"ti+atioA
fouded u(o fa4t" a"4e!taied i t&e 4ou!"e of &ea!i+% It *a" "t!i4tl- a
GF
Page 99
@udi4ial Due"tio% T&e 4laim of t&e State of #e!ala *a" t&at *ate! le,el 4aot
)e !ai"ed f!om it" (!e"et le,el of 671 ft% O t&e ot&e! &adA Tamil Nadu
"ou+&t di!e4tio fo! !ai"i+ t&e *ate! le,el to 6B. ft% adA afte! "t!e+t&ei+A
to it" full le,el of 6>. ft% T&e o)"t!u4tio )- #e!ala to t&e *ate! le,el i t&e
Mulla(e!i-a! dam )ei+ !ai"ed to 6B. ft% o t&e +!oud of "afet- *a" foud
utea)leA adA i it" @ud+metA t&i" Cou!t "o (!oou4ed%
9eter #006 &Amendment' A%t in its appli%ation to Mullaperiyar dam
amounts to usurpation of @udi%ial po3er
6./% T&e Due"tio o* i"J Doe" t&e im(u+ed le+i"latio amout to
u"u!(atio of @udi4ial (o*e! ad *&et&e! it i" ,iolati,e of t&e !ule of la*L
6.;% A" oted i t&e ea!lie! (a!t of t&e @ud+metA t&e .007 A4t *a"
ea4ted to 4o"olidate ad amed t&e la*" !elati+ to 4o"t!u4tio of i!!i+atio
*o!9"A 4o"e!,atio ad di"t!i)utio of *ate! fo! t&e (u!(o"e of i!!i+atio i t&e
State of #e!ala ad ot&e! i4idetal matte!"% Se4tio .2)3 defie" <Aut&o!it-=
*&i4& mea" t&e #e!ala Dam Safet- Aut&o!it- 4o"tituted ude! Se4tio >/%
Se4tio .293 defie" <di"t!i)uto!- "-"tem= *&i4& mea" ad i4lude"A inter aliaA
all *o!9"A "t!u4tu!e" ad a((lia4e" 4oe4ted *it& t&e di"t!i)utio of *ate! fo!
i!!i+atio% Se4tio .2*3 defie" <i!!i+atio *o!9= *&i4&A inter aliaA i4lude" all
!e"e!,oi!" *&i4& ma- )e u"ed fo! t&e "u((l-A 4olle4tioA "to!a+e o! !etetio of
*ate! fo! a+!i4ultu!al (u!(o"e" ad !e"e!,oi!" i"talled to "u((l- *ate!% Se4tio
.2aD3 defie" <*ate! 4ou!"e= *&i4& mea" a !i,e!A "t!eamA "(!i+"A 4&aelA
la9e o! a- atu!al 4olle4tio of *ate! ot&e! t&a i a (!i,ate lad ad i4lude"
GG
Page 100
a- t!i)uta!- o! )!a4& of a- !i,e!A "t!eamA "(!i+" o! 4&ael% Se4tio 7 "ta!t"
*it& non obstante 4lau"e ad (!o,ide" t&at all *ate! 4ou!"e" ad all *ate! i
"u4& *ate! 4ou!"e" i t&e State "&all )e t&e (!o(e!t- of t&e Go,e!met
2Go,e!met of #e!ala3A ad t&e Go,e!met "&all )e etitled to 4o"e!,e ad
!e+ulate t&e u"e of "u4& *ate! 4ou!"e" ad t&e *ate! i all t&o"e *ate! 4ou!"e"
fo! t&e (u!(o"e" of i!!i+atio ad t&e +ee!atio of ele4t!i4it- ad fo! matte!"
4oe4ted t&e!e*it& o! fo! )ot&% Se4tio B ma9e" (!o,i"io fo! !e+ulatio o
a)"t!a4tio of *ate! f!om *ate! 4ou!"e% Se4tio > (!o,ide" fo! !e+ulatio o
4o"t!u4tio of !e"e!,oi!"A ai4utA et4% Se4tio 70 deal" *it& di"t!i)utio of
*ate! to aot&e! State o! Uio Te!!ito!-% It i" (!o,ided i Se4tio 70 t&at o
*ate! f!om a *ate! 4ou!"e i t&e State "&all )e di"t!i)uted to a- ot&e! State o!
Uio Te!!ito!-A e54e(t i a44o!da4e *it& a a+!eemet )et*ee t&e State
Go,e!met ad t&e Go,e!met of "u4& ot&e! State o! t&e Uio Te!!ito!- i
te!m" of a !e"olutio to t&at effe4t (a""ed )- t&e Le+i"lati,e A""em)l- of t&e
State% Se4tio >/ (!o,ide" fo! 4o"titutio of Dam Safet- Aut&o!it- fo! t&e
(u!(o"e of "u!,eilla4eA i"(e4tio ad ad,i4e o maitea4e of dam"
"ituated *it&i t&e te!!ito!- of t&e State% Fo! t&e (u!(o"e" of t&i" "e4tio <dam=
mea" a- a!tifi4ial )a!!ie! i4ludi+ a((u!teat *o!9 4o"t!u4ted a4!o"" a
!i,e! o! t!i)uta!ie" t&e!eof *it& a ,ie* to im(oud o! di,e!t *ate! fo! i!!i+atioA
d!i9i+ *ate! "u((l- o! fo! a- ot&e! (u!(o"e% Se4tio 1. "(ell" out t&e
fu4tio" of t&e Aut&o!it-% T&i" "e4tio "a-" t&at ot*it&"tadi+ a-t&i+
4otaied i a- t!eat-A a+!eemet o! i"t!umetA t&e Dam Safet- Aut&o!it-A
inter aliaA &a" t&e fu4tio" 263 to a!!a+e fo! t&e "afet- e,aluatio of all dam"
1!!
Page 101
i t&e StateN 2.3 to ad,i4e Go,e!met to "u"(ed t&e fu4tioi+ of a- dam if
t&e (u)li4 "afet- "o demad"N 273 to e5amie t&e (!e4a!iou"e"" of a- dam i
(u)li4 ite!e"t ad to "u)mit it" !e4ommedatio" i4ludi+ de4ommi""ioi+
of dam to t&e Go,e!metN 2B3 to i"(e4t ad ad,i4e t&e Go,e!met o
ad,i"a)ilit- of !ai"i+ o! lo*e!i+ of t&e !e"e!,oi! le,el of a- dam ta9i+ ito
a44out t&e "afet- of t&e dam 4o4e!ed ad t&e e,i!ometal a"(e4t"
i,ol,edN ad 2>3 to i"(e4t ad ad,i4e t&e Go,e!met o t&e "u"taia)ilit- of
a- dam to &old t&e *ate! i t&e !e"e!,oi! t&e!eof% Su)F"e4tio 273 of Se4tio
1. (!o,ide" t&at *&e!e t&e ad,i4e o! !e4ommedatio" of t&e Aut&o!it- !elate
to a dam o*ed o! 4ot!olled )- (e!"o ot&e! t&a t&e Go,e!metA it "&all )e
la*ful fo! t&e Go,e!met to i""ue o!de!" o! di!e4tio" a" it deem" fitA !eDui!i+
a- (e!"o &a,i+ (o""e""io o! 4ot!ol of "u4& dam to ta9e "u4& mea"u!e" o!
to do "u4& t&i+" *it&i "u4& time a" ma- )e "(e4ified t&e!ei to +i,e effe4t to
t&e ad,i4e o! !e4ommedatio"A ad "u4& (e!"o "&all )e )oud to 4om(l-
*it& t&e o!de!" ad di!e4tio" i""ued )- t&e Go,e!met%
6.:% M!% Ha!i"& N% Sal,eA lea!ed "eio! 4ou"el fo! #e!ala a!+ued
t&at t&e"e (!o,i"io" *e!e ot ta9e ito 4o"ide!atio )- t&i" Cou!t i it"
@ud+met i Mullaperiyar Environmental Protection Forum
6
adA t&e!efo!eA
@ud+met of t&i" Cou!t i" per incuriam%
670% Ee a!e ot (e!"uaded )- t&i" a!+umet at all% .007 A4t *a"
eit&e! !efe!!ed to o! !elied u(o )- #e!ala at t&e time of &ea!i+ i
Mullaperiyar Environmental Protection Forum
6
% It *a" !i+&tl- "o )e4au"e .007
A4t &ad o di!e4t )ea!i+ o t&e i""ue" *&i4& *e!e ude! 4o"ide!atio%
1!1
Page 102
Se4tio 7 !efe!" to *ate! 4ou!"e" ad t&e defiitio of <*ate! 4ou!"e= i Se4tio
. 2aD3 doe" ot i4lude a dam "u4& a" Mulla(e!i-a! dam% #e!ala Dam Safet-
Aut&o!it- *a" ot i (la4e *&e t&e a!+umet" i Mullaperiyar Environmental
Protection Forum
6
*e!e 4o4luded% Ee a!e ifo!med t&at Dam Safet- Aut&o!it-
4ame to )e 4o"tituted o 6;%.%.001A i%e%A fe* da-" )efo!e t&e @ud+met *a"
(!oou4ed )- t&i" Cou!t i t&at 4a"e% Ee &a,e 4a!efull- 4o"ide!ed t&e
(!o,i"io" of ameded .007 A4t adA i ou! ,ie*A i *&ate,e! *a- .007 A4t i"
"eeA t&e!e *a" o im(edimet fo! t&i" Cou!t to 4o"ide! ad de4ide t&e
Due"tio *&et&e! !ai"i+ t&e *ate! le,el f!om 671 ft% to 6B. ft% *ould @eo(a!di'e
t&e "afet- of t&e dam% T&i" Cou!t a"*e!ed t&e Due"tio )a"ed o t&e
mate!ial" o !e4o!dA i t&e e+ati,e% T&e @ud+met of t&i" Cou!t i Mullaperiyar
Environmental Protection Forum
6
)- o "t!et4& of ima+iatio 4a )e te!med a"
per incuriam% T&e @ud+met *&oll- ad "Dua!el- )id" t&e (a!tie" i4ludi+
#e!ala%
676% T&e #e!ala le+i"latu!e ameded t&e .007 A4t )- .001
2Amedmet3 A4t% ?- t&e .001 2Amedmet3 A4tA i Se4tio .A 4lau"e" 2@a3 ad
2@)3 defii+ <4u"todia= ad <dam= *e!e i"e!ted afte! 4lau"e 2@3% Clau"e 2ala3
defii+ <"4&eduled dam= *a" al"o i"e!ted afte! 4lau"e 2al3% I "u)F"e4tio 263
of Se4tio >/ of t&e (!i4i(al A4tA t&e *o!d" <"u!,eilla4eA i"(e4tio= *e!e
"u)"tituted )- <e"u!i+ t&e "afet- ad "e4u!it-=% T&e e5(laatio i "u)F
"e4tio 2.3 of Se4tio >/ *a" deleted% Se4tio 1. of t&e (!i4i(al A4t *a"
"u)"tituted )- e* Se4tio 1.% T&e e* Se4tio 1.A inter aliaA em(o*e!" t&e
Dam Safet- Aut&o!it- *it& follo*i+ fu4tio"J
1!
Page 103
<263 555 555 555
2a3 to e,aluate t&e "afet- ad "e4u!it- of all dam" i t&e State
4o"ide!i+ amo+ ot&e! fa4to!"A t&e a+e of t&e "t!u4tu!e"A +eolo+i4al
ad "ei"mi4 fa4to!"A de+ee!atio o! de+!adatio 4au"ed o,e! time o!
ot&e!*i"eN
2)3 to 2d3 555 555 555
2e3 to di!e4t t&e 4u"todia to "u"(ed t&e fu4tioi+ of a- damA to
de4ommi""io a- dam o! !e"t!i4t t&e fu4tioi+ of a- dam if (u)li4
"afet- o! t&!eat to &uma life o! (!o(e!t- "o !eDui!e"N
2f3 to ad,i"e t&e Go,e!metA 4u"todiaA o! ot&e! a+e4ie" a)out
(oli4ie" ad (!o4edu!e" to )e follo*ed i "ite i,e"ti+atioA de"i+A
4o"t!u4tioA o(e!atio ad maitea4e of dam"N
2+3 to 4odu4t "tudie"A i"(e4t ad ad,i"e t&e 4u"todia o! a- ot&e!
a+e4- o t&e ad,i"a)ilit- of !ai"i+ o! lo*e!i+ of t&e ma5imum *ate!
le,el o! full !e"e!,oi! le,el of a- damA ot )ei+ a "4&eduled damA
ta9i+ ito a44out t&e "afet- of t&e dam 4o4e!edN
2&3 to 2@3 555 555 555=
67.% T&e fu4tio" 4ofe!!ed o t&e Dam Safet- Aut&o!it- ude! e*
Se4tio 1. o,e!!ide t&e @ud+metA de4!ee o! o!de! of a- Cou!t o! a- t!eat-A
a+!eemetA 4ot!a4tA i"t!umet o! a- ot&e! do4umet% Su)F"e4tio 273 of e*
Se4tio 1. (!o,ide" t&at *&e!e a di!e4tio i" i""ued )- t&e Dam Safet-
Aut&o!it- ude! "u)FSe4tio 263A t&e 4u"todia o! a- ot&e! a+e4- to *&om it
i" di!e4ted "&all ta9e immediate mea"u!e" *it&i t&e time f!ame "ti(ulated )-
t&e Aut&o!it- o! do o! !ef!ai f!om doi+ "u4& t&i+" *it&i "u4& time f!ame a"
ma- )e "ti(ulated ad to 4om(l- *it& t&e di!e4tio" of t&e Aut&o!it-% Afte!
Se4tio 1.A e* Se4tio" 1.A ad 1.? &a,e )ee added% T&e detail" of t&e
dam" *&i4& a!e eda+e!ed o a44out of t&ei! a+eA de+ee!atioA
de+!adatioA "t!u4tu!al o! ot&e! im(edimet" a!e "(e4ified i t&e Se4od
1!$
Page 104
S4&edule% Su)F"e4tio" 2.3 ad 273 to e* Se4tio 1.A a!e o,e!!idi+
(!o,i"io"A *&i4& !ead a" ude!J
<263 555 555 555
2.3 Not*it&"tadi+ a-t&i+ 4otaied i a- ot&e! la* o! i a-
@ud+metA de4!eeA o!de! o! di!e4tio of a- 4ou!tA o! a- t!eat-A
4ot!a4tA a+!eemetA i"t!umet o! do4umetA o Go,e!metA
4u"todia o! a- ot&e! a+e4- "&all i4!ea"eA au+metA add to o!
e5(ad t&e Full Re"e!,oi! Le,el Fi5ed o! i a- ot&e! *a- do o! omit
to do a- a4t *it& a ,ie* to i4!ea"e t&e *ate! le,el fi5ed ad "et out
i THE SECOND SCHEDULE% Su4& le,el "&all ot )e alte!ed e54e(t
i a44o!da4e *it& t&e (!o,i"io" of t&i" A4t i !e"(e4t of a-
S4&eduled dam%
273 Not*it&"tadi+ a-t&i+ 4otaied i a- ot&e! la*A o! i a-
@ud+metA de4!eeA o!de!A di!e4tio of a- 4ou!t o! a- t!eat-A 4ot!a4tA
a+!eemetA i"t!umet o! do4umetA a- Go,e!metA 4u"todia o!
a- ot&e! a+e4- itedi+ toA o! &a,i+ "e4u!ed a- !i+&t ude! a-
t!eat-A 4ot!a4tA a+!eemetA i"t!umet o! do4umet o! )- a- ot&e!
mea" to i4!ea"eA au+metA add to o! e5(adA t&e "to!a+e 4a(a4it- o!
i4!ea"e t&e Full Re"e!,oi! Le,el Fi5ed of a- S4&eduled damA "&all
ot do a- a4t o! *o!9 fo! "u4& (u!(o"e *it&out "ee9i+ (!io! 4o"et
i *!iti+ of t&e Aut&o!it- ad *it&out o)taii+ a o!de! (e!mitti+
"u4& *o!9 )- t&e Aut&o!it-%
2B3 ad 2>3 555 555 555=
677% Se4tio 1.? +i,e" (o*e!" of a Ci,il Cou!t to t&e Dam Safet-
Aut&o!it- i !e"(e4t of t&e matte!" "(e4ified t&e!ei *&ile deali+ *it&
a((li4atio" fo! 4o"et i *!iti+ fo! i4!ea"i+A au+meti+A addi+ to o!
e5(adi+ t&e "to!a+e 4a(a4it- o! t&e *ate! "(!ead a!ea o! fo! i4!ea"i+ of
Ma5imum Eate! Le,el o! Full Re"e!,oi! Le,el fi5ed fo! S4&eduled dam"%
Se4tio 1;A )a!" t&e @u!i"di4tio of Ci,il Cou!t f!om "ettli+A de4idi+ o! deali+
*it& a- Due"tio of fa4t o! to dete!mie a- matte! *&i4& ude! t&e .007 A4tA
a" ameded )- .001 2Amedmet3 A4tA i" !eDui!ed to )e "ettledA de4ided o!
1!'
Page 105
dealt *it& o! to )e dete!mied )- t&e Aut&o!it- ude! t&e A4t% I Se4od
S4&eduleA at item No%6 i" t&e "u)@e4t <Mulla(e!i-a! Dam= fo! *&i4& FRL i" fi5ed
at B6%B> mete! 2671 ft%3 f!om t&e dee(e"t (oit of t&e le,el of Pe!i-a! !i,e! at
t&e "ite of t&e mai dam%
67B% Tamil Nadu "a-" t&at .001 2Amedmet3 A4t to t&e e5tet it
a((lie" to Mulla(e!i-a! dam "ee9" to ullif- t&e @ud+met of t&i" Cou!t i
Mullaperiyar Environmental Protection Forum
6
)- de4la!i+ t&e dam to )e
eda+e!ed ad )- fi5i+ t&e &ei+&t of t&e *ate! le,el at 671 ft%N t&at It
aut&o!i'e" t&e Dam Safet- Aut&o!it- to di"!e+a!d t&e @ud+met ad to ad@ud+e
fo! it"elf *&et&e! to allo* !ai"i+ of *ate! le,el ad Se4tio 1.2632e3 aut&o!i'e"
t&e Dam Safet- Aut&o!it- to o!de! inter alia de4ommi""ioi+ of t&e dam
de"(ite t&e fidi+ of "afet- !e4o!ded )- t&i" Cou!t i t&e .001 @ud+met adA
t&u"A t&e .001 2Amedmet3 A4t i" u4o"titutioal )ei+ ,iolati,e of
"e(a!atio of (o*e!" do4t!ie ad 4o"eDuetl- !ule of la*%
67>% O t&e ot&e! &adA t&e a!+umet of M!% Ha!i"& N% Sal,eA lea!ed
"eio! 4ou"el fo! #e!alaA i" t&at t&e le+i"latu!e of e,e!- State &a" ot @u"t t&e
(o*e! )ut t&e o)li+atio to ta9e a((!o(!iate le+i"lati,e mea"u!e" to e"u!e t&e
"afet- ad "e4u!it- of it" !e"idet"% E&e!e t&e le+i"latu!e of a State i" "ati"fied
t&at t&e!e i" a eed to 4u!tail t&e u"e o! "to!a+e of a *ate! !e"e!,oi! to (!ote4t
it" 4iti'e!- ad ele4t" to ea4t le+i"latio a" a (!e4autioa!- mea"u!eA t&e
le+i"latio 4aot )e "aid to )e i e54e"" of t&e le+i"lati,e 4om(ete4e of t&e
State if it !elate" to !e"e!,oi! ad dam *it&i t&e le+i"lati+ State% #e!ala
1!)
Page 106
le+i"latu!e &a" im(o"ed (!e4autioa!- mea"u!e" )- (la4i+ (!o tem
!e"t!i4tio" o t&e "to!a+e le,el of t&e dam" metioed i t&e Se4od S4&edule
!ead *it& Se4tio 1.A2.3 of t&e .001 2Amedmet3 A4t ad t&e "aid !e"t!i4tio"
a!e )a"ed o t&e le+i"lati,e *i"dom of t&e #e!ala le+i"latu!e t&at t&e"e dam"
a!e eda+e!ed o a44out of t&ei! a+eA de+ee!atioA de+!adatioA "t!u4tu!al
o! ot&e! im(edimet"% E&ile ad@udi4ati+ u(o t&e 4o"titutioal ,alidit-A M!%
Ha!i"& Sal,e a!+ue" t&at t&e Cou!t mu"t (!o4eed o t&e (!emi"e t&at t&e
le+i"latu!e ude!"tad" ad 4o!!e4tl- a((!e4iate" t&e eed" of it" o* (eo(le
ad it" la*" a!e di!e4ted to t&e (!o)lem" made maife"t )- it" e5(e!ie4e ad
a!e )a"ed o adeDuate +!oud"%
671% M!% Ha!i"& N% Sal,eA lea!ed "eio! 4ou"el fo! #e!ala &ea,il-
!elie" u(o P(!e4autioa!- (!i4i(leC ad P(u)li4 t!u"t do4t!ieC ad a!+ue" t&at
#e!ala le+i"latu!e *a" 4om(etet to o,e!!ide t&e 4ot!a4t" ad !e+ulate "afet-
of t&e Mulla(e!i-a! dam "ituated *it&i it" te!!ito!- a4!o"" !i,e! Pe!i-a!% Hi"
"u)mi""io i" t&at t&e State a" "o,e!ei+ !etai" 4otiui+ "u(e!,i"o!- 4ot!ol
o,e! a,i+a)le *ate!" ad ude!l-i+ )ed"% It i" &i" "u)mi""io t&at t&e State
&a" a dut- of P4otiui+ "u(e!,i"ioC e,e afte! "u4& !i+&t" &a,e )ee +!ated%
I t&i" !e+a!d "t!o+ !elia4e i" (la4ed )- &im o Pfi>er Animal #ealth
.5
%
67/% I Pfi>er Animal #ealth
.5
A t&e Cou!t of Fi!"t I"ta4e of Eu!o(ea
Commuitie" 2T&i!d C&am)e!3 *a" 4o4e!ed *it& t&e le+alit- ad ,alidit- of
t&e !e+ulatio" *&i4&A inter aliaA )aed (a!ti4ula! u"e of t&e "u)"ta4e i
Due"tio% Pfi'e! a!+ued t&at it *a" di!e4tl- 4o4e!ed )- t&e 4ote"ted
1!"
Page 107
!e+ulatio a" it *it&d!a*" aut&o!i'atio of Vi!+iiam-4i% T&e 4ou"el fo! t&e
Eu!o(ea Uio a!+ued t&at t&e !e+ulatio" *e!e ea4ted to +ee!al
a((li4atio *&i4& *a" a((li4a)le to o)@e4ti,el- dete!mied "ituatio" ad t&at
t&e- )a t&e (a!ti4ula! u"e of t&e "u)"ta4e i Due"tioA *&et&e! t&e- a!e
ma!9eted )- Pfi'e! o! )- a- oe el"e ude! a diffe!et ame% T&e Cou!t
o)"e!,ed t&at fo! t&e (u!(o"e of ta9i+ (!e,eti,e a4tioA to *ait fo! t&e
ad,e!"e effe4t" of t&e u"e of t&e (!odu4t" *a" ot !eDui!ed%
67;% Deali+ *it& (!e4autioa!- (!i4i(leA t&e Cou!t made t&e"e
o)"e!,atio"J
<Fi!"tA it mu"t )e )o!e i mid t&atA *&e t&e (!e4autioa!- (!i4i(le
i" a((liedA t&e fa4t t&at t&e!e i" "4ietifi4 u4e!tait- ad t&at it i"
im(o""i)le to 4a!!- out a full !i"9 a""e""met i t&e time a,aila)le
doe" ot (!e,et t&e 4om(etet (u)li4 aut&o!it- f!om ta9i+ (!e,eti,e
(!ote4ti,e mea"u!e" if "u4& mea"u!e" a((ea! e""etialA !e+a!d )ei+
&ad to t&e le,el of !i"9 to &uma &ealt& *&i4& t&e (u)li4 aut&o!it- &a"
de4ided i" t&e 4!iti4al t&!e"&old a)o,e *&i4& it i" e4e""a!- to ta9e
(!e,eti,e mea"u!e"%
%
T&e (!e4autioa!- (!i4i(le allo*" t&e 4om(etet (u)li4 aut&o!it- to
ta9eA o a (!o,i"ioal )a"i"A (!e,eti,e (!ote4ti,e mea"u!e" o *&at
i" a" -et a i4om(lete "4ietifi4 )a"i"A (edi+ t&e a,aila)ilit- of
additioal "4ietifi4 e,ide4e%

It i" ot fo! t&e Cou!t to a""e"" t&e me!it" of eit&e! of t&e "4ietifi4
(oit" of ,ie* a!+ued )efo!e it ad to "u)"titute it" a""e""met fo! t&at
of t&e Commuit- i"titutio"A o *&i4& t&e T!eat- 4ofe!" "ole
!e"(o"i)ilit- i t&at !e+a!d%
%%=
67:% #e!ala &a" al"o !elied u(o t&e a!ti4leA A7he Public 7rust :octrine
in the ;ater Ri*hts ,onte<tB by Roderic E% ;alston
..
% T&e aut&o! &a" 4ulled
out follo*i+ fou! (!i4i(le" of t&e Pu)li4 T!u"t do4t!ieJ
1!8
Page 108
<263 T&e "tate a" "o,e!ei+ <!etai" 4otiui+ "u(e!,i"o!- 4ot!ol=
o,e! a,i+a)le *ate!" ad ude!l-i+ )ed"N
2.3 T&e le+i"latu!eA eit&e! di!e4tl- o! t&!ou+& t&e *ate! !i+&t"
a+e4-A &a" t&e !i+&t to +!at u"uf!u4tua!- *ate! !i+&t" e,e t&ou+&
"u4& !i+&t" *ill <ot (!omoteA ad ma- ua,oida)l- &a!mA t&e t!u"t
u"e" at t&e "ou!4e" "t!eamN=
273 T&e "tate &a" t&e <affi!mati,e dut-= to ta9e t&e (u)li4 t!u"t ito
a44out i (lai+ ad allo4ati+ *ate! !e"ou!4e"N ad
2B3 T&e "tate &a" a <dut- of 4otiui+ "u(e!,i"io= o,e! *ate!
!i+&t" e,e afte! "u4& !i+&t" &a,e )ee +!ated%=
67:%6 Pu)li4 t!u"t do4t!ieA Rode!i49 E% Eal"to "a-"A i" !e+a!ded )-
"ome a" a e5e!4i"e of "o,e!ei+ "tate !e+ulato!-A aalo+ou" to t&e (oli4e
(o*e!%
6B0% I ou! o(iioA t&e (!i4i(le of P(u)li4 t!u"t do4t!ieC i t&e 4ote5t
of *ate! !i+&t" 4ulled out )- Rode!i49 E% Eal"to o! t&e P(!e4autioa!-
(!i4i(leC e5(laied i Pfi>er Animal #ealth
.5
4a &a!dl- )e dou)ted )ut t&e"e
(!i4i(le" &a,e o a((li4atio i t&e 4ote5t of "afet- of Mulla(e!i-a! dam o
!ai"i+ t&e *ate! le,el f!om t&e (!e"et le,el to 6B. ft%A *&i4& *a" di!e4tl- i
i""ue ad &a" )ee e5(!e""l-A 4ate+o!i4all- ad uam)i+uou"l- dete!mied )-
t&e Cou!t% T&i" Cou!t &a" foud F "u((o!ted )- t&e E5(e!t Committee Re(o!t" F
t&at t&e "afet- of t&e "u)@e4t dam i" ot at all @eo(a!di'ed if t&e *ate! le,el i"
!ai"ed f!om t&e (!e"et le,el to 6B. ft% #e!alaA *&i4& i" 4ote"ti+ (a!t-A )-
a((l-i+ P(u)li4 t!u"t do4t!ieC o! P(!e4autioa!- mea"u!eCA 4aot t&!ou+&
le+i"latio do a a4t i 4ofli4t *it& t&e @ud+met of t&e &i+&e"t Cou!t *&i4& &a"
attaied fialit-% If a le+i"latio i" foud to &a,e )!ea4&ed t&e e"ta)li"&ed
1!F
Page 109
4o"titutioal limitatio "u4& a" "e(a!atio of (o*e!"A it &a" to +o ad 4aot
)e allo*ed to !emai%
6B6% It i" t!ue t&at t&e StateC" "o,e!ei+ ite!e"t" (!o,ide t&e
foudatio of t&e (u)li4 t!u"t do4t!ie )ut t&e @udi4ial fu4tio i" al"o a ,e!-
im(o!tat "o,e!ei+ fu4tio of t&e State ad t&e foudatio of t&e !ule of la*%
T&e le+i"latu!e 4aot )- i,o9i+ P(u)li4 t!u"t do4t!ieC o! P(!e4autioa!-
(!i4i(leC idi!e4tl- 4ot!ol t&e a4tio of t&e Cou!t" ad di!e4tl- o! idi!e4tl- "et
a"ide t&e aut&o!itati,e ad )idi+ fidi+ of fa4t )- t&e Cou!tA (a!ti4ula!l-A i
"ituatio" *&e!e t&e e5e4uti,e )!a4& 2Go,e!met of t&e State3 *a" a (a!t- i
t&e liti+atio ad t&e fial @ud+met *a" deli,e!ed afte! &ea!i+ t&em%
6B.% .001 2Amedmet3 A4t i it" a((li4atio to ad effe4t o t&e
Mulla(e!i-a! dam "ee9" to attai t&e follo*i+J
2a3 It "u)"titute" Se4tio 1. *it& a e* (!o,i"io *&e!e)-A ot*it&"tadi+
t&e @ud+met of t&i" Cou!t ad ot*it&"tadi+ a-t&i+ 4otaied i a-
t!eat-A 4ot!a4tA 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet ad 6:/0 "u((lemetal a+!eemet"A
t&e fu4tio of e,aluatio of "afet- of t&e Mulla(e!i-a! dam ad t&e (o*e! to
i""ue di!e4tio" to Tamil Nadu a" 4u"todia a!e 4ofe!!ed u(o Dam Safet-
Aut&o!it-N
2)3 t&e Dam Safet- Aut&o!it- i" em(o*e!edA inter alia" to !e"t!i4t t&e
fu4tioi+ of Mulla(e!i-a! dam adGo! to 4odu4t "tudie" o t&e ad,i"a)ilit- of
!ai"i+ o! lo*e!i+ of t&e ma5imum *ate! le,el o! t&e full !e"e!,oi! le,elN
1!G
Page 110
243 Mulla(e!i-a! dam i" 4o"ide!ed )- #e!ala le+i"latu!e to )e eda+e!ed
ad )- ,i!tue of Se4tio 1.2A3A it ta9e" a*a- t&e !i+&t of Tamil Nadu to
i4!ea"eA e5(ad t&e FRL o! i a- mae! i4!ea"e t&e *ate! le,el a" "et out
i t&e Se4od S4&edule e54e(t i a44o!da4e *it& t&e (!o,i"io" of t&e A4tN
2d3 ude! Se4tio 1.A2B3A Tamil Nadu a" 4u"todia &a" to "u)mit a
a((li4atio to t&e Dam Safet- Aut&o!it- fo! it" (!io! 4o"et fo! t&e i4!ea"e i
t&e *ate! le,elN
2e3 it ta9e" a*a- all !i+&t" of Tamil Nadu i4ludi+ t&e !i+&t *&i4& &a"
(a""ed ito @ud+met of t&i" Cou!t to i4!ea"e t&e *ate! le,elN
2f3 t&e Dam" Safet- Aut&o!it- &a" (o*e! to o!de! deF4ommi""ioi+ of t&e
Mulla(e!i-a! dam%
6B7% T&i" Cou!t i Mullaperiyar Environmental Protection Forum
6
A afte!
&ea!i+ t&e State of #e!alaA *a" ot (e!"uaded )- #e!alaC" a!+umet t&at
Mulla(e!i-a! dam *a" u"afe o! "to!a+e of *ate! i t&at dam 4aot )e
i4!ea"ed% Rat&e!A it (e!mitted Tamil Nadu to i4!ea"e t&e (!e"et *ate! le,el
f!om 671 ft% to 6B. ft% ad !e"t!aied #e!ala f!om ite!fe!i+ i Tamil NaduC"
!i+&t i i4!ea"i+ t&e *ate! le,el i Mulla(e!i-a! dam to 6B. ft% T&u"A a
@ud+met &a" )ee +i,e )- t&i" 4ou!t i 4ote"t )et*ee t&e t*o State" i
!e"(e4t of "afet- of Mulla(e!i-a! dam fo! !ai"i+ *ate! le,el to 6B. ft% T&e
e""etial elemet of t&e @udi4ial fu4tio i" t&e de4i"io of a di"(ute a4tuall-
a!i"i+ )et*ee t&e (a!tie" ad )!ou+&t )efo!e t&e 4ou!t% Ne4e""a!il-A "u4&
de4i"io mu"t )e )idi+ u(o t&e (a!tie" ad efo!4ea)le a44o!di+ to t&e
de4i"io% A (lai ad "im(le @udi4ial de4i"io o fa4t 4aot )e alte!ed )- a
11!
Page 111
le+i"lati,e de4i"io )- em(lo-i+ do4t!ie" o! (!i4i(le" "u4& a" P(u)li4 t!u"t
do4t!ieCA P(!e4autioa!- (!i4i(leC Pla!+e! "afet- (!i4i(leC adA P4om(ete4e of
t&e State le+i"latu!e to o,e!!ide a+!eemet" )et*ee t&e t*o State"C% T&e
Co"titutioal (!i4i(le t&at t&e le+i"latu!e 4a !ede! @udi4ial de4i"io
ieffe4ti,e )- ea4ti+ ,alidati+ la* *it&i it" le+i"lati,e field fudametall-
alte!i+ o! 4&a+i+ it" 4&a!a4te! !et!o"(e4ti,el- &a" o a((li4atio *&e!e a
@udi4ial de4i"io &a" )ee !ede!ed )- !e4o!di+ a fidi+ of fa4t% Ude! t&e
(!ete4e of (o*e!A t&e le+i"latu!eA 4aot eut!ali'e t&e effe4t of t&e @ud+met
+i,e afte! a"4e!taimet of fa4t )- mea" of e,ide4eGmate!ial" (la4ed )-
t&e (a!tie" to t&e di"(ute% A de4i"io *&i4& di"(o"e" of t&e matte! )- +i,i+
fidi+" u(o t&e fa4t" i" ot o(e to 4&a+e )- le+i"latu!e% A fial @ud+metA
o4e !ede!edA o(e!ate" ad !emai" i fo!4e util alte!ed )- t&e 4ou!t i
a((!o(!iate (!o4eedi+"%
6BB% .001 2Amedmet3 A4t (lail- "ee9" to ullif- t&e @ud+met of
t&i" 4ou!t *&i4& i" 4o"titutioall- im(e!mi""i)le% Mo!eo,e!A it i" ot di"(uted
)- #e!ala t&at .001 2Amedmet3 A4t i" ot a ,alidatio ea4tmet% Si4e t&e
im(u+ed la* i" ot a ,alidati+ la*A it i" ot !eDui!ed to iDui!e *&et&e! i
ma9i+ t&e ,alidatio t&e le+i"latu!e &a" !emo,ed t&e defe4t *&i4& t&e Cou!t
&a" foud i e5i"ti+ la*% T&e .001 2Amedmet3 A4t i it" a((li4atio to ad
effe4t o Mulla(e!i-a! dam i" a le+i"latio ot&e! t&a "u)"tatiall- le+i"lati,e
a" it i" aimed at ullif-i+ t&e (!io! ad aut&o!itati,e de4i"io of t&i" Cou!t% T&e
u) of t&e if!i+emet 4o"i"t" i #e!ala le+i"lato!R" !e,i"i+ t&e fial
@ud+met of t&i" Cou!t i utte! di"!e+a!d of t&e 4o"titutioal (!i4i(le t&at t&e
111
Page 112
!e,i"io of "u4& fial @ud+met mu"t !emai e54lu"i,el- *it&i t&e di"4!etio of
t&e 4ou!t%
6B>% Se4tio 1.A de4la!e" t&e dam to )e eda+e!ed% T&e Se4od
S4&edule a((eded to t&e A4t fi5e" t&e &ei+&t of t&e *ate! le,el at 671 ft%
t&ou+& t&i" Cou!t i it" @ud+met &ad de4la!ed Mulla(e!i-a! dam "afe ad
(e!mitted t&e i4!ea"e of t&e *ate! le,el to 6B. ft% Mo!eo,e!A t&e .001
2Amedmet3 A4t aut&o!i"e" t&e Dam Safet- Aut&o!it- to ad@ud+e it"
"afet- to allo* !ai"i+ of *ate! le,el% T&e (!o,i"io i" i di!e4t di"!e+a!d of t&e
@ud+met of t&i" Cou!t% Se4tio 1.A al"o f!ee'e" all *o!9 o t&e dam allo*ed
)- t&i" Cou!t i it" @ud+met dated ./%.%.001% I ou! o(iioA )- .001
2Amedmet3 A4tA t&e #e!ala le+i"latu!e &a" o,e!tu!ed a fial @ud+met i t&e
ite!e"t of it" o* e5e4uti,e Go,e!met% T&e im(u+ed la* amout" to
!e,e!"al of t&e @ud+met of t&i" Cou!t *&i4& dete!mie" di!e4tl- t&e Due"tio of
"afet- of Mulla(e!i-a! dam fo! !ai"i+ *ate! le,el to 6B. ft% ad *&e!eude!
Tamil NaduC" le+al !i+&t &a" )ee dete!mied%
6B1% O )e&alf of #e!alaA it i" "t!euou"l- a!+ued )- M!% Ha!i"& Sal,e
t&at !i+&t to "afet- of t&e (eo(le )ei+ a (u)li4 !i+&t 4ould ot &a,e (a""ed
ito .001 @ud+met of t&i" 4ou!t% I t&i" !e+a!dA &ea,- !elia4e i" (la4ed o
t&e ma@o!it- de4i"io of t&e ;heelin* Brid*e
.8
% Fi!"tl-A (u)li4 !i+&t Dualifi4atio
i ;heelin* Brid*e
.8
&a" o a((li4atio i t&e (!e"et 4a"e a" t&e!e i" a
4!iti4al diffe!e4e )et*ee t&e (!o,i"io" im(u+ed )efo!e u" ad t&e
(!o,i"io" *&i4& *e!e im(u+ed )efo!e US Su(!eme Cou!t i ;heelin*
Brid*e
.8
% T&e (!i4i(le Due"tio )efo!e t&e US Su(!eme Cou!t i ;heelin*
11
Page 113
Brid*e
.8
*a" *&et&e! o! ot t&e 4om(a4t 4ould o(e!ate a" a !e"t!i4tio u(o
t&e (o*e! of 4ou!t" ude! t&e Co"titutio to !e+ulate 4omme!4e amo+
"e,e!al State"% I !e"(o"e to t&e a!+umet u!+ed )efo!e it t&at t&e Co+!e""
4aot &a,e t&e effe4t to aul t&e @ud+met of t&e 4ou!t al!ead- !ede!ed o!
t&e !i+&t" dete!mied t&e!e)- *a" a44e(ted a" a +ee!al (!o(o"itio )ut t&i"
(!o(o"itio *a" &eld ot a((li4a)le i t&e matte!" of ad@udi4atio u(o t&e
(u)li4 !i+&t"% I ou! ,ie*A a le+i"latio ,iolati+ t&e "e(a!atio of (o*e!"
(!i4i(le 4aot )e "a,ed )- 4a!,i+ out a e54e(tio t&at t&e le+i"latu!e &a"
!e+ulated a (u)li4 !i+&t% Ee t&i9 t&at t&e a4t of le+i"latu!e de"i+ed to
a4&ie,e a le+itimate !e+ulato!- mea"u!e doe" ot +!at 4o"titutioal
immuit- to "u4& la* ea4ted i ,iolatio of "e(a!atio of (o*e!" (!i4i(le o!
i ot&e! *o!d"A !ule of la*% O4e a @udi4ial de4i"io o a"4e!taimet of a
(a!ti4ula! fa4t a4&ie,e" fialit-A *e a!e af!aid t&e le+i"latu!e 4aot !eo(e
"u4& fial @ud+met di!e4tl- o! idi!e4tl-% I "u4& 4a"e"A t&e 4ou!t"A if )!ou+&t
)efo!e t&emA ma- !eo(e "u4& 4a"e" i e5e!4i"e of t&ei! o* di"4!etio%
6B/% I ou! ,ie*A ;heelin* Brid*e
.8
Dualifi4atio )- t&e ma@o!it-
de4i"io of U%S% Su(!eme Cou!t 4aot )e !ead to (e!mit t&e a4tual !e,i"io of
t&e fial @ud+met )- t&e le+i"latu!e% If Eheelin* Brid*e
.8
la-" do* t&e
(!o(o"itio t&at a @ud+met de4la!i+ a (u)li4 !i+&t ma- )e aulled )-
"u)"eDuet le+i"latio a" 4oteded )- M!% Ha!i"& Sal,eA t&e *e "a-A a" *e
mu"tA t&at *e a!e ot (e!"uaded to a44e(t "u4& (!o(o"itio of ma@o!it-
@ud+met i ;heelin* Brid*e
.8
% T&e t*o "e(a!ate o(iio" i ;heelin*
11$
Page 114
Brid*e
.8
oe )- M4Lea J% ad t&e ot&e! )- Ea-e J% F t&ou+& i mio!it-F
al"o did ot a44e(t "u4& (!o(o"itio%
6B;% T&e a)o,e di"4u""io mu"t al"o a"*e! t&e a!+umet of M!%
Ha!i"& Sal,e t&at !ule" of inter partes liti+atio do ot dete!mie t&e o)li+atio
of t&e State fo! "afet- of it" (eo(le% Ee do ot t&i9 it i" e4e""a!- to 4o"ide!
t&e o(iio of Eee!amat!-A J% i Go)4i9o,oFNa+-ma!o" P!o@e4t 2ICJ3 i
detail% T&e "t!e"" laid )- Eee!amat!-A J% i" t&at *&e!e i""ue of "e!iou" o!
4ata"t!o(&i4 e,i!ometal da+e! a!i"e"A t&e Cou!t mu"t loo9 )e-od inter
partes ad,e!"a!ial (!o4edu!e"%
6B:% It i" t!ue t&at "afet- of dam i" a a"(e4t *&i4& 4a 4&a+e f!om
time to time i diffe!et 4i!4um"ta4e" )ut t&e t&e 4i!4um"ta4e" &a,e to )e
"&o* )a"ed o *&i4& it )e4ome" e4e""a!- to ma9e de(a!tu!e f!om t&e
ea!lie! fidi+% It i" al*a-" o(e to a- of t&e (a!tie" to a((!oa4& t&e 4ou!t ad
a((l- fo! !eFa""e""i+ t&e "afet- a"(e4t )ut a)"et 4&a+e i 4i!4um"ta4e"A
fa4tual dete!miatio i t&e ea!lie! (!o4eedi+" e,e o t&e Due"tio" "u4& a"
"afet- of dam )id" t&e (a!tie"% If t&e 4i!4um"ta4e" &a,e 4&a+ed *&i4&
e4e""itate" a !eFloo9 o t&e a"(e4t of "afet-A t&e Cou!t it"elf ma- e5e!4i"e it"
di"4!etio to !eo(e "u4& 4a"e )ut le+i"lati,e a)!o+atio of @ud+met fo! e,e
t&e ,e!- )e"t of !ea"o" ad +euie 4o4e! fo! (u)li4 "afet- doe" ot 4lot&e
t&e le+i"latu!e to !e"4id t&e @ud+met of t&e 4ou!t )- a le+i"latio%
6>0% T&e 4otetio of M!% Ha!i"& Sal,e t&at )- de4la!i+ dam u"afeA
t&e le+i"latu!e &a" ot !ede!ed a- fidi+ of fa4tN it deem" dam u"afe ad
11'
Page 115
"et" u( a Aut&o!it- to !e+ulate itA i" oted to )e !e@e4ted% E&at &a" )ee
foud a" a fa4t )- @udi4ial dete!miatio 4aot )e de4la!ed ot&e!*i"e )-
a((l-i+ le+al fi4tio% Ee a!eA &o*e,e!A (e!"uaded to a44e(t t&e "u)mi""io
of M!% Viod ?o)deA lea!ed "eio! 4ou"el fo! Tamil Nadu t&at t&e fa4t t&at
t&e Mulla(e!i-a! dam i" "afe *a" foud )- t&i" Cou!t ad t&at fidi+ of fa4t
4a e,e! )e deemed to )e ima+ia!- )- a le+al fi4tio *&i4& t&e (!o4eed"
to deem t&e o((o"ite to )e !ealA ,i'%A t&at t&e dam i" eda+e!ed% T&i" i" ot a
matte! of le+i"lati,e (oli4- a" it i" )ei+ made out to )eA !at&e! i ou! o(iioA
it i" i4u!"io i t&e @udi4ial (!o4e"" ad fu4tio" of @udi4ial o!+a% T&e
de4la!atio i Se4tio 1.A !ead *it& item No% 6 of t&e Se4od S4&edule
lea,e" o mae! of dou)t t&at t&e ea4tmet i" iteded to !ea4& t&e
Due"tio de4ided )- t&e Cou!t%
6>6% T&e Due"tio *&et&e! o! ot t&e le+i"latu!e &a" u"u!(ed t&e
@udi4ial (o*e! o! ea4ted a la* i )!ea4& of "e(a!atio of (o*e!" (!i4i(le
*ould de(ed o fa4t" of ea4& 4a"e afte! 4o"ide!i+ t&e !eal effe4t of la* o
a @ud+met o! a @udi4ial (!o4eedi+% Oe of t&e te"t" fo! dete!mii+ *&et&e!
a @ud+met i" ullified i" to "ee *&et&e! t&e la* ad t&e @ud+met a!e
i4o"i"tet ad i!!e4o4ila)le "o t&at )ot& 4aot "tad to+et&e!% I *&at *e
&a,e al!ead- di"4u""ed a)o,eA it i" a)udatl- 4lea! t&at o t&e oe &ad
t&e!e i" a fidi+ of fa4t dete!mied )- t&i" Cou!t o &ea!i+ t&e (a!tie" o t&e
)a"i" of t&e e,ide4eGmate!ial" (la4ed o !e4o!d i t&e @ud+met of t&i" Cou!t
i Mullaperiyar Environmental Protection Forum
1
ad o t&e ot&e! i .001
11)
Page 116
2Amedmet3 A4tA t&e #e!ala le+i"latu!e &a" de4la!ed t&e dam )ei+ a
eda+e!ed oe ad fi5ed t&e *ate! le,el i t&e dam at 671 ft% If t&e @ud+met
of t&i" Cou!t i Mullaperiyar Environmental Protection Forum
1
ad t&e .001
2Amedmet3 A4t a!e (la4ed "ide )- "ide i"ofa! a" "afet- of t&e Mulla(e!i-a!
dam fo! !ai"i+ t&e *ate! le,el f!om 671 ft% to 6B. ft% i" 4o4e!edA it i" o),iou"
t&at t&e @ud+met of t&i" Cou!t ad t&e la* ea4ted )- #e!ala State le+i"latu!e
4aot "tad to+et&e! ad t&e- a!e i!!e4o4ila)le ad i4o"i"tet% T&e
im(u+ed la* i" a 4la""i4 4a"e of ullifi4atio of a @ud+met "im(li4ite!A a" i
t&e @ud+met of t&i" Cou!t t&e Due"tio of "afet- of dam *a" dete!mied o
t&e )a"i" of mate!ial" (la4ed )efo!e it ad ot o t&e ite!(!etatio of a-
e5i"ti+ la* ad t&e!e *a" o o44a"io fo! t&e le+i"latu!e to amed t&e la* )-
alte!i+ t&e )a"i" o *&i4& t&e @ud+met *a" fouded% E&e t&e im(u+ed
la* i" ot a ,alidatio la*A t&e!e i" o Due"tio of t&e le+i"latu!e !emo,i+ t&e
defe4tA a" t&e Cou!t &a" ot foud a- ,i4e i t&e e5i"ti+ la* ad de4la!ed
"u4& la* to )e )ad%
6>.% T&e!e i" -et aot&e! fa4et t&at i fede!al di"(ute"A t&e le+i"latu!e
2Pa!liamet ad State le+i"latu!e"3 4aot )e @ud+e i t&ei! o* 4au"e i t&e
4a"e of a- di"(ute *it& aot&e! State% T&e !ule of la* *&i4& i" )a"i4 featu!e
of ou! Co"titutio fo!)id" t&e Uio ad t&e State" f!om de4idi+A )- la*A a
di"(ute )et*ee t*o State" o! )et*ee t&e Uio ad oe o! mo!e State"% If
t&i" *a" (e!mitted ude! t&e Co"titutioA t&e Uio ad t&e State" *&i4&
&a,e a- di"(ute )et*ee t&em inter se *ould ea4t la* e"ta)li"&i+ it" 4laim
11"
Page 117
o! !i+&t a+ai"t t&e ot&e! ad t&at *ould lead to 4ot!adi4to!- ad
i!!e4o4ila)le la*"% T&e Co"titutio ma9e!" i o!de! to o),iate a- li9eli&ood
of 4ot!adi4to!- ad i!!e4o4ila)le la*" )ei+ ea4ted &a" (!o,ided fo!
ide(edet ad@udi4atio of fede!al di"(ute"% A!ti4le 676 of t&e Co"titutio
4ofe!" o!i+ial @u!i"di4tio u(o t&i" Cou!t i !elatio to t&e di"(ute" )et*ee
t&e Go,e!met of Idia ad oe o! mo!e State" o! )et*ee t&e Go,e!met
of Idia ad a- State o! State" o oe "ide ad oe o! mo!e State" o t&e
ot&e! o! )et*ee t*o o! mo!e State" i"ofa! a" di"(ute i,ol,e" a- Due"tio
o *&i4& t&e e5i"te4e o! e5tet of a le+al !i+&t de(ed"% T&e (!o,i"o
a((eded to A!ti4le 676 4a!,e" out a e54e(tio to t&e @u!i"di4tio of t&i"
Cou!t to a di"(ute a!i"i+ out of t!eat-A a+!eemetA 4o,eatA e+a+emetA
"aad o! ot&e! "imila! i"t!umet *&i4& &a,e )ee ete!ed ito o! e5e4uted
)efo!e t&e 4omme4emet of t&e Co"titutio ad 4otiue" i o(e!atio afte!
"u4& 4omme4emetA *&i4& a!e (oliti4al i atu!e% I !elatio to di"(ute
!elati+ to *ate!" of ite!FState !i,e! o! !i,e! ,alle-"A A!ti4le .1. (!o,ide" fo!
4!eatio of t!i)ual o! fo!um fo! t&ei! ad@udi4atio% I fede!al di"(ute"A
Pa!liamet o! State le+i"latu!e" )- la*A if "ee9 to de4ide a di"(ute )et*ee
t&e t*o State" o! )et*ee t&e Uio ad oe o! mo!e State" di!e4tl- o!
idi!e4tl-A t&e ad@udi4ato!- me4&ai"m (!o,ided i A!ti4le" 676 ad .1. of t&e
Co"titutio *ould )e !ede!ed u+ato!- adA t&e!efo!eA "u4& le+i"latio
4aot )e 4o"titutioall- 4outea4ed )ei+ ,iolati,e of "e(a!atio of
(o*e!" do4t!ie%
118
Page 118
6>7% M!% Ha!i"& Sal,eA lea!ed "eio! 4ou"el i" !i+&t i &i" "u)mi""io
t&at a le+i"latio 4a e,e! )e 4&alle+ed o t&e (!i4i(le" of res judicata ad
t&at it )id" a (a!t- ad ot t&e le+i"latu!e% T&e Due"tio &e!e i" ot t&at t&e
.001 2Amedmet3 A4t i" u4o"titutioal o t&e +!oud of res judicata )ut t&e
Due"tio i"A *&e a 4ate+o!i4al fidi+ &a" )ee !e4o!ded )- t&i" Cou!t i t&e
ea!lie! @ud+met t&at t&e dam i" "afe fo! !ai"i+ t&e *ate! le,el to 6B. ft% ad
(e!mitted t&e *ate! le,e! of t&e dam )ei+ !ai"ed to 6B. ft% ad t&at @ud+met
&a" )e4ome fial ad )idi+ )et*ee t&e (a!tie"A &a" t&e #e!ala le+i"latu!e
if!i+ed t&e "e(a!atio of (o*e!" do4t!ie i ea4ti+ "u4& la*L I *&at &a"
al!ead- )ee di"4u""ed a)o,eA t&e a"*e! to t&e Due"tio &a" to )e i t&e
affi!mati,e ad *e &old "o%
6>B% E&e!e a di"(ute )et*ee t*o State" &a" al!ead- )ee
ad@udi4ated u(o )- t&i" Cou!tA *&i4& it i" em(o*e!ed to deal *it&A a-
uilate!al la* ea4ted )- oe of t&e (a!tie" t&at !e"ult" i o,e!tu!i+ t&e fial
@ud+met i" )ad ot )e4au"e it i" affe4ted )- t&e (!i4i(le" of res judicata )ut
)e4au"e it if!i+e" t&e do4t!ie of "e(a!atio of (o*e!" ad !ule of la*A a" )-
"u4& la*A t&e le+i"latu!e &a" 4lea!l- u"u!(ed t&e @udi4ial (o*e!%
.es-@udi%ata
6>>% It i" t!ue t&at .001 @ud+met *a" !ede!ed i e5e!4i"e of t&e
@u!i"di4tio of t&i" Cou!t ude! A!ti4le 7. of t&e Co"titutio ad t&e (etitio"
*&i4& *e!e t!a"fe!!ed to t&i" Cou!t ude! A!ti4le 67:A )ut to "a- t&at "u4&
11F
Page 119
@ud+met doe" ot )id t&i" Cou!t *&ile de4idi+ t&e (!e"et "uitA *&i4&
4ofe!" e54lu"i,e @u!i"di4tio u(o itA i" ot 4o!!e4t% T&e ea!lie! de4i"io of t&i"
Cou!t )- o "t!et4& of ima+iatio 4a )e !e+a!ded a" a @ud+met !ede!ed
*it&out @u!i"di4tio% A fidi+ !e4o!ded )- t&i" Cou!t i t&e (!o4eedi+" ude!
A!ti4le 7. i" a" effe4ti,e ad fial a" i a- ot&e! (!o4eedi+"%
6>1% T&e !ule of res judicata i" ot me!el- a te4&i4al !ule )ut it i"
)a"ed o &i+& (u)li4 (oli4-% T&e !ule em)odie" a (!i4i(le of (u)li4 (oli4-A
*&i4& i tu!A i" a e""etial (a!t of t&e !ule of la*% I :uchess of =in*ston
1.
A
t&e Hou"e of Lo!d" 2i t&e o(iio of Si! Eilliam de G!e-3 &a" o)"e!,edJ
<F!om t&e ,a!iet- of 4a"e" !elati,e to @ud+met" )ei+ +i,e i e,ide4e i
4i,il "uit"A t&e"e t*o dedu4tio" "eem to follo* a" +ee!all- t!ueJ fi!"tA t&at t&e
@ud+met of a 4ou!t of 4o4u!!et @u!i"di4tioA di!e4tl- u(o t&e (oitA i" a" a
(leaA a )a!A o! a" e,ide4eA 4o4lu"i,eA )et*ee t&e "ame (a!tie"A u(o t&e
"ame matte!A di!e4tl- i Due"tio i aot&e! 4ou!tN "e4odl-A t&at t&e @ud+met
of a 4ou!t of e54lu"i,e @u!i"di4tioA di!e4tl- u(o t&e (oitA i"A i li9e mae!A
4o4lu"i,e u(o t&e "ame matte!A )et*ee t&e "ame (a!tie"A 4omi+
i4idetall- i Due"tio i aot&e! 4ou!tA fo! a diffe!et (u!(o"e%=
6>/% ,orpus 4uris e5(lai" t&at res judicata i" a !ule of ui,e!"al la*
(e!,adi+ e,e!- *ellF!e+ulated "-"tem of @u!i"(!ude4eA ad i" (ut u(o t*o
+!oud"A em)odied i ,a!iou" ma5im" of t&e 4ommo la*N t&e oeA (u)li4
(oli4- ad e4e""it-A *&i4& ma9e" it to t&e ite!e"t of t&e State t&at t&e!e
"
7uc+ess of 6in5ston; %mit+ Dead &as 1$ Ed. Pp. "''/ "').
11G
Page 120
"&ould )e a ed to liti+atioN ad t&e ot&e!A t&e &a!d"&i( o t&e idi,idual t&at
&e "&ould )e ,e5ed t*i4e fo! t&e "ame 4au"e%
6>;% I Sheoparsan Sin*h
17
A Si! La*!e4e Je9i" oted t&e "tatemet
of la* de4la!ed )- Lo!d Co9eA Pinterest reipublica ut sit finis litiumAC ot&e!*i"e
+!eat o((!e""io mi+&t )e doe ude! 4olou! ad (!ete4e of la*% 8 21 Co9eA
:
A
%3
6>:% I :aryao
1B
A P%?% Ga@ed!a+ad9a!A J% *&ile e5(laii+ t&e !ule of
res judicata "tated t&at o +ee!al 4o"ide!atio" of (u)li4 (oli4- t&e!e "eem"
to )e o !ea"o *&- !ule of res judicata "&ould )e t!eated a" iadmi""i)le o!
i!!ele,at *&ile deali+ *it& t&e (etitio" filed ude! A!ti4le 7. of t&e
Co"titutio% P%?% Ga@ed!a+ad9a!A J% !efe!!ed to ea!lie! de4i"io of t&i" Cou!t
i M%S%M% Sharma
1>
*&e!ei t&e a((li4atio of t&e !ule of res judicata to a
(etitio filed ude! A!ti4le 7. *a" 4o"ide!ed ad it *a" o)"e!,ed t&at t&e
Due"tio dete!mied )- t&e (!e,iou" de4i"io of t&i" Cou!t 4aot )e
!eo(eed ad mu"t +o,e! t&e !i+&t" ad o)li+atio" of t&e (a!tie" *&i4& a!e
"u)"eDuetl- t&e "ame%
610% I ?ulab ,hand ,hhotalal Parih
11
A t&i" Cou!t "tated t&at a
de4i"io i a *!it (etitio i" res judicata i a "u)"eDuet "uit%
"$
%+eoparsan %in5+ v. =amnandan Pras+ad ?arayan %in5+; [,I= 1G1" P& 8F(
"'
7aryao and Ors. v. %tate of U.P. and Ors.; [,I= 1G"1 %& 1')8(
")
Pandit M.%.M. %+arma v. 7r. %+ree 6ris+na %in+a and Ors.; [,I= 1G"! %& 11F"(
""
3ula4 &+and &++otalal PariE+ v. %tate of Hom4ay; [(1G")# %&= )'8(
1!
Page 121
616% I @ana Sin*h
1/
t&e Due"tio *&et&e! t&e de4i"io i a *!it
(etitio o(e!ate" a" res judicata i a "u)"eDuet "uit filed o t&e "ame 4au"e
of a4tio &a" )ee "ettled% I @ana Sin*h
1/
A t&i" 4ou!t o)"e!,ed t&at t&e!e i"
o +ood !ea"o to (!e4lude de4i"io" o matte!" i 4ot!o,e!"- i *!it
(!o4eedi+" ude! A!ti4le ..1 o! A!ti4le 7. of t&e Co"titutio f!om o(e!ati+
a" res judicata i "u)"eDuet !e+ula! "uit" o t&e "ame matte!" i 4ot!o,e!"-
)et*ee t&e "ame (a!tie" adA t&u"A to +i,e limited effe4t to t&e (!i4i(le of
fialit- of de4i"io afte! full 4ote"t%
61.% @ana Sin*h
1/
&a" )ee follo*ed )- a t&!ee Jud+e ?e4& of t&i"
Cou!t i Bua :as =aushal
1;
% I ou! ,ie*A t&e !ule of res judicata *&i4& i"
fouded o (u)li4 (oli4- (!e,et" ot ol- a e* de4i"io i t&e "u)"eDuet
"uit )ut al"o (!e,et" e* i,e"ti+atio% It (!e,et" t&e defedat f!om "etti+
u( a (lea i a "u)"eDuet "uit *&i4& *a" de4ided )et*ee t&e (a!tie" i t&e
(!e,iou" (!o4eedi+"% T&e le+al (o"itio *it& !e+a!d to !ule of res judicata i"
fai!l- *ellF"ettled t&at t&e de4i"io o a matte! i 4ot!o,e!"- i *!it
(!o4eedi+ 2A!ti4le ..1 o! A!ti4le 7. of t&e Co"titutio3 o(e!ate" a" res
judicata i "u)"eDuet "uit o t&e "ame matte!" i 4ot!o,e!"- )et*ee t&e
"ame (a!tie"% Fo! t&e a((li4a)ilit- of !ule of res judicata it i" ot e4e""a!- t&at
t&e de4i"io i t&e (!e,iou" "uit mu"t )e t&e de4i"io i t&e "uit "o a" to
o(e!ate a" res judicata i a "u)"eDuet "uit% A de4i"io i (!e,iou"
(!o4eedi+A li9e ude! A!ti4le 7. o! A!ti4le ..1 of t&e Co"titutioA *&i4& i" ot
"8
Union of India v. ?anaE %in5+; [(1G"F# %&= FF8 . ,I= 1G"F %& 1$8!(
"F
%tate of Pun0a4 v. Hua 7as 6aus+al; [ (1G8!# $ %&& ")"(
11
Page 122
a "uitA *ill )e )idi+ o t&e (a!tie" i t&e "u)"eDuet "uit o t&e (!i4i(le of
res judicata%
617% Fo! t&e a((li4a)ilit- of !ule of res judicataA t&e im(o!tat t&i+ t&at
mu"t )e "ee i" t&at t&e matte! *a" di!e4tl- ad "u)"tatiall- i i""ue i t&e
(!e,iou" (!o4eedi+ ad a de4i"io &a" )ee +i,e )- t&e Cou!t o t&at i""ue%
A de4i"io o i""ue of fa4t i t&e (!e,iou" (!o4eedi+ 8 "u4& (!o4eedi+ ma-
ot )e i t&e atu!e of "uit 8 4o"titute" res judicata i t&e "u)"eDuet "uit%
61B% I li+&t of t&e a)o,e le+al (o"itioA if t&e .001 @ud+met i" "eeA it
)e4ome" a((a!et t&at afte! 4o"ide!i+ t&e 4otetio" of t&e (a!tie" ad
e5amii+ t&e !e(o!t" of E5(e!t CommitteeA t&i" Cou!t (o"ed t&e i""ue fo!
dete!miatio a)out t&e "afet- of t&e dam to i4!ea"e t&e *ate! le,el to 6B. ft%
ad 4ame to a 4ate+o!i4al fidi+ t&at t&e dam *a" "afe fo! !ai"i+ t&e *ate!
le,el to 6B. ft% adA a44o!di+l-A i t&e 4o4ludi+ (a!a+!a(& t&e Cou!t
di"(o"ed of t&e *!it (etitio ad t&e 4oe4ted matte!" )- (e!mitti+ t&e *ate!
le,el of Mulla(e!i-a! dam )ei+ !ai"ed to 6B. ft% ad al"o (e!mitted fu!t&e!
"t!e+t&ei+ of t&e dam a" (e! t&e !e(o!t of t&e E5(e!t Committee a((oited
)- t&e CEC% T&e !e,ie* (etitio filed a+ai"t t&e "aid de4i"io *a" di"mi""ed
)- t&i" Cou!t o ./%/%.001% T&e .001 @ud+met &a,i+ )e4ome fial ad
)idi+A t&e i""ue" de4ided i t&e "aid (!o4eedi+" defiitel- o(e!ate a" res
judicata i t&e "uit filed ude! A!ti4le 676 of t&e Co"titutio%
1
Page 123
61>% S&!i Ha!i"& Sal,eA lea!ed "eio! 4ou"el fo! #e!alaA (la4ed
!elia4e u(o t&e de4i"io of t&i" Cou!t i @%:% 4ayal
+8
% I @%:% 4ayal
1:
D&a!mad&i9a!iA J% made +ee!al o)"e!,atio" o t&e dam "afet- a"(e4t t&at
(lea li9e res judicata o t&e ea!lie! de4i"io" (a""ed )- t&e Su(!eme Cou!t
4aot )e allo*ed to )e !ai"ed% T&e o)"e!,atio" made )- D&a!mad&i9a!iA J%
i @%:% 4ayal
1:
&a,e to )e !ead a" a e54e(tio to t&e res judicata !ule i t&e
matte!" *&e!eA )- t&ei! ,e!- atu!eA t&e fa4tual "ituatio &a" d!a"ti4all-
4&a+ed i 4ou!"e of time% If "u)"tatial 4&a+e" i t&e 4i!4um"ta4e" o44u!
ad "u4& 4i!4um"ta4e" a!e "&o* to t&e Cou!t e4e""itati+ de(a!tu!e f!om
t&e ea!lie! fidi+ o t&e i""ue of "afet-A t&e Cou!t 4a )e a((!oa4&ed ad i
t&at e,et t&e Cou!t it"elf ma- e5e!4i"e it" di"4!etio to !eo(e t&e "afet-
a"(e4t &a,i+ !e+a!d to t&e d!a"ti4 4&a+e i 4i!4um"ta4e" o! i eme!+et
"ituatio a" to t&e "afet- of dam% I ou! ,ie*A a @udi4ial de4i"ioA &a,i+
a4&ie,ed fialit-A )e4ome" t&e la"t *o!d ad 4a )e !eo(eed i t&e 4&a+ed
4i!4um"ta4e" )- t&at Cou!t aloe ad o oe el"e%
611% O )e&alf of #e!alaA it i" 4oteded t&at t&e @u!i"di4tio of t&i"
Cou!t ude! A!ti4le 7. of t&e Co"titutio fo! efo!4emet of t&e fudametal
!i+&t" 4ofe!!ed )- Pa!t III of t&e Co"titutio i" ou"ted o! e54luded i !e"(e4t
of di"(ute" )et*ee t*o o! mo!e State"J "i4e "u4& di"(ute" fall *it&i t&e
am)it of t&e o!i+ial @u!i"di4tio of t&i" Cou!t ude! A!ti4le 676 of t&e
Co"titutio o! @u!i"di4tio of a t!i)ual 4o"tituted ude! t&e (!o,i"io" of
"G
?.7. Layal and ,nr. v. Union of India and Ors.; [(!!'# G %&& $"(
1$
Page 124
Ite!FState Ri,e! Eate! Di"(ute" A4tA 6:>1 !ead *it& t&e (!o,i"io" of A!ti4le
.1. of t&e Co"titutio% T&u"A it *a" "u)mitted t&at t&e .001 @ud+met i" ot
)idi+ ad t&at t&e !ule of res judicata 4a &a!dl- )e att!a4ted i t&i"
"ituatio%
61/% Ee a!e ua)le to a44e(t t&e "u)mi""io of t&e lea!ed "eio!
4ou"el fo! #e!ala% T&e la)el of @u!i"di4tio e5e!4i"ed )- t&i" Cou!t i" ot
mate!ial fo! a((li4a)ilit- of (!i4i(le" of res judicata if t&e matte! i i""ue i t&e
"u)"eDuet "uit &a" al!ead- )ee 4o4luded )- t&e ea!lie! de4i"io of t&i"
Cou!t )et*ee t&e "ame (a!tie"% T&e .001 @ud+met *a" t&e !e"ult of @udi4ial
i,e"ti+atioA fouded u(o fa4t" a"4e!taied i t&e 4ou!"e of &ea!i+% T&e
(lea of la49 of @u!i"di4tio of t&i" Cou!t *a" ta9e i t&e ea!lie! (!o4eedi+" o
)ot& t&e +!oud"A ,i'%A 263 *&et&e! t&e @u!i"di4tio of t&i" Cou!t i" )a!!ed i
,ie* of A!ti4le .1. !ead *it& Se4tio 66 of t&e Ite!FState Ri,e! Eate!
Di"(ute" A4tA 6:>1A ad 2.3 *&et&e! A!ti4le 717 of t&e Co"titutio )a!" t&e
@u!i"di4tio of t&i" Cou!t% O )ot& t&e"e Due"tio" t&e fidi+" *e!e !e4o!ded
a+ai"t #e!ala% It i" too mu4& fo! #e!ala to "a- t&at t&e .001 @ud+met i"
*it&out @u!i"di4tio ad ot )idi+%
1'
Page 125
61;% T&e !ule of res judicata i" a!ti4ulated i Se4tio 66
/0
of t&e Code
of Ci,il P!o4edu!e%
61:% E5(laatio" VII ad VIII *e!e i"e!ted i t&e a)o,e (!o,i"io )-
Code of Ci,il P!o4edu!e 2Amedmet3 A4tA 6:/1 *%e%f% 6%.%6://% E5(laatio
VIII i t&i" !e+a!d i" Duite !ele,at% T&e (!i4i(le" of res judicata" t&u"A &a,e
)ee made a((li4a)le to 4a"e" *&i4& a!e t!ied )- Cou!t" of limited
@u!i"di4tio% T&e de4i"io" of t&e Cou!t" of limited @u!i"di4tioA i"ofa! a" "u4&
de4i"io" a!e *it&i t&e 4om(ete4e of t&e Cou!t" of limited @u!i"di4tioA
8!
%ection 11 < =es 0udicata
?o &ourt s+all try any suit or issue in -+ic+ t+e matter directly and su4stantially in issue +as 4een
directly and su4stantially in issue in a former suit 4et-een t+e same parties/ or 4et-een parties under -+om
t+ey or any of t+em claim/ liti5atin5 under t+e same title/ in a &ourt competent to try suc+ su4seBuent suit or
t+e suit in -+ic+ suc+ issue +as 4een su4seBuently raised/ and +as 4een +eard and finally decided 4y suc+
&ourt.
E>planation I. < *+e e>pression 9former suit: s+all denote a suit -+ic+ +as 4een decided prior to t+e
suit in Buestion -+et+er or not it -as instituted prior t+ereto.
E>planation II. < For t+e purposes of t+is section/ t+e competence of a &ourt s+all 4e determined
irrespective of any provisions as to a ri5+t of appeal from t+e decision of suc+ &ourt.
E>planation III. < *+e matter a4ove referred to must in t+e former suit +ave 4een alle5ed 4y one party
and eit+er denied or admitted/ e>pressly or impliedly/ 4y t+e ot+er.
E>planation IJ. < ,ny matter -+ic+ mi5+t and ou5+t to +ave 4een made 5round of defence or attacE
in suc+ former suit s+all 4e deemed to +ave 4een a matter directly and su4stantially in issue in suc+ suit.
E>planation J. < ,ny relief claimed in t+e plaint/ -+ic+ is not e>pressly 5ranted 4y t+e decree/ s+all/
for t+e purposes of t+is section/ 4e deemed to +ave 4een refused.
E>planation JI. < C+ere persons liti5ate 4ona fide in respect of a pu4lic ri5+t or of a private ri5+t
claimed in common for t+emselves and ot+ers/ all persons interested in suc+ ri5+t s+all/ for t+e purposes of
t+is section/ 4e deemed to claim under t+e persons so liti5atin5.
E>planation JII. < *+e provisions of t+is section s+all apply to a proceedin5 for t+e e>ecution of a
decree and references in t+is section to any suit/ issue or former suit s+all 4e construed as references/
respectively/ to a proceedin5 for t+e e>ecution of t+e decree/ Buestion arisin5 in suc+ proceedin5 and a
former proceedin5 for t+e e>ecution of t+at decree.
E>planation JIII. < ,n issue +eard and finally decided 4y a &ourt of limited 0urisdiction/ competent
to decide suc+ issue/ s+all operate as res 0udicata in a su4seBuent suit/ not-it+standin5 t+at suc+ &ourt of
limited 0urisdiction -as not competent to try suc+ su4seBuent suit or t+e suit in -+ic+ suc+ issue +as 4een
su4seBuently raised.
1)
Page 126
o(e!ate a" res judicata i a "u)"eDuet "uitA alt&ou+&A t&e Cou!t of limited
@u!i"di4tio t&at de4ided t&e (!e,iou" "uit ma- ot )e 4om(etet to t!- "u4&
"u)"eDuet "uit o! t&e "uit i *&i4& "u4& Due"tio i" "u)"eDuetl- !ai"ed% If a
de4i"io of t&e Cou!t of limited @u!i"di4tioA *&i4& *a" *it&i it" 4om(ete4eA
o(e!ate" a" res judicata i a "u)"eDuet "uit e,e *&e t&e "u)"eDuet "uit i"
ot t!ia)le )- itA a fortioriA t&e de4i"io of t&e &i+&e"t Cou!t of t&e lad i
*&ate,e! @u!i"di4tio +i,e o a i""ue *&i4& *a" di!e4tl- !ai"edA 4o"ide!ed
ad de4ided mu"t o(e!ate a" res judicata i t&e "u)"eDuet "uit t!ia)le
e54lu"i,el- )- t&e &i+&e"t Cou!t ude! A!ti4le 676 of t&e Co"titutio% A-
ot&e! ,ie* i t&i" !e+a!d *ill )e i4o"i"tet *it& t&e &i+& (u)li4 (oli4- ad
!ule of la*% T&e @ud+met of t&i" Cou!t di!e4tl- u(o t&e (oitA i" a" a (leaA a
)a!A o! a" e,ide4eA 4o4lu"i,e )et*ee t&e "ame (a!tie"A u(o t&e "ame
matte!A di!e4tl- i Due"tio )efo!e t&i" Cou!tA t&ou+&A la)el of @u!i"di4tio i"
diffe!et%
6/0% T&e (!i4i(le" of res judicata a!e 4lea!l- att!a4ted i t&e (!e"et
4a"e% T&e 4laim of #e!ala i t&e ea!lie! (!o4eedi+ t&at *ate! le,el 4aot )e
!ai"ed f!om it" (!e"et le,el of 671 ft% *a" e5(!e""l- ot a44e(ted ad t&e
o)"t!u4tio )- #e!ala to t&e *ate! le,el i t&e Mulla(e!i-a! dam )ei+ !ai"ed
to 6B. ft% o t&e +!oud of "afet- *a" foud utea)le% T&e @ud+met dated
./%.%.001 of t&i" Cou!tA t&u"A o(e!ate" a" res judicata i !e"(e4t of t&e i""ue
of "afet- of t&e dam )- i4!ea"i+ it" *ate! le,el f!om 671 ft% to 6B. ft%
1"
Page 127
6/6% It i" a!+ued )- M!% Ha!i"& Sal,eA lea!ed "eio! 4ou"el fo!
#e!alaA t&at e,e a+!eemet" ete!ed ito )et*ee fo!ei+ "o,e!ei+" 4a )e
o,e!!idde i e5e!4i"e of le+i"lati,e (o*e!"% He a!+ue" t&at if t&e 4otetio of
Tamil Nadu t&at t&e 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet *a" a o!dia!- lea"e a+!eemet
i" 4o!!e4t ad a""umi+ t&at "u4& a a+!eemet *a" 4otiuedA it 4lea!l- *a"
o(e to t&e le+i"latu!e of t&e State of #e!ala to o,e!!ide "u4& a 4ot!a4t%
A44o!di+ to &imA e,e 4ot!a4t" )- *a- of "aad"A t!eatie"A et4%A )- t&e
C!o* 4ouldA afte! t&e Go,e!met of Idia A4t ad al"o afte! t&e Co"titutio
of IdiaA )e o,e!!idde )- e5e!4i"e of t&e le+i"lati,e (o*e!%
6/.% Lea!ed "eio! 4ou"el fo! #e!ala i "u((o!t of t&i" 4otetio
!elied u(o t&e P!i,- Cou4il de4i"io i 7haur 4a*annath Bash
6:
ad
Maharaj 1me* Sin*h
.0
% Lea!ed "eio! 4ou"el al"o "u)mit" t&at Se4tio 60;
of t&e SR A4t doe" ot 4!eate a- limitatio u(o #e!ala e5e!4i"i+ le+i"lati,e
(o*e!A inter aliaA to 4a4el 6;;1 Lea"e A+!eemet ad if Se4tio 60; of SR
A4t i" 4o"t!ued to im(o"e a (e!maet fette! o t&e StateC" le+i"lati,e (o*e!A
"u4& (!o,i"io i" u4o"titutioal%
6/7% It ma- )e "tated immediatel- t&at t&e 4o"titutioalit- of t&e SR
A4t &a" ot )ee !ai"ed )- #e!ala i it" *!itte "tatemet% A" a matte! of fa4tA
t&e!e i" o i""ue f!amed )- t&e Cou!t i t&i" !e+a!d% Rat&e!A i t&e ea!lie!
liti+atio t&e 4o"titutioalit- of Se4tio 60; of t&e SR A4t *a" 4&alle+ed% I
t&e .001 @ud+metA oe of t&e Due"tio" f!amed fo! 4o"ide!atio *a"A
*&et&e! Se4tio 60; of t&e SR A4t i" u4o"titutioal% T&e Cou!t &eld t&at la*
18
Page 128
ma9i+ (o*e! ude! A!ti4le" 7 ad B of t&e Co"titutio *a" (a!amout ad it
*a" eit&e! "u)@e4ted o! fette!ed )- A!ti4le .B1 ad Li"t" II 2State Li"t3 ad III
2Co4u!!et Li"t3 of t&e Se,et& S4&edule% T&e Cou!t al"o &eld t&at (o*e! of
Pa!liamet to ma9e la* ude! A!ti4le" 7 ad B i" (lea!- ad t!a,e!"e" o,e!
all le+i"lati,e "u)@e4t" a" a!e e4e""a!- fo! effe4ti+ a (!o(e! !eo!+ai'atio
of t&e State"% Co"eDuetl-A t&e Cou!t foud o me!it i t&e 4&alle+e a" to
t&e ,alidit- of Se4tio 60; of t&e SR A4t%
6/B% Ee a!eA t&e!efo!eA ot (e!"uaded to 4o"ide! 4o"titutioal
,alidit- of Se4tio 60;263 of t&e SR A4t a+ai% Mo!eo,e!A it i" ot e4e""a!- to
4o"ide! t&i" a"(e4t i ,ie* of ou! fidi+ t&at .001 2Amedmet3 A4t ea4ted
)- #e!ala le+i"latu!e i" u4o"titutioal%
6/>% 7haur 4a*annath Bash
18
ad Maharaj 1me* Sin*h
.0
&a,e o
a((li4atio to t&e "ituatio o)taii+ i t&e (!e"et 4a"e% T&e effe4t of a
@ud+met *&i4& efo!4e" a le+al !i+&t flo*i+ f!om a 4ot!a4t i" t&at t&e !i+&t i"
i4o!(o!ated a" a !i+&t ude! t&e @ud+met ad "u4& a !i+&t 4aot )e
o,e!!idde )- le+i"latu!e a" it tatamout" to o,e!!idi+ a @ud+met%
6/1% Lea!ed "eio! 4ou"el fo! #e!ala al"o !elied u(o a de4i"io of
t&i" Cou!t i State of Crissa
51
% I State of Crissa
51
A *&ile deali+ *it& A!ti4le
676A t&i" Cou!t "tatedA <A!ti4le 676 &a" o dou)t +i,e t&e Su(!eme Cou!t
e54lu"i,e @u!i"di4tio to !e"ol,e a- di"(ute )et*eeA inter aliaA t*o o! mo!e
State"% T&i" e54lu"i,e @u!i"di4tio i"A &o*e,e!A "u)@e4t to t*o limitatio" O oe
81
%tate of Orissa Js. %tate of ,.P.; [(!!"# G %&& )G1(
1F
Page 129
4otaied i t&e o(ei+ *o!d" of t&e A!ti4leA amel-A <"u)@e4t to t&e
(!o,i"io" of t&i" Co"titutio= ad t&e ot&e! *&i4& i" 4otaied i t&e (!o,i"o
to t&e A!ti4le%=
6//% T&e!e i" o dou)t t&at t&e @u!i"di4tio to !e"ol,e a- di"(ute
)et*ee t*o o! mo!e State" i" 4ofe!!ed u(o t&e Su(!eme Cou!t )- A!ti4le
676 of t&e Co"titutio% Ho*e,e!A it doe" ot follo* lo+i4all- f!om t&i" t&at a
@ud+met !ede!ed )- t&e Su(!eme Cou!t i a *!it @u!i"di4tio ude! A!ti4le 7.
amo+"t ot&e!" )et*ee t*o State" i" ot 4o4lu"i,e ad )idi+ o "u4&
State"% A" al!ead- oted a)o,eA t&e .001 @ud+met !ede!ed )- t&i" Cou!t i
e5e!4i"e of it" @u!i"di4tio ude! A!ti4le 7. )id" #e!ala ad Tamil Nadu% Ee
&a,e o &e"itatio ad *e "tate *it& all em(&a"i" t&at a fidi+ !e4o!ded )-
t&i" Cou!t i e5e!4i"e of @u!i"di4tio ude! A!ti4le 7. i" )idi+ )et*ee t&e
t*o (a!tie"A i a "u)"eDuet "uit )et*ee t&e t*o State" ude! A!ti4le 676%
(afety of Mullaperiyar dam 6 2viden%e and 2C .eport
6/;% Lea!ed "eio! 4ou"el fo! #e!ala *&ile a""aili+ t&e fidi+ of
fa4t o "afet- of Mulla(e!i-a! dam !e4o!ded i .001 @ud+metA ad i "u((o!t
of &i" 4otetio t&at it doe" ot 4o"titute res judicata a" t&e 4i!4um"ta4e"
&a,e 4&a+edA &a" !elied u(o t&e e,ide4e of it" *ite"" D!% A%#% Go"ai
2DEF73 o t&e im(a4t of P!o)a)le Ma5imum Flood 2PMF3A e,ide4e of D!%
D%#% Paul o t&e im(a4t of "ei"mi4 fo!4e" ad 4e!tai admi""io" of Tamil
NaduC" *ite"" PEF6% M!% Ha!i"& Sal,e a!+ue" t&at t&e do4t!ie of fialit-
1G
Page 130
doe" ot (!e4lude t&i" Cou!t f!om 4o!!e4ti+ t&e e!!o!"% Lea!ed "eio!
4ou"el i t&i" !e+a!d (la4e" !elia4e u(o t&!ee de4i"io" of t&i" Cou!t i
A%R% Antulay
5.
" &sabella 4ohnson
5(
" and Rupa Asho #urra
5!
%
6/:% ?ei+ t&e &i+&e"t 4ou!t of t&e ladA t&i" 4ou!t (o""e""e" (o*e!"
to 4o!!e4t a @ud+met i a 4u!ati,e (etitio if t&e (a!amete!" laid do* i Rupa
Asho #urra
/B
a!e "ati"fied% T&e (!e"et 4a"e doe" ot fall *it&i t&e
(a!amete!" laid do* i Rupa Asho #urra
/B
% T&ou+& t&e!e i" o @u"tifi4atio
to !eo(e t&e dam "afet- a"(e4t i ,ie* of t&e @ud+met of t&i" Cou!t (a""ed
o ./%.%.001A -et fo! ou! "ati"fa4tio a" to *&et&e! t&e!e i" a- da+e! to t&e
Mulla(e!i-a! damA de"(ite "t!e+t&ei+ of dam 4a!!ied out )- Tamil Nadu i
a44o!da4e *it& t&e "t!e+t&ei+ mea"u!e" "u++e"ted )- CECA *e )!iefl-
ited to loo9 ito t&i" a"(e4t%
6;0% Lea!ed "eio! 4ou"el fo! #e!ala "u)mit" t&at da+e! (o"ed to
t&e "afet- of t&e Mulla(e!i-a! dam a!i"e" f!omA 2i3 t&e im(a4t of P!o)a)le
Ma5imum Flood 2PMF3A i%e%A flood" *&i4& im(a4t t&e damN 2ii3 t&e im(a4t of
Ma5imum Co"ide!ed Ea!t&Dua9e 2MCE3A i%e%A if ea!t&Dua9e &a((e"A t&e
im(a4t of "u4& e,et o t&e damN ad 2iii3 t&e im(a4t o "t!u4tu!al
de+ee!atioA i%e%A *it& t&e a+eA t&e dam "t!u4tu!e &a" )ee !ede!ed u"afe%
#e!alaC" em(&a"i" i" t&at i t&e .001 @ud+met t&i" Cou!t *!o+l- edo!"ed
t&e PMF of .%6. la9& 4u"e4" e"timated )- t&e CEC i 6:;1% #e!ala a""e!t"
8
=.%. ?ayaE v. ,.=. ,ntulay; [(1GF'# %&& 1F$(
8$
Isa4ella Lo+nson (%mt.# v. M.,. %usai (7ead# 4y Drs.; [(1GG1# 1 %&& 'G'(
8'
=upa ,s+oE Iurra v. ,s+oE Iurra and ,nr.; [(!!# ' %&& $FF(
1$!
Page 131
t&at t&e o)"e!,ed flood at Mulla(e!i-a! dam i 6:B7 *a" .%:; la9& 4u"e4" ad
a44o!di+ to Tamil NaduC" o* *ite"" 2PEF63A t&e PMF ou+&t to )e mo!e
t&a o)"e!,ed flood% He4eA e"timatio of PMF a" .%6. la9& 4u"e4" )- t&e
CEC i 6:;1 i" a ude!e"timatio%
6;6% A" !e+a!d" im(a4t of MCEA #e!ala &a" &ea,il- !elied u(o t&e
"tud- 4odu4ted )- D!% D%#% Paul ad D!% M%L% S&a!maA P!ofe""o!" of IITA
Roo!9ee% #e!ala "a-" t&at t&e"e t*o e5(e!t" &a,e 4ate+o!i4all- 4o4luded
t&atA <%%)ot& t&e Mai Mulla(e!i-a! dam ad ?a)- Dam a!e li9el- to
ude!+o dama+e *&i4& ma- lead to failu!e ude! "tati4 (lu" ea!t&Dua9e
4oditio ad t&e!efo!e eed" "e!iou" attetio%=%
6;.% #e!ala "u)mit" t&at t&e dam "uffe!ed &ea,- lime lo"" )et*ee
6:70 ad 6:10 fo!4i+ Tamil Nadu to +!out admittedl- >B. MT of 4emet i
t&i" (e!iod%
6;7% O t&e a"(e4t of im(a4t of "t!u4tu!al de+ee!atioA #e!alaC"
"u)mi""io i" t&at Mulla(e!i-a! dam i" a 4om(o"ite +!a,it- dam 4o"t!u4ted of
lime "u!9&i mo!ta! ad lime "u!9&i 4o4!eteN t&at ie! 4o!e of t&e damA *&i4&
4o"titute" 1.V of t&e total ,olumeA admittedl- 4o"i"t" of lime "u!9&i
4o4!eteN ad t&at Mulla(e!i-a! dam &a" "uffe!ed &ea,- lea4&i+ of lime ad
&a" lo"t a" mu4& a" 70%B; MT (e! -ea! a" foud )- t&e E5(e!t Committee of
Tamil NaduA *&i4& &a" )ee admitted )- PEF6% #e!ala &a" &i+&li+&ted t&at
t&e de"it- of t&e mate!ial" u"ed i t&e dam &a" +!aduall- +oe do* f!om
1$1
Page 132
6>0 l)"G4ft 4o"ide!ed i 6;:> to 67> l)"G4ft i 6:;1 ad t&at "u4& +!adual
!edu4tio te"tifie" "t!u4tu!al de+!adatio of t&e Mulla(e!i-a! dam%
6;B% A" oted ea!lie!A *&e t&e matte! *a" iitiall- ta9e u( )- t&e
Co"titutio ?e4& it *a" felt t&at all t&e a"(e4t" of t&e matte! i4ludi+ "afet-
of Mulla(e!i-a! dam eed to )e e5amied )- a Em(o*e!ed Committee 2EC3A
*&i4& ma- &el( t&e Cou!t i de4idi+ t&e matte! effe4ti,el-% A44o!di+l-A o
6;%.%.060 t&e Co"titutio ?e4& di!e4ted t&e Cet!al Go,e!met to
4o"titute a EC ude! t&e C&ai!ma"&i( of D!% A%S% AadA fo!me! C&ief
Ju"ti4e of IdiaA ad 4om(!i"i+ of t*o mem)e!" omiated )- t&e State" of
#e!ala ad Tamil Nadu ad t*o !eo*ed te4&i4al e5(e!t"% #e!ala
omiated Ju"ti4e #%T% T&oma"A a fo!me! Jud+e of t&i" Cou!tA ad Tamil Nadu
omiated Ju"ti4e 2D!%3 A%R% La9"&maaA a fo!me! Jud+e of t&i" Cou!tA to t&e
EC% T*o !eo*ed te4&i4al e5(e!t"A D!% C%D% T&atte ad S&!i D%#% Me&ta
*e!e omiated i 4o"ultatio *it& t&e C&ai!ma of t&e EC% A" (e! t&e te!m"
of !efe!e4eA t&e EC *a" f!ee to !e4ei,e fu!t&e! e,ide4e a" it 4o"ide!ed
a((!o(!iate% T&e t*o e5(e!t"A D!% C%D% T&atte ad S&!i D%#% Me&ta &a,e lo+
e5(e!ie4e i all fa4et" of *ate! "e4to!% EC +ot i,e"ti+atio"A te"t" ad
te4&i4al "tudie" 4a!!ied out t&!ou+& t&e t&!ee a(e5 o!+ai'atio"A )e"ide"
ot&e! "(e4iali'ed o!+ai'atio" of t&e Go,e!met of Idia adA e"(e4iall-A
e5(e!t a+e4ie" *it& a ,ie* to a((!e4iate t&e di,e!"e "tad of t&e t*o State"%
I allA 6. i,e"ti+atio" ad te4&i4al "tudie"A )e"ide" "ome "ite "tudie"A *e!e
di!e4ted to )e 4a!!ied out to a""i"t t&e EC to a((!e4iate t&e "tad of t&e t*o
State" ad fo! "u)mi""io of it" !e(o!t to t&i" Cou!t% T&e EC al"o ,i"ited
1$
Page 133
Mulla(e!i-a! dam 2mai dam3A ?a)- dam ad ea!t&e )ud f!om t&e Pe!i-a!
la9e"ide a" *ell a" f!om t&e do*"t!eam "ide% ?efo!e ECA t&e !e(!e"etati,e
of )ot& State" e5(laied t&eo!ie" of t&e e5i"ti+ dam% T&e t*o te4&i4al
mem)e!" made a ,i"it to d!aia+e +alle!ie" ad "(ill*a- fo! )ette! a((!ai"al of
t&e dam "ite% T&e t*o e5(e!t" a+ai ,i"ited t&e dam "ite fo! "ite a((!ai"al ad
"u)mitted t&ei! !e(o!t%
6;>% T&e !e(o!t" ad i,e"ti+atio"A te"t" ad "tudie" 2ITS !e(o!t"3 a!e
4otaied i >0 CD" ad B DVD"% T&e !e(o!t of EC 4o"i"t" of ; C&a(te!"%
C&a(te! I &a" t&e title <Dam" 8 A O,e!,ie*=% C&a(te! II deal" *it& t&!ee
a"(e4t"A ,i'%A 2a3 U"e of Pe!i-a! *ate!"N 2)3 E,olutio of Pe!i-a! P!o@e4tN ad
243 Mulla(e!i-a! dam Di"(ute i t&e Su(!eme Cou!t% C&a(te! III !efe!" to t&e
i""ue" "ettled )- t&e EC% C&a(te! IV 4otai" 8 2i3 Re(o!t of ,i"it of t&e EC to
Mulla(e!i-a! dam "iteGa!ea" du!i+ 6:F..%6.%.060N 2ii3 Re"olutio" of t&e EC
dated .6%6.%.060A /%6%.066 ad >%6.%.066N ad 2iii3 Re(o!t of ,i"it )- t*o
te4&i4al mem)e!" 2D!% C%D% T&atte ad S&!i D%#% Me&ta3 du!i+ ..F
.1%6.%.066% C&a(te! V !e4o!d" !e"(o"e" i )!ief of t&e (a!tie" to t&e i""ue"
f!amed )- EC% C&a(te! VI i" a((!ai"al ad aal-"i" of t&e !e(o!t" of te4&i4al
i,e"ti+atio"A te"t" ad "tudie"% C&a(te! VII !e4o!d" 4o4lu"io"% C&a(te! VIII
deal" *it& +ee!al o)"e!,atio *it& t&e titleA <Ea- Fo!*a!dFTo*a!d" A
Ami4a)le Re"olutio=% T*o ote"A oe f!om Ju"ti4e #%T% T&oma"A mem)e! of
t&e ECA ad t&e ot&e! f!om Ju"ti4e 2D!%3 A%R% La9"&maaA mem)e! of t&e ECA
o C&a(te! VIII of t&e !e(o!t of t&e EC a!e al"o a((eded to t&e !e(o!t%
1$$
Page 134
6;1% I C&a(te! IIIA t&e EC &a" !e4o!ded t&e i""ue" fo! 4o"ide!atio%
Oe of t&e i""ue"A ,i'%A I""ue No%B fo! 4o"ide!atio !ead"A <S&ould t&e
!e"e!,oi! le,el )e !ai"ed f!om 671 ft%L If -e"A *&at fu!t&e! mea"u!e" fo!
"t!e+t&ei+ t&e e5i"ti+ damA do t&e t*o (a!tie" e,i"a+eA to allo* t&e
!ai"i+ of !e"e!,oi! le,el f!om 671 ft% to 6B. ft% ad )e-odL=
6;/% I C&a(te! VA t&e EC &a" oted !e"(o"e" )- Tamil Nadu ad
#e!ala to t&e i""ue" f!amed )- it%
6;;% C&a(te! VIA i *&i4& a((!ai"al ad aal-"i" of ITS !e(o!t" &a,e
)ee madeA "&o*" t&at follo*i+ te"t" ad "tudie" *e!e fo!mulated "o a" to
effe4ti,el- deal *it& t&e 4o4e!" ad +!ie,a4e" of t&e t*o State"J
A. HYDROLOGIC SAFETY
Titl P!"#$% $& ITS
'. ("i&i)*ti$+ $& t, P"$-*-l
M*.i/!/ Fl$$0 1PMF2
)$/#!t*ti$+% 3it, &l$$0
"$!ti+4 &$" "5i%iti+4
%#ill3*6 )*#*)it6.
To dete!mieJ
2i3 P!o)a)le Ma5imum
Flood 2PMF3
2ii3 Outflo* PMF
&-d!o+!a(& ad it"
mode!atio f!om Mulla
Pe!i-a! Dam u(to ti( of
Idu99i !e"e!,oi!%
2iii3 Outflo* PMF
&-d!o+!a(& of Idu99i
!e"e!,oi!%
2i,3 Ma5imum Eate! Le,el
2MEL3 fo! ,a!iou"
"4ea!io" of o(e!ati,e G
io(e!ati,e +ate" fo!
diffe!et FRL"%
2,3 F!ee )oa!d
2. I+t4"*t0 D*/ B"*7
Fl$$0 %t!06 &"$/ M!ll*
P"i6*" D*/ t$ I00!7i D*/
*+0 -6$+0 t$ +*-l
To a""e"" Dam ?!ea9 Flood
t&at ma- )e 4au"ed )-
diffe!et mode" of
failu!eG4a"4ade effe4t i 4a"e
1$'
Page 135
#"#*"*ti$+ $& *+
E/"4+)6 A)ti$+ Pl*+.
P"#*"*ti$+ $& * %*/#l $&
li7l6 i+!+0*ti$+ /*#.
of o44u!!e4e of MPD )!ea9%
To idetif- t&e (lau"i)le *o!"t
4a"e of Dam ?!ea9 Flood
+oi+ do* Pe!i-a! !i,e! f!om
MPD to Idu99i !e"e!,oi! ti( 2i
6
"t
(&a"e3 ad )e-od 2i
ot&e! . (&a"e"3% To
dete!mie ma5imum
iudatio o )ot& )a9" fo!
(!e(a!atio of Eme!+e4-
A4tio Pla ude! Di"a"te!
Maa+emet Pla%
3. B*)783*t" %t!0i%
!#%t"*/ $& ti# $& M!ll*
P"i6*" R%"5$i" i+t$ /*i+
%t/ *+0 t"i-!t*"i%.
9. C$+t$!" /*# $& "%"5$i"
*"* &"$/ #"%+t 3*t"
l5l t$ '6: &t 1:0.2; /2
l5*ti$+.
To dete!mie afflu5 2"*elli+3
a)o,e t&e MEL i t&e
u("t!eam f!om ti( of t&e
!e"e!,oi! 4au"ed due to iflo*
4o+e"tio%
:. C$/#!t"i<0 R%"5$i"
S0i/+t*ti$+ S!"56 &$"
*%%%%/+t $& #"%+t
l5*ti$+8*"*8)*#*)it6
"l*ti$+%. A%%%%/+t i+
,i4," l5*ti$+% -6
R/$t S+%i+4.
To dete!mie lo"" of "to!a+e
due to "edimetatio ad it"
effe4t 2if a-3 o P!o)a)le
Ma5imum Flood atteuatio%
NoteJ Side item" of ITS (e!tai to i3 Dam" )uilt *it& "(ill*a- de"i+
flood le"" t&a PMFA ii3 A,aila)ilit- of *ate! fo! Tamil NaduA ad iii3
ReDui!emet fo! e,i!ometal flo*%
B. STRUCTURAL SAFETY
6. M*##i+4 $& !#%t"*/ &*)
$& 0*/ *-$5 3*t" l5l
-6 /*+% $& #,$t$4"*#,6
To "4a u("t!eam fa4e of Dam
fo! di"4otiuitie"A 4!a49"A
&ollo*"A ,oid" $ @oit" et4%
a)o,e *ate! le,el )- +!id
)a"ed (&oto+!a(&-%
=. U+0"3*t" %)*++i+4 $&
!#%t"*/ &*) $& t, 0*/
-6 /*+% $& * R/$tl6
O#"*t0 (,i)l t$ *%%%%
it% )$+0iti$+.
To "4a u("t!eam fa4e of Dam
fo! di"4otiuitie"A 4!a49"A
&ollo*"A ,oid" $ @oit" et4%
ude! *ate! )- mea" of a
Remote O(e!ated Ve&i4le%
>. St!0i% $& %#*4 *+0 it%
&" li/ )$+t+t.
2i3 To 4om(ile mea"u!ed
,alue" of "ee(a+e f!om
dam )od- ad
1$)
Page 136
foudatio%
2ii3 To dete!mie (!o(o!tio
of "ee(a+e t&!ou+& dam
)od-Gfoudatio )- flo*
et "tudie"%
2iii3 To dete!mie lea4&ed
f!ee lime 4otet i
"ee(a+e%
;. Dt"/i+*ti$+ $& i+8%it!?.8
%it! %t"+4t, @ i+t4"it6 $&
t, 0*/ -$06 /*t"i*l% *+0
&$!+0*ti$+ &$" !%i+4 i+
%*&t6?%t*-ilit6 %t*t!%
*%%%%/+t.
To 4a!!- out 4o!e d!illi+ i
Dam )od-G foudatio to
ea)le follo*i+ (&-"i4al ad
4&emi4alA iF"itu ad e5F"itu
2i la)o!ato!ie"3 te"t"%
In-situ Tests:
2i3 Sonic test
2ii3 ?amma D ?amma E
@eutron-@eutron
2iii3 :ye 7racer
2iv3 Electrical Resistivity F
?eophysical
7omo*raphic Study
Ex-situ Tests:
2i3 ,ompressive stren*th
2ii3 7ensile Stren*th
2iii3 Modulus of Elasticity
2Static as /ell as
dynamic3
2iv3 Poisson0s ratio
2v3 :ensity
2vi3 Free -ime
2vii3 ,hemical analysis of
materials
'0. M*%!"/+t $& l$%% $&
%t"%% i+ t, %*/#l #"8
%t"%%0 )*-l
To dete!mie lo"" of (!eF
"t!e"" ad &e4e !e"idual (!eF
"t!e"" i t&e 4a)le a4&o!"
i"talled i 6:;6A a" (a!t of
"t!e+t&ei+ mea"u!e"%
NoteJ Side item" of ITS (e!tai to i3 T&e!mal (!o(e!tie" of )a49i+
4o4!ete ad effe4t o ite!fa4eA ii3 I"t!umetatioA ad iii3 Sta)ilit- of
Mai ad ?a)- Dam%
C. SEISMIC SAFETY
''. Fi+it El/+t Mt,$0 1FEM2 To dete!mie te"ile "t!e""
1$"
Page 137
*+*l6%i% /#l$6i+4
1"%#$+% %#)t"*2 ? 1ti/
,i%t$"i%2 t$ *%%% %t*-ilit6
$& 0*/ !+0" 0%i4+
-*%i%?/*.i/!/ )"0i-l
*"t,A!*7 &$")%%
4au"ed due to Ea!t&Dua9e
fo!4e" )a"ed oJ
2i3 .D FEM Studie" )a"ed
o Re"(o"e S(e4t!a
met&od 2i t*o (a!t"3
"u)mitted )- So#%
2ii3 7D FEM "tudie" 2t*o
time"3 "u)mitted )-
SoTN%
2iii3 .D FEM "tudie" 2i t*o
(a!t"3 )a"ed o TimeF
Hi"to!- aal-"i"%
'2. I0+ti&6 5i0+) $&
4$l$4i)*l &*!lt i+ t,
%!""$!+0i+4% $& t, B*-6
D*/.
To ma9e a t!a,e!"e ad idetif-
e,ide4e if a-A of t&e
"u"(e4ted +eolo+i4al fault i
t&e ?a)- dam foudatio%
NoteJ Side item" of ITS (e!tai to i3 Stud- of 7D FEM Aal-"i" )- P!of%
R%N% I-e+a! of Idia I"titute of S4ie4e"A ?a+alo!eA ii3 Sei"mi4
De"i+ Pa!amete!" of Mulla Pe!i-a! DamA ad iii3 Im(a4t of !e4et
ea!t&Dua9e e,et"%=
6;:% T&e a)o,e !e(o!t" &a,e t&e )ee 4a!efull- aal-"ed ad o t&e
)a"i" of t&e a((!ai"al of t&e ITS !e(o!t"A EC &eld t&at P!o)a)le Ma5imum
P!e4i(itatio 2PMP3 4o"ide!ed ea!lie! *a" 4o!!e4t ad t&e dete!miatio of
o)"e!,ed ma5imum flood i 6:B7 *a" ot !elia)le% ECC" a""e""met i" t&at
(ea9 of PMF !ea4&i+ t&e Mulla(e!i-a! dam !e"e!,oi! G (e!i(&e!- G u("t!eam
ti( !emai" at .%6. la9& 4u"e4" 21007 4ume4"3%
6:0% EC &a" )ee of t&e ,ie* t&at "(ill*a- de"i+ed 4a(a4it- of
Mulla(e!i-a! dam fo! flood lo*e! t&a PMF i" a44e(ta)le% T&e EC 4a!efull-
aal-"ed t&e t*o "tudie"A ,i'%A 2i3 "tud- a)o,e *ate! le,el )- (&oto+!a(&-A ad
2ii3 "tud- )elo* *ate! le,el )- mea" of a Remote O(e!ated Ve&i4leA u(to a
"afel- !ea4&a)le le,elA ad o a((!ai"al f!om )ot& "4a"G"tudie" !ead to+et&e!
1$8
Page 138
did ot a((!e&ed 4au"e fo! 4o4e! a)out maife"tatio of a- di"t!e"" fo!
t&e dam%
6:6% EC &a" al"o 4a!efull- 4o"ide!ed t&e 4o4e!" e5(!e""ed )-
#e!ala *it& !e+a!d to 2a3 "ee(a+e mea"u!emet ad a""e""met of lo"" of
f!ee limeN 2)3 lo"" of "t!e+t& of dam )od- 4o"tituet" due to lime lo""N ad
243 ,ule!a)ilit- due to f!ee lime lo""% A44o!di+ to EC a((!ai"alA t&e total lime
lea4&i+ i 661 -ea!" of damC" e5i"te4e *a" a)out 7%11VA *&i4& i" le"" t&a
t&e u((e! (e!mi""i)le limit of 6>F.0V% EC &eld t&at a" lime lo"" a" a""e""ed
*a" fa! *it&i (e!mi""i)le limit"A t&e!e i" o 4au"e fo! 4o4e! a)out lo"" of
"t!e+t& of Mulla(e!i-a! dam%
6:.% T&e (&-"i4al (!o(e!tie" of dam )od- mate!ial &a" al"o )ee
!e,ie*ed ad a""e""ed )- a((l-i+ in situ o de"t!u4ti,e te"t"A ,i'%A 2a3 "oi4
te"t f!om damC" u("t!eam fa4eN 2)3 eut!oFlo++i+ ad t!a4e! "tud-N 243
+eo(&-"i4al tomo+!a(&i4 "tud-N ad 2d3 "4ai+ of ite!al "u!fa4e of )o!e
&ole *all" u"i+ di+ital ,ideo !e4o!di+ "-"tem% EC al"o !eDue"ted Tamil
Nadu to o)tai ad te"t 4o!e "am(le" f!om dam )od- G foudatio !o49A
)e"ide" 4a!!-i+ out in situ te"t" i : &ole" o Mulla(e!i-a! damA of 6>0 mm
"i'e ad mo!eA *&i4& *e!e +ot doe )- Tamil Nadu% T&e"e te"t !e(o!t" *e!e
al"o 4o"ide!ed% T&e 4&emi4al te"t" o 4o"t!u4ted mate!ial u"ed i t&e dam
)od- ad !e"e!,oi! *ate! *e!e al"o 4odu4ted% T&e te"t !e"ult" idi4ate
io4uou" atu!e of all t&e"e mate!ial"%
6:7% All time "ee(a+e data of Mulla(e!i-a! dam &a" )ee a((!ai"ed
ad aal-"ed )- ECA *&i4& idi4ate" t&at it i" *it&i (e!mi""i)le limit"% Te"ti+
1$F
Page 139
of oe u+!outed 4a)le a4&o! fo! !e"idual (!eF"t!e"" *a" +ot doe% Aal-"i"
&a" al"o )ee doe of t&e!mal (!o(e!tie" of )a49i+ 4o4!ete ad effe4t o
ite!fa4e% T&e detailed a((!ai"al ad aal-"i" of ITS !e(o!t" fo! "ei"mi4
de"i+ (a!amete!" o Mulla(e!i-a! dam "&o* t&e !e4et ea!t&Dua9e e,et" to
)e t!a"iet ad i4o"eDuetial%
6:B% Oe of t&e a((!e&e"io" &i+&li+&ted )- #e!ala i" t&at a dam
)!ea9 flood *ould 4au"e la!+e "4ale de,a"tatio% T&i" a"(e4t &a" )ee
4o"ide!ed )- t&e EC ude! t&e &ead <Dam ?!ea9 Flood ad (o""i)le
4a"4adi+ effe4t=% EC i t&i" !e+a!d &a" o)"e!,ed t&at #e!ala &a" ot "u((lied
to it iudatio ma(" e,e fo! o!mal flood *it& !etu! (e!iod" "u4& a" >0A 600
-ea!" i do*"t!eam a!ea fo! (&a"eFI ad )et*ee Idu99i ad lo*e! Pe!i-a!
dam o! fu!t&e! do*"t!eam fo! late! (&a"e"% Su4& iudatio ma(" &a,e to )e
(!e(a!ed fo! Eme!+e4- A4tio Pla% #e!ala al"o &a" ot "u)mitted a-
a""e""met a" (!e"4!i)ed i CEC PGuidelie" fo! De,elo(met ad
Im(lemetatio of Eme!+e4- A4tio Pla fo! Dam"A Ma-A .001C% ECA
a44o!di+l-A de(eded o ma(" de,elo(ed )- u"i+ A!4&i,ed Satellite
Ima+e!- ad Su!,e- of Idia to(o"&eet"A t&!ou+& PMa("et"CA ad a44om(li"&ed
illu"t!ati,e 4otou!i+ of a!ea )et*ee Mulla(e!i-a! dam ad Idu99i 4om(le5%
EC &a" o)"e!,ed t&at all t&e (!o@e4tio" G 4o4e!" )- #e!ala *e!e ot )a"ed
o 4om(utatio" G "tudie"% De"(ite t&e !eDue"t made to #e!ala to "u((l-
4otou! ma(A #e!ala did ot do "o% EC &a" fu!t&e! o)"e!,ed t&at #e!alaC"
(!o@e4tio i" 4o@e4tu!al "i4e t&e!e i" defi4ie4- i a""e""i+ t&e li9el-
iudated a!ea% ECA t&e!efo!eA did ot a44e(t t&e "4a!e of dam )!ea9 flood%
1$G
Page 140
6:>% Ha,i+ doe ela)o!ate ad detailed a((!ai"al ad aal-"i" of t&e
,olumiou" te"t" ad !e(o!t" of e5(e!t" ad &a,i+ !e+a!d to t&e 4o4e!"
e5(!e""ed )- #e!ala a)out t&e "afet- of t&e Mulla(e!i-a! damA EC &a"
"umma!i'ed it" 4o4lu"io" o t&e t&!ee a"(e4t"A ,i'%A 2a3 &-d!olo+i4 "afet-N
2)3 "t!u4tu!al "afet-N ad 243 "ei"mi4 "afet- a" follo*"J
A2 H60"$l$4i) S*&t6
.7% T&e MPD i" foud &-d!olo+i4all- "afe% T&e P!o)a)le
Ma5imum Flood 2PMF3A *it& a (ea9 flo* of .%6. la9& 4u"e4" 21007
4ume4"3 i" a44e(ted )- EC% It 4a )e !outed o,e! t&e !e"e!,oi! FRL
6B. ft 2B7%.; m3 to "afel- (a"" o,e! t&e MPD "(ill*a- *it& 67 +ate"
o(e!ati,eA !e"ulti+ ito a (ea9 out flo* of 6AB7A6B7 4u"e4" 2B0>7
4ume4"3A !ai"i+ t&e Ma5imum Eate! Le,el 2MEL3 to ele,atio 6>7%B/
ft 2B1%/; m3 t!a"ietl-% E,e fo! t&e Te"t Ca"e of oe +ate !emaii+
io(e!ati,eA t&e MEL !ai"e" to ele,atio 6>B%60 ft 2B1%:/ m3 *&e
PMF im(i+e" t&e !e"e!,oi! at FRL 6B. ft 2B.%.; m3%
B2 St"!)t!"*l S*&t6
.B% ?ot& t&e mai ad ?a)- Dam 2+!a,it- ad ea!t&3A a!e "t!u4tu!all-
"afe% FRL 4a )e !e"to!ed to t&e (!eF6:/: (o"itio% Follo*i+
maitea4e ad !e(ai! mea"u!e"A "&ould &o*e,e! )e 4a!!ied out i a
timeF)oud mae!J i3 t!eatmet of u("t!eam "u!fa4eA ii3 !eami+ of
d!aia+e &ole"A iii3 i"t!umetatioA i,3 (e!iodi4al moito!i+A aal-"i"
ad leadi+ a*a- t&e "ee(a+e f!om toe of t&e dam to*a!d"
do*"t!eamA ,3 +eodeti4 !eFaffi!matioA et4%A ,i3 t&e dam )od- "&ould
)e +!outed *it& a (!o(e!l- de"i+ed +!out mi5 of fie 4emet G "uita)le
4&emi4al G e(o5- G (ol-me! a44o!di+ to e5(e!t ad,i4e "o t&at it" "afet-
4otiue" to !emai (!e"et%
C2 Si%/i) S*&t6
.>% MPD i" foud to )e "ei"mi4all- "afe fo! FRL 6>. ft 2B1%77 m3 G
MEL 6>> ft 2B/%.B m3 fo! t&e idetified "ei"mi4 de"i+ (a!amete!"
*it& a44ele!atio time &i"to!ie" ude! .FD FEM Aal-"i"% T&e "t!e+t&
ad ot&e! (!o(e!tie" of dam mate!ial (!e"etl- a,aila)leA idi4ate
am(le !e"e!,e a+ai"t t&e li9el- "t!e""e" G im(a4t" a""e""ed ude!
t&i" aal-"i"% I additioA !e"e!,e "t!e+t& of 4a)le a4&o!" ma9e" t&e
dam fu!t&e! "afe% T&e "u"(i4io a)out e5i"te4e of a +eolo+i4al fault
i t&e ?a)- Dam foudatio i" !uled out% T&e !e4et ea!t&Dua9e
1'!
Page 141
a4ti,it- i t&e dam a!ea i" 4o"ide!ed of o 4o"eDue4e to t&e
"ei"mi4 "afet-% Al"oA it &a" 4au"ed o di"t!e"" to MPD G Idu99i dam"%=
6:1% #e!ala &a" ,e&emetl- 4&alle+ed t&e EC !e(o!t ad it"
4o4lu"io"% M!% Ha!i"& Sal,eA lea!ed "eio! 4ou"el fo! #e!alaA a!+ue" t&at
t&e ITS !e(o!t" 4otaied i >0 CD" ad B DVD" a!e ot admi""i)le ad
"&ould ot )e 4o"ide!ed a" (a!t of mate!ial o !e4o!d )efo!e t&i" Cou!t% He
"u)mit" t&at EC suo motu de4ided to 4odu4t i,e"ti+atio"A te"t" ad "tudie"
o ,a!iou" a"(e4t" !elated to t&e 4a"e t&!ou+& t&e a(e5 o!+ai'atio"A t&e
Coo!diatio Committee *a" fo!medA &eaded )- D!% C%D% T&atteA mem)e! of
t&e ECA ad 4o"i"ti+ of !e(!e"etati,e" of #e!ala ad Tamil Nadu ad
t&ou+& t&e !e(!e"etati,e" of State" *e!e made (a!t of t&e Coo!diatio
CommitteeA )ut t&ei! !ole *a" limited to mo!e of )ei+ a o)"e!,e! ad
uilate!al de4i"io" !e+a!di+ t&e "tudie"A et4%A *e!e ta9e )- D!% C%D% T&atteA
*&i4& *e!e (!e@udi4ial to t&e ite!e"t of #e!ala% #e!alaC" +!ie,a4e i" t&at t&e
EC o >%6.%.066 de4lied to di"4lo"e ad "u((l- t&e 4o(ie" of !e"ult" ad ITS
!e(o!t" *it&out deali+ *it& t&e Due"tio of (!e@udi4e% Su)"eDuetl-A EC
"u)mitted it" !e(o!t )efo!e t&i" Cou!t ad t&e Cou!t di!e4ted t&e Re+i"t!- o
B%>%.06. to "u((l- 4o(- of t&e !e(o!t of t&e EC to (a!t- State" adA
a44o!di+l-A t&e Re+i"t!- of t&i" Cou!t made a,aila)le a (&oto4o(- of t&e
!e(o!t% T&e !e(o!t "u((lied )- t&e Re+i"t!- to #e!ala did ot i4lude t&e
!e"ult" ad !e(o!t" of t&e ITS li"ted i Ae5u!e 1%6 of t&e !e(o!t )ut late! o
(u!"uat to t&e o!de! of t&i" Cou!t dated 76%;%.06.A all >0 CD" ad B DVD"
*e!e "u((lied to t&e 4ou"el fo! #e!ala% It i" "u)mitted o )e&alf of #e!ala t&at
1'1
Page 142
t&e fai! (!o4edu!e ad !ule" of atu!al @u"ti4e demaded t&at t&e EC "&ould
&a,e di"4lo"ed t&e !e"ult" ad !e(o!t" of ITS !elied u(o )- it ad +i,e a
o((o!tuit- to #e!ala o t&e a44e(ta)ilit- of t&e ITS !e(o!t"% It i" "t!euou"l-
u!+ed )- lea!ed "eio! 4ou"el fo! #e!ala t&at t&e ITS !e(o!t" a!e t&e
o(iio" of e5(e!t" adA t&e!efo!eA t&e EC 4ould ot &a,e !elied u(o "u4&
!e"ult" ad !e(o!t" *it&out +i,i+ a o((o!tuit- to it to meet t&e ad,e!"e
4otet" ad #e!ala &a" t&e !i+&t to 4!o""Fe5amie t&e aut&o!" ad al"o to
lead e,ide4e of e5(e!t"A if a-A 4&alle+i+ t&e ad,e!"e !e"ult" ad !e(o!t" of
t&e ITS% I t&i" !e+a!dA #e!ala !efe!!ed to t&e a((li4atio made )efo!e EC o
.6%66%.066% #e!ala al"o !elied u(o t&e de4i"io of Kuee" ?e4& i
Re*ina
/>
%
6:/% Ee a!e ot (e!"uaded )- t&e "u)mi""io" of M!% Ha!i"& Sal,e% It
i" t!ue t&at >0 CD" ad B DVD" 4otaii+ ITS !e(o!t" *e!e "u((lied to #e!ala
(u!"uat to t&e o!de! of t&i" Cou!t dated 76%;%.06. afte! t&e !e(o!t &ad )ee
"u)mitted )- t&e EC )ut t&e fa4t of t&e matte! i" t&at t&e EC de4ided to
4odu4t t&e i,e"ti+atio"A te"t" ad "tudie" o ,a!iou" a"(e4t" !elati+ to t&e
"afet- of t&e Mulla(e!i-a! dam t&!ou+& t&e a(e5 o!+ai'atio" (u!"uat to t&e
ta"9 +i,e to it )- t&i" Cou!t% T&e EC i it" (!o4eedi+" dated 6/%.%.066
fo!med a Coo!diatio Committee *&i4& 4om(!i"ed t&e !e(!e"etati,e" of
)ot& t&e State"% It i" ,e!- diffi4ult to a44e(t t&at t&e !ole of t&e !e(!e"etati,e"
of t&e State" i t&e Coo!diatio Committee *a" limited to t&at of )ei+ a
o)"e!,e!% T&e ITS !e(o!t" &a,e )ee +i,e )- t&e o!+ai'atio" ad )odie"
8)
=e5ina v. 7eputy Industrial In0uries &ommissioner/ E> parte Lones; [(1G"# MH "88(.
1'
Page 143
*&i4& a!e e5(e!t o t&e @o)% Ee &a,e o &e"itatio i &oldi+ t&at t&e
i,e"ti+atio"A te"t" ad te4&i4al "tudie" *e!e di!e4ted to )e 4a!!ied out )-
t&e EC i a""o4iatio *it& !e(!e"etati,e" of )ot& t&e State"%
6:;% Mo!eo,e!A t&i" Cou!t a((oited EC to a""u!e it"elf a)out t&e
"afet- of t&e Mulla(e!i-a! dam% T&e ECA *e mu"t "a-A &a" 4om(leted it" ta"9
admi!a)l- )- t&o!ou+&l- +oi+ ito ea4& ad e,e!- a"(e4t of t&e "afet- of
Mulla(e!i-a! dam% Ee do ot fid a- me!it i t&e o)@e4tio" of #e!ala
4&alle+i+ t&e fidi+" ad 4o4lu"io" of t&e EC o &-d!olo+i4 "afet-A
"t!u4tu!al "afet- ad "ei"mi4 "afet- of t&e dam% T&e fidi+" of EC *it&
ela)o!ate aal-"i" of !e(o!t" of i,e"ti+atio"A te"t" ad "tudie" lead to oe
ad ol- oe 4o4lu"io t&at t&e!e i" o 4&a+e i t&e 4i!4um"ta4e"
e4e""itati+ de(a!tu!e f!om t&e ea!lie! fidi+ o t&e "afet- of Mulla(e!i-a!
dam +i,e )- t&i" Cou!t i .001 @ud+met% A" a matte! of fa4tA t&e!e i" o
4&a+e i 4i!4um"ta4e" at all mu4& le"" a- d!a"ti4 4&a+e i 4i!4um"ta4e"
o! eme!+et "ituatio @u"tif-i+ t&e !eo(ei+ of "afet- a"(e4t of Mulla(e!i-a!
dam *&i4& &a" )ee dete!mied )- t&i" Cou!t i t&e ea!lie! @ud+met%
"indings on -ssue *os4 #&a'5 $5 8&a'5 8&b' and 10
6::% I li+&t of t&e a)o,e di"4u""ioA ou! fidi+" o I""ue No"% .2a3A 7A
B2a3A B2)3 ad 60 a!e a" follo*"J
2i%3 #e!ala I!!i+atio ad Eate! Co"e!,atio 2Amedmet3 A4tA .001 i"
u4o"titutioal ad ultra vires i it" a((li4atio to ad effe4t o t&e
Mulla(e!i-a! dam%
1'$
Page 144
2ii%3 T&e !i+&t" of Tamil NaduA 4!-"talli'ed i t&e @ud+met dated ./%.%.001
(a""ed )- t&i" Cou!t i E%P% 2C3 No%7;1G.006 4aot )e ullified )- a
le+i"latio made )- t&e #e!ala State le+i"latu!e%
2iii%3 T&e ea!lie! @ud+met of t&i" Cou!t +i,e o ./%.%.001 o(e!ate" a" res
judicata o t&e i""ue of t&e "afet- of Mulla(e!i-a! dam fo! !ai"i+ *ate!
le,el to 6B. ft% ad ultimatel- to 6>. ft% afte! 4om(letio of fu!t&e!
"t!e+t&ei+ mea"u!e" o t&e Mulla(e!i-a! dam%
2i,%3 T&e (lea !ai"ed )- #e!ala !elati+ to t&e lea"e deed dated .:%60%6;;1
ad "t!u4tu!al "afet- of Mulla(e!i-a! dam &a,e )ee fiall- de4ided )-
t&e @ud+met of t&i" Cou!t dated ./%.%.001 ad #e!ala i" e"to((ed f!om
!ai"i+ o! !eFa+itati+ t&e"e i""ue" i t&e (!e"et "uit%
2,%3 #e!ala 4aot o)"t!u4t Tamil Nadu f!om i4!ea"i+ t&e *ate! le,el of
Mulla(e!i-a! dam to 6B. ft% ad f!om 4a!!-i+ out !e(ai! *o!9" a" (e!
@ud+met dated ./%.%.001%
-ssue *o4 8.
.00% T&i" i""ue 4o,e!" t&e 4ot!o,e!"- a" to *&et&e! #e!ala i"
e"to((ed f!om 4otedi+ t&at Pe!i-a! !i,e! i" ot a ite!FState !i,e!%
.06% Tamil Nadu i t&e (lait &a" a,e!!ed a" follo*"J
<T&e (laitiffA defedat o%6A State of #e!ala a!e t&e t*o !i(a!ia
State" t&!ou+& *&i4& t&e Ite!FState !i,e! Pe!i-a! flo*"% T&e !i,e!
i" oe of t&e *e"t flo*i+ !i,e!" i t&e State of #e!alaA *it& a
(o!tio of it" 4at4&met l-i+ *it& t&e State of Tamil
Nadu%=
1''
Page 145
.0.% T!a,e!"i+ t&e a)o,e (leadi+ of t&e Tamil NaduA #e!ala &a" "et
u( t&e 4a"e t&at !i,e! Pe!i-a! i" ot a ite!FState !i,e! )ut it i" it!aFState
!i,e!N t&at it !i"e" i Kuilo Di"t!i4t i #e!ala ad t!a,e!"e" ol- t&!ou+& t&e
te!!ito!- of #e!ala )efo!e falli+ ito t&e A!a)ia "ea%
.07% I it" !e(li4atioA Tamil Nadu &a" a,e!!ed t&atA i a- e,etA i t&e
ea!lie! (!o4eedi+"A #e!ala &ad !ai"ed t&e (lea of la49 of @u!i"di4tio of t&i"
Cou!t to ete!tai t&e !i,e! *ate! di"(ute" *it& !efe!e4e to A!ti4le .1. of t&e
Co"titutio !ead *it& Se4tio 66 of t&e Ite!FState Ri,e! Eate! Di"(ute" A4tA
6:>1% T&i" (lea *a" !ai"ed o t&e +!oud t&at !i,e! Pe!i-a! i" a ite!FState
!i,e!% Tamil NaduA t&u"A &a" "et u( t&e (lea t&at #e!ala i" e"to((ed f!om
!ai"i+ a (lea t&at !i,e! Pe!i-a! i" ot a ite!FState !i,e!%
.0B% M!% Ha!i"& Sal,eA lea!ed "eio! 4ou"el fo! #e!alaA a!+ue" t&at
!i,e! Pe!i-a! !i"e" i #e!ala ad flo*" fo! a le+t& of .BB 9m% i #e!ala )efo!e
ete!i+ i t&e "ea at #e!ala 4oa"t% Ri,e! Pe!i-a! doe" ot tou4& a- (a!t of
Tamil Nadu% He "u)mit" t&at i t&e ea!lie! (!o4eedi+"A #e!ala &ad ot
admitted t&at !i,e! Pe!i-a! *a" a ite!FState !i,e!% Lea!ed "eio! 4ou"el
4oted" t&at !i,e! Pe!i-a! i" a it!aFState !i,e! ad #e!alaC" a,e!met" i t&e
ea!lie! (!o4eedi+" doe" ot e"to( it f!om !ai"i+ t&e (lea t&at !i,e! Pe!i-a! i"
ot a ite!FState !i,e!%
.0>% I .001 @ud+metA oe of t&e (oit" 4o"ide!ed ad de4ided )-
t&i" 4ou!t i" *&et&e! t&e @u!i"di4tio of t&i" 4ou!t i" )a!!ed i ,ie* of A!ti4le .1.
1')
Page 146
of t&e Co"titutio !ead *it& Se4tio 66 of t&e Ite!FState Ri,e! Eate!
Di"(ute" A4tA 6:>1% T&i" (oit *ould ot &a,e )ee !ai"ed )- #e!ala )ut fo!
t&e fa4t t&at !i,e! Pe!i-a! &a((eed to )e a ite!FState !i,e!% E&ile de4idi+
t&i" (oitA o),iou"l-A t&e 4ou!t (!o4eeded o t&e footi+ t&at !i,e! Pe!i-a! i" a
ite!FState !i,e!% T&i" 4ou!t de4ided t&i" (oit a+ai"t #e!ala% It a((ea!" t&at i
t&e !e,ie* (etitioA fo! t&e fi!"t timeA #e!ala too9 t&e "(e4ifi4 (lea t&at Pe!i-a!
i" a it!aFState !i,e! )ut 4o,e!ed )- a ite!FState a+!eemet% T&e !e,ie*
(etitio &a" )ee !e@e4ted )- t&i" Cou!t o ./%/%.001%
.01% It i" t!ue t&at i t&e ea!lie! (!o4eedi+" t&e!e i" o e5(!e"" ad
4ate+o!i4al admi""io of #e!ala t&at !i,e! Pe!i-a! i" a ite!FState !i,e!A )ut t&e
,e!- (lea of la49 of @u!i"di4tio of t&i" 4ou!t fo! 4o"ide!i+ t&e a((li4a)ilit- of
A!ti4le .1.A a" oted a)o,eA *ould ot &a,e )ee !ai"ed )- #e!ala if !i,e!
Pe!i-a! *a" a it!aFState !i,e!% Mo!eo,e!A t&e eti!e a!ea d!aied )- t&e !i,e!
ad it" t!i)uta!ie" i" 4alled t&e !i,e! )a"i% It i" *ellFude!"tood i t&e *ate!
la*" t&at t&e )a"i of a- !i,e! i4lude" t&e !i,e! ,alle-% T&e to(o+!a(&i4al
ma( of Pe!i-a! !i,e!F)a"i "&o*" t&at (a!t of Pe!i-a! )a"i 2a)out 66B "D% 9m%3
i" i Tamil Nadu% T&i" i" e"ta)li"&ed f!om Eate! Atla" of #e!ala (u)li"&ed )-
Cet!e fo! Eate! Re"ou!4e" De,elo(met ad Maa+emetA #a'&i9odeA
#e!ala% T&ou+& t&e Pe!i-a! )a"i a!ea t&at fall" i Tamil Nadu i" ,e!- "mall
)utA i ou! ,ie*A t&at doe" ot ma9e a- diffe!e4e i"ofa! a" t&e "tatu" of
Pe!i-a! !i,e! a" ite!FState !i,e! i" 4o4e!ed% T&e fa4t of t&e matte! i" t&at 66B
"D% 9m% of Pe!i-a! )a"i a!ea fall" i Tamil Nadu% T&i" i" al"o fo!tified )- t&e
1'"
Page 147
ad,a4e !e(o!t of Pu)li4 Eo!9" De(a!tmetA Go,e!met of #e!alaA *&i4&A
inter aliaA "tate"A <t&e !i,e!" *&i4& &a,e t&ei! d!aia+e a!ea l-i+ i mo!e t&a
oe State &a,e )ee )!ou+&t ude! t&e 4ate+o!- of Ite!FState !i,e!" ad a
4o"olidated "tud- &a" )ee admitted i t&i" 4&a(te!= <Of t&e *e"t
flo*i+ !i,e!"A t&o"e *&i4& &a,e a (o!tio of t&ei! 4at4&met a!ea l-i+ i
Mad!a" State a!e %%2i,3 Pe!i-a!%=
.0/% #e!alaC" *ite"" M%#% Pa!ame"*a!a Nai! &a" admitted t&at i
C&a(te! LMIII ude! t&e &eadi+ <Ite!"tate *ate!"= f!om <Eate! Re"ou!4e" of
#e!ala= (u)li"&ed )- Pu)li4 Eo!9" De(a!tmetA Go,e!met of #e!ala i
6:>;A Pe!i-a! &a" )ee metioed a" a ite!FState !i,e!% T&i" *ite"" al"o
admit" t&at Eate! Atla" of #e!ala *&e!ei detail" of Pe!i-a! )a"i a!e +i,e
"&o*" t&at (a!t of t&e )a"i fall" i t&e ei+&)ou!i+ State of Tamil Nadu%
.0;% Si4e #e!ala &a" !ai"ed t&e (lea t&at !i,e! Pe!i-a! i" a it!aF
State !i,e!A o),iou"l-A )u!de i" o #e!ala to (!o,e t&i" fa4t% #e!alaA e54e(t
a""e!ti+ t&at Pe!i-a! !i,e! !i"e" i ad t!a,e!"e" ol- i t&e te!!ito!- of #e!ala
)efo!e ete!i+ ito A!a)ia "ea ad o (a!t of t&e lad i Tamil Nadu a)ut"
!i,e! Pe!i-a!A &a" ot (!odu4ed "u)"tatial e,ide4e to (!o,e t&at !i,e! Pe!i-a!
i" a it!aFState !i,e!% #e!ala &a" ot di"4&a!+ed it" )u!de to t&e "ati"fa4tio
of t&e Cou!t%
.0:% It i" t!ue t&at a,e!met of Tamil Nadu i t&e (lait t&at t&e t*o
State" 8 #e!ala ad Tamil Nadu 8 a!e !i(a!ia State" i" ot !i+&t i it" eti!et-
1'8
Page 148
)e4au"e Tamil Nadu i" ot a !i(a!ia State )ut t&e "tatu" of Pe!i-a! !i,e! a"
ite!FState !i,e!A o t&e )a"i" of *&at *e &a,e o)"e!,ed a)o,eA 4aot )e
o,e!loo9ed% It i" ot o(e to #e!ala to ta9e a totall- i4o"i"tet (lea ad
)e+i f!e"& 4ot!o,e!"- a)out t&e "tatu" of Pe!i-a! !i,e! o t&e +!oud t&at t&e
ea!lie! (lea *a" fouded o "ome e!!oeou" (!emi"e% I ou! ,ie*A #e!ala
4aot )e (e!mitted to 4oted t&at Pe!i-a! !i,e! i" ot a ite!FState !i,e!%
"inding on -ssue *o48
.60% I li+&t of t&e a)o,e di"4u""ioA it i" &eld t&at #e!ala 4aot )e
(e!mitted to 4oted t&at !i,e! Pe!i-a! i" a it!aFState !i,e!% I""ue No%; i"
a"*e!ed a44o!di+l-%
-ssue *o49
.66% T&i" i""ue i" fouded o t&e offe! made )- #e!ala to Tamil Nadu
to 4o"t!u4t a e* dam a4!o"" !i,e! Pe!i-a! i t&e do*"t!eam !e+io of
Mulla(e!i-a! dam% EC i C&a(te! VIII ude! t&e title <Ea- Fo!*a!d 8 To*a!d"
A Ami4a)le Re"olutio= &a" dealt *it& t&i" a"(e4t a" a fi!"t alte!ati,e ad
"u++e"ted a" follo*"J
<6% T&at t&e So# ma- 4o"t!u4t a e* damA at it" o* e5(e"e to
"e!,e it" o* (e!4e(tio"A if te4&oFe4oomi4all- 4lea!ed )- t&e
Plai+ Commi""ioA ad 4lea!ed )- MoEF i a44o!da4e of t&ei!
!e+ulatio"% T&e 4o"t!u4tio of a e* damA +i,i+ due ma!+i fo!
iflatio et4A ma- 4o"t t&e e54&eDue! mo!e t&a Ru(ee" oe t&ou"ad
4!o!e"% T&e "tatuto!- 4lea!a4e"A fi5i+ of a 4o"t!u4tio a+e4-A
(!elimia!- *o!9"A t&e a4tual 4o"t!u4tio ad de4ommi""ioi+ *it&
demolitio of e5i"ti+ dam i" li9el- to ta9e ; to 60 -ea!"% T&e e5i"ti+
dam "&all ot )e di"matledA demoli"&ed o! de4ommi""ioed till t&e
e* dam 4o"t!u4tio i" 4om(leted ad it )e4ome" o(e!atioal% Till
1'F
Page 149
"u4& timeA t&e !i+&t" of t&e SoTN i t&e e5i"ti+ Dam to all *ate!" of
Mulla Pe!i-a! Dam a!i"i+ out of t&e Lea"e Deed of 6;;1 ad t&e
A+!eemet" of 6:/0A "&all )e full- &oou!ed%
.% Ho*e,e!A t&e o(e!atio of t&e Ne* Dam *ould 4omme4e ol-
afte!J
.2a3 A f!e"& MOU i" e5e4uted )et*ee t&e So# ad t&e SoTN%
.2)3 T&at to 4ot!olA maa+eA o(e!ateA maitai ad !e+ulate t&e
*ate!" of t&e Ne* DamA a Ide(edet Committee G ?oa!dA to
)e 4&ai!ed )- a !e(!e"etati,e of t&e Uio of IdiaA *it&
!e(!e"etati,e" of t&e So# ad t&e SoTN a" it" Mem)e!"A i" (ut
i (la4eN
.243 T&at t&e te!m" of !etGle,ie" et4 (a-a)le )- t&e SoTN to t&e
So# a!e "ettled ad t&e (o*e! +ee!atio !i+&t" of t&e t*o
State" a!e "ettled )efo!e&adN
.2d3 T&at )efo!e 4o"t!u4tio of t&e e* dam ad till it"
4ommi""ioi+A t&e e5i"ti+ dam *ill )e "t!e+t&eed )- t&e
mea"u!e" "u++e"ted )- t&e CECA i4ludi+ Dam Safet-
!eDui!emet" a" al!ead- ,oi4edA *&i4& "till !emai to )e 4a!!ied
out%
.2e3 T&at t&e SoTN *ill )e etitled to all it" e5i"ti+ !i+&t" i4ludi+
all *ate! le,el" ude! t&e Lea"e Deed of 6;;1 ad
A+!eemet of 6:/0%
.2f3 T&at de4ommi""ioi+ o! demolitio of t&e e5i"ti+ dam *ould
)e "u)@e4t to t&e 4oditio" .2a3 to .2e3 )ei+ met )- t&e t*o
Pa!t- State"%
.2+3 T&e Em(o*e!ed Committee &ad made t&e "u++e"tio to t&e
t*o State" du!i+ t&e &ea!i+ o .d Jaua!-A .06.% Lea!ed
4ou"el fo! t&e (a!tie" &ad "ou+&t time to 4o"ult t&e State"
ad file t&ei! !e"(o"e"% Cou"el fo! t&e (a!tie" late! o +a,e
t&ei! !e"(o"e" i +ee!al te!m"A )ut t&e!e &a" )ee o di!e4t
!e"(o"e o! o((o"itio to t&e alte!ati,e" "u++e"ted%=
.6.% A- ami4a)le !e"olutio of t&e (!e"et di"(ute )et*ee t&e t*o
State" *ould &a,e )ee !eall- +ood fo! t&e (eo(le of t&e"e State" )ut t&i" &a"
ot )ee (o""i)le a" t&e t*o State" &a,e "&a!( 4ofli4t o,e! t&e "u)@e4t
matte! ad t&ei! "ta4e i" !i+idA ifle5i)le ad &a!d% T&e offe! made )- #e!ala
1'G
Page 150
fo! 4o"t!u4tio of e* dam &a" )ee out!i+&tl- !e@e4ted )- Tamil Nadu% It i"
im(o!tat to )ea! i mid t&at Mulla(e!i-a! dam &a" )ee 4o"i"tetl- foud to
)e "afeA fi!"tA )- t&e E5(e!t CommitteeA adA t&eA )- t&i" Cou!t i .001
@ud+met% T&e &-d!olo+i4alA "t!u4tu!al ad "ei"mi4 "afet- of t&e Mulla(e!i-a!
dam &a" )ee 4ofi!med )- t&e EC a" *ell%
"inding on -ssue *o49
.67% I t&i" ,ie* of t&e matte! fo! t&e 4o"t!u4tio of e* damA t&e!e
&a" to )e a+!eemet of )ot& t&e (a!tie"% T&e offe! made )- #e!ala 4aot )e
t&!u"ted u(o Tamil Nadu% I""ue No%:A t&e!efo!eA &a" to )e de4ided a+ai"t
#e!ala ad it i" "o &eld%
.6B% EC &a" al"o "u++e"ted t&e follo*i+ "e4od alte!ati,eJ
<.% T&e Dam Safet- O!+ai'atio Cet!al Eate! Commi""ioA t&e
Go,e!met of Idia 2Mii"t!- of Eate! Re"ou!4e"3A &a" laid do* t&e
C!ite!ia ad Guidelie" fo! E,a4uati+ Sto!a+e Re"e!,oi!"A Si'i+ Lo*
Le,el Outlet" ad Iitial Filli+ of Re"e!,oi!"%
i3 A44o!di+ to t&e 4!ite!iaA +ee!all- "(ea9i+A Dam" "&ould )e
(!o,ided *it& lo* le,el outlet" of adeDuate 4a(a4it- to lo*e! t&e
!e"e!,oi! *ate! le,el to a "(e4ified ele,atio fo! i"(e4tioA
maitea4e ad !e(ai!A ad ii3 to 4ot!ol t&e !ate of !e"e!,oi!
(ool !i"e du!i+ iitial filli+%
ii3 T&e Guidelie" !e4ommed t&at a outlet "&ould )e (!o,ided at
t&e lo*e"t (o""i)le le,el ad "&ould )e of "uffi4iet dime"io"
to 4ate! to e,a4uatio of "to!a+e *it& !eDui"ite flo* 4a(a4it-%
T&e de4i"io a)out le,el at *&i4& t&e outlet &a" to )e (!o,ided
i" left to t&e 4o4e!ed dam o*i+ etit-% T&e le,el *ill
de(ed u(o a""e""met of t&e damR" 4oditioA a @ud+met o
lo4atio at *&i4& di"t!e"" ma- )e 4au"edA it" atu!e ad t&e
time of e,a4uatio eeded fo! ea)li+ 4om(letio of
!e"to!atio mea"u!e"%
1)!
Page 151
7% I t&e e5i"ti+ MPD (!o@e4tA a" oted i C&a(te!Fll2)3 2"u(!a3A a
tuel &ad )ee de"i+ed *it& a DFSe4tio 6. feet *ide ad /%> ft
&i+& *it& (!o,i"io of t&e "lui4e &ead +ate &a,i+ "ill at El 601%> ft fo!
di,e!"io of *ate! f!om Pe!i-a! !e"e!,oi! to Vai+ai )a"i i t&e SoTN%
T&i" tuel *a" mode!i'ed )- *idei+ ad lii+ i t&e -ea! 6:>;%
T&e tuel 4a allo* !e"e!,oi! d!a*Fdo* to 601%> ft a" (e! 4!ite!ia
laid do* i 2i3% Sto!a+e lo*e! t&a El 601%> ft to a idetified
ele,atio )a"ed o a""e""met of li9el- di"t!e"" 4aot )e d!a*F
do* t&!ou+& t&e (!e"et a!!a+emet of d!a*l of *ate! fo! t&e SoTN
t&!ou+& t&e e5i"ti+ tuel%
B% Fu!t&e!A di++i+ of a Ne* Tuel at "a- at EL >0 ft%A of 4ou!"eA afte!
4odu4ti+ "u!,e-"A de"i+"A ad te4&oFe4oomi4 fea"i)ilit- "tudie"A
*it& !eDui"ite "lui4e +ate" fo! e,a4uatio of !e"e!,oi! *ate! f!om EL
601%> ft to "a- >0 ft% T&e"e "tudie" *ill &a,e to )e ude!ta9e *it&i a
"(e4ified time f!ame% It +oe" *it&out "a-i+ t&at t&e *ate! flo* f!om
t&e Ne* Tuel 4a )e u"ed fo! (o*e! +ee!atio o! fo! a- ot&e!
(u!(o"e )- ma9i+ 4&a+e" i it" e5i"ti+ if!a"t!u4tu!e% De(edi+
u(o a de4i"io a)out t&e ele,atio of t&e Ne* Tuel outletA
e,a4uatio of t&e MPD !e"e!,oi! *ill )e (o""i)le i 4o!!e"(odi+ time
(e!iod%
a3 T&e e* tuelA *ill eed to )e 4o"t!u4ted )- t&e SoTNA "i4e
t&e o*e!"&i( of t&e e5i"ti+ dam ,e"t" i it% T&e total
e5(editu!e fo! 4o"t!u4tio of t&e e* tuel "&ould )e )o!e
)- t&e SoTN% T&e 4o"t" ma- )e "mall a" 4om(a!ed to t&e 4o"t
of t&e !e(la4emet of t&e e* dam% T&e SoTN "&ould
a44om(li"& "u!,e-" ad fea"i)ilit- "tudie" fo! t&e (!o(o"al of
&a,i+ a e* tuel *it&i a -ea!%
)3 T&e Ne* Tuel "a- at EI >0 ft *ill ea)le t&e SoTN to u"e
additioal *ate! a,aila)le i "to!a+e )et*ee EL 601 ft to >0 ft%
At (!e"etA t&e"e *ate!" a!e !emaii+ uu"ed%
43 Mo!e im(o!tatl-A if t&i" alte!ati,e i" im(lemeted i a a+!eed
(e!iod of timeA t&e fea! (e!4e(tio i t&e mid" of (eo(le of t&e
So# *ill )e "et at !e"t% T&e- 4a t&e a((!e4iate t&at t&e Ne*
Tuel i" +oi+ to &el( e,a4uatio of "to!a+e fa"te! ad )ette!A
i 4a"e t&e dam de,elo(" a- di"t!e""% A" a +!a,it- dam
"eldom +i,e" i "uddel-A "u4& e,a4uatio *ill !edu4e Dam
?!ea9 flood 2D?F3 ma+itude "i+ifi4atl-%
d3 T&ou+&A t&e demad of t&e So# fo! 6%6 TMC of *ate! fo!
E,i!ometal Flo* i" ot "u)"tatiatedA -etA a le+itimate eed
*&i4& i" -et to )e a""e""edA 4a )e met *it& afte! t&e FRL i"
!ai"ed to 6B. ft% A "mall (i(e outlet of a "uita)le diamete!
t&!ou+& !i+&t )a9 &illo49 4a )e du+ to !elea"e t&e
1)1
Page 152
E,i!ometal Flo* a" fi!med u( )- t&e SoTN i 4o"ultatio
*it& CEC $ t&e So#%
>% T&at a MoU *ould &a,e to )e e5e4uted )- t&e SoTN ad t&e
So#A i t&e (!e"e4e of a !e(!e"etati,e of t&e Go,t% of IdiaA Mii"t!-
of Eate! Re"ou!4e"A !e+a!di+ t&e 4o"t!u4tio of t&e e* tuel
*it&i a "(e4ified time%=
.6>% EC &a" it"elf oted t&at t&e "e4od alte!ati,e i" de(edet o
a+!eemet )et*ee t&e t*o State" )ut to u" t&e!e a((ea!" to )e o (o""i)ilit-
of mutual a+!eemet o t&i" a"(e4t a" *ell% T&e alte!ati,e" "u++e"ted )- EC
a!e *o!t& e5(lo!i+ )- t&e t*o State" )ut &a,i+ !e+a!d to t&e u)edi+
"ta4e ado(ted )- t&emA t&i" doe" ot "eem to )e (o""i)le% EeA &o*e,e!A
+!at li)e!t- to t&e (a!tie" to a((l- to t&e Cou!t if t&e- a!e a)le to a!!i,e at
"ome ami4a)le "olutio o eit&e! of t&e t*o alte!ati,e" "u++e"ted )- t&e EC%
-ssue *os4 #&b' and 11
.61% Eit& !efe!e4e to t&e"e i""ue"A it i" "t!euou"l- u!+ed )- #e!ala
t&at Tamil Nadu &a" ot "uffe!ed a- i@u!- )e4au"e of t&e !edu4tio of t&e
"to!a+e at Mulla(e!i-a! dam to 671 ft% "i4e 6:/:% A44o!di+ to #e!alaA mo!e
*ate! *a" d!a* ad mo!e a!ea *a" i!!i+ated afte! 6:/:% #e!ala &a" i t&i"
!e+a!d !elied u(o t&e data "u((lied )- Tamil Nadu Pu)li4 Eo!9" De(a!tmet
ad t&e aal-"i" t&e!eof% It i" "u)mitted t&at a,e!a+e *ate! d!a* du!i+ t&e
(!eF6:/: (e!iod *a" 6:A.// M4ft% *&ile i t&e (o"tF6:/: (e!iod t&e *ate!
d!a* *a" .6AB7B M4f% A" !e+a!d" e5tet of i!!i+atioA #e!ala "u)mit" t&at t&e
e5tet of i!!i+atio i Tamil Nadu f!om Mulla(e!i-a!A *ate! &a" admittedl-
i4!ea"ed f!om a)out 6A/6A70/ a4!e" )efo!e 6:/: to .A76AB6. a4!e"% #e!ala
1)
Page 153
&a" al"o !elied u(o t&e a"*e!" of PEF6 to Due"tio No"% >;> to 106 ad >;
to >:% #e!ala &a" al"o !elied u(o t&e de4i"io of t&i" Cou!t i State of Andhra
Pradesh
7
*&e!ei t&i" Cou!t o)"e!,edA <%t&at i a "uit fo! i@u4tio filed )-
oe State a+ai"t t&e ot&e! StateA t&e )u!de o t&e 4om(laii+ State i"
mu4& +!eate! t&a t&at +ee!all- !eDui!ed to )e )o!e )- oe "ee9i+ a
i@u4tio i a "uit )et*ee (!i,ate (a!tie"% T&e 4om(laii+ State &a" to
e"ta)li"& t&at t&!eateed i,a"io of !i+&t" i" "u)"tatial ad of a "e!iou"
ma+itude% I t&e matte! )et*ee State"A i@u4tio *ould ot follo* )e4au"e
t&e!e i" if!a4tio of "ome !i+&t" of t&e 4om(laii+ State )ut a 4a"e of &i+&
eDuit- mu"t )e made out t&at mo,e" t&e 4o"4ie4e of t&e Cou!t i +!ati+
i@u4tio%=
.6/% Tamil Nadu o t&e ot&e! &ad a""e!t" t&at !ai"i+ t&e *ate! le,el
i t&e dam to o!i+ial FRL i" a)"olutel- e4e""a!- to i!!i+ate t&e lad" i a)out
. la9& a4!e" i fi,e d!ou+&tF(!oe di"t!i4t" of T&eiA Didi+ulA Madu!aiA
Si,a+a+ai ad Ramaat&a(u!am% A)out 1%; la9& fa!me!" ad a+!i4ultu!al
la)ou!e!" )e"ide" ;0 la9& (eo(le of t&e a)o,e fi,e di"t!i4t" 4otiue to "uffe!
due to iadeDuate timel- "u((l- of *ate! fo! i!!i+atio ad d!i9i+ (u!(o"e"%
.6;% Pe!tietl-A EC &a" al"o 4o"ide!ed t&i" a"(e4t ad o)"e!,ed a"
follo*"J
<EC &a" a""e""ed t&at i4!ea"e i i!!i+atio i Vai+ai ?a"i i"
mail- due to i3 4o"t!u4tio of Vai+ai Dam i 6:>B ad !elated
4aal di"t!i)utio "-"tem (o"t 6:/BA *&i4& *o!9ed a" a )ala4i+
!e"e!,oi! fo! !elea"e f!om (o*e! "tatio i oFi!!i+atio mot&"
1)$
Page 154
f!om 6:>B o*a!d"A ad ii3 Eo!ld ?a9 a""i"ted Mode!i'atio of
Pe!i-a! Vai+ai I!!i+atio P!o@e4tA (&a"eFI $ IIA im(lemeted i
6:;0C"A *&i4& ea)led im(!o,ed Eate! U"e Effi4ie4-%
Alt&ou+& fi!mi+ u( of i!!i+atio i" a4&ie,ed )- t&e SoTNA t&e!e i"
"till la!+e d!ou+&tF(!oe a!ea i Vai+ai ?a"i ad ad@oii+ a!eaA
*&i4& eed" (!ote4ti,e i!!i+atio% Al"o dome"ti4 G mui4i(al G
idu"t!ial eed" of t&e a!ea a!e "i+ifi4at% T&e"e (!e"et
!eDui!emet" !emai umetA if FRL i" ot !e"to!ed e,e (a!tiall-%
EC i" ua)le to a44e(t t&e "u)mi""io of t&e So# t&at o &a!m
*ill )e doe ude! t&e"e 4i!4um"ta4e" to t&e SoTN if FRL i" ot
!e"to!ed%=
.6:% I"ofa! a" d!a*al of *ate! i (!eF6:/: (e!iod ad (o"tF6:/:
(e!iod i" 4o4e!edA t&e "ole *ite"" of Tamil Nadu &a" admitted t&at i t&e
(o"tF6:/: (e!iod t&e *ate! d!a* *a" .6AB7B M4ft% ad t&e a,e!a+e *ate!
d!a* (!eF6:/: (e!iod *a" 6:A.// M4ft% Simila!l-A &e &a" admitted i4!ea"e
of i!!i+atio f!om 6A/6A70/ a4!e" )efo!e 6:/: to .A76AB6. a4!e" i 6::.F:7A
)utA a" o)"e!,ed )- ECA t&i" &a" )ee due to 4o"t!u4tio of Vai+ai dam i
6:>B ad !elated 4aal di"t!i)utio "-"tem (o"tF6:/B% T&e fi,e di"t!i4t" T&eiA
Didi+ulA Madu!aiA Si,a+a+ai ad Ramaat&a(u!am t&at a!e "e!,ed )-
Pe!i-a! (!o@e4t a!e d!ou+&t (!oe% A)out . la9& a4!e" of lad fall i t&e"e fi,e
di"t!i4t" *&i4& eed" to )e i!!i+ated% T&e iadeDuate timel- *ate! "u((l- of
*ate! fo! i!!i+atio ad d!i9i+ (u!(o"e" to t&e (o(ulatio of t&e"e di"t!i4t"
ma- affe4t t&ei! li,e" a" *ell a" li,eli&ood% T&e i4!ea"e of i!!i+atio ad mo!e
d!a*al of *ate! (o"t 6:/: "till a((ea!" to )e defi4iet fo! t&e (o(ulatio of
mo!e t&a ;0 la9& (eo(le i t&e"e di"t!i4t"%
1)'
Page 155
..0% I t&e"e fa4t"A t&e!efo!eA it 4a "afel- )e "aid t&at Tamil Nadu &a"
)ee a)le to e"ta)li"& t&at i,a"io o it" !i+&t" i" "u)"tatial% Tamil Nadu &a"
)ee a)le to ma9e out a 4a"e fo! +!at of i@u4tio o t&e (!i4i(le" laid
do* )- t&i" Cou!t i State of Andhra Pradesh
7
% Mo!eo,e!A (!e"et "uit i" ot
a "uit fo! i@u4tio "im(li4ite! a" t&e mai (!a-e! i" t&at #e!ala I!!i+atio ad
Eate! Co"e!,atio 2Amedmet3 A4tA .001 )e de4la!ed u4o"titutioal ad
ultra vires i it" a((li4atio to ad effe4t o t&e Mulla(e!i-a! dam%
"indings on -ssue *os4 #&b' and 11
..6% I ,ie* of t&e fo!e+oi+ di"4u""ioA *e &old t&at Tamil Nadu i"
etitled to t&e !elief" a" (!a-ed i (a!a B0 2i3 ad 2ii3 of t&e "uit% Co"eDuetl-A
it i" de4la!ed t&at t&e #e!ala I!!i+atio ad Eate! Co"e!,atio 2Amedmet3
A4tA .001 (a""ed )- t&e #e!ala le+i"latu!e i" u4o"titutioal i it" a((li4atio
to ad effe4t o t&e Mulla(e!i-a! dam% T&e 6
"t
defedat 8 State of #e!ala 8 i"
!e"t!aied )- a de4!ee of (e!maet i@u4tio f!om a((l-i+ ad efo!4i+
t&e im(u+ed le+i"latio o! i a- mae! ite!fe!i+ *it& o! o)"t!u4ti+ t&e
State of Tamil Nadu f!om i4!ea"i+ t&e *ate! le,el to 6B. ft% ad f!om
4a!!-i+ out t&e !e(ai! *o!9" a" (e! t&e @ud+met of t&i" Cou!t dated
./%.%.001 i E%P%2C3 No% 7;1G.006 *it& 4oe4ted matte!"%
...% Ho*e,e!A to alla- t&e a((!e&e"io" of #e!alaF t&ou+& oe
e5i"t" F a)out t&e "afet- of t&e Mulla(e!i-a! dam o !e"to!atio of t&e FRL to
6B. ft%A a 7FMem)e! Su(e!,i"o!- Committee i" 4o"tituted% T&e Committee
1))
Page 156
"&all &a,e oe !e(!e"etati,e f!om t&e Cet!al Eate! Commi""io ad oe
!e(!e"etati,e ea4& f!om t&e t*o State" 8 Tamil Nadu ad #e!ala% T&e
!e(!e"etati,e of t&e Cet!al Eate! Commi""io "&all )e t&e C&ai!ma of t&e
Committee% T&e Committee *ill "ele4t t&e (la4e fo! it" offi4eA *&i4& "&all )e
(!o,ided )- #e!ala% Tamil Nadu "&all )ea! t&e eti!e e5(editu!e of t&e
Committee%
..7% T&e (o*e!" ad fu4tio" of t&e Su(e!,i"o!- Committee "&all )e
a" follo*"J
2i3 T&e Committee "&all "u(e!,i"e t&e !e"to!atio of FRL i t&e
Mulla(e!i-a! dam to t&e ele,atio of 6B. ft%
2ii3 T&e Committee "&all i"(e4t t&e dam (e!iodi4all-A mo!e
(a!ti4ula!l-A immediatel- )efo!e t&e mo"oo ad du!i+ t&e
mo"oo ad 9ee( 4lo"e *at4& o it" "afet- ad !e4ommed
mea"u!e" *&i4& a!e e4e""a!-% Su4& mea"u!e" "&all )e 4a!!ied
out )- Tamil Nadu%
2iii3 T&e Committee "&all )e f!ee to ta9e a((!o(!iate "te(" ad i""ue
e4e""a!- di!e4tio" to t&e t*o State" F Tamil Nadu ad #e!ala 8
o! a- of t&em if "o !eDui!ed fo! t&e "afet- of t&e Mulla(e!i-a!
dam i a eme!+et "ituatio% Su4& di!e4tio" "&all )e o)e-ed )-
all 4o4e!ed%
1)"
Page 157
2i,3 T&e Committee "&all (e!mit Tamil Nadu to 4a!!- out fu!t&e!
(!e4autioa!- mea"u!e" t&at ma- )e4ome e4e""a!- u(o it"
(e!iodi4 i"(e4tio of t&e dam i a44o!da4e *it& t&e +uidelie"
of t&e Cet!al Eate! Commi""io ad Dam Safet- O!+ai"atio%
..B% T&e "uit i" de4!eed a" a)o,eA *it& o o!de! a" to 4o"t"%
%%CJI%
2R%M% Lod&a3
%%%%%J%
2H%L% Dattu3
%%%%%J%
2C&ad!amauli #!% P!a"ad3
%%%%%J%
2Mada ?% Lo9u!3
%%%%%J%
2M%T% ED)al3
NEE DELHIN
MAT 0/A .06B%
1)8
Page 158
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
SPECIAL LEA(E PETITION 1C2 N$.'3;:: $& 20'2
C%R% NEELA#ANDAN $ ANR% PETITIONERS
VERSUS
UNION OF INDIA $ ORS% RESPONDENTS
O R D E R
I ,ie* of ou! "e(a!ate @ud+met (!oou4ed toda- i O!i+ial Suit No%7
of .001 2State of Tamil Nadu ,% State of #e!ala ad aot&e!3A ot&i+ fu!t&e!
!emai" to )e de4ided i t&i" "(e4ial lea,e (etitio ad it i" di"mi""ed
a44o!di+l-%
%%%%%CJI%
2R%M% Lod&a3
%%%%%J%
2H%L% Dattu3
%%%%%J%
2C&ad!amauli #!% P!a"ad3
%%%%%J%
2Mada ?% Lo9u!3
%%%%%J%
2M%T% ED)al3
NEE DELHI
MAT 0/A .06B
1)F