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Global Environmental Issues

Prepared June 2004 Slide 3


Purpose of this
material
The environment encompasses the whole of life on
earth and the complex interactions that link the living
world with the physical world. In a general sense, this
covers everything contained within the air, land and
water. Sudden and dramatic natural changes to the
environment have occurred, and continue to occur,
which have the potential to upset the whole balance of
the Earth's ecosystem. Significant environmental issues
cause impacts throughout the world. This presentation
aims to inform people on the global, regional and local
environmental issues that relate directly to Vietnam.



-The presence in the air of substances
which pose a potential threat to human
health and/or the environment.
-The presence of particles in the air which
decrease visibility.
-The INDIAN EPA estimates that 50
percent of the INDIAN population is
exposed to air pollutants exceeding
current federal standards.

Prepared MARCH 8 2008 Slide 5
EFFECT OF AIR
POLLUTION

Global Warming
Ozone Layer Depletion
Acid Rain
Deforestation
Loss of Biodiversity


Impacts of Air Pollution at Different Scales
Indoor
Urban
Regional
Global
Health impacts of air pollution
Scale of health impacts
Indoor air pollution
Urban air pollution
Regional air pollution
Health Costs of Air Pollution
Asia
1
An estimated 487,000
premature deaths occur each
year due to outdoor air
pollution.

INDIA

Environmental and health
costs of air pollution in INDIA is
about 7 % of GDP [budget
deficit in 2003 = 3.3% of GDP]
5
Estimates shows that these
costs could rise to 13% of
Chinas GDP by 2020

INDIA

Health cost of air pollution
$640 million
$800 million by 2020

0
50
100
150
200
Mumbai Metro Manila Jakarta Kathmandu
Valley
U
S
$

m
i
l
l
i
o
n
s

(
p
.
a
.
)
Mortality
Morbidity
Economic Implications of Health Impacts
4
Source: 1. WHO(2002); 2. State of the World 2003, World Watch Institute; 4. URBAIR project; 5. UN, 2004; 6: NIES, www.nies.go.jp
Exposed to diesel exhaust
6

Exposed to clean air
6

INDIA
Why: Particle Pollution

Microscopic particles in the air
Also called particulate matter,
PM, fine particles or haze
Creates atmospheric haze
Comes from vehicle exhaust,
fires, industrial and agricultural
processes
Can be breathed deep into the
lungs and causes significant
health threats
The doctor says particle
pollution
Aggravates lung disease including
asthma.
Aggravates heart disease
including congestive heart
failure.
Resulting in:
More premature deaths
More admissions to hospitals
More trips to emergency rooms
More visits to doctors offices
More school and work absences
More symptom days


So Whos at Risk?
People with heart or lung
disease.
(including asthma)
Conditions make them vulnerable
Older adults
Greater prevalence of heart and
lung disease.
Children
More likely to be active
Breathe more air per pound
Bodies still developing
3
Wheele
rs
5.01%
MUV
4.45%
Trucks
2.03%
Bus
1.64%
LCV
1.06%
Cars
12.50%
Taxi
0.41%
2Wheel
ers
72.91%
Category wise vehicle distribution
As on 31
st
March 2007
2 Wheelers 33.42
Cars
34.29
Taxi 7.69
Bus 1.98
Trucks 7.89
3 Wheelers 17.11
M UV 13.84
LCV 18.62
THE SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION
ACTION PLAN


4 Wheeler registration with Bharat Stage II compliant only (COT)
Introduction of Ethanol blend petrol and low sulfur MS(Petrol)/HSD
(Oil Cos.)
Phasing out of AMTS buses(AMC)
342 (last 4 years) and 226 (2003-04)
Surprise checking and cancellation of license of defaulting PUC centers
(FCCA,COT)
Ban on heavy vehicles within AMC area (Home)
Heavy vehicles diversion - AUDA Ring Road (Home/AUDA)
Ban on diesel driven rickshaws within the city (Home)
Sale of 2T oil (Pre mix) (FC & CA & Oil Cos.)
Registration of Free Sale kerosene vendors (FC & CA)
Restriction on sale of kerosene - vicinity of petrol pumps (FC & CA)

Changes In Vehicle Systems
Hybrid
Fuel Cell
Battery-
Electric
Implementation of transportation and distribution network for CNG (GSPC, E&P
Dept./AMC/AUDA/GAEL)
Pipeline for Natural Gas supply in industrial area is going to be commissioned (GAEL)
City gate Gas station & 3 CNG station are ready for Commissioning (GAEL)
LPG outlets
Working 5 (IOC, BPC, HPC)
Planned 4 (IOC)
AAQ Monitoring Station (AMC & GIDC,GPCB)
16 Planned by December 2004
07 Working
Door to Door collection of garbage (AMC, AUDA)
Ban on burning of biomass in open by AMC - planning bio composting (AMC, AUDA)

REMEDIAL MEASURES

Augmentation of public transport in the city
Submission of time bound program for augmenting commuters need to
40%

Vehicle inspection program for city fleet
10 PUC stations, with 4-gas analyzer (for Euro II) vehicles, smoke tests
for diesel vehicles and lambda tests by 31-12-2004

Industrial Air Pollution
GPCB to submit a plan to EPCA for switch over to natural gas by highly
polluting industries, by 31-12-2004,

WHERE DO WE GO.. .. .. ?
Conclusion
Responsibility to improve
environmental conditions lies upon
all of us as individuals
Concentrate on preventing
environmental degradation before it
starts
Alternatives ARE feasible and Can
be Used

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