Purpose of this material The environment encompasses the whole of life on earth and the complex interactions that link the living world with the physical world. In a general sense, this covers everything contained within the air, land and water. Sudden and dramatic natural changes to the environment have occurred, and continue to occur, which have the potential to upset the whole balance of the Earth's ecosystem. Significant environmental issues cause impacts throughout the world. This presentation aims to inform people on the global, regional and local environmental issues that relate directly to Vietnam.
-The presence in the air of substances which pose a potential threat to human health and/or the environment. -The presence of particles in the air which decrease visibility. -The INDIAN EPA estimates that 50 percent of the INDIAN population is exposed to air pollutants exceeding current federal standards.
Prepared MARCH 8 2008 Slide 5 EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION
Global Warming Ozone Layer Depletion Acid Rain Deforestation Loss of Biodiversity
Impacts of Air Pollution at Different Scales Indoor Urban Regional Global Health impacts of air pollution Scale of health impacts Indoor air pollution Urban air pollution Regional air pollution Health Costs of Air Pollution Asia 1 An estimated 487,000 premature deaths occur each year due to outdoor air pollution.
INDIA
Environmental and health costs of air pollution in INDIA is about 7 % of GDP [budget deficit in 2003 = 3.3% of GDP] 5 Estimates shows that these costs could rise to 13% of Chinas GDP by 2020
INDIA
Health cost of air pollution $640 million $800 million by 2020
0 50 100 150 200 Mumbai Metro Manila Jakarta Kathmandu Valley U S $
m i l l i o n s
( p . a . ) Mortality Morbidity Economic Implications of Health Impacts 4 Source: 1. WHO(2002); 2. State of the World 2003, World Watch Institute; 4. URBAIR project; 5. UN, 2004; 6: NIES, www.nies.go.jp Exposed to diesel exhaust 6
Exposed to clean air 6
INDIA Why: Particle Pollution
Microscopic particles in the air Also called particulate matter, PM, fine particles or haze Creates atmospheric haze Comes from vehicle exhaust, fires, industrial and agricultural processes Can be breathed deep into the lungs and causes significant health threats The doctor says particle pollution Aggravates lung disease including asthma. Aggravates heart disease including congestive heart failure. Resulting in: More premature deaths More admissions to hospitals More trips to emergency rooms More visits to doctors offices More school and work absences More symptom days
So Whos at Risk? People with heart or lung disease. (including asthma) Conditions make them vulnerable Older adults Greater prevalence of heart and lung disease. Children More likely to be active Breathe more air per pound Bodies still developing 3 Wheele rs 5.01% MUV 4.45% Trucks 2.03% Bus 1.64% LCV 1.06% Cars 12.50% Taxi 0.41% 2Wheel ers 72.91% Category wise vehicle distribution As on 31 st March 2007 2 Wheelers 33.42 Cars 34.29 Taxi 7.69 Bus 1.98 Trucks 7.89 3 Wheelers 17.11 M UV 13.84 LCV 18.62 THE SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION ACTION PLAN
4 Wheeler registration with Bharat Stage II compliant only (COT) Introduction of Ethanol blend petrol and low sulfur MS(Petrol)/HSD (Oil Cos.) Phasing out of AMTS buses(AMC) 342 (last 4 years) and 226 (2003-04) Surprise checking and cancellation of license of defaulting PUC centers (FCCA,COT) Ban on heavy vehicles within AMC area (Home) Heavy vehicles diversion - AUDA Ring Road (Home/AUDA) Ban on diesel driven rickshaws within the city (Home) Sale of 2T oil (Pre mix) (FC & CA & Oil Cos.) Registration of Free Sale kerosene vendors (FC & CA) Restriction on sale of kerosene - vicinity of petrol pumps (FC & CA)
Changes In Vehicle Systems Hybrid Fuel Cell Battery- Electric Implementation of transportation and distribution network for CNG (GSPC, E&P Dept./AMC/AUDA/GAEL) Pipeline for Natural Gas supply in industrial area is going to be commissioned (GAEL) City gate Gas station & 3 CNG station are ready for Commissioning (GAEL) LPG outlets Working 5 (IOC, BPC, HPC) Planned 4 (IOC) AAQ Monitoring Station (AMC & GIDC,GPCB) 16 Planned by December 2004 07 Working Door to Door collection of garbage (AMC, AUDA) Ban on burning of biomass in open by AMC - planning bio composting (AMC, AUDA)
REMEDIAL MEASURES
Augmentation of public transport in the city Submission of time bound program for augmenting commuters need to 40%
Vehicle inspection program for city fleet 10 PUC stations, with 4-gas analyzer (for Euro II) vehicles, smoke tests for diesel vehicles and lambda tests by 31-12-2004
Industrial Air Pollution GPCB to submit a plan to EPCA for switch over to natural gas by highly polluting industries, by 31-12-2004,
WHERE DO WE GO.. .. .. ? Conclusion Responsibility to improve environmental conditions lies upon all of us as individuals Concentrate on preventing environmental degradation before it starts Alternatives ARE feasible and Can be Used