- SCADA

.
...

(TELEMETRY): fl fi
fi RTU RTU fi
RTUs. (TELE = distance,
METER + measure).

SCADA: fl Supervision, Control And Data

Acquisition. fi
fi /, fl fl fi
RTUs.

RTU: fl Remote Telemetry Unit. RTUs

fi.
fl fl
fi fi .


SCADA;
fi SCADA fl
fl:
Q

(Master Station Computer)

fl (radio, fi,
fi)

RTUs fi

SCADA

 SCADA

 SCADA

 SCADA

 SCADA

 SCADA

(Industrial Substation Automation)

...
(Energy Management Systems)

 fl

 RTU

 RTU

 RTU;
Q

RTU fi
, fl, ,
/, , , , fi
fl (cable) fi
(radio).

RTU fl fi
RTU fi / fi ,
fl fi fl (relays),
fl fl, fi fi
fi fi.

 RTU (I)
fl

RTU
RTU
fl

fl,
fi
ASCII,
/, PLC fi
RTU

ROM

SERIAL
PORT

UP

LINE
INTERFACE

RAM

DC
DAC
Pulse Accumulators
Opto Isolators
Overvoltage
protector
Relay Drivers
Current to Voltage
Converters
Signal Conditioners

fl
12V DC fi
110V/220V AC

,
fl
,

 RTU (II)

 RTUs
RTUs :
Q

(voice ASCII)

(I/Os)

RTUs,
(reports) ''
RTUs

 RTUs
SCADA

Q

Mode-A : (dialing) RTU

Mode-B : (polling) RTU

/

Mode-C :
RTU RTU ( )

MODE-A RTUs


/. Mode-A
RTU.
:
Q

(
)

RTUs
/ modem.

MODE-A RTU

MODE- RTUs

( /). :
Q

, ,
, .
RTU Internet
Web Embedded Web Server (EWS) .

MODE-C RTUs
Q

fl fl,
fi fi
fl fl fi
.

fi RTUs fi fl (MUX)
fl/
/ fi ,
fi fi fl
RTU fi MUX
RTU fi MUX.

fl fl
fi
fl .

 RTUs
RTU fl
modem fi
/
(I/O). /
fi:
Q

fl (Analog Inputs)

(A/I)

fl

(Digital Inputs)

(D/I)

fl

(Pulse Inputs)

(P/I)

(Analog Outputs)

(A/O)

(Digital Outputs)

(D/O)

(Pulse Outputs)

(P/O)

 RTUs
Q

fl: To RTU fl
fi fi ,
, fi .
fl fl
fi RTU fl
fl (transducers fi
transmitters) 4-20 mA.

fl: RTU fl fl
fl fl fl fi ,
fl fi . fl
fl : ON fi OFF.

fl: fi fi, fi
RTU. fl
. fl fl fl
(accumulated) RTU
fl RTU. fl fl +5V.

 RTUs
Q

: fi fi (setpoint)
fl, fi PLC fi fi 420 mA , RTU
(4-20 mA)
fi / fi fi
RTU.

: RTU fi
fl fl, fl fi fi,
fi fl ,
fl / fl
RTUs.

: (fl 12V DC)

fl
fl (mode) C. RTU

fl RTU
.

 ;
Q

fl
RTUs, PLCs, / .

RTUs
modems,
ASCII ,
MODBUS, PROFIBUS, ..

RS-232
RS-232.

ASCII (American Standard Code for

Information Interchange)
ASCII fl /
fl . ASCII
fl fi, fl
Line Feed Carriage Return, fl,
. fi
(polling message) RTU fl
, RTU fl fi
,
.

MODBUS, PROFIBUS etc

PLC RTU,
.
fi fi fi .

 BAUDRATE;
Q

Baudrate fl fl
RTUs

RTUs, fl
modems, fi 1200 baud
(Bell-202 standard)

RTUs RS-232
1.200 and 9.600 baud.

fl fl fi fi fl
(even parity) 7 data bits 1 stop bit.
RTU fl fl fl
fl, 8 data bits and 1 stop bit.

RTUs
ASCII, MODBUS, PROFIBUS.

 MMI/SCADA

MMI (Man
Machine Interface) SCADA fl

fl Active X/OLE, TCP/IP, ODBC/SQL,
DDE , fl fi

fi.

 MMI

 MMI

 MMI

 MMI

 MMI

 MMI

 MMI

o /

 MMI/SCADA (I)
Q

32-bit
Windows 2000 NT (drivers).

(scalable) .

(object-oriented)
(data) (functions).
(driver object)
, PLC,
PLC.

 MMI/SCADA
(II)
Q

fi on-line,
, fi
/ ,
, fl fi fl.

fl data concentrators fl
.

fi
(modes A,B,C).

OLE for Process Control (OPC)

Q

fl fl
Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) Microsoft,

,
.

fl Dynamic Data
Exchange (DDE). fl
fi
.

OPC (servers)
PLCs, fl, PC-based I/O,
(clients).

 Programmable Logic Controller (PLC);

PLC
, .

(relay logic).

,
PLCs, .

 Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)

" "
"Programmable Logic Controller".

" "
,
,

,
, , ,
/
".

 (PLC)
Q

, '
(
) .

(CPU)
,
, ,
(RLO)
.

E
,
,
.

 (PLC)
Q

:
X

(CPU)

 PLC

 PLC

 PLC

MRES : reset .

STOP :
0.

RUN :
.

RUN-P :
,
.

 PLC
Q

SF : , CPU.

BATF : ,
.

DC5V : , DC
+5V.

FRCE : ,
.

RUN : ,
(CPU)
.

STOP : , CPU
reset .

 HARDWARE SOFTWARE

 PLC

RTUs fi PLCs;
Q

fi RTUs :
fl fi fi
fl.

fi PLCs (Programmable Logic Controller)

.

 & RTUs & PLCs

RTUs
Q

modems

I/O RTU PLC

PLCs

modems

 RTUs PLCs
Q

fl fl
(site), PLC RTU

PLC /fi
fl (setpoints) RTU

RTU (reporting),
(remote commands)
setpoints PLC

TI EINAI TRANSDUCER;
Q

transducer ()

fi fi , :
Q , (rms)
Q / /
Q cos ( )
Q

fl fl fl fi
RS 232, fl fl PC
.

 TRANSDUCER

BLOCK TRANSDUCER

TI EINAI ;
fi,
,
fl, fl fl.
fi fi
fl .

fi : fl (Multiplexing)
.
fl fi fl fi
.
fl fl fl RTUs (back to back
Mode-C). RTU fl (master),
(far end slave) RTU.
: fi fl.

TI EINAI TO MODEM;
Q

Modems
ASCII RTUs, /
PLCs (MO-dulated)
(DEM-odulated) ,


.

modems RTUs
PLCs Continuous Transmission
Modems (CTM), 1,200 baud.

T MODEMs (I)
(Passive) modems:
PLCs / fi
RS-232 RTS (Ready To Send, radio press to talk).
PLCs,
MODBUS, fi
fi RTS.

T MODEMs (II)
(ctive buffered) modem:
fi fl
fl fl fi RTS.
fl fi
fl ,
fl fi RTSl.

 DATA
CONCENTRATOR;
Q

fl Dta Concentrator (DAC); fi fl

fl RTUs,
fi RTU (RTU Data Base RDB), fl fi
(queries) fi /
fl RTU.

fl DAC;
/ (PCs)
fl fl
fi RTU and SCADA.
SCADA. DAC
fi (front end) fl
RTUs fi
fi .

 DAC
DAC fl fl
fl:
Q

fl modem, fl

(far end) RTUs.

(RS-232), fi ,
.
fi fl fi
RDB.

fi fl
(polling) RTU.
fl fl fi CAP.
fl fi
+12V fl fl DAC.

 DAC

 single-ended DAC

 Single-ended DAC Logging

 multi-drop One-Way DAC