Colonial History to 1776 Columbian Exchange Where: New World, Europe and Africa What: Columbuss disco!ery in 1"#$ be%an an e&plosion of trade amon% Europe, the New World and Africa' (hat trade is )nown as the *Columbian E&chan%e'+ Slaves were brou%ht to the new world from Africa, su%ar, rice, horses, cows, pi%s, and disease -smallpox. were brou%ht to the New World from Europe, and gold, silver, corn, potatoes and disease -syphilis. were carried from the New World bac) to Europe' /i%: 0isease -smallpo&. decimated 1ndian %roups' (he horse re!olutioni2ed 3lains 1ndian culture' (his international commerce is the be%innin% of what we would now call *%lobali2ation'+ Note the racial and ethnic di!ersity that is automatically included in the *e&chan%e'+ Iroquois Confederation- Late 15!s Who: 4i!e Nati!e American Nations -Cayu%a, 5nonda%a, 5neida, 6ohaw), /eneca. Where: 1n the 6ohaw) 7alley which is now New 8or) What: (he Confederation was a powerful force to oppose European encroachment' 4ierce tribes fou%ht other Nati!e Americans, and then be%an fi%htin% the 4rench, En%lish and 0utch for control of the fur trade' (hey fou%ht for sur!i!al' 0urin% the American 9e!olution, the Confederacy split up with most supportin% the :ritish' /i%: 3ro!ided the lar%est or%ani2ed resistance to the incomin% Europeans in the colonial period, yet was at its pea) ;ust before the Europeans arri!ed' "amesto#n 1$% Who: (he 7ir%inia Company, <ohn /mith Where: <amestown, 7ir%inia What: (he 7ir%inia Company sent youn% men, with no future in o!erpopulated En%land' (hey were lured by the 7ir%inia Company with promises of land and wealth== much as people were lured to California durin% the >old 9ush' :ut there was no %old in 7ir%inia, and these ?prospectors? didn@t )now how to farm, didn@t )now how to hunt, and, possibly feelin% betrayed by the 7ir%inia Company@s promises, and lac)in% any land of their own, were not )nown for their spirit of cooperation amon% themsel!es or with the local 1ndians of the 3owhatan confederacy' (hey suffered %reatly for se!eral years until tobacco became a!ailable as a cash crop' While they did not disco!er %old, tobacco became an adeAuate substitute' /i%: <amestown was the first permanent En%lish settlement in the new world' &rench coloni'ation in Canada 1$( Who: /amuel de Champlain -4ather of New 4rance. Where:Buebec, Canada What: (he 4rench settled in Buebec the year after the foundin% of <amestown' /i%: (he 4rench wor)ed better with the 1ndians than the En%lish or the /panish, tradin% and intermarryin% with the 1ndians' Buebec be%ins the 4rench empire and the 1CD years=lon% contest with the En%lish for control of North America' 1 Spanish settlement of Santa &e 1$) What: While /t' Au%ustine, 4lorida was the first permanent settlement, note that the /panish founded /anta 4e in about 16D#' /i%: (he En%lish, 4rench, and /panish all started important settlements about the same time -16D7=D#.' Eltimately all three would fi%ht for control of the North American continent' *l+mouth Settlement ,1$-. Who: /eparatist pil%rims fleein% from Holland Where: 3lymouth :ay What: (he /eparatists fled Europe for cultural and reli%ious freedom in America' (hey a%reed to the 6ayflower Compact before landin%, pled%in% to obey *all ;ust and eAual laws'+ /i%: (hey weren@t si%nificant economically or numerically' Howe!er, they were !ery important morally and spiritually' (he 6ayflower Compact was crude but laid the foundations for democratic %o!ernment' (he 3lymouth colony was mer%ed with 6assachusetts in 16#1 when 6assachusetts became a royal colony' *uritans ,1$/. vs0 Separatists ,1$-. WhoFwhere: 3uritans=:oston, /eparatists=3lymouth What: 3uritans wanted to reform the Church of En%land' /eparatists -e&treme 3uritans. wanted to separate from the Church of En%land' :oth were Cal!inistic, strict, and religiousl+ intolerant' /i%: (heir reli%ious de!otion principally shaped the be%innin% of En%lish settlements and reli%ious influence in New En%land' *uritans earl+ settlement and religious intolerance #ithin the colon+ Who: 3uritans -not /eparatists but those who wanted to *purify+ the Church of En%land. Where: 6assachusetts -:oston. When: 16GD What: (hey belie!ed in the doctrine of a callin% to do >ods wor) on earth' (hey had serious commitment to wor) yet they also en;oyed simple pleasures' (hey established a bible commonwealth with no tolerance for reli%ious dissent -Williams, Hutchinson were banished for heresy.' (he colony was economically successful but reli%iously intolerant' /i%: Church members had ri%hts -!ote. as *freemen'+ (hey were intolerant of others who did not share their beliefs' 1nne 2radstreet ,1$1--1$%-. What: :radstreet -161$=167$. is an important fi%ure in the history of American literature' :radstreet@s wor) points to the stru%%les of a 3uritan wife a%ainst the hardships of New En%land colonial life, and in some way is a testament to the pli%ht of the women of the a%e' /i%: /he is considered by many to be the first American poet, and she is a woman' 3utch settlement of 4e# 1msterdam ,4e# 5or6. 1$-7 Who: (he 0utch West 1ndia Company Where: New 8or) -New Amsterdam. $ What: Company town: de!eloped for economic benefits of fur trade' Hater became aristocratic in its habits and attitudes, ha!in% no toleration for reli%ious toleration, free speech, or democracy' /i%: 1ts bustlin% seaports brou%ht many immi%rants and %reat trade' William Penns Settlement of Pennsylvania 1681 Who: William 3enn Where: 3ennsyl!ania What: Iin% Charles 11 awarded 3enn a tract of land in 16J1 to repay a debt owed to 3enns father' /i%: 3enn, representin% persecuted Bua)ers, ad!ertised 3ennsyl!ania as a colony )nown for freedom and reli%ious toleration' -E!en thou%h 3enn was a Bua)er, he en;oyed the Iin%s support'. 8ercantilism9theor+ Where: :ritish Empire -En%land to 17D7: :ritain thereafter. What: <ustified :ritish control o!er the colonies' (his theory proposed that wealth was power and that a countrys economic wealth could be measured by the amount of %old or sil!er in its treasury' A fa!orable balance of trade must be created by e&portin% more e&pensi!e %oods to colonies and importin% less e&pensi!e raw materials from colonies' (he mother country produced finished %oods, colonies supplied mar)ets for finished %oods and raw materials' >old and sil!er would flow to the mother country as a result -finished %oods are more !aluable than raw materials'. (rade within the empire should not permit outsiders -0utch, 4rench, /panish. to profit, lest %old and sil!er be shifted to them' /i%: 6ercantilism was the foundation for the economic relationship between the colonies and En%land up to the 9e!olution' 8ercantilism in practice What: Na!i%ation and (rade Acts brou%ht mercantilism to life' (he 4avigation Acts from 16CD to 166G reAuired that all %oods flowin% to and from the colonies could be transported only in :ritish ships' (he captain of the ship must be En%lish, and the crew must be K En%lish' Certain commodities must be shipped to En%land first before %oin% to Europe from the colonies or to the colonies from Europe' 7arious :rade Acts included the hat and iron acts, which prohibited final colonial manufacture of hats and iron %oods' (ariffs were imposed to protect :ritish su%ar planters, such as the 6olasses Act of 17GG which imposed a duty of 6 pence per %allon on imported forei%n molasses -thus fa!orin% :ritish molasses.' (he 6 pence was not meant to be paid and was, therefore, not really a ta&' -When the Act was amended in 176" to lower the rate to G pence per %allon, which was meant to be paid, the issue of ta&ation without representation arose and led in time to the 9e!olution'. /i%: (he colonies did not ob;ect to Na!i%ation and (rade Acts in part due to *salutary ne%lect+ -wea) enforcement of the acts., and the colonies smu%%led around the acts anyway' Salutar+ neglect What: E!en thou%h En%land belie!ed in a system of 6ercantilism, /ir 9obert Walpole espoused a !iew of ?salutary ne%lect'+ (his is a system whereby the actual enforcement of e&ternal trade relations was la&' He belie!ed that this enhanced freedom for the colonists would stimulate commerce and be, in the end, beneficial to all' G /i%: (he colonies were allowed to trade freely in spite of trade acts' When after 176G the :ritish be%an serious enforcement of the trade acts, thus abandonin% salutary ne%lect, the colonists were resentful, belie!in% that their freedom was bein% eroded' :he ;alf <a+ Covenant of 1$$- Who: (roubled ministers of the 3uritan church' Where: New En%land What: An a%reement in response to the decline in *con!ersions'+ :aptism in the church was e&tended to children of parents who were not able to e&perience the *e!an%elical e&perience+ as did the first settlers from En%land did' /ince full church membership was reAuired for !otin%, this was an important issue' /i%: 1ronically, it actually wea)ened the distinction between the elect and its members, therefore dilutin% the spiritual Lpurity of the first settlers' 3ominion of 4e# England 1$($-1$() Who: Edmund Andros, >o!ernor of the 0ominion Where: New En%land What: (he 0ominion of New En%land was a short=li!ed administrati!e union of En%lish colonies that was decreed by Iin% <ames 11' (he 0ominion of New En%land was %o!erned by Edmund Andros' (he dominion was created in an attempt to bolster the colonial defense in the e!ent of war with the Nati!e American and the 4rench' 1t was also desi%ned to promote ur%ently needed efficiency in the administration of the Na!i%ation Acts' /i%: (he 0ominion of New En%land was disli)ed by the colonists because the dominion was enforcin% the Na!i%ation Acts which prohibited the colonist from tradin% with whom they wanted and forced them to rely on En%land' (his an%er e!entually leads to the o!erthrow of Edmond Andros and the end of the 0ominion of New En%land -which was lin)ed to the >lorious 9e!olution occurrin% in En%landMthe Iin% was bein% o!erthrown in both En%land and New En%land.' Indentured Servitude ,including increase in slaver+ after 1$%5. When: 17 th and 1J th centuries Who: 3oor En%lish Where: Colonies in America What: A ma;ority of En%lish mi%rants came to America as L1ndentures and, in e&chan%e for a paid passa%e, wor)ed as ser!ants for "=7 years' /i%: 1ndentured ser!ants were used as Americas main labor force before 167C' (hey were used to maintain the %rowin% tobacco industry and to brin% profit to their masters' (he ser!ants %rowin% discontent and threatenin% beha!ior, a dramatic decrease in new indentures after prosperity to En%land returned in the 167Ds, and the e!er increasin% wealth of masters led to a %reat increase in the African sla!e trade and the rise in the sla!e population from the 16JDs on' 1gricultural developments in colonies 1$1- on Where: 6ainly /outhern and 6iddle Colonies What: 7ir%inia and the south: tobacco, rice, indi%o, su%ar 6iddle colonies: rye, oats, barley, wheat, beef and por) " /i%: (he production of tobacco and food crops by hand methods created an insatiable demand for labor in the colonies forcin% ser!ants and sla!es to be brou%ht in, raisin% the population dramatically and ma)in% the economy flourish' 4orthern 8erchants and Southern *lanters What: (he Northern colonies e&celled in tradin% with both fellow colonies and o!erseas countries' (heir e&pertise in both sailin% and tradin% contributed to their lon% lastin% success' Esin% their ad!anta%e of fertile soil, /outhern Colonies practiced a completely different economy' 3roducin% crops in demand li)e tobacco and rice, these colonies were able to establish a profitable a%ricultural economy' /i%: :oth the Northern and /outhern colonies established their economies early on, but with !ery different Aualities, the North with merchant trade and /outh with plantation wor)' :ecause of these differences it was !ery easy for the two to rely on each other' Howe!er, e!entually these differences would cause a rift between the two entities' =irginia and 8assachusetts as >o+al Colonies What: 7ir%inia and 6assachusetts became royal colonies Why: 7ir%inia was poorly mana%ed and the 1ndian war eroded the colonys credibility in Hondon' 6assachusetts %ot swept up in the %o!ernmental reor%ani2ation related to the >lorious 9e!olution that brou%ht William and 6ary to the throne' When: 16$" -7ir%inia. N 16#1 -6assachusetts. /i%: 0emonstrates the power of the Iin% o!er pre!iously corporate colonies Colonial societ+? role of cities What: Colonial cities functioned as the center for entertainment, education, reli%ion, politics and courts, commerce -retail shops, blac)smiths., and farm support' /i%: Colonial cities were the center of an essentially a%rarian society' Emergence of Slaver+ @ 1$$s on Who: Africans, Colonists Where: /outhern Colonies What: /la!ery started for economic reasons' 9isin% wa%es in En%land -167Ds. reduced the amount of people willin% to become indentured ser!ants to wor) in the new world' As cheap labor was needed for the tobacco and rice plantations, the need for sla!es increased' /i%: :rou%ht Africans to the colonies and spar)ed the /outhern economy' Colonial Societ+? >ole of <omen 1$%-1$)- Who: Women in Colonial Era Where: Colonial America What: Women were encoura%ed to marry early and ha!e many children' Child rearin% became their full time ;ob' As married women, they were essential to the maintenance of the family unit, with the husband tendin% the fields and the wife performin% all household tas)s, includin% the manufacture of candles, soap, and clothin%' /i%: (hin) of the married colonial women as fully one=half of an inte%rated economic unit' (hus her role was absolutely !ital' 8arried <omen *ropert+ >ights in Colonial 1merica Who: 6arried Women in Colonial America What: /in%le women in the colonies did ha!e property ri%hts' 6arried women in the south often lost their husbands early and had the ri%ht to own property to support her family as a widow' Women in the north also had ri%hts but most of them %a!e them up C upon %ettin% married out of the %o!ernments fear that they would ha!e conflictin% interest with their husbands' 6arried women in particular were economically and le%ally subordinate to their husbands' /i%: 6arried women in particular suffered discrimination relatin% to property ri%hts, e!en thou%h laws were less restricti!e in the south' >esistance to Colonial 1uthorit+? 2acon!s >ebellion 1$%$ Who: Nathaniel :acon and sin%le youn% freemen Where: Chesapea)e 9e%ion, 7ir%inia What: 5ne thousand youn% men were forced into the bac) country in search of land where they were attac)ed by Nati!e Americans' :ecause the %o!ernor would not retaliate, :acons rebels went on a rampa%e of plunderin% and pilferin%' (hey destroyed Nati!e American settlements and chased >o!ernor William :er)eley out of <amestown' (he rebellion was crushed' /i%: :acon had i%nited the smolderin% resentments of poor, former indentured ser!ants' (hese tensions between them and the %entry caused the plantation owners to loo) elsewhere -African sla!e trade. for wor)ers' >esistance to Spanish Colonial 1uthorit+? :he *ueblo >evolt of 1$( Who: 3ueblo people and Catholic 6issionaries Where: New 6e&ico: /anta 4e to (aos What: 9oman Catholic missionaries efforts to con!ert the nati!e 1ndians and suppress their reli%ious customs pro!o)ed the uprisin%, also call 3opes 9ebellion' /i%: (he 3ueblo 1ndians cut off all ties to the 9oman Catholic missionaries, thus pushin% them further west' 1t too) the /panish nearly half a century to fully reclaim New 6e&ico from 3ueblo control' >esistance to Colonial 1uthorit+? :he Stono >ebellion 1%/) Who: /outh Carolina sla!es What: (he /tono 9ebellion was the lar%est sla!e uprisin% in the colonial period' 4ifty /outh Carolina sla!es marched towards /panish 4lorida hopin% for freedom, but %ot stopped by the militia in the process' -6any whites and sla!es were )illed'. /i%: :ecause of the rebellion, a harsher sla!e code was put into action' (hey were no lon%er able to assemble in %roups, earn their own money, and learn how to read' Leisler!s >ebellion 1$()-)1 Who: /ir Edmund Andros, <acob Heisler, New En%land and Chesapea)e colonists Where: New 8or) What: After the downfall of the hi%hly unpopular Iin% <ames 11 by the >lorious 9e!olution, <acob Heisler led a rebellion and sei2ed control of lower New 8or) from 0ominion of New En%land >o!ernor Andros' His rebellion was smashed by the forces of the new Iin% William' He was han%ed' /i%: (he rebellion represents the problem the En%lish had in maintainin% a far= flun% empire' Scots-Irish in the colonial bac6countr+-1( th centur+ Who: (he /cot=1rish were hardy, independent, anti=authoritarian settlers in the colonial bac)country -western parts. of 3ennsyl!ania, the Carolinas, 7ir%inia, >eor%ia -alon% the Appalachians.' (hey detested the An%lican Church and the Iin% of En%land 6 due to reli%ious and economic persecution' While independent, they %enerally supported the patriot cause a%ainst the Iin%' /i%: (hey represented a si%nificant part of the bac)country population in colonial America' :riangular :rade in the colonial period 1% th A1( th c0 What: 5n the initial passa%e, %oods were carried from Europe or the American colonies to Africa: on the infamous *middle passa%e,+ sla!es were carried to the new world -Caribbean, for e&le.: on the third passa%e, su%ar and other plantation products were carried bac) to Europe or to the American colonies' /i%: (he trian%ular trade stimulated the %lobal economy and %reatly promoted sla!ery' -(he international sla!e trade was abolished by E'/' law in 1JDJ'. >eligious diversit+ in the colonies ,b+ region? 4e# England, 8id-1tlantic, and South. What: (here was %reat reli%ious di!ersity in the colonies: 3uritans or Con%re%ationalists dominated in New En%land, !arious denominations could be found in the 6iddle colonies -6ethodists, :aptists, 3resbyterians, Bua)ers, Catholics., and An%licans -Church of En%land. dominated in the /outh' /i%: 6ore so than other countries, the American colonies were a land of reli%ious di!ersity and -e&ceptin% <ews. reli%ious toleration' :he Breat 1#a6ening of the 1%/!s-1%7!s Who: <onathan Edwards -pastor N theolo%ian. and other pastors, >eor%e Whitefield Where: /tarted in Northampton, 6assachusetts, spread to the rest of New En%land What: Enli)e the preachin% styles of older cler%y, Edwardss new uncon!entional preachin% style emphasi2ed a direct, emoti!e, spirituality that was seriously i%nored by older cler%y' 3owerful e!an%elical preachin% con!icted sinners and brou%ht them to con!ersion and a new understandin% of faith' /i%: 1t was the first mass mo!ement and reli%ious uphea!al within the colonies which reduced the influence of the established church and stren%thened the power of ordinary people' 3eism What: 0eism accepts the e&istence of a >od on the e!idence of reason and nature only, with re;ection of supernatural re!elation -distin%uished from theism.' >od created the world but does not immediately inter!ene in the life of an indi!idual' <efferson was a 0eist' /i%: While some, includin% <efferson, were not *Christian,+ most people in colonial America %enerally accepted the e&istence of >od' "ohn *eter Cenger ,1%/7-1%/5. Who: <ohn 3eter Oen%er Where: New 8or) Colony 7 What: A le%al case==a newspaper printer -Oen%er. was char%ed with seditious libel when he critici2ed the corrupt %o!ernment' Andrew Hamilton defended him and Oen%er was found not %uilty' /i%: 4reedom of the press, helped establish the doctrine that true statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as seditious libel' 4e# 5or6 Conspirac+ :rials ,1%71. What: /la!es and poor whites in New 8or) City set se!eral fires in protest to bad economic conditions' 5!er 1CD were arrested, many were han%ed or burned' /i%: 1n !iew of recent sla!e rebellions in /outh Carolina and the Caribbean, whites feared a sla!e rebellion in New 8or)' (he conspiracy trials reflected that fear' &rench and Indian <arASeven 5ears! <ar ,1%57-1%$/. Who: :ritain and 4rance -in America., :ritain, 4rance, /pain, 3russia, 9ussia, and Austria -in Europe and other continents. Where: 5hio 7alley and Canada What: (he 4rench and :ritish wanted the same piece of landMnotably the 5hio 9i!er 7alley' War with 4rance was declared, not only in the Americas, but also on other continents' (he :ritish attac)ed 4rance in the Buebec=6ontreal re%ion of Canada' (he :ritish too) the city of Buebec' (hen, in 176D, 6ontreal also fell to the :ritish' /i%: With the fall of Buebec and 6ontreal came 4rances permanent remo!al from the North American continent' (he war cost the :ritish too much money, and the :ritish loo)ed to the colonies to support the financial burdens of empire, which in turn led to the issue of *ta&ation without representation,+ and ultimately, to the American 9e!olution' :reat+ of *aris 1%$/ What: (he (reaty of 3aris of 176G ended the 4rench and 1ndian War and made :ritain the dominant European power in eastern North America' 4rance relinAuished its claims to New 4rance and all 4rench territory east of the 6ississippi 9i!er to :ritain' /pain %a!e 4lorida to :ritain, and as compensation, too) o!er 4rench Houisiana west of the 6ississippi, thus solidifyin% its claim to all of western North America' /i%: :ritain had be%un as a relati!ely insi%nificant country in 16DD, but by 176G it had become an influential European nation and a ma;or colonial power' Imperial >eorgani'ation of 1%$/-$7 What: :ritain ti%htened its control on the American colonies, mostly moti!ated by debt caused by the 4rench and 1ndian War' 1nclude here the authori2ation to send 1D,DDD troops to the colonies, the 3roclamation of 176G -closes trans=Appalachia to settlement., the Currency Act of 176" -no more paper money., and the /u%ar Act of 176" -chan%es 6olasses Act of LGG from trade act to re!enue act.' /i%: :ritains ti%htenin% control e!entually leads to Americas fi%ht for independence, moti!ated by the infrin%ement of colonial ri%hts' *roclamation Line of 1%$/ Who: Iin% >eor%e 111 Where: Alon% the crest of the Appalachian 6ountains J What: (he Iin% prohibited settlement in the area beyond the Appalachians as a reaction to 3ontiacs 9ebellion' (he purpose was to wor) out the *1ndian problem+ fairly and pre!ent another bloody eruption such as 3ontiacs' /i%: Americans char%ed west despite the proclamation, as they saw the west as their birthri%ht' (his si%nified the Americans defiance, and the early be%innin%s of separation from :ritain' Stamp 1ct ,1%$5. What: (he /e!en 8ears War had left :ritain with a lar%e debt' 1n order to pay it off, 3arliament passed the /tamp Act' /tamps were reAuired on bills of sale for about fifty trade items as well as on certain types of commercial and le%al documents, includin% playin% cards, pamphlets, newspapers, diplomas, bills of ladin% -documents that list %oods to be shipped., and marria%e licenses' Colonists used 1. !iolence -/ons of Hiberty. to pre!ent collection, $. nonimportation a%reement, G. /tamp Act Con%ress, assertin% no ta&ation without representation and that the colonies could not be represented in 3arliament Pnote re!olutionary conseAuence of /tamp Act Con%ress resol!esQ' /i%: (he /tamp Act was a direct blow to the colonists ri%hts, brin%in% cries of ?no ta&ation without representation'+ (he /tamp Act Con%ress of 176C was formed because of it' (he colonists e!entually forced a nullification of the ta&' (his was an early be%innin% of a separation from :ritain' 3eclarator+ 1ct 1%$$ What: 3arliament repealed the /tamp Act but passed the 0eclaratory Act, statin% that it had the ri%ht to bind the colonies *in all cases whatsoe!er+ -that is, includin% ta&ation.' /i%: :etween the /tamp Act resol!es and the 0eclaratory Act, a showdown was bound to occur Premember that this is a Auestion of so!erei%nty, i'e', who is in control of the land and the peopleQ' Virtual Representation in 1760s Who: 3rime 6inister >eor%e >ren!ille Where: :ritain What: (his theory states that the members of 3arliament represent all :ritish people, e!en those li!in% in America who do not !ote for members of 3arliament' /i%: >ren!ille claimed this theory in response to the colonists outra%e at bein% ta&ed by the /tamp and Buarterin% Acts of 176C' (he Americans said that 3arliament should not be allowed to ta& them because there were no American representati!es' (his e!entually led to the Americans re;ectin% 3arliaments influence and power' :o#nshend 1cts 1%$% Who: Charles (ownshend, Chancellor of the E&cheAuer What: 1mposed duties on %lass, lead, paper, paints, and tea imported into the colonies' (ownshend thou%ht that an indirect ta& -tariff. on the colonists would not cause problems' Howe!er, the colonies still fou%ht bac) with no ta&ation in any form without representation -the colonists did not accept the distinction between direct -/tamp Act. and indirect -tariff. ta&ation' A tariff for protection, not meant to be paid, was not a ta& in the colonial mind' A tariff for re!enue, meant to be paid, was a ta&' -(hus the /u%ar Act of 176", which lowered the prohibiti!e tariff of 17GG on forei%n molasses from 6 pence per %allon to a re!enue producin% tariff of three pence per %allon on forei%n # molasses, si%naled a shift in purpose on the part of 3arliament and the be%innin% of the ta&ation dispute between the colonies and 3arliament'. /i%: While the duties were repealed in 177D -e&cept on tea., the (ownshend Acts stimulated the ta&ation discussion that in the end would result in the :oston (ea 3arty, the Coerci!e Acts, and 9e!olution' 2oston :ea *art+ 1%%/ Who: /ons of Hiberty Where: :oston Harbor What: An%ered by :ritish ta&ation, most notably on East 1ndia Company tea, the /ons of Hiberty decided to snea) aboard a :ritish ship bearin% tea and dump the car%o o!erboard' /i%: (his action lead to the :ritish 3arliament closin% the Harbor and passin% the 1ntolerable Acts, one of the causes of the war' Committees of Correspondence of 1%%--%7 Who: /amuel Adams What: /amuel Adams or%ani2ed the first committee in :oston in 177$' Committees soon spread to other towns and then to all of the colonies' /i%: (he Committees fueled opposition of :ritish policy, )ept up communications amon% the colonies, and e!ol!ed into the 4irst Continental Con%ress -called to respond to the 1ntolerable Acts.' Duebec 1ct 1%%7 What: Act by 3arliament establishin% %o!ernance of Buebec and e&tendin% the boundary of Buebec all the way down to the 5hio 9i!er' (he act was aimed at insurin% the loyalty of the Buebec colonists -respectin% the 9oman Catholic Church. and pro!idin% for the ci!il administration of Buebec' /i%: (he American colonists saw the Act as an attempt to stop their westward e&pansion because it incorporated lar%e parts of the 5hio Country into Buebec' 6any were alarmed by the spread of the Catholic faith' -Combine the Buebec Act and the Coerci!e Acts into the *1ntolerable Acts'+. Coercive 1cts ,1-7 belo#. 1 8assachusetts Bovernment 1ct 1%%7 Where: 6assachusetts What: (he Act did away with elections for the >o!ernors council -ma)in% council appointed by the Iin%. and restricted any meetin% of the leadership of the colony to reAuirin% official sanction' /i%: (his act wor)ed to se!erely restrict the colonists %o!ernance of the 6assachusetts :ay Colony and spread an%er a%ainst the crown' - 1dministration of "ustice 1ct 1%%7 Where: 6assachusetts What: A :ritish officer or official accused of a capital -someone is )illed. crime can be tried in either a :ritish court or a court in another colony' (his an%ered the citi2ens of 6assachusetts :ay because witnesses of the situations would not appear in trial, and thus the defendant would most li)ely be declared not %uilty' (his seemed to the colonists to be a denial of ;ustice and the le%ali2ation of what could be called murder' / 2oston *ort 1ct 1%%7 1D What: A response to the :oston (ea 3arty, it outlawed the use of the 3ort of :oston until such time as payment was made to the Iin%@s treasury -for customs duty lost. and to the East 1ndia Company for dama%es suffered' /i%: Closure of the port of :oston was an economic disaster for 6assachusetts' 7 Duartering 1ct 1%%7 Where: 1G American Colonies What: (his act went further than pre!ious acts by reAuirin% the colonies to pro!ide food and housin% to :ritish troops in occupied buildin%s, includin% pri!ate homes' -3re!ious Auarterin% reAuired that soldiers be housed in public inns, ta!erns, or unoccupied buildin%s'. /i%: (he :ritish %o!ernment made yet another intrusion on American li!es' /oldiers could now ha!e a place to stay e!en where they werent in!ited, and the colonists had to pay for it' (his an%ered the Americans further and was one of the reasons for the American 9e!olution' (he American 9e!olution 1776=17JG E*hilosoph+ of the 1merican >evolutionF G1? "ohn Loc6e Who: <ohn Hoc)e Where: En%land -philosophies spread throu%h the colonies. What: Hoc)es theories on natural ri%hts were part of colonial ar%uments' *Natural ri%hts+ is part of a political theory that states when indi!iduals enter into society they ha!e basic ri%hts that no %o!ernment can ta)e away' /i%: Hoc)es philosophy -see his (reatise on Ci!il >o!ernment, 16#D. was the foundation for the American 9e!olution' (hat is, when %o!ernment becomes destructi!e of certain ends -life, liberty, property., the people ha!e the ri%ht to abolish it' E*hilosoph+ of the 1merican >evolutionF G-? *opular Sovereignt+ Who: Hobbes, Hoc)e, 9ousseau What: A doctrine -that is closely associated with the social contract. that the state is created by and sub;ect to the will of the 3eople, who are the source of all political power' Contrast this with monarchy, where the people may ha!e no formal !oice in %o!ernmental affairs /i%: 5nce Americans, as a whole, accepted the ideas of 3opular /o!erei%nty, they started moldin% the foundations for a democratic political system -which was, of course, republican in formMrepublican meanin% that the people !ote for representati!es who then ma)e political decision.' E*hilosoph+ of the 1merican >evolutionF G/? Small, Limited Bovernment What: Himited %o!ernment is a system of %o!ernment that is bound to specifically defined principles of action by a written constitution0 /i%: (he concept of limited %o!ernment flows naturally from the assumption of popular so!erei%nty: 1f the people are so!erei%n, then any powers held by %o!ernment are ?%i!en on loan+ and cannot detract from the people@s innate so!erei%nty' (herefore such powers are inherently limited' Congresses ,&irst and Second. and Congress under the 1rticles of Confederation Who: 4irst Continental Con%ress: /eptember C=5ctober $6, 177" /econd Continental Con%ress 177C to 17J1 Con%ress under the Articles of Confederation 17J1=JJ Where: 3hiladelphia 11 What: (he &irst Continental Con%ress met to de!elop a common colonial response to the Coerci!e Acts recently passed by 3arliament' An ad!isory council rather than an empowered le%islature, the Con%ress -as it came to be called. included dele%ates from twel!e of the American colonies, >eor%ia did not participate' Con%ress ad!ised each colony to form a militia, or%ani2ed an association to enforce strict economic sanctions a%ainst :ritain, and recommended that 6assachusetts, the focus of the Coerci!e Acts, form an independent %o!ernment' After issuin% addresses to the )in% and to the :ritish and American people, the dele%ates a%reed to meet a%ain in 6ay 177C if their %rie!ances had not been resol!ed' :y the time the Second Continental Con%ress con!ened in 3hiladelphia in 6ay 177C, fi%htin% had ta)en place at He&in%ton and Concord' Con%ress Auic)ly assumed responsibility for coordinatin% the rebellion, startin% with the raisin% of a Continental army' A year later the Second Continental Con%ress too) the final step toward separation by officially adoptin% the 0eclaration of 1ndependence on <uly ", 1776' (he Second Continental Con%ress fou%ht the War until superseded by the Con%ress created when the Articles of Confederation were ratified in 17J1' (he Congress under the 1rticles -17J1=17JJ. perpetuated the wartime balance of power, )eepin% the central %o!ernment politically and financially dependent on the states' 8et Con%ress under the Articles did mana%e to prosecute the war successfully and could point to a number of other important achie!ements, includin% the Hand 5rdinance of 17JC, the Northwest 5rdinance of 17J7, and the complicated handlin% of land disputes amon% the states' /i%: (he !arious con%resses reflect the hesitant yet practical mo!ement towards a unified nation' While the states retained so!erei%nty -until ratification of the Constitution in 17JJ., the con%resses did a %reat deal of important wor), includin% mo!in% the colonies from :ritish colonies to an independent nation called the Enited /tates of America' (hus the con%resses contributed mi%htily to the formation of a strictly American identity' 1bigail 1dams 1%77-1(1( Who: Wife of 3resident <ohn Adams' 1n 1776, ri%ht before the 0eclaration of 1ndependence, she wrote to her husband, *in the new code of laws which 1 suppose it will be necessary for you to ma)e, 1 desire you would remember the ladies'+ /i%: /he saw the implications of re!olutionary ideas for chan%in% the status of women' Hin) to 9epublican 6otherhood and impro!ed educational opportunities for women' Declaration of Independence!uly "# 1776 What: (he /econd Continental Con%ress appro!ed an official document declarin% independence from >reat :ritain, includin% ;ustification for the rupture' /i%: Ar%uably the most si%nificant document in E'/' history, the declaration placed the colonies in open rebellion a%ainst the mother country, with the conseAuence bein% that armed conflict would determine the final outcome' War would decide the Auestion: Who is so!erei%nR Sarato$a %cto&er 1777 Who: Horatio >ates and :enedict Arnold -E'/'., <ohn :ur%oyne -:ritish. Where: /arato%a, New 8or) What: >eneral :ur%oyne surrendered a lar%e :ritish army at /arato%a, New 8or), on 5ctober 17, 1777' (his was one of the most si%nificant battles in E'/' history 1$ because it stopped the :ritish in!asion from Canada, lifted sa%%in% American morale, and led to the treaties of military alliance and friendshipFcommerce with 4rance in 177J /i%: (he battle con!inced the 4rench that the Americans were capable of winnin%, which led to the treaties between the 4rench and the E'/' a few months later' Revolutionary War diplomacy' t(e )ranco*merican *lliance of 1778 What: 4rance, thirstin% for re!en%e a%ainst the :ritish, pro!ided Americans with supplies, and then officially became allied with the colonies in 177J' :oth sides a%reed to not end the war without the others consent Pa pled%e bro)en by the Enited /tates and not to 4rances dismay -4rance could not deli!er >ibraltar to /pain and the separate peace between the Enited /tates and :ritain that ended the war also ended a problem for the 4rench.Q' (he treaty was made possible as a result of the American !ictory at /arato%a the pre!ious 5ctober -1777.' /i%: Without 4rench help the colonies and then the Enited /tates may not ha!e been able to win the war' 4urther, the treaty became a stic)in% point between 4rance and the E'/' in the 17#Ds, when 4rance wanted E'/' assistance in the Caribbean in fi%htin% the :ritish' -(he treaty was cancelled in 1JDD by the Con!ention of 1JDD'. Lo+alists during the >evolutionar+ <ar Who: Colonials loyal to the )in% What: Hoyalists were colonials who were still loyal to the :ritish )in%' (hose who were in America under :ritish rule, such as officers and officials, were also labeled Hoyalists' (he Hoyalists were called *(ories,+ opposin% the 3atriots, or *Whi%s'+ (ories were defined by patriots as *a thin% whose head is in En%land and its body in America, and its nec) ou%ht to be stretched'+ When the war was under way, loyalists were persecuted and dri!en from the E'/' /ome Hoyalists fou%ht a%ainst the colonies' /i%': (he colonies and then the E'/' mistreated Hoyalists, a thorny issue with the :ritish after the war' -(he E'/' could not restore Hoyalists properties and the :ritish would not e!acuate posts in the west, as a%reed to in the (reaty of 3aris of 17JG'. +reaty of Paris 178, Who: :en;amin 4ran)lin, <ohn Adams, <ohn <ay representin% the E'/' What: (his treaty ended the 9e!olutionary War between the E'/' and :ritain' Also, the boundaries were set, from the 6ississippi on the west, to the >reat Ha)es on the north, and to /panish 4lorida on the /outh' -9ecall that the (reaty set the southern border at the G1 st parallel, while /pain independently claimed that <est 4lorida went up to G$S$JT== an issue finally resol!ed in E'/' fa!or with the 3inc)ney (reaty of 17#C'. America a%reed to stop persecution of Hoyalists, and Con%ress was to recommend to the state le%islatures that the confiscated Hoyalist property to be restored' 0ebts to :ritish creditors should also be paid' :ritain pled%ed to %et out of western forts' -E'/' treatment of the loyalists and :ritish withdrawal from the forts became sources of friction'. /i%: :ritain reco%ni2ed the independence and so!erei%nty of the Enited /tates after almost ei%ht years of bein% at war' (he E'/' entered the world sta%e as a new nation with the (reaty' (he Articles of Confederation and Constitution=6a)in% 1776=17JJ Constitution ma6ing in the states 1%%$ on 1G What: After the 0eclaration of 1ndependence, the Continental Con%ress as)ed the states to prepare new constitutions' Ele!en of the states did so, and most of these documents included a bill of ri%hts, specifically %uaranteein% lon%=pri2ed liberties a%ainst le%islati!e encroachment' As written documents, they were intended to be fundamental law, abo!e or superior to laws that mi%ht be subseAuently written by a le%islature' /i%: Constitution ma)in% in the states prepared the *foundin% fathers+ for the ;ob they e!entually did in 3hiladelphia in the summer of 17J7 when they drafted the E'/' Constitution' (he reason the Constitution is so %ood is that the people who drafted it were e&perienced at the state le!el -and they had immediate )nowled%e of the wea)nesses of the Articles of Confederation.' *rticles of -onfederation .arc( 1# 1781# to !une /1# 1788 What: (he Articles was the first written constitution of the Enited /tates' 4earin% central %o!ernment at a time of war a%ainst what was percei!ed to be a despotic central %o!ernment -:ritain., the /econd Continental Con%ress proposed a loose confederation of so!erei%n states that would not ha!e the power to declare war, impose ta&es, and re%ulate commerce' (here was no pro!ision for an e&ecuti!e or ;udicial -WA9('C56 U no E or <'. 1n spite of these wea)nesses, the con%ress under the Articles brou%ht the 9e!olutionary War to a successful conclusion, %ot the states to relinAuish western land claims to the national %o!ernment, passed the Hand 5rdinance of 17JC, and passed the Northwest 5rdinance of 17J7' /i%: (he Articles pro!ided a frame of %o!ernment under which so!erei%n states could operate durin% a most difficult period in the history of the Enited /tates' 1n pro!idin% e&perience to members of con%ress and the states in the wea)nesses of a loose confederation, the Articles ser!ed the added purpose of helpin% national leaders to understand what a %ood constitution should include -which helps to e&plain why the present Constitution is so %ood.' 0and %rdinance of 1781 What: Haw passed by Con%ress that allowed for sales of land in the Northwest (erritory to pay off the national debt' (o a!oid land disputes, land was to be sur!eyed into G6 sAuare mile townships, with the si&teenth section -one sAuare mile. reser!ed for public education' /i%: (his law laid the foundation of American land policy and was a %reat achie!ement of the %o!ernment under the Articles of Confederation' 4orth#est Hrdinance of 1%(% Where: Applied to the 5ld Northwest What: (he 5rdinance prohibited sla!ery in the Northwest (erritory -which became the future states 5hio, 1ndiana, 1llinois, 6ichi%an, Wisconsin, and part of 6innesota.' When an area had C,DDD people, it could become a territory' When it had 6D,DDD, it could become a state on an eAual footin% with older states' As many as fi!e states could be car!ed out of the (erritory' /i%: (he principles in the Northwest 5rdinance were later used for the rest of the American territories' (his law was a %reat achie!ement of the %o!ernment under the Articles' 1" Sha+s >ebellion 1%($-1%(% Who: 0aniel /hays and his supporters -poor farmers and !eterans. Where: western 6assachusetts What: /hays and the poor men that rose with him wanted cheap paper money, li%hter ta&es, and a suspension of property ta)eo!ers' (o pre!ent foreclosures, they pre!ented courts from meetin%' A rebellion was de!elopin%' /i%: (his rebellion, smashed by 6assachusetts militia, made !ery clear that there were ma;or problems with the Articles of Confederation' /pecifically, there was no pro!ision in the Articles for the E'/' to come to the aid of 6assachusetts' (his problem is sol!ed and reflected in Article 17 of the Constitution, written ;ust a few months after the end of the /hays 9ebellion' Article 17 pro!ides that the E'/' will protect the states a%ainst domestic !iolence' :he Breat Compromise? 1%(%? the I0S0 Constitution9#riting of Who: (he 3hiladelphia Con!ention -mandated to re!ise the Articles, the con!ention went on to write the Constitution. What: (he Constitutional Con!ention decided that states would be represented in two separate bodies in the con%ress' 1n the /enate, each state would be %i!en two representati!es no matter how bi% or small, and in the House, the number of representati!es would depend on the population of the state' 1t was a%reed that e!ery ta& bill or re!enue measure must start in the House' /i%: (his compromise settled an ar%ument between lar%e and small states' +(e ,21 compromise 1787' t(e 34S4 -onstitution56ritin$ of What: /outhern states wanted sla!es to count as people so they could ha!e %reater representation in the House, but the Northern states ar%ued that sla!es were property, not people' (he GFC compromise stated that when countin% total population in a state, sla!es would be counted as GFC of a person' (his increased the power of /outhern sla!eholdin% states in the House of 9epresentati!es' /i%: /ol!ed the problem of representation for the present, but put off the o!erall problem of sla!ery to be sol!ed later' 78lectoral -olle$e9 1787 What: Each state is %i!en the number of electoral !otes for howe!er many senators and representati!es the state has in con%ress' Electors are chosen by the state -and each state chose to ha!e the people !ote for electors. and those electors !ote for president and !ice president' (his became )nown as the *electoral colle%e'+ (he ori%inal intent of ha!in% electors and not the people choose the president was to %uard a%ainst mob e&cesses' (he electors represented an intermediate body that would moderate popular passions and be more deliberati!e' -9ecall that the people chose only members of the House in the ori%inal Constitution'. /i%: (he Electoral Colle%e is still used today in presidential elections' Also, note that the people do not !ote directly for presidentMstates ha!e enacted laws to let the people !ote for electors, then the electors !ote for presF!ice pres' &ederalists v0 1nti-&ederalists 1%(%-(( Who and what: 4ederalists supported a stron%er federal %o!ernment and ar%ued in fa!or of ratification of the Constitution' Anti=4ederalists belie!ed that the Constitution was drawn up by aristocratic elements and anti=democratic' (hey belie!ed it was wron% to ta)e away so!erei%nty from the states and that indi!idual ri%hts were bein% ;eopardi2ed 1C because there was no bill of ri%hts' Anti=4ederalists tried to discoura%e states from ratifyin% the Constitution, while 4ederalists promoted the Constitution' /i%: (he 4ederalists won the ar%ument after a%reein% to a :ill of 9i%hts -as amendments to the Constitution.' Also, in this 4ederalist=Anti=4ederalist ar%ument of the day -17J7=JJ., one can see the be%innin%s of what became the split between the <effersonians and the Hamiltonians, with the former supportin% small, limited %o!ernment and the later supportin% stron% and ener%etic %o!ernment' +(e )ederalist Papers 178788 :also ;no6n as +(e )ederalist< Who: Ale&ander Hamilton, <ohn <ay, <ames 6adison Where: New 8or) What: 0eeply upset that New 8or) would not ratify the Constitution, Hamilton, 6adison, and <ay wrote a series of JC articles in New 8or) newspapers that supported ratification of the Constitution' /i%: (hese editorials helped with the ratification of the Constitution in New 8or) and then later in 7ir%inia, two !ery important states for the !ery e&istence of the Enited /tates' (hese papers became the most penetratin% and authoritati!e commentary written on the Constitution' =ill of Ri$(ts 17>1 Who: <ames 6adison What: Written by <ames 6adison, the :ill of 9i%hts is more formally )nown as the first ten amendments to the Constitution' (hese amendments protect the freedoms of the American people from encroachment by Con%ress -and, at present, by the states.' E&les of these are: freedom of reli%ion, assembly, press, petition, speech, trial by ;ury, due process -protects life, liberty, property.' /i%: /tate constitutions freAuently included a bill of ri%hts' 5pponents of the Constitution wanted a bill of ri%hts included before they would support ratification' (he :ill of 9i%hts, ratified in 17#1, is part of the Constitution that created a stron%er central %o!ernment while protectin% indi!idual ri%hts' Early National History 17J#=1J$" ;amilton!s :hree >eports 1%)-)1 What: Hamiltons plan submitted to Con%ress in order to brin% about healthy chan%e in a debt=ridden and somewhat dis;ointed nation' His plan included ar%uments for public credit -fundin% and assumption.Mthis is 9eport on 3ublic Credit V1, a national ban)Mthis is 9eport on 3ublic Credit V$, and the encoura%ement of manufacturin% and internal impro!ementsMthis is 9eport on 6anufacturin%' /i%: (his plan would bind the country to%ether throu%h a nation=wide public scheme, instead of the states wallowin% in their own economic ruin, Hamilton su%%ested the new federal %o!ernment ta)e control and pass le%islation that would fa!or all relati!ely wealthy Americans throu%hout the nation' He did not ha!e a solely ri%ht=side !ision: His plan for promotin% manufacturin% and internal impro!ements, while not appro!ed by Con%ress, when lin)ed to his public credit and ban) reports, which #ere 16 appro!ed by Con%ress, would ha!e created an inte%rated national economy fa!orin% all sections of the nation, includin% the south and west' >eport on *ublic Credit G1 Who: Ale&ander Hamilton, /ecretary of (reasury What: (his first part of the plan was aimed at public credit' /plit into two parts, *fundin% at par+ and assumption, it restored the !alue of the dollar and relie!ed state debts, respecti!ely' With *fundin% at par,+ the %o!ernment was to pay all national debts at face !alue with accumulated interest by le!yin% ta&es on items such as whis)ey -see Whis)ey 9ebellion. and imposin% a tariff for re!enue purposes' With assumption, the national %o!ernment would *assume+ the debts of the states' 4undin% fa!ored speculators and the wealthy who held national %o!ernment notes' Assumption fa!ored states that had not paid off their debts' /i%: (his plan ser!ed the purpose of restorin% public credit and bindin% both the wealthy and the states to a financially stable and !iable national %o!ernment' >eport on *ublic Credit G- Who: Ale&ander Hamilton, /ecretary of (reasury What: (he second part of the plan was Hamiltons recommendation to establish a national ban) to help standardi2e ban)in%' Con%ress a%reed and created the 1 st :E/, with a twenty year charter' /i%: (ied the states closer to%ether in economic e&chan%e, %a!e the !ital power of money to the federal %o!ernment, and pulled the E'/' out of a confusin% era of debt' :an) and anti=ban) forces rallied to form first two political parties -4ederalists and <effersonian 0emocrats.' >eport on 8anufacturing ,report G/. Who: Ale&ander Hamilton, /ecretary of (reasury What: (he third part of the plan is a plea to Con%ress to encoura%e manufacturin% in America throu%h bounties -payments to encoura%e manufacturin%. and temporary protecti!e tariffs' :ased on his obser!ation of Europe, he also called for roads and canals' Hamilton listed the supposed benefits of industry, which, amon% other thin%s, included the self=reliance of the nation -important for military purposes., the benefit of all the social classes, and cooperation with the already=sprawlin% a%riculture' (his was a spectacular !ision that Hamilton had for an inte%rated national economy that would bind all re%ions of the country to%ether /i%: (his part of Hamiltons plan was the only part to fail in Con%ress' 1ts ideas were to be brou%ht to life, thou%h, by the mid=1JDDs' !efferson v4 ?amilton and emer$ence of political parties 17>0s Who: (homas <efferson, Ale&ander Hamilton What: Hamiltons financial successes created some political liabilities, which lead to a full=blown political ri!alry with <efferson' (he parties that de!eloped durin% this time were the <effersonian 9epublicans and Hamiltonian 4ederalists' /i%nificance: (he two=party system has e&isted in the Enited /tates e!er since' -3lace the early <effersonians in the strict construction camp and the 4ederalists in the loose construction campMthis is a ma;or point of departure for the two parties'. >epublican motherhood 1%%$ on What: With the American 9e!olution accomplished and the 9epublic underway, women were assumed to ha!e the role of instillin% ci!ic !irtue into their sons by proper 17 education' (he idea of ci!ic !irtue is to subordinate indi!idual selfish interests to the public %ood' Women would be the special )eepers of the American conscience and as educated wi!es and mothers they would culti!ate in their sons the ci!ic !irtues demanded by the new 9epublic' With %o!ernment in the hands of the people, the people -especially sons, because only males could !ote or hold political office. had to be well educated, and *9epublican motherhood+ was the answer' /i%: Ele!ates the role of the woman in American society after the 9e!olution' -Note that 9epublican motherhood does not apply to poor, wor)in% class women or to sla!e mothers' (hus 9epublican 6otherhood can be cast in terms of class, %ender, and race'. Was(in$tons @eutrality Proclamation 17>, Who: 3resident Washin%ton What: When war bro)e out between 4rance and :ritain, Washin%ton proclaimed the %o!ernments official neutrality and warned Americans to be impartial towards both armed camps' /i%: (his was Americas first formal declaration of aloofness from 5ld World Auarrels -called *isolationism.' (he problem was the E'/' was still married to the 4rench in the 4ranco=American alliance of 177J which obli%ated the E'/' to defend 4rench possessions in the Caribbean -the alliance was cancelled in 1JDD with the Con!ention of 1JDD.' Eli <hitne+ ,1%)/ Cotton Bin and 1%)( Interchangeable parts. What: 1n 17#G, Whitney in!ented the Cotton >in that remo!ed the seeds from cotton' 3re!iously, the seeds were remo!ed by hand, which too) much more time' (he >in allowed plantation owners to remo!e seeds from cotton more efficiently -CD to 1., creatin% a demand for e!en more sla!e labor' 1n 17#J, he also de!eloped the process of interchan%eable parts for mechanical items -primarily mus)ets.' /i%: (he in!ention of the Cotton >in promoted cotton culture and sla!ery throu%hout the south' (he in!ention of interchan%eable parts pa!ed the way for mass production' Note how Whitney contributed to both the economic %rowth and separation of the north and the south' <his6e+ >ebellion 1%)7 Where: Western 3ennsyl!ania farmers and 3resident Washin%ton What: A ta& of # cents per %allon was imposed by Con%ress -initiated by Hamilton. on whis)ey in 17#1, in order to pay national debts' 5utra%ed farmers, who would ferment and distill their %rain into whis)ey to %et it to the mar)et, rioted in 17#"' (he 6ilitia Act of 17#$ was in!o)ed, and the militia was called out' /i%: (he smashin% of the rebellion demonstrated the power of the new Constitution !ersus the Articles of Confederation' "a+!s :reat+ 1%)5 ,signed 1%)7J ratified 1%)5. Who: Americans, :ritish, <ohn <ay What: (he Enited /tates and :ritain were ar%uin% o!er frontier forts still held by the :ritish in the Northwest, na!i%ation laws, and the sei2ure of American ships' (he 1J American statesman <ohn <ay was sent o!er to ne%otiate' He compromised with a treaty' (he senate ratified the treaty in 17#C' /i%: 1t a!erted war, :ritain finally e!acuated the posts, and while :ritain a%reed to compensate for E'/' ship losses, :ritain did not a%ree to stop sei2in% the ships' (he <ay (reaty was critici2ed in the E'/' but it was an alternati!e to war and did prompt the /panish to ne%otiate the 3inc)ney (reaty' Pinc;neys +reaty 17>1 Who: /pain, E'/' What: /pain %ranted the Americans free na!i%ation of the 6ississippi and a lar%e disputed territory north of 4lorida -from G1S to G$S$J@==see the *Area disputed by /pain and E'/'+ on map on pa%e 17C. /i%: 4ree na!i%ation of the 6ississippi was essential for the economic life of the west' (he E'/' could not afford to ha!e /pain bloc) access to the >ulf of 6e&ico by denyin% shippin% pri!ile%es at the mouth of the 6ississippi' 3inc)neys (reaty was serendipity -unanticipated %ood thin%. for the E'/' after the humiliatin% <ay (reaty' /pain feared an An%lo=American rapprochement -renewal of friendly relations. and dealt )indly with the Americans' :reat+ of Breenville 1%)5 What: Hittle (urtle, chief of the 6iamis defeated the E'/' Army in 17#D and 17#1, but lost in 17#" at the :attle of 4allen (imbers to American >eneral 6ad Anthony Wayne' (he :ritish refused to shelter the fleein% 1ndians' (he 1ndians si%ned the (reaty of >reen!ille' (he E'/' %ained tracts of the 5ld Northwest -basically 1ndiana and 5hio., the 1ndians recei!ed W$D,DDD lump sum and W#,DDD a year, as well as the ri%ht to hunt the lands they had ceded and the reco%nition of their so!erei%n status' /i%: 0emonstrates the continuin% problem with the 1ndians and how the 1ndians %enerally lost, both militarily and politically' K5C 1ffair 1%)( Who: 4rench 4orei%n 6inister (alleyrand, a%ents X, 8, O Where: 4rance What: (he 4rench had been furious o!er <ay@s (reaty, condemnin% it as the first step toward an alliance with :ritain' (hey further protested that the pact was a fla%rant !iolation of the 4ranco=American (reaty of 177J' 1n response, 4rench warships be%an to sei2e defenseless American merchant !essels, about GDD by mid=17#7' 3resident Adams sent three men to 4rance to settle these disputes' (he en!oys e!entually reached 3aris in 17#7, hopin% to meet (alleyrand' 1nstead, they were secretly met by three %o=betweens, otherwise )nown as X, 8, and O' (he 4rench spo)esmen demanded a bribe of W$CD,DDD, for the pri!ile%e of merely spea)in% with (alleyrand' /i%: As the result of the X8O Affair, anti=4rench sentiments rose, and an undeclared na!al war between the E/ and 4rance was i%nited with both sides sei2in% ships' Indeclared #ar #ith &rance ,Duasi-<ar. 1%)(-1( What: 1nsulted by the X8O Affair, the three American en!oys returned home' 3ro=war sentiment %radually descended upon the E/' War preparations were made' (he Na!y 0epartment was created, the G=ship Na!y was e&panded, the E/ 6arine Corps was officially formed' War was confined to the sea, notably to the West 1ndies' 1n $ 1F$ years of undeclared hostilities, the new na!y captured o!er JD=armed 4rench !essels' 5nly a 1# sli%ht push mi%ht ha!e plun%ed both nations into a full=fled%ed war' (his uproar mo!ed 3resident <ohn Adams to suspend all trade with the 4rench, and American ship captains were authori2ed to attac) and capture armed 4rench !essels' Con%ress created the 0epartment of the Na!y, and war seemed ine!itable' 1n 1JDD, the 4rench %o!ernment, now under Napoleon, si%ned a new treaty, the Con!ention of 1JDD -which *annulled the marria%e+ of 177J., and peace was restored' /i%: (he E/ Na!y was e&panded' War with 4rance could ha!e resulted in loss of li!es to either side' /uspension of 4rench trade could ha!e harmed the economy' 1t was also %ood that the war was still undeclared' 1f America had wa%ed war on 4rance in 1JDD, Napoleon would ha!e not sold Houisiana to <efferson on any terms whatsoe!er in 1JDG' (herefore, the Houisiana 3urchase mi%ht not ha!e occurred' 1lien L Sedition 1cts 1%)( Who: (he 4ederalists and the Adams administration What: 6anipulatin% the anti=4rench sentiments, the pro=:ritish 4ederalists, in 17#J, mana%ed to pass laws desi%ned to silence or minimi2e their <effersonian foes' (he first of these laws was aimed at the supposedly pro=<efferson ?aliens'? 6ost Europeans immi%rants, lac)in% wealth, were scorned by the aristocratic 4ederalist 3arty' :ut they were welcomed as !oters by the less prosperous and more democratic <effersonians' (he 4ederalist Con%ress thus raised the residence reAuirements for aliens who desired to become citi2ens from C years to 1"' (he /edition Act, on the other hand, restricted the freedom of speech and freedom of the press as %uaranteed in the Constitution by the :ill of 9i%hts -1 st Amendment.' (his law pro!ided that anyone who impeded the policies of the %o!ernment or falsely defamed its officials, includin% the president, would be liable to a hea!y fine N imprisonment' /i%: (he Alien Act infrin%ed the traditional American policy of open=door hospitality and speedy assimilation' (he /edition Act, meanwhile, infrin%ed in the ri%hts %uaranteed to all American citi2ens in the 1 st Amendment and prompted the 7ir%inia and Ientuc)y 9esolutions' =irginia L Mentuc6+ >esolutions 1%)(-1%)) Who: <ames 6adison -for 7ir%inia. and (homas <efferson -for Ientuc)y. What: 9epublican leaders were con!inced that the Alien and /edition Acts were unconstitutional, but the process of decidin% on the constitutionality of federal laws was as yet undefined' <efferson and 6adison decided that the states should ha!e that power, and they drew up a series of resolutions, which were presented to the Ientuc)y and 7ir%inia le%islatures' (hey proposed that the state bodies should ha!e the power to ?nullify? federal laws within those states' (hese resolutions were adopted, but only in these states, and so the issue died' /i%: (he theoretical ar%ument in these resolutions, that the E'/' was a compact amon% so!erei%n states, was used later as part of the nullification contro!ersy of the 1JGD@s and ultimately in the secession crisis of 1J6D=1J61' Slave revolts in ?aiti and t(e 34S4 and fears arisin$ t(erefrom What: :e%innin% in 17#$ and continuin% to 1JD", sla!es were rebellin% in Haiti -/t' 0omin%ue or /anta 0omin%o.' (hat rebellion, led by (oussaint H5u!erture, was successful' Not successful but terrifyin% were sla!e re!olts in the E'/' ->abriel 3rosser, 7ir%inia, 1JDD, 0enmar) 7esey, /outh Carolina, 1J$$, Nat (urner, 7ir%inia, 1JG1.' $D /i%: (hese re!olts caused %reat an&iety and fear amon% whites and plantation owners, who responded with increasin%ly harsh restrictions on the ability of sla!es to communicate, learn, and tra!el' 4ree blac)s were restricted too, and e!en whites could be held accountable if they challen%ed the sla!e system -because that mi%ht %i!e sla!es encoura%ement to resist.' While the plantation economy pro!ided many benefits for many owners, the scepter of sla!e rebellion was a continuin% and hauntin% fear amon% southerners' 8lection of 1800 :t(e ARevolution of 1800A< What: (homas <efferson and Aaron :urr both ran as <effersonian 9epublicans a%ainst <ohn Adams and Charles 3inc)ney for the 4ederalists in the election of 1JDD' (he candidate winnin% the second=hi%hest number of electoral !otes would become !ice= president' <efferson and :urr recei!ed the hi%hest and same number of electoral !otes, so the selection went to the House of 9epresentati!es' After a lon% deadloc), Ale&ander Hamilton threw his support to <efferson, and :urr had to accept !ice=presidency' -(he 1$ th amendment in 1JD" reAuired that electors !ote once for president and once for !ice= president, thus sol!in% this problem'. <efferson called his election a *re!olution+ in that he would halt and re!erse the %rowth of %o!ernment power and the decay of ci!ic !irtue that occurred under the 4ederalists' :ut this was no popular *re!olution+ because <efferson barely won the election' /i%: (he election pitted two parties who were bitterly opposed to each other' (he election was peaceful, the transition of power was peaceful' (hus the E'/' established the fact that a democratic nation, e!en with bitterly di!ided political loyalties, could effect a peaceful transition of power' (his was the only *re!olution+ that occurred in 1JDD' Significance of "efferson!s presidenc+ What: <efferson was president from 1JD1 to 1JD#' He called his election a re!olution, but he did not dismantle the :an) of the Enited /tates or otherwise attac) Hamiltons financial structure' He did lower the debt, but that is hardly a re!olution' His purchase of Houisiana was !ery important, e!en thou%h he did not thin) he was constitutionally empowered to buy it' He fou%ht a war with the Na!y a%ainst (ripoli, e!en thou%h he did not want to fi%ht a war' -He supported limited %o!ernment and desired only a small na!y'. He represented a%rarian interests a%ainst the monied and merchant class of the North, and yet he was a 7ir%inia planter *aristocrat'+ /i%: <effersons presidency time and a%ain reflected the realities of the times and not his strict constructionist a%rarian ideals' Louisiana *urchase 1(/ Who: <efferson and 4rance -Napoleon 1. Where: (he hu%e territory of Houisiana, stretchin% from the Canadian border to the >ulf of 6e&ico and from the 6ississippi 9i!er to the 9oc)y 6ountains' What: 1n the early years of the Enited /tates, Houisiana was of concern chiefly because it bordered the 6ississippi 9i!er, which was !ital to E'/' trade' 1n 176$ 4rance had ceded Houisiana to /pain, which was too wea) to offer a serious threat to American Commerce' 1n 1JDD, howe!er, rumors spread that /pain was about to cede Houisiana bac) to 4rance' <efferson was alarmed' 9elations between the Enited /tates and 4rance were still unfriendly, and 4rance had the power to cut off American shippin% at Houisiana@s capital, New 5rleans, at the mouth of the 6ississippi' (here was, said $1 <efferson, ?one sin%le spot? on the %lobe, ?the possessor of which is our natural and habitual enemy' 1t is New 5rleans throu%h which the produce of three ei%hths of our territory must pass to mar)et'? 1n 1JDG, (alleyrand made Hi!in%ston a startlin% offer' Napoleon 1 was willin% to sell the entire territory for W1C million' At the end of <une, news of the treaty reached the Enited /tates' <efferson was !ery ea%er to acAuire the entire territory, but, !iewin% it from his strict=construction point of !iew, he did not thin) the purchase was constitutional' His remedy for the purchase was a constitutional amendment -which was ne!er proposed.' /i%: (he Houisiana 3urchase has been called <effersons *chief achie!ement+ durin% his administration' 1t allowed for much e&pansion and e&ploration into the West' 1t also showed that <efferson was strict in principle but loose in practice' 5b!iously, the purchase also finally resol!ed the important issue of control of New 5rleans and the mouth of the 6ississippi' Le#is and Clar6 Expedition 1(7-$ Who: 6eriwether Hewis and William Clar)' Where: (he West, up the 6issouri 9i!er and o!er the 9oc)ies to the 5re%on coast, and return home What: <efferson had dreamed of e&ploration of the West from the time he was secretary of state under Washin%ton' As a scientist he wanted to )now about the land and its inhabitants' He reali2ed the importance of such e&ploration for the future e&pansion of the Enited /tates' 1n <anuary 1JDG, one=half a year before the Houisiana 3urchase, he proposed his idea to Con%ress' 1n order to conceal its e&pansionist aims from En%land, 4rance, and /pain, he su%%ested that the ;ourney be presented as a ?literary pursuit'? Con%ress %a!e appro!al' <efferson instructed them to obser!e and note down the physical features, topo%raphy, soil, climate, and wildlife of the land and the lan%ua%e and customs of its inhabitants' /i%:1n 1JD6 Hewis and Clar) returned with their !aluable ;ournals' (hey had successfully breached the mountain barrier of the West, built a fort on the 3acific 5cean at the mouth of the Columbia 9i!er, and mapped and e&plored much of the American Northwest' 6oreo!er, they had secured the friendship of a number of Nati!e American peoples and %i!en the Enited /tates a claim to the 5re%on country' (hey made important scientific disco!eries, maps, and )nowled%e of the nati!es in the re%ions' (his e&pedition, alon% with the Houisiana 3urchase, helped promote nationalism -commitment to the E'/'. and the future idea of *manifest destiny'+ 8arbur+ vs0 8adison ,1(/. Who: <ohn Adams, William 6arbury, and <ames 6adison What: After a bitter election, in his final days as president, Adams attempted to fill the courts with members of his party, the 4ederalist 3arty' <ust before lea!in% office, 3resident Adams appointed a 6aryland ban)er and politician, William 6arbury, to one of the new posts' (he /enate confirmed 6arbury@s appointment, 3resident Adams si%ned the commission, and /ecretary of /tate <ohn 6arshall affi&ed the >reat /eal on the commission' :ut in the rush of business durin% the final days of the Adams administration, 6arshall failed to actually deli!er the commission to 6arbury -and at least three other appointees.' <efferson became president on 6arch ", 1JD1, and the new secretary of state was <ames 6adison' When 6arbury and three others as)ed6adison for their commissions, the secretary of state, actin% under orders from $$ 3resident <efferson, refused to deli!er the commissions' 6arbury sued' (he case was heard by Chief <ustice <ohn 6arshall and the /upreme Court' While the Court did not address the specifics of the case, the Court struc) down as unconstitutional a portion of the <udiciary Act of 17J# -which %a!e the /upreme Court ;urisdiction the Court declared it did notha!e.' /i%: (he /upreme Court of the Enited /tates established its authority to re!iew and in!alidate %o!ernment actions that conflict with the Constitution of the Enited /tates' (he case is monumentally si%nificant because it was the first time that the /upreme Court declared an act of Con%ress to be unconstitutional' (he principle in!ol!ed here is *;udicial re!iew'+ 1aron 2urr Who: 0urin% <ohn Adams@s term as 3resident, national parties became clearly defined' :urr loosely associated himself with the <effersonian=9epublicans, thou%h he had moderate 4ederalist allies, such as /en' <onathan 0ayton of New <ersey' :urr Auic)ly became a )ey player in New 8or) politics, more powerful in time than Hamilton, lar%ely because of the (ammany /ociety, later to become the infamous (ammany Hall, which :urr con!erted from a social club into a political machine' As <effersons !ice president, :urr was not trusted by his own party' :urr@s refusal to yield the !ictory in the election of 1JDD to <efferson, as he had promised, cost him the trust of his own party and that of <efferson: for the rest of the administration, :urr remained an outsider' He )illed Hamilton in a duel in 1JD"' He later or%ani2ed a conspiracy to separate a part of the western E'/' and establish a country, for which he was tried but not con!icted for treason' /i%: He played a !ery dominant role in politics, especially in New 8or)' <ar #ith :ripoli 1(1-1(5 What: (ripoli was attac)in% E'/' ships and demandin% tribute to en%a%e in commerce in the 6editerranean' <efferson went to war with the 3asha of (ripoli and won the war' /i%: <efferson, the noninter!entionist, pacifist, small na!y, and political foe of 4ederalist shippers, ne!ertheless sent the youn% E'/' Na!y into combat in this war' (his was the first war that the E'/' fou%ht after the 9e!olution -not includin% the undeclared na!al war with 4rance.' 4eutral >ights 1($ on#ard Who: E'/' merchant shippers, :ritain, 4rance Where: primarily the Atlantic 5ceanY What: :ritain issued 5rders in Council and 4rance reciprocated with 0ecrees, prohibitin% E'/' merchant ships from tradin% with the other country' (hou%h the E'/' was neutral, American trade was cau%ht in between these two warrin% countries' /i%: (he actions of :ritain and 4rance in defyin% neutral ri%hts caused the E'/' to respond with the Embar%o of 1JD7, Non=1ntercourse with :ritain and 4rance in 1JD#, 6acons :ill V $ in 1J1D, and later the War of 1J1$ a%ainst :ritain' !effersons neutrality durin$ t(e @apoleonic Wars When: 1JD7=1J1D What: As the war pro%ressed, Napoleon issued the :erlin and 6ilan decrees which enacted a bloc)ade of >reat :ritain, and >reat :ritain issued 5rders in Council, which ordered a bloc)ade of Europe' Althou%h the two bloc)ades were not entirely $G successful, and some bloc)ade=runners were able to snea) throu%h, 1CDD American ships were sei2ed, and their sailors were impressed into the :ritish na!y' After the Chesapea)e affair in 1JD7, <efferson secured passa%e of the Embar%o Act, prohibitin% the merchants of the Enited /tates to trade with forei%n nations' (he act was intended to pre!ent an American entrance into the war by )eepin% the ships and %oods in American harbors' Howe!er, it was ne&t to impossible to enforce, and merchants loo)in% for the lucrati!e trade smu%%led many tons of %oods in and out of the ports and into Canada' (he act was repealed in 1JD# durin% <efferson@s lame duc) period, and replaced by the Non= 1ntercourse Act which allowed American ships to trade with any nations e&cept the belli%erent nations in Europe' 5nce a%ain, the act failed to )eep American ships out of the European harbors' (he Non=1ntercourse Act was replaced in 1J1D with 6acons :ill V$ -6adison is now president., openin% trade with all with the understandin% that if either :ritain or 4rance repealed the orders or decrees, the E'/' would impose an embar%o on the other' /i%: (he E'/' was tryin% to stay out of war throu%h economic sanctions, which in the end failed' I0S0S0 Chesapea6e and ;080S0 Leopard 1(% Who: American fri%ate, Chesapeake, :ritish fri%ate, Leopard Where: (en miles off the coast of 7ir%inia What: (he Heopard attempted to force the impressment of four men on the Chesapea)e' When the Chesapea)e refused, it was fired upon, )illin% three Americans and woundin% ei%hteen' /i%: (his incident %reatly an%ered the American public' As a result, <efferson was pressed for war, but he enacted the embar%o instead' Impressment Who: (he Enited /tates and >reat :ritain Where: Neutral ships on the seas -mostly American ships. What: (he :ritish Na!y declared the ri%ht to search any neutral !essel on the seas for deserters' What they really did was they conscripted men between the a%es of 1J= CC years old to ser!e as sailors in the 9oyal Na!y' (he :ritish were )idnappin% American men and forcin% them to ser!e in their na!y' /i%: (he Enited /tates needed to pro!e to :ritain that the E'/' was independent, not sub;ect to the Crown any lon%er' (he E'/' had to protect the safety and freedom of the American people, especially sailors' (his led to the War of 1J1$' Embargo 1(% Who: <effersons presidency Where: affected New En%land the most What: Con%ress passed the Embar%o Act in 1JD7, completely forbiddin% the e&port of %oods from the Enited /tates' <efferson too) this drastic measure in hopes of obtainin% respect for neutral tradin% ri%hts throu%h lettin% :ritain and 4rance suffer from lac) of American trade' /i%: (he embar%o %reatly harmed E'/' commerce, causin% much resentment' New En%land and mid=Atlantic merchants routinely !iolated the embar%o' Also, the failure of the embar%o resulted in e!entual war with :ritain' 4on-Intercourse 1ct and 8acon!s 2ill G- 1()-1(1 $" What: (he Non=1ntercourse Act of 1JD# was similar to <effersons embar%o, but it solely tar%eted :ritain and 4rance' 1n 1J1D, Con%ress replaced it with 6acons :ill No' $, which opened up trade with :ritain and 4rance on one condition: if either of the two countries repealed its commercial restrictions, the E'/' would restore the embar%o a%ainst the country that failed to do so' /i%: Napoleon craftily caused 6adison to restore the embar%o on :ritain, leadin% to the War of 1J1$' <ar of 1(1- Causes Who: (he Enited /tates and >reat :ritain What: (he En%lish instituted maritime bloc)ades of European ports to pre!ent American shippin% from helpin% the 4rench durin% the war between En%land and 4rance' (he :ritish also claimed the ri%ht to stop any neutral !essel and search the ship for *deserters'+ 6any American ships were ta)en, and men were impressed into the :ritish Na!y' (his can be seen in the Chesapea)e=Heopard affair of 1JD7' Economic sanctions were tried but were unsuccessful -Embar%o, Non=1ntercourse, 6acons :ill V$.' With the comin% of the War Haw)s to Con%ress in 1J1D, western fears of and :ritish aid to the 1ndians became an issue that contributed to war fe!er' >reat :ritain wanted to control the trade routes to )eep the E'/' out of European ports durin% the war with 4rance' (he Enited /tates had to defend the ri%ht to e&port American %oods without losin% men or ships' (he E'/' also ob;ected to >reat :ritain supportin% the 1ndians alon% the >reat Ha)es' /i%: America had to defend its ri%hts, %o!ernment, commerce and independence' 6adison and the War Haw)s chose war as the !ehicle to do so -<efferson chose embar%o, which did not wor), 6adison chose war, which defended American ri%hts and honor.' :ecumseh and the *rophet earl+ 1(!s Who: (wo /hawnee brothers, (ecumseh and (ens)watawa -*the 3rophet+. Where: 1ndian tribes east of the 6ississippi in the 5hio 7alley What: (ecumseh and the 3rophet or%ani2ed a confederacy of 1ndian tribes to renew their culture and fi%ht a%ainst the ad!ancin% American frontier' At the :attle of (ippecanoe -1J11, in present=day 1ndiana., William Henry Harrison defeated the 3rophets people, hurtin% the mo!ement' (ecumseh died fi%htin% for the :ritish in the :attle of the (hames in 1J1G' /i%: (ecumsehs death in 1J1G mar)ed the end of the dream of an 1ndian confederacy and represented continued e!idence that opposition to the Enited /tates would result in military and political defeat for Nati!e=Americans' 1merican Successes 1rise from European 3istresses 1%)!s-1(-!s Who: 1ndians, :ritain, /pain, 4rance, and the Enited /tates What: While the wars of the 4rench 9e!olution -17#$=1JD1. and the Napoleonic Wars -1JD$=1J1C. were ra%in%, the E'/' had an opportunity to achie!e successes from European distresses' (here were si& main instances when America profited from the distress of Europe' 17#C >reen!ille (reaty' After the battle of 4allen (imbers and bein% abandoned by the :ritish, the 1ndians %a!e up some of the 5ld Northwest in e&chan%e for W$D,DDD and the ri%ht to still hunt on those lands' $C 17#"F#C <ay (reaty with :ritain' (he :ritish promised to e!acuate posts on E'/' soil and to pay dama%es for the sei2ed American ships' (he E'/' had to pay the debts owed to merchants on pre=9e!olutionary accounts' 17#C 3inc)ney (reaty with /pain' /pain, fearin% friendship between the E'/' and :ritain due to the <ay (reaty, %ranted to the E'/' free na!i%ation of the 6ississippi and the ri%ht of deposit at New 5rleans, while %i!in% up its claim to that part of old :ritish 4lorida north of the G1Z parallel' -:ritain once said that <est 4lorida went all the way up to G$S$J@, so /pain claimed up to G$S$J@ but %a!e up that claim in this treaty'. 1JDD Con!ention of 1JDD in which the 4ranco=American Alliance of 177J was cancelled -in return, the E'/' would pay dama%e claims of American shippers a%ainst the 4rench.' P(he E'/' would not enter into a permanent entan%lin% military alliance a%ain until 1#"# and NA(5'Q 1JDG Houisiana 3urchase from 4rance, doublin% the si2e of the E'/' at a small cost of W1C million' 1J$G 6onroe 0octrine which stated that other nations would no lon%er be allowed to coloni2e or interfere in the Western Hemisphere' PHum says CHA06 in >reen 3<s -Con!ention of 1JDD, Houisiana 3urchase, 6onroe 0octrine, >reen!ille, 3inc)ney, <ay.Q /i%: America %ained much from the distress %oin% on in Europe' 6uch land was %ained from other countries durin% this period' -1f there is an early national forei%n policy essay Auestion on the A3 e&am, *Europes distresses [ Americas successes+ represents a %ood thesisFar%ument'. :reat+ of Bhent Christmas Eve, 1(17 Who: E'/' and :ritain What: (he E'/' and :ritain a%reed to stop fi%htin%, endin% the War of 1J1$' 9emar)ably, neither side %ained any concessions, attestin% to a !irtual draw between the two countries' /i%: (hou%h America didnt %et what it wanted at the start of the War of 1J1$, it didnt lose anythin% to :ritain either' (he war fostered a sense of nationalism' 1ndeed, the war is called the second war of American independence, announcin% to the world that the E'/' was not a nation to be ta)en li%htly anymore' 2attle of 4e# Hrleans "anuar+ (, 1(15 Who: Andrew <ac)son led Americans a%ainst J,DDD :ritish troops Where: New 5rleans, Houisiana What: (he :ritish troops attac)ed Andrew <ac)sons well=fortified troops, resultin% in a tremendous American !ictory' (wo thousand :ritish were )illed or wounded compared with around se!enty for the Americans' /i%: (hou%h this battle occurred after the War of 1J1$ ended, the !ictory %reatly boosted American nationalism and honor' 4urther, <ac)son became a national hero' -Americans li)e to elect presidents who were war heroesF%enerals'. ?artford -onvention Decem&er 11# 181" to !anuary 1# 1811 Who: 4ederalists who were discontented with the War of 1J1$ Where: Hartford, Connecticut $6 What: Numerous New En%land states, feelin% abused by 6adisons war, sent representati!es to Hartford, Connecticut to discuss their %rie!ances' (he resultin% con!ention demanded compensation for lost trade and sou%ht pre!enti!e measures a%ainst future embar%oes, state admissions, and wars, amon% other thin%s' (he resolutions of the Hartford Con!ention were o!ershadowed by the !ictory of the :attle of New 5rleans, causin% the mo!ement to die' /i%: (he Hartford Con!ention mar)ed the death of the 4ederalist 3arty' 1t is also an e&le of New En%lands sympathy towards nullification at the time' While nullification and secession are normally associated with the /outh, the Hartford Con!ention demonstrates that the /outh did not ha!e a monopoly on states ri%hts and secessionist thin)in%' Consequences of the <ar of 1(1- What: 4ollowin% the War of 1J1$, a new nationalism emer%ed in the Enited /tates' Henry Clay@s ?American /ystem? was a neofederalist pro%ram of a national ban), a tariff to promote and protect domestic industry, and con%ressionally financed internal impro!ements' 3resident 6adison, Henry Clay, <ohn C' Calhoun, and <ohn Buincy Adams helped fashion this new political a%enda, which promised to meet the needs of all sections -remember Hums :A9(.' Also, with the be%innin%s of the 6onroe presidency came the *Era of >ood 4eelin%s+ -referrin% to the era of peace and prosperity in the be%innin% of 6onroes presidency., which further spar)ed nationalism' /i%: A new sense of American nationalism emer%ed after the War of 1J1$' (he War of 1J1$ was nic)named *the /econd War of 1ndependence+ because this le!el of nationalism had not been seen since the 9e!olutionary War and the E'/' fou%ht :ritain to a draw' (he Enited /tates became internally much stron%er throu%h Henry Clays *American /ystem+' @ationalism :devotion or loyalty to a nation< A sense of nationalism arose after the War of 1J1$' <udicial nationalism of the 6arshall Court can be cited' PAll of the followin% !ery important cases are 6arshall court decisions' Marbury v. Madison -1JDG., McCulloch v. Maryland -1J1#., and Gibbons v. Ogden -1J$". for liftin% up national authority at state e&pense, Fletcher v. Peck -1J1D. and Dartmouth College v. Woodard -1JG$. for liftin% up the sanctity of contracts that cannot be eroded by state actions' 6arshalls decisions, in addition to stren%thenin% federal authority, protected business interests from encroachment by indi!idual states' (hus the 6arshall court can be characteri2ed as pro=business also'Q' Economic nationalism associated with the American /ystem can be cited also: ban)s, roads, canals, protecti!e tariffs, all contributed to the notion of *nation,+ as opposed to more re%ional or sectional interests' Cultural nationalism can be seen in the wor)s of the painters of the Hudson 9i!er /chool -(homas Cole., and Hums :1C writers -:ryant, 1r!in%, Cooper.' +(e +ariff of 1816 $7 What: E!en with the 4ederalist party %aspin% its last breath, the nationalist Con%ress of 1J16 passed the first tariff in E'/' history primarily for protectionM$D to $C percent on many imports' /i%: Hamilton would ha!e been happyMhere we see the emer%ence of the )ind of leadership that he en!isioned in his three reports of 17#DF#1' He would ha!e been deli%hted with the American /ystem, described below' /ource: A3$"1 :he E1merican S+stemF9around 1(-7 N#ith comments on the po#er of 21>:O Who: Henry Clay What: Clay proposed a three=part plan to de!elop a profitable home mar)et' 4irst a stron% ban)in% system was needed that would pro!ide easy and abundant credit' Ne&t Clay wanted a protecti!e tariff that would allow eastern manufacturin% to flourish' 9e!enues from the flourishin% economy would support the third component, a networ) of roads and canals that would help transport foodstuffs and raw materials from the /outh and West to the North and East' /i%: Here is an emer%in% sense of nationalism' Cries for better transportation erupted in the nation, especially in the West' 1ndi!idual states too) control of construction of canals and roads -i'e' the Erie Canal.' Clays American /ystem is essentially what Hamilton proposed in his three 17#DF#1 reports and what 3resident 6adison articulated in his 7 th annual address to Con%ress in 1J1C' All of these can be summed up in one of Hums words: :A9(\\\ PWhat was the heart of the Whi% political a%enda in the 1J"Ds, when they elected two presidentsRR :A9(\\\ What was the domestic political a%enda -aside from winnin% the war, homesteads, and hi%her education. of the 9epublicans durin% the Ci!il WarRR :A9(\\ /tart :A9( with Hamilton -17#D=#1., and then run it throu%h 6adison -1J1C., Clay -1J$"., the Whi%s -1J"Ds. and the 9epublicans -1J6Ds.'Q EEra of Bood &eelingsF ,1(1%-1(-5. Who: (he Administrations of 6onroe What: When <ames 6onroe -sla!eownin% 7ir%inian. went into 4ederalist New En%land, *the enemys country,+ he recei!ed a heartwarmin% welcome' A :oston newspaper was so far carried away as to announce that an *Era of >ood 4eelin%s+ had been ushered in' (his happy phrase has been commonly used since then to describe the administrations of 6onroe' (he Era of >ood 4eelin%s, unfortunately, was somethin% of a misnomer' Considerable tranAuility and prosperity did in fact smile upon the early years of 6onroe, but the period was a troubled one' (he acute issues of the tariff, the ban), internal impro!ements, and the sale of public lands were bein% hotly contested' /i%: (he *Era of >ood 4eelin%s+ helped to promote an emer%in% sense of nationalism' -With the 3anic of 1J1#, one can ar%ue that the Era was short=li!ed'. 1merican Coloni'ation Societ+ 1(1% Who: African=Americans What: (he American Coloni2ation /ociety -AC/., founded in 1J17, %rew out of efforts by a 3resbyterian minister from New <ersey, 9obert 4inley' 1t was typical of many bene!olent societies of the period' Americans !iewed the society as a solution to what was thou%ht to be the dual problem of freein% blac)s and the incompatibility of the races' Althou%h William Hloyd >arrison and other acti!ists ultimately re;ected the %radual approach of coloni2ationists, the mo!ement maintained its appeal for moderates, amon% them Abraham Hincoln' $J 1n 1J$$ the AC/ established Hiberia on the west coast of Africa' 5!er the ne&t forty years the society settled some twel!e thousand African=Americans in that country' Althou%h the society e&isted until 1#1$, after 1J6D it functioned primarily as the ?careta)er? of the settlement in Hiberia' -Hiberia is an independent nation today'. /i%: E!en after the Emancipation 3roclamation, e&treme hostility, pre;udice, and racism can be seen throu%hout America' No matter what the moti!es of AC/ supporters were, all belie!ed that free blac)s could not be assimilated into American society and that the solution was resettlement in Africa' Convention of 1(1( Who: Enited /tates and :ritain Where: (he 5re%on area -and the boundary between the E/ and Canada from the Ha)e of the Woods to the 9oc)ies. What: (he dispute ori%inated because uncertainty in the (reaty of 3aris of 17JG' (he Con!ention of 1J1J set the boundary at the "#th parallel' (he a%reement e&tended the northern boundary westward from the Ha)e of the Woods to the 9oc)y 6ountains' 4urther, both sides a%reed to occupy 5re%on ;ointly for ten years -renewable.' /i%: (his settled the disputed area at the "# th parallel and temporarily resol!ed the 5re%on issue' -4inal settlement came in 1J"6, shortly after the E'/' entered into war with 6e&ico'. *anic of 1(1) What: (his was the first national financial panic since 3resident Washin%ton too) office' 1t brou%ht deflation, depression, ban)ruptcies, ban) failures, unemployment, soup )itchens, and o!ercrowded pesthouses )nown as debtors prisons' 6any factors contributed to the catastrophe of 1J1#, but loomin% lar%e was o!er=speculation in frontier lands' (he :an) of the Enited /tates, throu%h its western branches, had become deeply in!ol!ed in this popular type of outdoor %amblin%' /i%: Not only was this the first national financial panic since 3resident Washin%ton too) office, but it was also a rude setbac) to the nationalistic ardor' (he 3anic is considered by many to be the end of the *Era of >ood 4eelin%s'+ .c-ulloc( v4 .aryland ,1(1). Who: 6aryland and Chief <ustice <ohn 6arshall Where: :altimore, 6aryland -branch of the $ nd :E/. What: (he state of 6aryland le!ied a ta& on the :an) of the Enited /tates in opposition to the :an) and to protect the competiti!e position of its own state ban)s' 6arshalls rulin% declared that no state has the ri%ht to control an a%ency of the federal %o!ernment' /ince *the power to ta& is the power to destroy,+ such state action !iolated Con%ress *implied powers+ to establish and operate a national ban)' /i%n: (his /upreme Court decision stren%thened federal authority and slapped at state infrin%ements on federal authority under the Constitution' (he :an) e&isted under the implied powers clause of the Constitution -Article 1, /ection J, Clause 1J.' (his decision represents Pudicial nationalism, where the Court is the final arbiter of the Constitution and where state acts contrary to the Constitution are null and !oid' (his decision also reflects what is supported in (he 4ederalist 3apers and what is )nown as ;udicial re!iew' 1n Marbury v. Madison -1JDG., the Court struc) down part of an act of Con%ress' Here, the Court struc) down a /tate act as unconstitutional' 1dams-Hnis :reat+ 1(1) ,EStep :reat+ LineF, E:ranscontinental :reat+F. $# Who: /pain and the Enited /tates Where: 4lorida, western boundary of Houisiana 3urchase What: With the collapse of its empire, /pain )new it could not hold 4lorida anymore' /pain also wanted to settle the Houisiana (erritory border on its north -E'/' southwestFwestern border.' /pain ceded 4lorida to the E'/', abandoned any claim to the 5re%on territory, and a%reed to a boundary for the Houisiana (erritory and a boundary alon% the "$S to the 3acific 5cean' P(he /panish ne%otiated for the easternmost boundary it could %et -in an effort to )eep the E'/' as far from 6e&ico as possible., in the end settlin% on the /abine 9i!er, which is the easternmost boundary of (e&as'Q -(he Enited /tates in e&chan%e a%reed to assume WC million in debts owed to American merchants'. /i%: (his %a!e the E'/' the rest of 4lorida and settled an uncertain boundary on the E'/' southwestern border' -Note: With the /panish abandonin% claims abo!e "$S and the 9ussians in 1J$" stayin% abo!e C"S"D@, the entire 5re%on (erritory was left to the E'/' and :ritain to ;ointly occupy under the Con!ention of 1J1J and then finally di!ide in 1J"6'. 8issouri Compromise 1(- Who: North -E/., /outh -E/., and Henry Clay Where: 6issouri, the remainder of the Houisiana (erritory, and 6aine What: Con%ress a%reed to admit 6issouri as a sla!e state and 6aine as a separate free state' (his )ept the balance between the North and the /outh at twel!e states each' -:alance was critical to maintain sla!e power in the /enate.' Althou%h the state of 6issouri was permitted to retain sla!es, all future bonda%e was prohibited in the remainder of the Houisiana 3urchase territor+ north of the line of G6 o GD, which was the southern boundary of 6issouri' /i%: (he 6issouri Compromise deferred final discussion of sla!ery' 1n the end, the Ci!il War finally resol!ed the issue' <efferson called it the *death )nell+ of the Enion' -0eath )nell is a bell tolled slowly at the time of a funeral'. 8onroe 3octrine 1(-/ What: 3resident 6onroe, in his annual address to Con%ress in 1J$G, announced what became )nown as the 6onroe 0octrine, which stated that the European powers could no lon%er loo) to the new world for coloni2ation' He ar%ued that the old worlds political institutions -monarchy. were so different from the new worlds -republics. that the old world would no lon%er be welcome in the new' 4urther, he su%%ested that European nations not interfere in the new world' Noncoloni2ation and noninter!ention were in his messa%e' /i%: While this proud and nationalistic statement was scorned at the start by the powers of the old world, o!er time the 0octrine de!eloped and was used by !arious presidents, includin% 3ol) and (' 9oose!elt' A%e of <ac)son, 1J$"="J +eBas in t(e 18/0s Where: (e&as, from the /abine 9i!er on the east to the Nueces on the southwest GD Who: /pain -1J1#=$1., 6e&ico -1J$1 to 1JG6., and American settlers What: /pain and then 6e&ico in!ited Americans to settle in their northeastern pro!ince of (e&as' 1n 1J$G, 6e&ico %ranted to /tephen Austin a tract of land upon which Americans could settle, with the understandin% that they would become Catholic 6e&icans' (he (e&ans paid little attention to that, and by 1JGC there were GD,DDD Americans in (e&as -ready to fi%ht when /anta Anna established a dictatorship.' Also, when 6e&ico prohibited sla!ery in 1JGD, the (e&as sla!eowners did not comply, further a%%ra!atin% the situation between Americans in (e&as and the 6e&ican %o!ernment' /i%: (he settlement in the 1J$Ds set the sta%e for the (e&as War of 1ndependence in 1JG6 Lo#ell S+stem91(-s and into the 1(/s What: 1n pre=industrial America, farm %irls made cloth, candles, soap, butter, cheese on the farm' Emer%in% industries in the nineteenth century replaced this )ind of farmFsubsistence labor and pro!ided employment for the %irls and youn% women in factories' 1n 1J$6 the town of Howell was founded in 6assachusetts' (he *:oston Associates+ built boardin%houses to accommodate its labor force of twel!e=to=twenty= fi!e=year=old females' (he twenty=fi!e or so women residin% in each house de!eloped a sense of sisterhood, wor)in%, eatin%, and spendin% leisure time to%ether' Althou%h they en;oyed the cultural and economic ad!anta%es a!ailable in Howell, they did not succumb to the popular notion that Howell was a ?finishin% school for youn% ladies'? (hey had come, mostly from New En%land farms, to wor), and they e&pected to be paid for their labor and treated with respect' When a downturn occurred in the te&tile industry be%innin% in 1J$# and mana%ement sou%ht to cut wa%es, these women reacted' (hey went out on stri)e in 1JG" and 1JG6 and ran petition campai%ns in the 1J"Ds' (hey formed the 4actory >irls@ Association and ;oined the widespread ten=hour mo!ement' /i%: (heirs were amon% the first forms of collecti!e action ta)en by industrial wor)ers' 1n response, mill owners there and elsewhere turned to immi%rant labor, hirin% 4rench=Canadian and 1rish wor)ers to replace the nati!e=born labor force' 1nti-8asonic *art+ 1(/- and later What: A political party that first appeared in the 1JG$ presidential campai%n, it opposed the *influence and secrecy+ of the 6asonic order' (hey were roused up by the mysterious disappearance of a New 8or)er threatenin% to e&pose the secret rituals of the 6asonic order -he was probably murdered by the 6asonic order.' (he party fed upon the publics suspicion of secret societies and spread its influence throu%hout the Atlantic and into the New En%land states' 1t was also anti=<ac)son since <ac)son was 6asonic' /i%: (his is the first third=party in American politics' PWhile not si%nificant, third parties can influence elections on occasion' Hoo) at the effect of the Hiberty 3arty !otes in New 8or) which cost Clay the election of 1J"", or (9s :ull 6oose 3arty !otes which cost (aft the election of 1#1$Min both cases the 0emocrats won: 3ol) in 1J"", and Wilson in 1#1$, with both recei!in% less than CD] of the *popular !ote'+Q Expansion of Suffrage earl+ 1( th centur+ What: As states dropped !arious property Aualifications durin% the <ac)sonian period, more and more adult white males were able to !ote' /i%: (his is an element of <ac)sonian 0emocracy, politics and campai%ns became rou%her and tou%her as candidates sou%ht the !ote of the *common man'+ !ac;sonian Democracy G1 What: <ac)sonian 0emocracy refers to se!eral elements that characteri2e the period rou%hly from 1J$J to 1J"J -from <ac)son throu%h 3ol).' 1' Expansion of suffrage occurred as states dropped property Aualifications -many more *common+ men !oted.' $' "ac6son!s and his follo#ers hated monopol+ and special pri!ile%e -e'%', the $ nd
:E/.' G' Campai%ns were directed at the *common man,+ featurin% political party con!entions to select candidates, and campaigns that appealed to common people and not the pri!ile%ed' -1t became best to be born in a lo% cabin no matter where you mi%ht ha!e been born'. Campai%ns became more democratic' "' While <efferson appealed to farmers and a%rarian interests, <ac)sonian 0emocracy appealed to both rural and urban !oters PHums L1&S: laborers, artisans -shoema)ers, wheelwri%hts, carpenters., farmers, small shop)eepers'Q C' (he Spoils S+stem, where party loyalists would %et %o!ernment ;obs' 6' <ac)son and many of his followers were anti-4ative 1merican -e'%', 1ndian 9emo!al Act of 1JGD, leadin% to the (rail of (ears in GJ=G#. /i%: (he <ac)sonian period is a watershed in American life' 1f you /(A3HE90 the period, you would be able to fire many 3E3/ not only related to <ac)son and the <ac)sonians but to many other matters too' !ac;sonian Policies' 1< t(e =an;# /< t(e Specie -ircular# ,< Indian Removal :18/" 18,7< :he 2an6 <ar Who: (he conflict was between 3resident Andrew <ac)son and the :an)s president Nicholas :iddle What: Andrew <ac)son belie!ed that the :an) was an unconstitutional monopoly' (hus, he started the War on the :an) -1JG$=1JGG.' :iddle held enormous power o!er the financial affairs of the nation' Webster and Clay in 1JG$ presented to Con%ress a bill to renew the :an) of the Enited /tates charter that was to e&pire in 1JG6' Howe!er, they were pushin% for renewal four years early to ma)e it an election issue in 1JG$' 1f <ac)son si%ned, it would alienate a%rarian !oters in the west' 1f !etoed, he would lose the election by alienatin% the wealthy in the east' He won, and in 1JGG, <ac)son attac)ed the :an) by depositin% federal re!enues in other ban)s and remo!in% federal deposits from its !aults, while continuin% to ma)e demands on the :an) of the Enited /tates' :iddle fou%ht hard but lost in the end' /i%: <ac)son !etoed the re=charter bill' He was reelected, and thus used his reelection as a mandate to defeat the ban)' Without some central %uidance, state ban)s were free to en%a%e in speculati!e acti!ities, which created a disor%ani2ed financial situation in the nation' (his would contribute to the 3anic of 1JG7' :he Specie Circular Another policy of <ac)son in!ol!ed the /pecie Circular, which was a decree that obli%ated all public lands to be purchased with *hard,+ or metallic, money' (here was too much speculation in western lands, and reAuirin% that lands be paid with scarce hard money would slow or stop the speculation' /i%: (he /pecie Circular helped contribute to the financial panicFcrash in 1JG7' Indian >emoval G$ A third policy of <ac)son was to remo!e the remainin% eastern tribes== chiefly Chero)ees, Cree)s, Choctaws, Chic)asaws, and /eminoles==beyond the 6ississippi' He wanted the lands for white settlers' His policy led to the forced uprootin% of more than 1DD,DDD 1ndians' 1n 1JGD, Con%ress passed the 1ndian 9emo!al Act, which relocated 1ndian tribes east of the 6ississippi to 1ndian (erritory in the west' 1n the fall and winter of 1JGJ=G#, durin% 7an:urens presidency, the Army forcibly remo!ed 1C,DDD Chero)ees from their homes in the east to 1ndian (erritory in the west -present day 5)lahoma.' (his ;ourney was )nown as the (rail of (ears' About ",DDD died on the ;ourney' /i%: :y forced remo!al of the Nati!e Americans, many died' (he 1ndian remo!al !i!idly demonstrates continuin% abuse of Nati!e Americans by the e!er= e&pandin% people of the E'/' and its %o!ernment' PNote that Chief :lac)haw) in 1llinois fou%ht bac), and Abe Hincoln was with the 1llinois militia that helped the E'/' win the :lac)haw) War of 1JG$' 1n tal)in% so much about the fi!e southeastern tribes, we tend to for%et the :lac)haw) War of 1JG$'Q Spoils s+stem 1(-( on What: <ac)sons spoils system %ranted rewards to political supporters by %i!in% them public office' :asically, %o!ernmental ;obs went to the winner of an election' (hus party people could be rewarded with ;obs' /candal and corruption ensued as illiterates, incompetents, or thie!es could be %i!en hi%h office' 1ts name came from /enator William 6arcys classic remar) in 1JG$, *(o the !ictor belon% the spoils of the enemy'+ <ac)son thou%ht that %o!ernment ;obs were fairly simple, not reAuirin% speciali2ed e&pertise' (he spoils system played a ma;or role in the emer%in% two=party order' /i%: (he spoils system o!erwhelmed newly elected politicians' PHater, 3oliticians would see how shameful the spoils system was when 3resident >arfield was assassinated by a disaffected office=see)er in 1JJ1' (he Ci!il /er!ice 9eform Act -3endleton Act. of 1JJG followed'Q :he Second *art+ S+stem Who: 0emocrats and Whi%s What: A permanent two party system was spawned from the 1J"D election' 0emocrats %loried in the liberty of an indi!idual, and the Whi%s %loried in the harmony of society and !alue of community' 0emocrats fa!ored states ri%hts and federal restraint in social and economic affairs, while the Whi%s fa!ored a renewed national ban), internal impro!ements, protecti!e tariffs -:A9(., public school and moral reforms, includin% prohibition and the abolition of sla!ery' /i%: :oth parties were *mass=based,+ i'e', they tried to appeal to as many !oters as possible' (he two=party system, which is not in the constitution but is simply a matter of tradition in the E'/', became a permanent part of the American political landscape' 8a+sville >oad veto 1(/ What: (he 6ays!ille 9oad :ill authori2ed the use of federal funds to build a road between 6ays!ille and He&in%ton' <ac)son !etoed this, claimin% it unconstitutional because it applied only to the state of Ientuc)y' <ac)son had pre!iously pled%ed to reduce the national debt and this was a perfect opportunity' GG /i%: (he !eto dealt a blow to Henry Clays American /ystem since it dealt with internal impro!ements' (he 6ays!ille 9oad !eto does reflect <ac)sons left=side thin)in%' Supporters and opponents of federal supremac+? :he <ebster-;a+ne debate 1(/ Who: /enators 0aniel Webster of 6assachusetts and 9obert Hayne of /outh Carolina What: Hayne ar%ued that the federal Constitution was a compact amon% the so!erei%n states and raised the specter of nullification as an option for states harmed by federal action' Webster ar%ued that the Constitution was not ;ust an a%reement amon% the states but the supreme law of the land' He attac)ed the radical states ri%hts position as bein% destructi!e of the Enited /tates, assertin% that ci!il war could be a conseAuence' /i%: (he Webster=Hayne debate hi%hli%hts the %rowin% philosophical ar%ument between federal supremacy and state so!erei%nty' Comin% GD years before the Ci!il War, the rhetoric is prophetic' Websters second reply to Hayne is a classic that ends with ?Hiberty and Enion, now and fore!er, one and inseparable\? @ullification -risis518/8,, What: (ariff issue, includin% !ari"" o" #bominations$%&'& (ariffs protected American industry a%ainst competition from European manufactured %oods, but they also dro!e up prices for all Americans and in!ited retaliatory tariffs on American a%ricultural e&ports abroad' /outherners reacted an%rily a%ainst the tariff because they belie!ed the *8an)ee tariff+ discriminated a%ainst them' Calhoun wrote the *E&position and 3rotest+ which lifted up nullification' Ordinance o" (ulli"ication )*outh Carolina+$(ovember ',- %&.' Althou%h the 1JG$ tariff was lower than 1J$J, the people of /outh Carolina met *in con!ention assembled+ and declared the tariff to be null and !oid within /outh Carolina, in clear !iolation of the Constitutions supremacy clause' Force /ill$%&.. Also )now as the *:loody :ill+ it authori2ed the president to use the army and na!y if necessary, to collect federal tariff duties' A compromise tariff was bro)ered by Clay' /outh Carolina repealed the ordinance of nullification, but then nullified the force bill' P(his is the *s+ word here: Who is so!erei%n, the E'/' with its supremacy clause or the people of the /tate of /outh Carolina Lin con!ention assembled+RQ /i%: /teppin%=stone to Ci!il War' Nullification pro!ides the le%al ;ustification for !iolation of the supremacy clause of the Constitution' Nullification is a stron% states ri%hts concept, not consistent with Article 71 -supremacy clause. of the Constitution' Chero6ee Indians and the Supreme Court What: /upreme Court decision, Worcester v4 Ceor$ia G1 E'/' C1C -1JG$., in which the /upreme Court held that Chero)ee Nati!e Americans were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state %o!ernments' G" /i%: (his is a case of federal supremacy a%ain, where the Court ruled that the E'/' %o!ernment is the only a%ency to re%ulate 1ndian affairs -not the states.' <ac)son did nothin% to enforce the decision, and >eor%ia was allowed to continue its abuse of the Chero)ees' 3emocrac+ in 1merica b+ 3e:ocqueville ,published in 1(/5. What: (he 4rench tra!eler and obser!er wrote an analysis of America based on his ;ourney in 1JG1=G$' He obser!ed that African=Americans and 1ndians are rele%ated to the lowest ends of the scale, that whites push out the 1ndians, that women fare better in the E'/' than in Europe, that there is no aristocracy in the E'/', and that fortunes are made on the basis of merit and opportunity in the E'/' /i%: 0emocracy in America is one of the most credible and widely read boo)s on American society in the early nineteenth century' E!en with its elitist, Eurocentric biases, it is a !ery %ood analysis of the E'/' in the 1JGDs' *anic of 1(/% What: (he cause of the 3anic was the mania of %et=rich=Auic) which caused lar%e amounts of speculation' >amblers in western lands were doin% business off borrowed capital which e!entually spread to canals, roads, railroads, and sla!es' 4ailed wheat crop, hi%h %rain prices, failed ban)s, factories closin%, and unemployed people were part of the 3anic' /i%: 5ne of the many recurrin% panics or recessions in E'/' History, the panic cause failed ban)s, factory closure, and unemployment' (he panic helped create the <ac)sonian 0emocrats demand for an 1ndependent (reasury' =an 2uren Independent :reasur+ S+stem 1(7 Who: 3resident 7an :uren What: 3eople thou%ht that the financial fe!er and 3anic of 1JG7 was caused by ha!in% federal funds in pri!ate ban)s -pri!ate ban)s could then speculate with E'/' funds.' 7an :uren wanted to separate the %o!ernment from ban)in%' With the establishment of the independent treasury the %o!ernment loc)ed its money in independent !aults in !arious cities, free from the control of state ban)s' (he Whi%s %ot rid of the independent treasury in the early "Ds' /i%: 9eenacted by the 0emocrats under 3ol) in 1J"6, the independent treasury system continued until mer%ed with the 4ederal 9eser!e system in 1#1G' W(i$s :a&out 18,/ to 181/< and t(e *merican System What: (he Whi%s fa!ored a national ban), protecti!e tariffs, internal impro!ements such as canals and roads, public schools, and moral reforms such as prohibition of liAuor and abolition of sla!ery' P:A9( U reformsQ (hey had many powerful leaders such as Henry Clay, 0aniel Webster, and <ohn Buincy Adams' (hey elected presidents in 1J"D and 1J"J -Harrison and (aylor.' /i%: (he Whi%s supported the :A9( system but e!entually bro)e up in 1JC$ o!er sla!ery, most notably the 4u%iti!e /la!e Act of 1JCD' P(he northern Whi%s ;oined the 9epublican 3arty when it was formed in 1JC"'Q "ac6sonian 3emocrac+? successes and limitations 1(-(-1(7( Who: 3resident Andrew <ac)son and the <ac)sonian 0emocrats -includin% 3ol). /uccesses: supported laborers, artisans, farmers, and shop )eepers -Hums HA4/.' Citi2ens no lon%er needed property to !ote' Handled the tariff contro!ersy GC well' 0urin% 3ol)s administration, secured the northern half of 6e&ico for the E'/', addin% immensely to the nations wealth, and settled the 5re%on boundary' Himitations: treated the 1ndians badly, destroyed the second ban) of the Enited /tates, which contributed to the 3anic of 1JG7, and created the spoils system, under 3ol), en%a%ed in an imperialistic war of conAuest a%ainst a friendly nation -6e&ico.' (ransportation 0e!elopments in the Early Nineteenth Century 4ational >oad and Cumberland >oad Who: (he federal %o!ernment and the indi!idual states' Where: Cumberland, in western 6aryland, to 7andalia, in 1llinois What: Westerners scored a notable triumph in 1J11 when the federal %o!ernment be%an to construct the elon%ated National 9oad, or Cumberland 9oad' (he War of 1J1$ interrupted construction, and a states ri%hts shac)le on internal impro!ements hampered federal %rants' :ut the thorou%hfare was belatedly brou%ht to its destination in 1JC$ by a combination of aid from the states and the federal %o!ernment' /i%: (he construction of these roads helped to stimulate the western e&pansion mo!ement' 4urther, buildin% national roads that lin) !arious re%ions of the nation to%ether contributed to nationalism' (he transportation system also contributed to the mar6et revolution0 Erie Canal 1(-5 Who: /tate of New 8or) Where: (he Hudson 9i!er at Albany, to Ha)e Erie What: (he Erie Canal, lin)in% the Hudson 9i!er at Albany, New 8or), with Ha)e Erie was completed in 1J$C and became the first and most successful e&le of an artificial waterway in the E'/' A rash of construction followed it until canals lin)ed e!ery ma;or waterway system east of the 6ississippi 9i!er' /i%: (his canal that ran east and west tied the new West to the old East and contributed to the de!elopment of a national economy, one in which farmers could mo!e from simple subsistence farmin% to cash=crop farmin%' (he transportation system that emer%ed allowed farm produce to mo!e east and finished products to mo!e west, thus connectin% farmers with merchants and creatin% a national economy' 9e%ional issues remained important, but increasin%ly those issues could be lin)ed to national concerns -in this case, the production, distribution, and sale of %oods and produce.' Hin) all of this to the mar)et re!olution, where ad!ances in transportation and manufacturin% permitted inter=re%ional e&chan%es of %oods and produce, thus ma)in% the farmer in the west dependent on the manufacturer in the east, and !ice !ersa' >ailroads What: (he first railroad appeared in the E'/' in 1J$J, and by 1J6D there were GD,DDD miles of trac), GF"ths in the industriali2in% North' 9ailroads were less e&pensi!e than canals, could be built anywhere, and did not free2e o!er in winter' 9ailroads too) o!er from canals by the 1JCDs' -1nternal impro!ements in 1J1C [ canals, by 1J6D [ railroads. G6 /i%: 9ailroads became a ma;or industry in the later part of the nineteenth century' 9ailroads contributed %reatly to the %rowth of a national mar)et economy that lin)ed all re%ions of the country to%ether -but mostly east and west.' 1mmi%ration and Nati!ism 1J"D=1JCDs Irish Immigration 1(/-1) What: (he 1rish potato crop was destroyed in the 1J"Ds, uprootin% many 1rish who emi%rated to the E'/' With little money to mo!e west they settled in eastern seaboard cities and became the cheap labor supply in competition with free African= American laborers' -9esentments rose o!er this'. (hey )ept their own Catholic reli%ion, which fomented resentment amon% 3rotestants' (hey started their own school systems and be%an to ta)e o!er local political machines and police forces' While they were at the bottom of the socio=economic scale, they became a power to be rec)oned with in eastern cities' /i%: 4rom 1JGD to 1J6D, some two million 1rish came to the E'/' Another two million came between 1J6D and 1#DD' (hey were a political and economic force that fueled American urban politics and industry' Berman Immigration What: 1n the 1J"Ds and 1JCDs, almost two million >ermans emi%rated to the E'/' due to crop failures and the failure of the liberal re!olution of 1J"J' (hey brou%ht money with them and had the ability to spread out to the farmlands of the 6idwest' :etter= educated than many, they supported public schools -the 0indergarten. and they became outspo)en defenders of freedom and relentless enemies of sla!ery' (hey were culturally different from most Americans and resentment directed at them was common' /i%: (he >ermans brou%ht cultural di!ersity and many contributions to the E'/' (hey were hard=wor)in%, reform oriented, and freedom=lo!in%' 1merican ,Mno#-4othing. *art+ and 4ativism in the 1(7s and 1(5s What: A political party or%ani2ed in 1J"# around one issue, hatred of forei%ners' 1t also spread some u%ly anti=1rish, anti=>erman, and anti=Catholic propa%anda' (he party wanted restrictions on immi%ration and naturali2ation and the deportation of alien paupers' /i%: (he Inow=Nothin% -American. 3arty reflected anti=immi%rant nati!ist attitudes' -Nati!ism would reappear in E'/' history as a reaction to the flood of immi%rants who came to the E'/' between the Ci!il War and World War 1' Nati!ists had a %reat !ictory with the 1mmi%ration Act of 1#$", which effecti!ely reduced immi%ration to a tric)le'. 9eli%ion, 9eform, and 9enaissance in Antebellum American Cult of 3omesticit+ and <omen!s >ights What: As the mar)et economy created separate roles for men and women -with the men at wor) and the women at home., the idea of the *cult of domesticity+ arose, whereby women at home were meant to teach the youn% how to be %ood and producti!e citi2ens within her special sphere' 1t was in the home that the woman was e&pected to display her morally and artistically superior sensiti!ities -accordin% to the *cult of G7 domesticity,+ she was too emotionally and physically wea) to handle the demands of the wor)place.' /i%: (he *cult of domesticity+ asserted the physical and emotional wea)nesses of women while liftin% up their moral and artistic stren%ths' (his )ind of discrimination was the foundation for )eepin% women politically and economically subordinate to men' (he reaction to the *cult+ can be seen in the /eneca 4alls con!ention of 1J"J -includin% the *0eclaration of /entiments+., /o;ourner (ruths *Aint 1 a womanR+ speech, and 6ar%aret 4ullers feminist boo), Women in the Nineteenth Century -1J"C.' <omen!s rights and the role of #omen in the nineteenth centur+ 1%)-1($ Who: Hucretia 6ott, Eli2abeth Cady /tanton, /usan :' Anthony, Eli2abeth :lac)well, /o;ourner (ruth, 6ar%aret 4uller Where: (he womens ri%hts mo!ement was primarily in the northeast, but stron% in other areas also' What: Women fou%ht to brea) down the *cult of domesticity+ that bound women to their homes' (hey were also in!ol!ed in other reform mo!ements of the 1#th century such as temperance and abolition of sla!ery' 6ost importantly, 6ott and /tanton were at the /eneca 4alls Con!ention in 1J"J, which produced the *0eclaration of /entiments+ -modeled after the 0eclaration of 1ndependence.' P(he fi%ht o!er abolition eclipsed the womens ri%hts mo!ement up to the Ci!il War, and when African=American males %ot the !ote in 1J7D, many women were %enuinely disappointed and disillusioned that they did not %et the !ote also' While some states, notably western, %ranted the !ote to women as early as 1J6# -in Wyomin%., women did not %et the !ote at the national le!el until the 1# th amendment in 1#$D'Q /i%: /tartin% with /eneca 4alls, 1J"J, the womens ri%hts mo!ement remains one of the most endurin% ci!il ri%hts mo!ements in E'/' history' Education >eform, 1(--1($ Who: Horace 6ann, Noah Webster, William H' 6c>uffey, Emma Willard Where: 6assachusetts and then the rest of the E'/' -throu%h Horace 6ann and his brilliant reforms on the 6assachusetts :oard of Education. What: Horace 6anns reforms called for more 1. public schools, $. hi%her pay for teachers, G. lon%er teachin% terms, and an ". e&panded curriculum' /chools were of poor Auality and open only a few months of the year' 6ann chan%ed that as superintendent of schools in 6assachusetts' Noah Webster wrote readin% lessons for children and the dictionary, 6c>uffey published school readin% boo)s -the *9eaders+'. 6ary Hyon and Emma Willard each established a womens seminary, and hi%her education was %ainin% throu%hout the country' /i%: /timulated the modern public school system and focus on education' All of the %oals of the education reformers were achie!ed: better trainin% for and hi%her paid teachers, e&panded curriculum, a lon%er school year, and better facilities' Second Breat 1#a6ening What: E!an%elical Christian re!i!als swept across America, notably in the 1JGDs and most notably in western New 8or), which became )nown as the *burned=o!er district'+ Inown as the /econd >reat Awa)enin%, it was a %rowin% reaction to liberalism and deism' As new con!erts swelled the ran)s of 6ethodists and :aptists churches, those con!erts were also encoura%ed to crusade a%ainst the wron%s in society, notably alcohol, sla!ery and womens ri%hts' GJ /i%: (he /econd >reat Awa)enin% spawned many reform mo!ements and was one of the most momentous episodes in E'/' reli%ious history' Second Breat 1#a6ening? Charles B0 &inne+ and his *1< agenda ,1(/!s. Who: Charles >' 4inney was the %reatest of the re!i!al preachers durin% the /econd >reat Awa)enin%' /i%: 1n addition to his preachin%, he supported the 3AW a%enda' 3: prohibition of alcohol' A: abolition of sla!ery' W: womens ri%hts and women in!ol!ed with reli%ion' He had a %reat influence on many people' 8ormons ,1(/!s-7!s. Who: <oseph /mith and 6ormons Where: New 8or), 5hio, 6issouri, 1llinois What: <oseph /mith recei!ed %olden plates from an an%el, which became the :oo) of 6ormon' 3eople opposed 6ormons because they !oted as a unit and they practiced poly%amy' 1n 1J"", <oseph /mith and his brother were murdered in 1llinois' 6ormons then mo!ed to Etah while bein% led by :ri%ham 8oun%' /i%: (his is the most si%nificant reli%ion that arose out of the :urned=5!er district of New 8or) durin% the /econd >reat Awa)enin%' 1t is the dominant reli%ion in Etah today' 4e# ;armon+ What: 1n 1J$C, 9obert 5wen purchased the community of New Harmony on the Wabash 9i!er in 1ndiana, hopin% to establish a model -utopian. community where education and social eAuality would flourish' His *Community of EAuality+ dissol!ed by 1J$7, ra!a%ed by personal conflicts and the inadeAuacies of the community in the areas of labor and a%riculture' /i%: (his is one of the many failed utopian e&periments in the early 1# th
century' Hneida Communit+ 1(7(-1(( Where: New 8or) What: 4ounded by <ohn Humphrey Noyes, who repudiated the old 3uritan doctrines that >od was !en%eful and that sinful man)ind was doomed to dwell in a !ale of tears' He belie!ed in free lo!e -*comple& marria%e+., birth control, and *:ible Communism'? -Comple& marria%e meant that each man was married to e!ery woman in the society, and !ice !ersa, with the understandin% that se&ual intercourse was permissible, but no two people could form a traditional union'. 1n 1JJD, 5neida left communism and became a ;oint=stoc) company speciali2in% in the manufacture of sil!er tableware' /ociety mar%inali2ed the 5neida Community because of free lo!e -*comple& marria%e+. and selecti!e breedin%' /i%: Was once one of the bi%%est utopian communities that arose out of the /econd >reat Awa)enin%' 2roo6 &arm 1(71-7$ Where: 6assachusetts What: (ranscendentalists settled on a $DD acre farm and practiced a communitarian lifestyle' A fire in 1J"6 destroyed their buildin% and the e&periment in *plain li!in% and hi%h thin)in%+ collapsed in debt' /i%: :roo) 4arm demonstrates the utopian fer!or that captured the ima%ination of idealists at mid=nineteenth century' G# :ranscendentalists 1(/s-1(5s Where: Har%ely in 6assachusetts What: (ranscendentalists denied that all )nowled%e comes to the mind from the senses -or the :ible. but instead e!ery person has an inner li%ht that illuminates the hi%hest truths and puts one in touch with >od, or the *5!ersoul'+ E&altation of the di%nity of the indi!idual was paramount in transcendentalism, and from this came an array of humanitarian reforms' :est )nown: 1. 9alph Waldo Emerson' Emerson promoted self=reliance, self=confidence, and freedom, all of which were well in tune with the ideals bein% de!eloped by the American people' His most notable speech was his 1JG7 *American /cholar'+ -$. Henry 0a!id (horeau, whose 5n the 0uty of Ci!il 0isobedience, influenced >andhi and 6artin Huther Iin%' G. 6ar%aret 4uller, editor of the transcendentalist pamphlet 0ial, and author of the feminist boo) Women in the Nineteenth Century -1J"C.' /i%: (ranscendentalism is strictly American and liberates the people from the %rasp of European influences' (he mo!ement represents the independence, self=reliance, and idealism of many Americans' ?udson River Sc(ool 18/1on Who: A %roup of romantic landscape artists' (homas 0ou%hty, Albert :ierstadt, and (homas Cole were some of the famous artists' /ee A3GG# for Coles 1JG6 *5&bow+ -in the Connecticut 9i!er.' What: (he %roup focused on romantic styles of landscape paintin%' /i%: 4or the first time, a number of American artists be%an to de!ote themsel!es to landscape paintin% instead of portraiture' (he wor)s of these artists reflected a new concept of wilderness, one in which humans were an insi%nificant intrusion in a landscape more beautiful than fearsome' Mnic6erboc6er School 1(-s Who: William Cullen 2ryant -(hanatopsis., Washin%ton Ir!in% -*He%end of /leepy Hollow,+ *9ip 7an Win)le,+ both in the /)etch :oo)., and <ames 4enimore Cooper -Heatherstoc)in% (ales, includin% (he Hast of the 6ohicans. P:1C illuminates the national literary landscape'Q /i%: (hese three writers represent the emer%ence of a national literature, independent from Europe and can be seen as *cultural nationalism+ followin% the War of 1J1$' *&olition 18,0s1860s Who: 4rederic) 0ou%lass -spo)e a%ainst sla!ery, loo)ed towards politics and %o!ernment to support the cause' (heodore 0wi%ht Weld -spo)e a%ainst sla!ery and wrote the pamphlet, #merican *lavery #s 1t 1s., William Hloyd >arrison -!he Liberator and the American Anti=/la!ery /ociety., /o;ourner (ruth -abolitionist and womens ri%hts. Where: 3rimarily in the northeast area, but did spread westward What: (hrou%h written messa%es, boycotts, and speeches, they fou%ht for the abolition of sla!ery' /i%: 4ou%ht for abolition of sla!ery, be%an to Auestion the true meanin% of eAuality, and caused di!ided opinions which propelled the nation towards the Ci!il war' :emperance and *rohibition--1(5s Who: Neal /' 0ow -sponsored 6aine prohibition law. and many women "D Where: 3rimarily the northeast What: (wo a!enues of attac): 1. prohibition -no alcohol sale permitted. by law' E&le: 6aine Haw of 1JC1 prohibited the manufacture and sale of into&icatin% liAuor' $. temperance, meanin% be moderate in drin)in% alcohol' E&le: American (emperance /ociety 1J$6: fou%ht to reduce temptation and ur%e to drin)' /i%: Alcohol ne%ati!ely affected many li!es, and with the temperance mo!ement, it showed the %rowin% concern for the o!erall Auality of life' Women, loc)ed into a society that !alued the *cult of domesticity,+ had to rely on men for economic well= bein%' (hus women led the temperance mo!ement' Criminals and the insane--1(/!s and 7!s Who: 0orothea 0i& Where: 6assachusetts and then elsewhere as the mo!ement spread What: Criminal punishments were reduced and prisons be%an to reform and correct criminals' 0i& wrote and spo)e a%ainst the inhumane conditions of insane asylums until their conditions were impro!ed' Her 1J"G petition to the 6assachusetts le%islature was the turnin% point in the treatment of the mentally ill' /i%: (reatment of criminals and mentally ill impro!ed' Criminals were to be reformed instead of ;ust punished, and mentally ill people would no lon%er be chained in ;ails or poor houses' (erritorial E&pansion and 6anifest 0estiny .anifest Destiny 18"0s1810s What: (he idea of *manifest destiny+ is that >od ordained the American people to rule from the Atlantic to the 3acific -and later, in the 1JCDs, the idea was e&panded to loo) to the south into Central America, Cuba, 6e&ico.' /i%: 6anifest 0estiny was a latently -hidden or un)nown. racist and manifestly -!isible or )nown. imperialistic notion that en%endered a sense of national pride and led the American people to belie!e that de!elopin% the American empire at the e&pense of others was not only %ood but ordained by >od' +eBas 18,6"1 What: (e&as fou%ht a war of independence -1JG6. with the 6e&icans but was refused entry into the E'/' in part because of the sla!ery issue' 1n 1J"C, durin% the last days of the (yler administration, (e&as was admitted as a sla!e state -anne&ed by ;oint resolution of Con%ress and si%ned by 3resident (yler.' /i%: 0emonstrates the difficulties associated with the issue of sla!ery in the territories or in any new state' Clays straddlin% of the fence on the issue of (e&as may ha!e cost him the presidency in 1J"" -3ol) won, 1,GGJ,"6" to 1,GDD,D#7.' Hregon 1(7$ "1 What: (his was a compromise a%reement with :ritain, whereby the border was set at the "# th parallel' (he E'/' and :ritain under the Compromise of 1J1J ;ointly occupied the 5re%on country' :y the 1J"Ds, Americans settlers perfected their title by mo!in% to 5re%on, while the :ritish lost interest in the southern part of the country' Neither side wanted a confrontation o!er 5re%on' 3ol) did not %et a fi%htMhe %ot a %ood compromise instead' Compromise was necessitated in part because the E'/' ;ust started a war with 6e&ico' /i%: 9esol!ed a lon%standin% point of contention between the E'/' and :ritain' 3ro!ided the E'/' with territory that would ultimately become the states of 5re%on, 1daho, Washin%ton and some of 6ontana' *ol6 and the 8exican <ar 1(7$-1(7( Who: <ames 3ol), 6e&ico What: A war started o!er 3ol)s desire for 6e&ican lands west of (e&as, notably California' When E'/' troops ad!anced to the 9io >rande, in an area claimed by 6e&ico -between the Nueces and the 9io >rande., the 6e&icans confronted the E'/' and the war be%an' /i%: (he E'/' %ained the northern half of 6e&ico, includin% much of the American southwest' -/ee (reaty of >uadalupe=Hidal%oF4ebruary 1J"J. +(e Wilmot Proviso 18"6 Who: 0a!id Wilmot, 0emocratic representati!e from 3ennsyl!ania What: At the start of the 6e&ican War, Wilmot proposed, as part of a war appropriations bill, that sla!ery be e&cluded from any territory acAuired from 6e&ico' (he Wilmot 3ro!iso passed the House twice and failed in the /enate twice' /i%: Althou%h the 3ro!iso failed, the discussion brou%ht into sharp focus the differences then e&istin% on the sla!ery Auestion' -Emerson was ri%ht when he said: *6e&ico will poison us'+. :reat+ of Buadalupe-;idalgo &ebruar+ -, 1(7( Who: <ames 3ol), Nicholas 3' (rist, 6e&ican *%o!ernment+ What: (o conclude the 6e&ican War, 3ol) dispatched Nicholas (rist to 6e&ico City' (he (reaty of >uadalupe=Hidal%o was si%ned by (rist and forwarded to Washin%ton' (he treaty confirmed the American title to (e&as and yielded the enormous area stretchin% westward to the 3acific 5cean, includin% California' (he Enited /tates a%reed to pay W1C million for the land and to assume the claims of its citi2ens a%ainst 6e&ico in the amount of WG,$CD,DDD' /i%: Added the American southwest to the Enited /tates' Also contributed to the *burnin%+ discussion of sla!ery in the territories, all of which resulted in the Compromise of 1JCD -California [ free state, Etah and New 6e&ico territories or%ani2ed on basis of popular so!erei%nty, stron% fu%iti!e sla!e law, (e&as boundary ad;usted, 0'C' sla!e trade outlawed., "$ (he Crisis of the Enion 8issouri Compromise 1(- ,this is a *E* repeat because it is so important. Who: North -E/., /outh -E/., and Henry Clay Where: 6issouri, the remainder of the Houisiana (erritory, and 6aine What: Con%ress a%reed to admit 6issouri as a sla!e state and 6aine as a separate free state' (his )ept the balance between the North and the /outh at twel!e states each' -:alance was critical to maintain sla!e power in the /enate.' Althou%h the state of 6issouri was permitted to retain sla!es, all future bonda%e was prohibited in the remainder of the Houisiana 3urchase territor+ north of the line of G6 o GD, which was the latitude of the southern boundary of the state of 6issouri' /i%: (he 6issouri Compromise deferred final discussion of sla!ery' 1n the end, the Ci!il War finally resol!ed the issue' <efferson called it the *death )nell+ of the Enion' -0eath )nell is a bell tolled slowly at the time of a funeral'. <ebster!s Second >epl+ to ;a+ne What: /enator 0aniel Webster responded to /enator 9obert Hayne@s claims of /outh Carolina@s ri%ht of nullification in a speech mainly directed at 7ice=3resident <ohn C' Calhoun' Webster offered a brilliant summary of federalism and established fore!er the lin) between ?Hiberty and Enion'''? /i%: (he %rowin% ar%ument between nullificationFstates ri%hts and federal supremacy came with %reat force in this e&chan%e in the /enate in <anuary 1JGD' (his is one of the %reatest speeches in E'/' history' <illiam Llo+d Barrison Who: A ;ournalist, abolitionist, and social acti!ist, he turned his ener%ies to fi%htin% sla!ery' He %a!e many public speeches a%ainst sla!ery, and started (he Hiberator, an anti=sla!ery newspaper' He fa!ored Limmediate and complete emancipation of sla!es' /i%: He was the source of inspiration for those opposed to sla!ery' He fueled /outhern hostility because he wanted to free the sla!es immediately and without compensation to the owners' :he Liberator Who: 3ublished by William Hloyd >arrison What: An anti=sla!ery, pro=immediate emaciation newspaper When: <anuary 1, 1JG1 be%ins publishin% /i%: A si%nificant part of the abolitionist mo!ement' (he wee)ly ma%a2ine went from the 1JGDs to the end of the Ci!il War, in all producin% 1,J$D issues after GC years' (he main topic of the liberator was peaceful and immediate emancipation of sla!es throu%h passi!e resistance' 1merican 1nti-Slaver+ Societ+ 1(// Who: 4ounded by dedicated abolitionists What: (he American Anti=/la!ery /ociety was a promoter, with its state and local au&iliaries, of the cause of immediate abolition of sla!ery in the Enited /tates' 1t fractured in 1J"D o!er the role of women in the or%ani2ation and the or%ani2ations promotion of womens ri%hts in addition to abolition' (he politici2ed elements supported the Hiberty 3arty in 1J"D, the 4ree=/oil 3arty in 1J"J, and the 9epublican 3arty from 1JC" on' /i%: (he /ociety demonstrates how abolition rose to become one of the most important antebellum reform mo!ements' "G Slaver+ in general from 1( to 1($ What: After the %in -17#G., upland cotton could be raised profitably' (he cotton raised could feed the cotton te&tiles industry in the North and Europe -:ritain, notably.' (he e&istin% labor supply in the /outh was sla!es, and the demand for sla!es increased as the cotton culture spread throu%hout the E'/' south and southwest in the early nineteenth century' /la!es were property with no ci!il or political ri%hts' After the international sla!e trade was prohibited in 1JDJ, natural reproduction accounted for the increase in sla!e numbers' A prime field hand sold for about WCDD in 1JGD and W1,JDD in 1J6D' :ritain and the North depended on /outhern cotton to feed the mills, and hundreds of thousands of wor)ers would %o unemployed if the supply were to be cut off' 0a!id Christy wrote Cotton is Iin% in 1JCC, and /enator Hammond -/'C'. said, in 1JCJ, *No one dare ma)e war on cotton'+ (he /outhern planters were powerful and successful in the 1JCDs, and they relied upon and defended sla!ery as the labor supply that was at the root of their wealth' /ome sla!es li!ed in towns, perhaps rented out by their owners' /ome were s)illed at some craft -carpentry.' 6any more sla!es li!ed in sla!e Auarters on plantations' 6any were married and had their families with them on plantations, and yet, as property, any sla!e was sub;ect to bein% sold *down the ri!er'+ PEncle (oms Cabin -1JC$. had a powerful impact on this issue'Q While plantation owners had an economic self=interest in carin% for their sla!e property, abuses were widely reported in the Northern press and amon% abolitionists' 9ape, murder, and mutilation of sla!es were not un)nown on plantations' 3ublication of these atrocities enflamed both North and /outh -for opposite reasons, with the /outhern position bein% that such reports were %ross e&a%%erations.' /la!es were %enerally submissi!e, and yet there were e&ceptions' (he /tono rebellion of 17G#, >abriel 3rosser rebellion of 1JDD, 0enmar) 7esey rebellion in 1J$$, and Nat (urner rebellion in 1JG1 spea) to the desire of sla!es to be free' While all of those rebellions were suppressed, sla!es had other ways to fi%ht bac): 1. petty theft, $. ne%li%ence and brea)a%e of eAuipment, and G. wor) slow=downs' Whites had a %reat fear of sla!e rebellion, accountin% for repressi!e laws limitin% communications and tra!el amon% the sla!es' 9eli%ion played an important role in the life of sla!es' Combinin% African reli%ious rites with basic Christian doctrines, sla!es spo)e and san% Auietly amon% themsel!es of 1srael in E%ypt and liberation from the yo)e of sla!ery' 6ore militant Christians amon% the sla!es spo)e of the fli%ht to and then into Canaan, where militaristic confrontation with the Canaanites -sla!eowners. was to be e&pected' -/la!eowners, not unaware of these de!elopments, increasin%ly limited communication amon% sla!es as the nineteenth century pro%ressed'. /i%: /la!ery was ine&tricably intertwined with the social, technolo%ical, political, le%al, economic, and reli%ious life of the Enited /tates from the 166Ds to the 1J6Ds' (o understand E'/' history, one must understand sla!ery' Calhoun!s 3efense of Slaver+ as a *ositive Bood ,1(/%. Who: /en' <ohn C' Calhoun of /' Carolina What: /peech %i!en in the /enate' Calhoun belie!ed that the relationship between ensla!ed African people and free whites *forms the most solid and durable foundation on which to rear free and stable political constitutions'+ He belie!ed that "" there should be a subser!ient le!el of people -Africans. that should wor) under the more mentally capable indi!iduals -whites., and that Africans are eAually benefited by this relationship as their white counterparts, since they were *rescued+ from the barbarism of the ;un%le and *clothed with the blessin%s of Christian ci!ili2ation'+ 4urther, he ar%ued that Northern wor)ers fared worse than sla!es' /i%: Calhouns ar%ument demonstrates the early reaction to abolitionism as southerners felt obli%ated to ta)e up the defense of their *peculiar institution'+ As the Ci!il War neared, attitudes hardened on both sides' &rederic6 3ouglass 1(1%Q-)5 Who: :rilliant orator and writer, most prominent of the blac) abolitionists' He wrote (arrative o" the Li"e o" Frederick Douglass, an autobio%raphical account of his life, includin% his escape to the North' He loo)ed to politics to end sla!ery: he supported the Hiberty party in 1J"D, the 4ree /oil party in 1J"J, and the 9epublicans in the 1JCDs' /i%: He was the most si%nificant African=American abolitionist of the period whose coura%e and eloAuence promoted the abolitionist cause' *opular Sovereignt+ 1(7s-1(5s What: (his in!ol!ed the ri%ht of the people in territories to !ote to ha!e sla!ery or no sla!ery' /tephen 0ou%las -0em', 1llinois. championed popular so!erei%nty' /i%: 3opular /o!erei%nty was meant to turn the national issue of sla!ery into smaller, more local issues, but failed to e&tin%uish the fires lit by the abolitionists and free=soilers -Wilmot 3ro!iso, Compromise of 1JCD, Iansas=Nebras)a Act of 1JC", :leedin% Iansas of 1JC6, 0red /cott of 1JC7.' Compromise of 1(5 What: A set of fi!e laws collecti!ely called the Compromise of 1JCD Concessions to the (orth: 1. California was admitted as a free state' $. (erritory disputed by (e&as and New 6e&ico was surrendered to New 6e&ico -(e&as recei!ed W1D million from the federal %o!ernment as compensation'.' G. /la!e trade was abolished in Washin%ton 0'C' Concessions to the *outh: 1. (he remainder of the 6e&ican Cession area was to be formed into the territories of New 6e&ico and Etah, without restriction on sla!ery -open to popular so!erei%nty.' $. A more strin%ent fu%iti!e sla!e law was implemented, %oin% beyond that of 17#G' /i%: (he Compromise of 1JCD was an effort to defuse the sla!ery issue, but the 4u%iti!e /la!e Act e&ploded in the faces of both North and /outh and further di!ided the nation' &ugitive Slave 1ct ,1(5. What: *(he :loodhound :ill+ stirred up a storm of opposition in the North' 4leein% sla!es could not testify on their own behalf and were denied a ;ury trial' (he federal commissioner who handled the fu%iti!es case would be %i!en fi!e dollars if the runaways were freed and ten dollars if not, which loo)ed li)e a bribe in fa!or of sla!ecatchersFsla!eowners' /i%: 1t prompted the Northerners *personal liberty laws,+ which denied local ;ails to federal officials and otherwise hindered enforcement of the 4u%iti!e /la!e' (he "C /outh, on the other hand, %a!e up eAuality in the /enate -CA [ free state. in return for a stron% fu%iti!e sla!e law, only to see its power diminished by Northern opposition' :oth North and /outh were alienated by the 4u%iti!e /la!e Act of 1JCD' (he Whi%s bro)e up o!er it in 1JC$' Incle :om!s Cabin 1(5- Who: Harriett :eecher /towe wrote the no!el Encle (oms Cabin' What: (he no!el sold o!er 7 million copies worldwide' 1t spo)e of the cruel treatment of sla!es in America as well as stories from the Ender%round 9ailroad' 6any Northerners hated sla!ery after readin% this no!el' Abraham Hincoln later said this no!el started the Ci!il War -a comment made to /towe durin% the War: ?/o this is the little lady that started the bi% war'?. 4orei%n countries now were hesitant to trade with the /outh now that they were aware of the treatment of sla!es in America' /i%: (he no!el enflamed the /outh and many prosla!ery boo)s were published to counter the influence of Encle (oms Cabin' (he boo) is one of the most influential in E'/' history' -0ont ne%lect the ob!ious fact that the boo) is written by a woman'. Badsden *urchase 1(5/ What: (he Enited /tates wanted a piece of land for a southern railroad' (he land ran throu%h 6e&ico' <ames >adsden, a /outh Carolina railroad man, was appointed minister to 6e&ico' >adsden ne%otiated a treaty -1JCG. by which the Enited /tates purchased the land for 1D million dollars' (hat land is southern Ari2ona and New 6e&ico today' A southern route would be easier to build, cost less, and would satisfy /outhern demands for a western railroad /i%: (he >adsden 3urchase facilitated the buildin% of a southern railroad to the west coast and was the last territorial acAuisition of the E'/' in the *lower "J'+ Dansas@e&ras;a *ct of 181" Who: Haw sponsored by /tephen A' 0ou%las What: (he Act said that instead of usin% the terms of the 6issouri Compromise, which pro!ided that all territories north of G6SGD@ in the remainder of the Houisiana 3urchase territory should be free, the area will be split into Iansas and Nebras)a territories, and popular so!erei%nty shall determine sla!ery or no sla!ery in the territory -and by inference in future states.' /i%: (he Act an%ered free=soilers because it opened territory pre!iously closed to sla!ery -under the 6issouri Compromise. to the potential of sla!ery' (he 9epublican 3arty emer%ed as a result of this Act' 4urther, the Act led to *bleedin% Iansas+ in 1JC6 as free=soilers and sla!ers competed to establish different %o!ernments' :leedin% Iansas foreshadowed the comin% of the Ci!il War' Repu&lican Party :ori$ins# $oals# and position on slavery< 181" to present Who: 6any Whi%s, Hiberty party members, Inow=Nothin%s, and 4ree /oil members became 9epublicans as their respecti!e parties disbanded' What: After the Iansas=Nebras)a Act in 1JC", the Whi% party was ended, and meetin%s in the upper 6idwestern states started the formation of a new party opposed to the spread of sla!ery into the western territories' 5ne meetin%, at 9ipon, Wisconsin, on 6arch $D, 1JC", is widely )nown as the be%innin% of the 9epublican party' At the start, it was a northern -free state. based party that was dedicated to the pre!ention of the "6 spread of sla!ery into the territories -in reaction to the Iansas=Nebras)a Act of 1JC".' (he 3arty did not mean to interfere with sla!ery in /outhern states but insisted that sla!ery not be allowed to e&pand in the territories -the implication bein% that sla!ery would become less and less si%nificant as more and more free states were added to the Enion, a point that was not lost amon% /outhern defenders.' (he domestic a%enda at the start of the party was :A9( -ban)s, internal impro!ements railroads, and hi%her tariffs., opposition to the e&tension of sla!ery in the territories, hi%her education, and homesteads for small farmers' /i%: (he 9epublican 3arty became a ma;or player in Enited /tates politics, electin% many presidents, be%innin% with Hincoln in 1J6D' 1n addition to bein% the party of Hincoln and winnin% the Ci!il War, the 9epublican 3artys a%enda dominated E'/' politics for se!eral decades -essential pro=business.' 3red Scott decision 1(5% What: 1n 6arch of 1JC7, the Enited /tates /upreme Court, led by Chief <ustice 9o%er :' (aney, declared that blac)s == sla!es as well as free == were not and could ne!er become citi2ens of the Enited /tates' (he court also declared the 1J$D 6issouri Compromise unconstitutional, thus permittin% sla!ery in all of the country@s territories' (he case before the court was that of 0red /cott !' /andford' 0red /cott, a sla!e who had li!ed in the free state of 1llinois and the free territory of Wisconsin before mo!in% bac) to the sla!e state of 6issouri, had appealed to the /upreme Court in hopes of bein% %ranted his freedom' (aney == a staunch supporter of sla!ery and intent on protectin% /outherners from Northern a%%ression == wrote in the Court@s ma;ority opinion that, because /cott was blac), he was not a citi2en and therefore had no ri%ht to sue' (he framers of the Constitution, he wrote, belie!ed that blac)s ?had no ri%hts which the white man was bound to respect, and that the Ne%ro mi%ht ;ustly and lawfully be reduced to sla!ery for his benefit' He was bou%ht and sold and treated as an ordinary article of merchandise and traffic, whene!er profit could be made by it'? 9eferrin% to the lan%ua%e in the 0eclaration of 1ndependence that includes the phrase, ?all men are created eAual,? (aney reasoned that ?it is too clear for dispute, that the ensla!ed African race were not intended to be included, and formed no part of the people who framed and adopted this declaration' ' ' '? /i%: (his decision lifted the spirits of the prosla!ery forces and further enflamed the passions of the abolitionists' (he decision itself, comin% ;ust a few years before the Ci!il War, contributed to the heated rhetoric that caused both sides to refuse to compromise and settle the sla!ery issue short of war' P(he 1"th amendment -1J6J., conferrin% citi2enship on former sla!es and blac)s, was a response to 0red /cott' (he 1" th amendment says: *All persons born or naturali2ed in the Enited /tates and sub;ect to the ;urisdiction thereof, are citi2ens of the Enited /tates and of the /tate wherein they reside'+ Lecompton Crisis 1(5% Who: 3rosla!ery 4orces Where: Iansas What: 3rosla!ery 4orces in Iansas de!ised a tric)y document )nown as the Hecompton Constitution' (he people were not allowed to !ote for or a%ainst the constitution as a whole, but for the constitution either *with sla!ery+ or *with no "7 sla!ery'+ 1f they !oted a%ainst sla!ery, one of the remainin% pro!isions of the constitution would protect the owners of sla!es already in Iansas so there would still be blac) bonda%e in Iansas no matter what' /i%: 1n a con%ressional debate that at one point bro)e into a fistfi%ht, enou%h Northern 0emocrats finally defected from their party to re;ect the Hecompton Constitution' 0emocratic /enator 0ou%las opposed the Hecompton Constitution, which cost him /outhern democratic support, thus further di!idin% the 0emocratic 3arty and liftin% up the prospects for the more unified 9epublicans' Lincoln-3ouglas debates, 1(5( Who: Hincoln -9epublican. and 0ou%las -0emocrat. What: (his was a series of se!en debates between Au%ust and 5ctober of 1JCJ, where Hincoln and 0ou%las opposed one another in a race for a /enate seat' (hese debates helped 0ou%las win the /enate seat but ruined his chance of winnin% the presidency' (his contributed to the split of his party after the debate at 4reeport' Essentially, Hincoln %ot 0ou%las to admit that if the people of a territory decided a%ainst sla!ery, the sla!ery would not be permittedMa seemin% contradiction of the Constitution as interpreted in the 0red /cott decision' /i%: (he 4reeport 0octrine alienated /outherners who found it increasin%ly difficult to support 0ou%las and led to the fracture of the 0emocratic 3art in 1J6D' (he Hincoln=0ou%las debate platform thus pro!ed to be one of the preliminary battlefields of the Ci!il War' Ming Cotton 1%)/-1($ Where: (he southern states of the Enion' What: When Eli Whitney introduced his cotton %in in 17#G, the southern cotton industry rode a wa!e to power' (o supply the %rowin% te&tile industry cotton farmers needed sla!es to raise the cotton' 5ne half of all American e&ports could be represented by the cotton industry alone after 1J"D' (he /outh e&ported cotton to the North, pro!idin% for their te&tile industry, and European te&tile industries as well' About se!enty=fi!e percent of the :ritish cotton in its te&tile manufacturin% came from the /outh' /i%: (he southern states felt that Europe as well as the North could not sur!i!e without southern cotton, causin% them to belie!e *cotton is )in%'+ (he /outh belie!ed if they were forced into a war a%ainst the North, Europe would ha!e to ta)e their side and assist them in the fi%ht a%ainst the North because they belie!ed Europe would not sur!i!e without southern cotton' "ohn 2ro#nRs >aid Hctober 1(5) Who: <ohn :rown and a %roup of northern abolitionists' Where: Harpers 4erry, western 7ir%inia' What: <ohn :rown de!ised a scheme to in!ade the /outh and call blac) sla!es to rise, hopin% to deli!er them from bonda%e and create a free blac) state' 8et, as few blac)s were aware of this attempted liberation, his plan failed and when :rown led se!eral anti=sla!ery followers to capture the federal arsenal at Harpers 4erry, se!eral innocent bystanders were )illed or wounded' Captured by the E'/' 6arines, :rown was swiftly e&ecuted' 6any re!ered :rown as a martyr for the abolitionist cause while others denounced his !iolent and seemin%ly irrational means to liberate the sla!es' /i%': (he raid fueled the conflict between the North and the /outh and rallied "J the anti=sla!ery mo!ement while raisin% Auestions about the correct way to deli!er the oppressed sla!es -usin% !iolent tactics to liberate was Auestioned.' :he election of 1($? Lincoln and the >epublican *art+ *latform What: Elected as candidate for the 9epublican 3arty and e!entually 3resident, Hincoln@s 9epublican platform seduced many of its Northern followers' Non=e&tension of sla!ery, a protecti!e tariff, a 3acific railroad, internal impro!ement paid for by federal means, and free homesteads from the public domain, were only some of the ideas that e&isted on the platform and had ob!ious to appeal to Northerners and none for /outherners' ->ood :A9( here in platform'. Note the platform was not abolitionist but simply anti=e&tension of sla!ery in the territories' /i%': (he election determined the fate of the Enited /tates as it delicately balanced the issue of peace or ci!il war' (he North was %i!en the upper hand as it had a union=minded president to bac) it up' /outh Carolina called for a con!ention to declare for secession ;ust after Hincolns election' -(he con!ention met and /outh Carolina seceded in 0ecember, more than two months before Hincolns inau%uration on 6arch ", 1J61'. Ci!il War 1J61=1J6C &ort Sumter 1pril 1($1 Who: Enion fort and Confederate artillery Where: Charleston Harbor What: 4ort /umter was one of two important federal forts based in the /outh' How on pro!isions, /umter would ha!e to surrender in time if it was not re=supplied' (he /outh Carolinians would not tolerate a Enion fort standin% between them and one of their most !aluable Atlantic seaports' When Hincoln decided to send pro!isions to the fort, the /outh opened fire on the fort and the attac) resulted in Enion surrender' Hincoln used the defeat to unite the North' Hincoln, usin% the same words Washin%ton used to call up the militia in 17#" -Whis)ey 9ebellion., called up 7C,DDD militiamen and declared his intention to enforce the laws' He ordered the rebels to disperse' (hey did not do so, of course, and the Ci!il War be%an' /i%': (he firin% on 4ort /umter and Hincolns call for the militia represent the start of Americas Ci!il War in April, 1J61' 4our years and one million casualties later, the Enion pre!ailed' @ort( vs4 Sout( economy# military# population 1861 E 1861 Who: (he Enion Pall free states and four -fi!e after 1J6G. sla!e statesQ and ele!en /outhern /la!e /tates What: (he free=labor and sla!ery=based labor systems of North and /outh both reflected and hei%htened an economic differentiation between the sections' (he states of the 6iddle Atlantic and New En%land re%ions de!eloped a commercial mar)et economy in the first half of the nineteenth century, and %a!e birth to the nation@s first factories' (he 5ld Northwest, the free states west of the Appalachians, had an a%ricultural economy that e&ported its surplus production to the other E'/' re%ions and to Europe' (he /outh depended upon lar%e=scale production of e&port crops, primarily cotton and -to a lesser e&tent. tobacco, raised by sla!es' -/la!es were a )ey component in /outhern wealth, comprisin% the second most !aluable form of property in the re%ion, after real estate'. /ome of its cotton was sold to New En%land te&tile mills, thou%h much more of it was shipped to :ritain' (he dominance of this crop led to the e&pression ?Iin% Cotton'? :ut "# shippin%, bro)era%e, insurance, and other financial mediation for the trade were centered in the North, particularly in New 8or) City' 6ilitarily, the North was much stron%er than the /outh' (he North could command a lar%er army and had a na!y -the /outh could field smaller armies and had no na!y.' Howe!er, the /outh had the upper hand in leadership as it had better %enerals at the start of the war' (he North also had the upper hand with $D million people while the /outh only had # million people' (he North had o!er 1DD,DDD factories while the /outh had about $D,DDD' /i%: (hese )ey differences between the North and the /outh were e&tremely important because they ultimately decided the !ictors of the war and determined the history of our country' With ad!anta%es in population, firepower, and industry, the North won the war' -Had it been a Auic) war, these ad!anta%es would not ha!e been important.' 0incoln and t(e =order States Issue 18611861 Who: :order /tates -0elaware, 6aryland, Ientuc)y, 6issouri. What: (he Hincoln administration re%arded 0elaware, 6aryland, Ientuc)y, and 6issouri -sla!e states loyal to the Enion. as critical because of their %eo%raphical position' (he :order /tates represented a serious dilemma for 3resident Hincoln' He was con!inced they were essential to !ictory -Hincoln: *1 hope 1 ha!e >od on my side, but 1 have to ha!e Ientuc)y+.' He could not afford to alienate them with his emancipation policies, which could ha!e dri!en them into the Confederacy' He had to maintain that the war was to maintain the Enion and not free the sla!es' He thus incurred the scorn of abolitionists' -(he Emancipation 3roclamation, effecti!e 1=1=6G, did not free any sla!es in Enion=held land, only Confederate=held land' (he 1G th Amendment in 1J6C freed all sla!es'. (hou%h the :order /tates remained in the Enion, there were bitter di!isions within those states' /i%: (hese states played a lar%e role in the !ictory of the North and pointed to one of Hincolns wartime dilemmas' 3nion 6ar $oals What: (he %oal of the Enion at the start of the Ci!il War was preser!ation of the Enion' :y the end of the war emancipation had been added as a war %oal' /i%: E&pansion of war %oals o!er time demonstrates how war effects rapid chan%e in society' -Had it not been for the war, sla!ery would ha!e continued indefinitely into the future'. *frican*merican Soldiers of t(e -ivil War 18611861 Who: African=American /oldiers Where: Enited /tates What: Appro&imately 1JD,DDD African Americans comprisin% 16G units ser!ed in the Enion Army durin% the Ci!il War, and many more African Americans ser!ed in the Enion Na!y' :oth free African=Americans and runaway sla!es ;oined the fi%ht' 5n <uly 17, 1J6$, Con%ress passed two acts allowin% the enlistment of African Americans, but official enrollment occurred only after the /eptember 1J6$ issuance of the Emancipation 3roclamation' 1n actual numbers, African American soldiers comprised 1D] of the entire Enion Army' 1n o!er CDD en%a%ements, blac) soldiers won $$ Con%ressional 6edals of Honor and more than GJ,DDD were )illed' CD 0iscrimination in pay and other areas remained widespread' /oldiers of African descent were to recei!e W1D'DD a month, plus a clothin% allowance of WG'CD, but the Army held bac) the full amount' 6any re%iments stru%%led for eAual pay, some refusin% any money until <une 1C, 1J6", when Con%ress %ranted eAual pay for all blac) soldiers' /i%: (his mar)ed the first time African Americans were allowed to fi%ht as an or%ani2ed and se%re%ated unit in a war -startin% with the C" th 6assachusetts 1nfantry.' :lac)s were also %ranted the same pay as white soldiers e!en thou%h it came near the end of the war -4S4S4 *la&ama ,Confederate raider 1($--$7. What: (he #labama was the most si%nificant Confederate commerce=raider built by :ritain' Althou%h flyin% the Confederate fla% it ne!er entered a Confederate port' :ritain was the chief na!al base of the Confederacy' (he #labama captured o!er si&ty !essels until a Enion cruiser destroyed it off the coast of 4rance in 1J6"' /i%: (his shows how powerful the Confederacy was with the help of :ritain' (he #labama and :ritains role in the Ci!il War was a source of contention between the Enion and :ritain' -After the Emancipation 3roclamation and inter!ention by Enion diplomats, :ritain be%an to withdraw o!ert support for the /outh'. ;omestead 1ct 1($- What: An act passed by Con%ress in 1J6$ which pro!ided for the distribution of 16D acres of public land for a fee of WGD' About half a million families too) ad!anta%e of the Homestead Act' (his act was not as beneficial as it seemed to be at first because the 16D acres was inadeAuate on the rain=scarce >reat 3lains' /ettlers would rather buy cheap land from a railroad than settle on free public land far from a railroad or other settlements' /i%: (he Homestead Act was part of the 9epublican 3artys a%enda durin% the Ci!il War' (he act can be seen as part of westward e&pansion of the American people -e&cludin% Nati!e=Americans.' *ntietam Septem&er 17# 186/ Who: >eor%e 6cClellan -E/A. and 9obert E' Hee -C/A. What: Hee in!aded 6aryland and was confronted by 6cClellan in one of the bloodiest battles of the Ci!il War' While a draw, Hee withdrew bac) into 7ir%inia and the North called it a *!ictory'+ Hincoln used the *!ictory+ as the occasion to issue the preliminary emancipation proclamation' /i%: 4rance and :ritain, upon seein% the Enions une&pected power at Antietam, and further prompted by the Emancipation 3roclamation, bac)ed off from any further o!ert -formal. support for the Confederacy' 8mancipation Proclamation !anuary 1# 186, Who: Hincoln What: (his was Hincolns 3roclamation to free the sla!es in all Confederate areas still in rebellion' (he Ci!il War was turned into a moral crusade as Enion armies ad!anced into sla!e territory' As the armies ad!anced, sla!es were freed' No sla!es were to be freed in the :order /tates or Confederate lands then held by the Enion' Hincoln would not free all sla!es, because that would lose him the support of the :order /tates that were sla!e and loyal to the Enion' /i%: (he Ci!il War became a moral crusade to abolish sla!ery, thus demonstratin% to the world that more was at sta)e than simple preser!ation of the Enion' C1 (he Emancipation 3roclamation chan%ed the nature of the war because it effecti!ely remo!ed any chance of a ne%otiated settlement' ?i$(er 8ducation' +(e .orrill *ct of 186/ What: (his was a farsi%hted and statesmanli)e law that pro!ided a %enerous %rant of the public lands to the states for support of education' (hese *land=%rant colle%es,+ many of them becomin% state uni!ersities, in turn bound themsel!es to pro!ide certain ser!ices, such as military trainin% -e'%', (e&as AN6.' 1n increasing number of #omen #ere participating in higher education' /i%: After the Ci!il War, a colle%e education seemed to be indispensable' (his Act furthered the sudden spurt of colle%es and uni!ersities that occurred after the Ci!il War' P9epublican a%enda durin% Ci!il War: :A9( U Homestead U Education U preser!e EnionQ 9econstruction 1J6C to 1J77 &reedmen!s 2ureau 8arch /, 1($5 Who: Con%ress, :ureau of 9efu%ees, 4reedmen, and Abandonment Hands Where: /outh and former plantation areas What: An a%ency established by Con%ress at the end of the Ci!il War to pro!ide food, clothin%, shelter, education, and employment for the newly freed sla!es' 0urin% its brief e&istence, the bureau spent o!er W17 million and started o!er four thousand schools for blac) children' /i%: (he 4reedmens :ureau was the national %o!ernments le%itimate but in the end inadeAuate effort to care for the welfare of millions of *freedmen'+ (he :ureau did ha!e some success in education for former sla!es' :hirteenth 1mendment 1($5 What: 4reed all sla!es without compensation' P(his was one of the three *Ci!il War+ amendments, 1G th [ abolish sla!ery -1J6C., 1" th [ pro!ided citi2enship to African= Americans -1J6J., 1C th [ %i!e African=American adult males the !ote -1J7D.'. /i%: Completely abolished sla!ery' Sharecropping and tenant farming? 1buses b+ lando#ners and merchants ,after the Civil <ar.? :he reconfiguration of Southern 1griculture Where: /outh What: White and blac) sharecroppers now tilled the soil for a share of the crop -e'%', profits from the crop are split CDFCD. or they became tenants in bonda%e to their landlords -tenants tilled the soil in return for land, housin%, and money for supplies.' 4ormer sla!es used sharecroppin% and tenant farmin% as a system of production' /harecroppin% was the *predominant capital labor arran%ement'+ /harecroppin% became a trap forced upon the blac)s that often had freedmen stuc) in its unfair systems for years' Enfortunately, these systems brou%ht about *intense e&plicit or implicit desire of white /outherners to )eep blac)s subser!ient to them'+ 1n addition to bein% held to the land by the landlord, farmers would buy on credit from merchants, usin% future crops as a *lien'+ 6erchants manipulated the system to )eep sharecroppers and tenants in perpetual debt' (he systems often were manipulated by whites and cheated the blac)s out of the little success and profit they had' /i%: Handowners and merchants )ept poor white and blac) tenant and sharecropper farmers in perpetual debt, at the bottom of the social, economic, and political ladder' 4urther, the shift from plantation a%riculture to smaller farms further C$ di!ided former masters from former sla!es as sla!es mo!ed from the sla!e Auarters to outlyin% fields' (his represents the reconfi%uration of /outhern a%riculture after the Ci!il War' =lac; -odes late 1861 and s(ortly after t(e -ivil War Who: Newly freed sla!es Where: /outhern states What: Haws passed by the le%islatures of the southern states after the Ci!il War durin% 9econstruction in an attempt to re%ulate the acti!ities of and place restrictions on the former sla!es and to stabili2e the labor force' (he codes sou%ht to restore as nearly as possible the pre=emancipation system of race relations' 4or e&le, throu%h labor contracts, if freedmen Auit contract ;obs they could be arrested for !a%rancy' (his labor force was o!erseen by whites who had a desire to maintain a !ery ti%ht control o!er the blac)s, e!en thou%h they were technically free' Also, blac)s could not or ser!e on ;uries or !ote' /i%: (he :lac) Code period immediately after the War became a source of %reat irritation for northern con%ressmen who wanted to do more for the freedmen -see 9adical 9econstruction below.' *residential >econstruction? Lincoln ,1($/. and "ohnson ,1($5. Where: (he states in the Confederacy What: Hincolns *1D percent+ plan was proclaimed in 1J6G, durin% the Ci!il War, when Hincoln wanted to restore seceded states to their ri%htful place in the Enion without bein% punished for what they did' A rebellin% state could be admitted if 1D percent of the state !oters in the 1J6D election swore an oath of alle%iance to the Enited /tates' (he /tates would then reestablish a %o!ernment, and Hincoln would reco%ni2e the /tate as part of the Enion' After Hincoln was assassinated in April 1J6C, 3resident <ohnson )ept Hincolns plan but added some restrictions that reflected his disli)e for the planter aristocrats who had been Confederate leaders' <ohnsons plan added disenfranchisement of confederate leaders unless they were personally pardoned by him and new state con!entions to repeal ordinances of secession, repudiate confederate war debts, and ratify the 1G th amendment' /i%: Hincolns plan to readmit the /outh was simple in nature and allowed for a Auic) healin% of the se!ered nation' Hincoln wanted to resol!e the issue as Auic)ly as possible and thou%ht the *1D percent+ plan was the best way' <ohnson was not Auite as moderate as Hincoln but did not %o far enou%h for the radicals who were ta)in% control of Con%ress' -on$ressional :radical< reconstruction' .ilitary Reconstruction 186777 Who: Con%ress and the E'/' 6ilitary Where: 9econstructed /outh What: Con%ress di!ided the /outh into fi!e military districts commanded by a E'/' %eneral' /outhern states had to adopt constitutions that %a!e African=Americans the !ote and ratify the 1" th amendment -citi2enship for African=Americans.' 1n effect, 6artial Haw was placed on the former Confederate states' (ens of thousands of E'/' troops were sent into all seceded states -e&cept (ennessee, admitted earlier before 9adical 9econstruction occurred'. <ohnson !etoed the acts but Con%ress o!errode his !etoes' (he most notable achie!ement of the 9econstruction state %o!ernments came in the area of public education' CG /i%: (he 9adical 9econstruction of the /outh created bitterness on both sides' (he North was Auic) to ;ud%e the /outh and ma)e them pay for their rebellious beha!ior, whereas the /outh %rew embittered by the Norths refusal to accept re=admittance' E'/' troops remained in the /outh until the Compromise of 1J77' -ivil War *mendments' 1, t( :1861<# 1"t( :1868<# and 11t( :1870< What: (he (hirteenth Amendment %a!e freedom to the sla!es in America and prohibited any sla!ery within the Enited /tates' (he 4ourteenth Amendment %a!e African=Americans citi2enship' (he 4ifteenth Amendment %a!e African=American males the ri%ht to !ote' /i%: (he Ci!il War Amendments represent a hu%e step forward in eAual treatment of African=Americans' Impeachment of "ohnson 1($( Who: 3resident Andrew <ohnson and the E'/' Con%ress What: (he House of 9epresentati!es accused the 3resident of *hi%h crimes and misdemeanors'+ (he /enate conducted the trial, and <ohnson fell one !ote short of bein% remo!ed from office' -(he issue in!ol!ed <ohnsons refusal to %o alon% with the (enure of 5ffice Act' He belie!ed that the Act was an unconstitutional encroachment on the 3residents authority to remo!e cabinet officers' (he Act pro!ided that he needed /enate appro!al to remove a cabinet officer when the Constitution only said that he needed /enate appro!al to appoint'. /i%: (he first instance of a president e!er bein% impeached in American history' 3ublic interest in politics was intense, and the impeachment process pro!ed to be *the bi%%est show of 1J6J'+ Se#ard and the purchase of 1las6a 1($% What: <ohnson did ha!e one !ictory==in forei%n policy' 9ussia wanted to sell Alas)a for !arious reasons, and <ohnsons /ecretary of /tate William /eward ne%otiated the treaty whereby the E'/' purchased Alas)a for W7'$ million' While assailed by many as */ewards 4olly,+ the /enate appro!ed the treaty on the basis that some other nation mi%ht %et it instead and there was the lon%=term possibility of furs, fish, and %old' -Nobody at the time could ha!e anticipated the much later oil and natural %as fields'. /i%: Alas)a pro!ed to be a %reat strate%ic addition to the E'/' -1n a %lobal en!ironment, Alas)a is strate%ically placed on air routes' 4urther, !ast deposits of natural resources were found and e&ploitedMnotably oil at present'. +(e -ompromise of 1877 and t(e end of Reconstruction Who: 0emocrats and 9epublicans, namely presidential candidates 9utherford :' Hayes -9. and /amuel <' (ilden' -0.' Where: Con%ress What: (he election of 1J76 was so close that it was impossible to choose a 3resident' (he electoral returns from Houisiana, /outh Carolina and 4lorida were disputed, with both parties claimin% !ictory' Con%ress created a commission of 1C members and alon% party lines the commission awarded all disputed electoral !otes to Hayes, the 9epublican' (he 0emocrats a%reed to %o alon% if Hayes would pled%e to sponsor internal impro!ements in the /outh and withdraw the last remainin% federal troops from the /outh' (his was the compromise, and Hayes too) office' While he rene%ed on internal impro!ements, he did withdraw the troops C" /i%: (here was no one to protect African=Americans in the /outh after the Compromise of 1J77' (he remo!al of troops from the /outh led to <im Crow and many other in;ustices toward African=Americans' With the Compromise of 1J77, African= Americans were no lon%er on the national a%enda and their welfare was left up to the states' <im Crow was the result -see <im Crow below.' >edeemers after the Compromise of 1(%% Who: White 0emocrats who too) control of the /outh after the Compromise of 1J77 What: (he Compromise of 1J77 remo!ed the last federal troops from the /outh, and white 0emocrats -*redeemers+. ruthlessly too) o!er a%ain' :lac)s who attempted to assert their ri%hts were threatened with unemployment, e!iction, and physical harm' /i%: (he 9edeemers %ained control of the southern states and administered a society characteri2ed by sharecroppin%, the crop lien system -borrow money usin% a future crop as collateral., and <im Crow, doin% %reat harm to blac)s and poor whites' "im Cro# after the Compromise of 1(%% Who: /outhern whites ta)in% control of the *ri%hts+ of African=Americans by enactin% le%islation that se%re%ated blac)s and whites' What: After the Compromise of 1J77 led to the remo!al of federal troops from the /outh, southern whites implemented <im Crow, which se!erely restricted the actions and ri%hts of African=Americans: e&les include se%re%ated schools and se%re%ated public facilities -upheld by 3lessy !s' 4er%uson in 1J#6.' /i%: <im Crow le%islation set the sta%e for unfair treatment and se%re%ation of blac)s for many decades until 1#C", when <im Crow in education was declared ille%al by the /upreme Court in :rown !' :oard of Education' E4e# SouthF ,1(%% on. Who: Henry >rady, editor of the Atlanta Constitution, coined the phrase, *New /outh'+ What: >rady called for /outherners to industriali2e the /outh' /i%: While the /outh saw some industriali2ation -<ames 0u)e and his American (obacco Company, te&tile mills, and :irmin%ham steel are three to remember., the /outh remained well behind the North in industrial de!elopment' 3lains 1ndian Wars 1J66=1J#D Plains Indian Wars What: 4rom 1J66 to 1J#D -and most notably 1J76., the E'/' Army and the 3lains 1ndians fou%ht for control of the 3lains -lar%ely in Colorado, Wyomin%, and 6ontana.' While the Army sustained !arious defeats, the superior firepower of the Army o!erwhelmed the 1ndians -who were forced to li!e on reser!ations.' :y 1J#D the wars were o!er' /i%: (he conAuest of the 3lains meant the conAuest of the 1ndians and the !irtual destruction of their nomadic, :uffalo=huntin% way of life' White people, with their barbed wire fences, deep=water wells, farms, cattle, railroads, and towns would displace the 1ndians for an entirely different )ind of life' CC <ashita >iver 2attle of 1($( Who: E'/'A', Cheyenne (ribe Where: 5)lahoma What: (he /e!enth Cal!ary, lead by Custer, attac)s a Cheyenne !illa%e near an 5)lahoma ri!er -Washita. which resulted in an American !ictory' (his e!ent ori%inated primarily from a miscommunication between the Cheyenne and their E'/' a%ent' /i%: Althou%h it predated the official 1ndian Wars, this battle caused much friction and an%er between both sides that foreshadowed the impendin% war' :reat+ of &ort Laramie 1($( Who: E/ federal %o!ernment and the 3lains 1ndians Where: 4ort Haramie What: After /iou& Chief 9ed Cloud successfully beat bac) the army, the E'/' abandoned the :o2eman (rail -from the North 3latte to the %old fields in 6ontana.' Ender the terms of the (reaty, the sacred %round of the 3owder 9i!er country would be respected' (he *>reat /iou& reser!ation+ was promised to the /iou& tribes' /i%: (his is one of the few 1ndian !ictories, %i!e 9ed Cloud credit here' (he (reaty bro)e down in 1J7" when %old was disco!ered in the :lac) Hills' (his led to war in 1J76=77' Little 2ighorn 1(%$ Who: 1ndians and /e!enth Ca!alry Where: Hittle :i%horn 9i!er, present day 6ontana What: Colonial Custers /e!enth Ca!alry went to suppress 1ndians and ta)e them bac) to the reser!ation, but the Ca!alry were )illed by the 1ndians' /i%: (his spectacular E'/' military defeat enflamed Americans and ener%i2ed the Army to fi%ht the 1ndians for the last time' (his led to a series of battles to return the hostile 1ndians to the reser!ation' :y the end of 1J77, the 3lains 1ndian wars were o!er -e&cept for Wounded Inee in 1J#D==but that was a battle, not a war.' Sitting 2ull and Cra'+ ;orse Who: Cra2y Horse and /ittin% :ull were %reat /iou& leaders' /i%: (hey led an 1ndian allied force and won the :attle of Hittle :i%horn a%ainst the E'/' 7 th Ca!alry under Colonel Custer' :oth were )illed later by the E'/' Army -Cra2y Horse 1J77, /ittin% :ull 1J#D.' I0S0 Seventh Cavalr+ What: (he E'/' /e!enth Ca!alry, almost half immi%rants, wanted to suppress the 1ndians and place them bac) in the reser!ation' /e!eral companies of the 7 th were )illed at the Hittle :i% Horn' -(he 7 th Ca!alry appeared earlier at the Washita 9i!er and appears later at Wounded Inee'. /i%: (he 7 th Ca!alry was an important unit in the 3lains 1ndian wars of the L6Ds and L7Ds -and at Wounded Inee in #D.' Chief "oseph of the 4e' *ercS 1(%% Who: Chief <oseph and the surrender of the Ne2 3erc^ 1ndians Where: Not the 3lains but the northwest -WA, 59, 10 6(. What: 4orced off their land, the Ne2 3erc^ fled' (hey led the army on a %reat chase across the American Northwest in a runnin% battle that lasted se!eral months' /ome !ictories, such as at the :i% Hole in 6ontana, )ept them %oin% on their fli%ht to Canada' <ust short of the border, they were finally captured by E'/' forces' C6 /i%: Alon% with the (rail of (ears -GJ=G#., this is one of the saddest stories in E'/'=Nati!e American relations' (he Ne2 3erce were a %ood and decent people, forced off their land by %reedy whites who were protected by the E'/' Army' Chief <oseph, surrenderin%, uttered the famous: *4rom where the sun now stands, 1 shall fi%ht no more fore!er'+ His death certificate reported that he died of a *bro)en heart'+ Bhost dance ,1(). What: /iou& 1ndians belie!ed that if they danced the >host 0ance the buffalo and 1ndians )illed would come bac) and that they would be in!ulnerable to soldiers bullets' 4earin% a renewed outbrea) of !iolence under the leadership of /ittin% :ull -on the reser!ation now., /ittin% :ull was )illed' Army fear of the >host 0ance was a contributin% factor in the massacre at Wounded Inee' /i%: (he >host 0ance represents an amal%am of 1ndian and Christian reli%ious beliefs' Also, the >host 0anceF/ittin% :ull incident spea)s to the fear and paranoia of the E'/' Army' <ounded Mnee ,3ecember 1(). Who: Enited /tates 7 th Ca!alry and /iou& 1ndians under Chief :i% 4oot Where: Wounded Inee Cree) in /outhwest /outh 0a)ota What: After the death of /ittin% :ull, a band of /iou& led by :i% 4oot was bein% escorted to the reser!ation by the reconstituted 7 th Cal!ary' (he /iou& were ordered disarmed, but a warrior pulled a %un and wounded an officer' (he E'/' troops opened fire, and within minutes almost two hundred men, women, and children were shot' (he soldiers later claimed that it was difficult to distin%uish the /iou& women from the men' (he Enited /tates 7 th Ca!alry lost twenty=nine soldiers' /i%': (his battle ended the 1ndian Wars of the 1# th Century National 3olitics, 1J77=#6: (he >ilded A%e -orruption durin$ t(e Cilded *$e What: Corruption within and outside %o!ernment was common durin% this period and dama%ed the reputation of presidents, most notably >rant -6#=77.' 1n New 8or) City, :oss (weed and the (ammany 9in% bil)ed the city out of up to W$DD million' 0urin% >rants time, there was the Credit 6obilier scandal, where Enion 3acific 9ailroad officials formed the Credit 6obilier construction company and then o!er=billed the railroad, poc)etin% profits and bribin% %o!ernmental officials to )eep Auiet' (he Whis)ey 9in% within the %o!ernment stole e&cise ta&es on whis)ey' 4inally, there was the /ecretary of War William :elnap who accepted bribes from 1ndian a%ents' /i%: >rants administration was pla%ued by corruption and he did little about it' He will always be remembered for this and is labeled one of our worst presidents' 4ativism 1((s Who: 1mmi%rants and Nati!ists What: Nati!ism, or *anti=forei%nism,+ %ained support durin% the 1JJDs' Nati!ists were a%ainst immi%rants comin% to America' 5ne nati!ist a%ency was the American 3rotecti!e Association, created in 1JJ7' (his a%ency had at least a million members, and the members were encoura%ed to !ote a%ainst 9oman Catholic candidates or other forei%n candidates for office' 5ne effect of nati!ism was that Con%ress %radually be%an to pass laws a%ainst immi%ration, includin% the Chinese E&clusion Act of 1JJ$' -An earlier nati!ist reaction was in the 1J"Ds and 1JCDs, directed a%ainst >ermans and 1rish' C7 A later nati!ist reaction was in the 1#$Ds, when the 1mmi%ration Act of 1#$" essentially closed the door to eastern and southern European immi%ration'. /i%: 7arious nati!ist reactions can be seen in E'/' history, as older An%lo residents percei!ed immi%rants as threats, either economically, ta)in% away ;obs, or culturally and politically, erodin% the *American way of life+ as they saw it' Pendleton *ct of 188, What: (he Act created the Ci!il /er!ice Commission, which made appointments to %o!ernment ;obs based on e&aminations instead of the old *spoils+ system' (his was prompted due to widespread dis%ust with *spoils+ and because a deran%ed office see)er, Charles >uiteau, assassinated 3resident >arfield' -(his act also made political campai%n contributions from %o!ernment employees ille%al'. /i%: Now %o!ernment employees had to be Aualified for their positions, instead of ;ust %ettin% their ;obs based on who they )new or how much money they %a!e to politicians' 3oliticians now had to loo) elsewhere for money, and corporations too) up the slac)' 5!er time, more and more ;obs were added to the ci!il ser!ice, and the spoils system, started by Andrew <ac)son, was e!entually destroyed' ?elen ?unt !ac;sons * -entury of Dis(onor ,1((1. Who: Helen Hunt Jackson and Native Americans (Indians) What: Helen Hunt Jackson, a Massachusetts writer of childrens literature, ricked the moral sense of Americans in !""!, when she u#lished # Century o" Dishonor' (he boo) chronicled the sorry record of %o!ernment ruthlessness and chicanery in dealin% with the 1ndians' (he boo) was sent to e!ery member of Con%ress' /i%': :y the 1JJDs the national conscience be%an to stir uneasily o!er the pli%ht of the 1ndians' # Century o" Dishonor %a!e a historical account of the %o!ernments in;ustice to Nati!e Americans' 0ebate seesawed' Humanitarians wanted to treat the 1ndians )indly and persuade them thereby to *wal) the white mans road,+ yet hard=liners insisted on the current policy of forced containment and brutal punishment' Neither side showed much respect for Nati!e American culture' (he boo) inspired a reform mo!ement aimed at helpin% 1ndians become full members of American society by *assimilatin%+ 1ndians' (his led to the 0awes Act in 1JJ7' Santa Clara Count+ v0 Southern *acific >ailroad 11( I0S0 /)7 ,1(($. What: /anta Clara County ta&ed the /outhern 3acific 9ailroad' (he court held that that the county could not do so and went on to su%%est that corporations en;oyed the same ri%hts under the 1" th Amendment that natural persons en;oyed' /i%: (his case demonstrates the pro=business decisions of the /upreme Court in the late nineteenth century' <abash v0 Illinois ,1(($. Case What: E'/' /upreme Court in 1JJ6 re!ersed 6unn ! 1llinois -1J76. that permitted state re%ulation of railroads' (he court declared in!alid an 1llinois law prohibitin% lon%= and short=haul clauses in transportation contracts as an infrin%ement on the e&clusi!e powers of Con%ress %ranted by the commerce clause of the Constitution' /i%: (he result of the case was denial of state power to re%ulate interstate rates for railroads, and the decision led to creation of the 1nterstate Commerce Commission' Da6es Plan :Da6es Severalty *ct< 1887 Who: Nati!e Americans What: (ribal land ownership was eliminated in fa!or of %i!in% 16D acres of land to each 1ndian o!er $1' (he idea was to *ci!ili2e+ the 1ndians and educate their children CJ in the *white mans ways'+ Assimilation of 1ndians was the %oal and it did not wor)' -(his plan was dropped in fa!or of respect for 1ndian culture and tribal identity with 1ndian 9eor%ani2ation Act of 1#G"Mcalled the 1ndians *New 0eal'+. /i%: (his *liberal+ and *reform+ effort to ci!ili2e 1ndians resulted in continued destruction of the 1ndian way of life and the 1ndians loss of o!er 1DD million acres of land' <omen!s Suffrage in <estern States ,and compared #ith Southeastern states. What: /tartin% in 1J6# in Wyomin%, western states be%an %i!in% women the !ote in state elections' /i%: Western states were more liberal in their treatment of women' Western states led the way' -/outheastern states la%%ed behind'. (he suffra%e mo!ement continued at the state le!el, finally endin% with the 1# th Amendment in 1#$D, which %ranted women the !ote -thus ser!in% to end the battle for womens ri%ht to !ote.' Environmental impacts of #estern settlement What: (he 3lains 1ndians way of life -nomadic buffalo huntin%. ended by the 1JJDs' 1n their place could be found miners, lo%%ers, ranchers, farmers, railroads, and towns' (hese !aried interests ad!ersely impacted the plains en!ironment' 6inin% contaminated water sources' Ho%%in% and farmin% stripped the natural !e%etation -prairie or *buffalo+ %rass and trees. that upheld the inte%rity of the soil' /i%: (he inter%enerational impact of rapacious -%reedy. e&ploitation of the seemin%ly limitless resources of the West can be seen in: 1' (he *dust bowl+ of the 1#GDs' (hat is, buffalo %rass was remo!ed to plant crops' 4arm crops did not anchor the soil as did buffalo %rass' 0rou%ht occurred, which meant that the crops did not %row, lea!in% unplanted topsoil' When the hi%h winds came in the 1#GDs, %reat clouds of topsoil were blown away, literally, lea!in% the farmers with a farm that could not be sustained' (he farmers left, becomin% mi%rant farm laborers -the *5)ies+.' (his sad tale of the mi%rants is told by <ohn /teinbec) in his bloc)buster no!el, !he Grapes o" Wrath -7i)in% 3ress, 1#G#.' $' Contaminated water sources' (hrou%hout the west, one can find contaminated water due to minin% or other to&ic waste disposal' -6ercury poisonin% is a problem for fish populations'. G' (he hu%e 5%allala aAuifer under ei%ht 3lains states is losin% water due to e&cessi!e e&traction of water' (he lon%=term conseAuences to life on the 3lains will be a concern well into the $1 st century' (o pre!ent dust storms, soil erosion, and what today would be referred to as desertification processes in %eneral, more !ulnerable areas should be ta)en out of culti!ation and put into ran%eland use for li!estoc)' 9apacious e&ploitation of the 3lains land continues to hold bac) conser!ation practices' +urner t(esis 18>,57+(e Si$nificance of t(e )rontier in *merican ?istory9 Who: Historian 4rederic) <ac)son (urner What: 1n 1J#G, he ar%ued that the frontier had a lastin% impact on the democratic character of the American people' His idea or%ani2ed the study of E'/' History for a %eneration' His thesis: (he settlement of the West by white people = ?the e&istence of an area of free land, its continuous recession, and the ad!ance of American settlement westward? = was the central story of American history' Here is what he said about the frontier shapin% the American character: *(he result is that to the frontier the C# 1merican intellect o#es its stri6ing characteristics' (hat coarseness and stren%th combined with acuteness and inquisitiveness, that practical, inventive turn of mind, Auic) to find e&pedients, that masterful grasp of material things, lac)in% in the artistic but powerful to effect %reat ends, that restless, nervous energ+, that dominant individualism, wor)in% for %ood and for e!il, and withal that buo+anc+ and exuberance #hich comes #ith freedom==these are traits of the frontier, or traits called out elsewhere because of the e&istence of the frontier'+ P:old added'Q /i%: His thesis was influential until the 0epression and remains a source of discussion to this day' (here is an An%locentric, imperialistic point of !iew loaded into his ar%ument' 4urther, he was unable to incorporate the role of %o!ernment into the discussion of the de!elopment of the West' :rusts What: 1n the late nineteenth century, stoc)holders in a number of companies in the same business would assi%n their stoc) to trustees in another company and those trustees would mana%e the affairs of many businesses' (his created a monopoly within an industry and stifled competition' (he /tandard 5il (rust is the most famous, but there were many others, includin%, for e&les, the beef, su%ar, cotton, and linseed oil trusts' /i%: (rusts were monopolistic and ruthless in suppressin% competition' Con%ress reacted with !arious )inds of antitrust le%islation, be%innin% with the /herman Antitrust Act of 1J#D' *anics and recessions during the Bilded 1ge What: 1J7G: Collapse of railroad financin% !entures tri%%ered widespread unemployment and business closures 1JJ": Another financial crisis causes thousands of businesses to fail 1J#G: Another financial crisis leads to worst depression in E'/' History to date, with unemployment risin% to 1J]' /i%: Note that there were panics or depressions in e!ery decade of the >ilded A%e' /e!eral years would elapse before the nation would pull itself out of a *panic+ or depression' 1n many cases, wor)ers would stri)e, protestin% cuts in pay or other benefits' (he 1J7G panic led to the >reat 9ailroad /tri)e of 1J77' (he 1J#G panic led to the 3ullman /tri)e of 1J#"' 1n addition to the distress caused by business closures and unemployment, this was a period of %reat labor a%itation and labor=mana%ement strife' &armers! problems in 1((s and 1()s, including rise in agricultural production and impact of that rise What: As producti!ity rose durin% the >ilded A%e, prices for %oods and farm products declined' 4armers borrowed for seed and eAuipment and then had to pay bac) loans with dollars that were worth less -they were %ettin% less for their crops.' 4armers felt cheated' /i%: 4armers or%ani2ed and supported !arious )inds of laws to promote their interests, notably: 1. railroad re%ulations, and $. inflationary measures, includin% the increase in the money supply by printin% paper money or coinin% sil!er' ECrime of !%/F What: Con%ress passed a law in 1J7G that stopped the coina%e of sil!er' (his would ha!e a deflationary effect and prices for %oods would %o down' /i%: 4armers were an%ry because this would cause deflation, not inflation' -4armers wanted inflation'. 6D S(erman *ntitrust *ct 18>0 What: (he /herman Antitrust Act of 1J#D flatly forbade combinations in restraint of trade, without any distinction between *%ood+ trusts and *bad+ trusts' :i%ness, not badness, was the sin' Why: (he law was made to curb railroads and bi% business from creatin% monopolies throu%h their control of trusts' /i%': (his was Con%resss first attempt to limit the trusts' (he law pro!ed ineffecti!e, lar%ely because it had only baby teeth or no teeth at all, and because it contained le%al loopholes throu%h which cle!er corporation lawyers would wri%%le' 1t was une&pectedly effecti!e in one respect' Contrary to its ori%inal intent, it was used to curb labor unions or labor combinations that were deemed to be restrainin% trade' P(he Clayton Act of 1#1" e&empted labor unions from the /herman Act' >ompers called the Clayton Act the *6a%na Carta+ of the American labor mo!ement'Q Populism :populist2peoples party< :nota&ly t(e election of 18>/< Who: 6iddle Westerners and /outherners -mostly farmers. What: (hey demanded an increase in the circulatin% money -free and unlimited coina%e of sil!er., a %raduated income ta&, %o!ernment ownership of the railroads, a tariff for re!enue only, the direct election of E'/' senators, the initiati!e and referendum, immi%ration restriction, and appropriation of alien=held lands' /i%: 3opulists %arnered o!er 1 million !otes in the 1J#$ presidential election' 3ro%ressi!e politicians subseAuently adopted many of their reforms' &ree Silver Who: /upported by 0emocrats and 3opulists, opposed by conser!ati!es and businessmen' What: *4ree sil!er+ meant the unlimited coina%e of sil!er' 4ree=sil!erites wanted to inflate currency' (he supporters of this policy were mainly the farmers in the 3opulist 3arty who needed inflation to help them %et more for their crops and pay off their debts' /i%: 4ree sil!er was the main plan) in the 3opulist platform of 1J#$' When the 0emocrats adopted it in 1J#6, the 3opulists mer%ed with the 0emocrats and ceased to e&ist as a !iable political party' -Eastern wor)ers did not li)e inflation as wa%es would not )eep up with it, the result bein% that the farmers were not powerful enou%h to swin% an election without eastern wor)er support'. *less+ v0 &erguson 1()$ What: Homer 3lessy refused to ride in a <im Crow car on a Houisiana train' He was tried in a criminal court by <ud%e 4er%uson, and the case was appealed to the /upreme Court' (he court ruled that <im Crow did not !iolate the 1" th Amendment eAual protection clause because it did not *foster any inferiority of African Americans+ as lon% as accommodations were *separate but eAual'+ <ustice <ohn 6arshall Harlan was the only dissentin% !ote on the Court and harshly critici2ed the decision, claimin% our Constitution to be *colorblind'+ /i%: 3lessy !' 4er%uson -1J#6. le%ali2ed <im Crow laws and discrimination based on race' /e%re%ation %rew, enforced by law and !iolence, not to be o!erturned until the :rown !' :oard of Education decision of 1#C"' 61 Election of 1()$ Who: William 6cIinley -9epublican. !' William <ennin%s :ryan -0emocrat. What: :ryan %ained the 0emocratic nomination with his famous *Cross of >old+ speech, in which he attac)ed business and ban)in% interests by endorsin% free sil!er and endin% his speech with *8ou shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify man)ind upon a cross of %old'+ (he 3opulists ;oined with the 0emocrats' 6cIinley and the conser!ati!e, business=oriented 9epublicans behind him won the election' (heir platform included the %old standard -*the e&istin% %old standard must be maintained+. and the protecti!e tariff -*(he ' ' ' uncompromisin% principle is the protection and de!elopment of American labor and industries'+.' /i%: America stayed on the %old standard, and this was the last time a candidate tried to %ain office by mostly the !otes of farmers' (he depression of #G was endin%, howe!er, and the economic problems be%an to %i!e way to international issues' 1() == A >ood 8ear to 1nau%urate the *New America+ == (his is 0r' :urnss phrase Empire 1' a' /iou& chief /ittin% :ull is )illed on 0ecember 1C, 1J#D' b' (he ?:attle? of Wounded Inee 0ecember $#, 1J#D ends the last ma;or 1ndian resistance to white settlement in America' $' (he 1J#D census announced that the frontier re%ion of the Enited /tates no lon%er e&isted and therefore the trac)in% of westward mi%ration would no lon%er be tabulated in the census' -EAuate this to 4rederic) <ac)son (urners *frontier thesis+ and then start loo)in% outward to o!erseas empire'. G' !he 1n"luence o" *ea Poer 2pon 3istory- %4456%7&. by former Na!al War Colle%e president Alfred (' 6ahan demonstrates the decisi!e role of na!al stren%th and will ha!e enormous influence in encoura%in% the world powers to de!elop powerful na!ies' Industr+ and Labor 1' 6esabi 1ron 5re ran%e in 6innesota is disco!ered' (he mines pro!ide plentiful iron deposits to fuel the rapidly e&pandin% steel industry' $' (he Enited 6ine Wor)ers of America or%ani2ed <anuary $C is an affiliate of the "=year=old American 4ederation of Habor -A4H.' G' (he /herman Anti=(rust Act passed by Con%ress <uly $ curtails the powers of E'/' business monopolies: ?E!ery contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in restraint of trade or commerce amon% the se!eral /tates, or with forei%n nations, is hereby declared to be ille%al'? "' (he 6cIinley (ariff Act passed by Con%ress 5ctober 1 increases the a!era%e E'/' import duty to its hi%hest le!el' C' American (obacco Company is founded by <ames 0u)e, who creates a colossal trust' Bender? <omen 1' (he ?>ibson >irl? created by New 8or) illustrator Charles 0ana >ibson, $$, ma)es her first appearance in the humor wee)ly Li"e' 6illions will share his conception of the ideal American %irl' >ace? 1frican-1merican 1' 6ississippi institutes a poll ta&, literacy tests, and other measures desi%ned to restrict !otin% by blac)sMother states follow' 6$ $' >eor%e Washin%ton Cable publishes !he (egro 8uestion' 1n this essay collection, Cable challen%es pre!ailin% !iews by ad!ocatin% eAual access to education for blac)s and re;ectin% the myth of blac) mental inferiority' Class? *oor people 1' 3o the Other 3al" Lives by 0anish=born (e 9ork :vening *un police reporter <acob -Au%ust. 9iis, "1, portrays slum life and the conditions that ma)e for crime, !ice, and disease' :he Cit+ 1' (he Wainwri%ht buildin% completed at /t' Houis to desi%ns by Chica%o architect Houis H' /ulli!an is the first true s)yscraper' Culture 1' (he first Army=Na!y football %ame be%ins a lon% ri!alry between West 3oint and Annapolis, Na!y wins $" to D' 1griculture 1' 1t now ta)es G7 hours to plant, culti!ate, and har!est an acre of wheat in America, down from 1"J hours in 1JG7' $' Iansas farmers should ?raise less corn and more hell,? 3opulist 3arty leader 6ary Eli2abeth Hease, G6, tells them' 4rom 7C to #D percent of all Iansas farms are mort%a%ed at interest rates a!era%in% # percent, ban)s ha!e foreclosed on rou%hly one third of all farm mort%a%es in the state in the past decade' 1ndustriali2ation and Corporate Consolidation 2essemer process 1(5!s Who: William Ielly -American. and :essemer -:ritish. What: A process that made cheap steel' :y blowin% cold air on hot iron it eliminated impurities' After a few years while the process became popular and useful' /i%: (his method combined with the abundant materials and labor of the Enited /tates %reatly encoura%ed the hi%h le!els of production in the second half of the 1JDDs' :y 1#DD America was producin% as much as :ritain and >ermany combined' (he E'/' was becomin% the worlds industrial %iant by World War 1' -9ecall the Webster=Ashburton (reaty of 1J"$, which, in addition to settlin% the 6aine boundary, settled the boundary from the Ha)e of the Woods to Ha)e /uperior' (he :ritish did not )now that the 6esabi iron ore ran%e was in that part of the land ceded to the E'/'. ?oriFontal inte$ration What: A method of monopoli2in% a mar)et by buyin% out competitors' /i%: >iants li)e 9oc)efeller used re!olutionary and ruthless methods li)e hori2ontal inte%ration to create trusts, stiflin% competition and leadin% in time to %o!ernmental re%ulation, startin% with the /herman Antitrust Act of 1J#D' 1ndre# Carnegie ,1(/5-1)1). and E=ertical IntegrationF Who: Andrew Carne%ie What: Andrew Carne%ie was a )in%pin amon% steelma)ers, at one point producin% 1F" th of the nations :essemer steel' His company controlled e!ery aspect of the steel=ma)in% process, throu%h *!ertical inte%ration,+ which was a means of combinin% into one or%ani2ation all phases of production, from minin% the ore to production of finished steel' He sold out to <'3' 6or%an for "DD million dollars' 1nfluenced by the %ospel of wealth, he dedicated his remainin% years to %i!in% away his money for libraries, pensions for professors, and other philanthropic purposes' 6G /i%: He was one of the nations %reat industrialists who preached and practiced the *%ospel of wealth'+ He %a!e away about WGCD million of his money' "ohn 30 >oc6efeller ,1()/-1)/%. and ;ori'ontal Integration What: (he owner of the /tandard 5il Company, he used the tactic of *hori2ontal inte%ration,+ whereby he would buyout or sAuee2e out competitors to achie!e a monopoly' At one point he owned #C percent of all oil refineries in the country' He used secret rebates from railroads as well as spies to achie!e his ends' He was one of the first so called *robber barons'+ /i%': He was part of the reason for the bac)lash a%ainst the *trusts+ and the emer%ence of presidential trust busters 9oose!elt, (aft, and Wilson' +(e *merican )ederation of 0a&or' Samuel Compers218861>00s What: (he A4 of H was the brainchild of /amuel >ompers, president from 1JJ6 to 1#$"' /tron% craft unions within the A4 of H were able to pool monies to fund boycotts and wal)outs, all toward the end of establishin% closed shops in which all wor)ers had to be unioni2ed' Crafts included ci%ar ma)ers, electricians, carpenters, teamsters, for e&les -no uns)illed laborers.' (he A4 of H was more conser!ati!e, pursuin% practical and immediate %oals relatin% to wa%es, hours, and conditions of employment' -Contrast this with the 1nternational Wor)in%men of the World -1WW., a union that wanted to attac) capitalism'. /i%: Ender >omperss leadership, the A4 of H became the premier labor union in American history' Dni$(ts of 0a&or 186>18>0s What: (he Ini%hts of Habor was the leadin% labor or%ani2ation in the 1JJDs' /tartin% off as a secret society, in 1JJ1 it soon rolled out a welcome mat for all laborers, blac), white, man, women, s)illed, and uns)illed' 9efusin% to become entan%led in politics, they campai%ned for economic and social reform' :lamed for the Chica%o Haymar)et riot of 1JJ6, they went into decline' /i%': (he Ini%hts were an important early national labor union' (he public attitude toward labor was chan%in%' (hey be%an to see the laborers ri%ht to bar%ain collecti!ely and stri)e' Habor 0ay was e!en made a national holiday in 1J#"' 1n stri)es, howe!er, 3residents were willin% to support mana%ement and call out troops if needed' 4urther, the /herman Antitrust Act was sometimes used a%ainst stri)in% wor)ers' ;a+mar6et ,Chicago, 1(($., ;omestead ,*ittsburgh, 1()-., *ullman ,Chicago, 1()7. What: (he ;a+mar6et >iot ,1(($. was a rally or%ani2ed by a small anarchist %roup to protest the )illin%s durin% the 6cCormac) Har!estin% 6achine Company stri)e' (he police showed up and demanded they disperse, a dynamite bomb went off amon%st the police )illin% one and woundin% se!eral, se!en of whom would die later' (he police responded with %unfire and )illed se!en to ei%ht people' While the Ini%hts of Habor were not responsible, they were blamed and their influence declined thereafter' (he ;omestead stri6e ,1()-. pitted Carne%ie /teel Company a%ainst the Amal%amated Association of 1ron and /teel Wor)ers' Carne%ie wanted to brea) the union and so when the wor)ers struc) a%ainst the increased wor) hours, the mana%er called for GDD 3in)erton %uards to brea) the stri)e' (hey were met on the doc)s by 1D,DDD stri)ers, many armed, and an all=day battle ensued' (he 3in)ertons surrendered, but the mana%er appealed to the %o!ernor who sent J,DDD troops to end the stri)e' 6" (he *ullman stri6e ,1()7. resulted when >eor%e 3ullman cut his wor)ers wa%es by GD percent but his company town did not reduce rents' Eu%ene 0ebs of the American 9ailway Enion %ot in!ol!ed' 3resident Cle!eland sent in troops to brea) up the stri)e, ar%uin% that the disruption of railroad ser!ice ad!ersely affected E'/' mail ser!ice' -0ebs was defiant and spent si& months in ;ail for not complyin% with a court order to abandon the stri)e'. /i%': (hese separate instances demonstrated the late nineteenth centurys !iewpoint of business and %o!ernment on labor' (he nati!ist fear of immi%rants and the arri!al of radicals at the Haymar)et affair led to further red scares in the future' At this time, the %o!ernment %enerally supported mana%ement at the e&pense of labor' +ec(nolo$ical improvements in &usiness and industry t(at c(an$ed t(e nature of t(e 6or;place :18,0s to 1>00s< What: (he sewin% machine, electric li%ht bulb, typewriter, telephone, transoceanic cable, and ele!ator re!olutioni2ed business practices' (he assembly line was created to help businesses and factories produce more products at a faster pace' /i%: (echnolo%ical impro!ements supplied people with more products at lower cost, thus impro!in% the standard of li!in% in %eneral' Erban /ociety Bospel of <ealth 1(() Who: Andrew Carne%ie What: *(he >ospel of Wealth+ was the philosophy preached by the wealthy entrepreneurs -most notably Andrew Carne%ie. which held that *the wealthy, entrusted with societys riches, had to pro!e themsel!es morally responsible'+ As the */teel 3reacher+ said, *the main consideration should be to help those who help themsel!es, to pro!ide part of the means by which those who desire to impro!e may do so, to %i!e those who desire to rise the aids by which they may rise' ' ' '+ PNote: the >ospel of Wealth is not directed at aidin% the indi!idual but in aidin% society with par)s, museums, etc' (he /ocial >ospel of protestant social wor)ers was directed at helpin% needy indi!iduals' 0o not confuse the /ocial >ospel with the >ospel of Wealth'Q /i%: 3rominent museums of art, par)s, and public institutions are testaments to the endurin% promise of the *>ospel of Wealth+ Social Bospel ,around 1). Who: 1' Walter 9auschenbusch, a pastor of a >erman :aptist church in New 8or) Citys *Hells Iitchen+ -1n Christianity and the *ocial Crisis )%#D7., he ar%ues that sin is not ;ust applicable to the indi!idual but to society at lar%e also'. $' Charles /heldons boo) is of interest here' 1n 3is *teps -1J#7. was one of the most popular and influential boo)s in the /ocial >ospel mo!ement' Accordin% to /heldon, American society would e&perience a dramatic transformation if only people would base their public and pri!ate actions on the answer to the simple Auestion of ?What Would <esus 0oR? What: 9auschenbusch sou%ht to apply the lessons of Christianity to the slums and factories' He preached the *social %ospel,+ insistin% that the churches tac)le the burnin% social issues of the day' (he /ermon of the 6ount, he declared, was the science of society' /ocial >ospel adherents, who were optimistic and pra%matic about helpin% the poor and relie!in% the conditions of their po!erty, should be contrasted with /ocial 6C 0arwinists, who held that the poor were where they were as a result of the application of the principle of the *sur!i!al of the fittest'+ /i%: (hese *Christian socialists+ did much to pric) hardened middle=class consciences, thus preparin% the path for the pro%ressi!e reform mo!ement after the turn of the century' Social Dar6inism :1870s to 1880s< Who: 8ale 3rofessor William >raham /umner What: /ocial 0arwinism is the misapplication to society of Charles 0arwins principle of the *sur!i!al of the fittest'+ 5nly the stron%est and *fittest+ sur!i!e, allowin% humans to mo!e towards a ;ust and peaceful society' (o literally feed, clothe, and shelter the needy would be inconsistent with /ocial 0arwinism' /i%: /ocial 0arwinism could be used to rationali2e insensiti!ity to the needs of the poor and needy and ;ustify to the rich their place in society' P4urther, 0arwins thin)in% not only influenced */ocial 0arwinism+ but another *ism,+ i'e', Christian 4undamentalism -which was in part a reaction to 0arwins theory relatin% to the descent of human)ind from a more primiti!e bein%.'Q -Contrast /ocial 0arwinism and Christian 4undamentalism'. Social critics and dissenters Who: African=Americans, Habor unionists, /ocialists, 3ro%ressi!es, 4eminists, and writers reco%ni2ed that political, economic, and social chan%es were needed to correct in;ustices and imbalances in E'/' society at the turn of the century -1#DD.' /i%: As cities and industry flourished, many di!erse %roups of people wor)ed, fou%ht and ar%ued for chan%e' (he most important result was the 3ro%ressi!e 6o!ement, 1#DD=1#$D' Immigration at the turn of the centur+ What: 1mmi%ration chan%ed drastically around the comin% of the $D th century, now, <ews, 1talians, Croats, >ree)s, 3oles, and /lo!a)s started to arri!e' Culturally and reli%iously they differed from old American -An%lo. stoc)' Also, many of these new immi%rants were %enerally illiterate people who preferred to wor) in industrial tas)s rather than farmin% duties, they mo!ed to America because Europe seemed to be runnin% out of space for its people to inhabit and because of persecution' 6any Americans profited from this immi%ration as industrialists wanted the low=wa%e labor, states wanted more population, railroads wanted buyers for their land %rants, and the steamship lines wanted more human car%o in their holds, howe!er, some were nati!ists who hated America bein% populated by forei%ners with different lan%ua%es, reli%ions, and customs' 6ost of these immi%rants settled in cities li)e New 8or) and Chica%o e!en thou%h many of these *Hittle 1talys+ and *Hittle 3olands+ became slums, <acob 9iis wrote How the 5ther Half Hi!es to communicate to the American people the li!in% conditions of these poor souls' /i%: (hese new immi%rants filled a demand for cheap labor and they helped spread much European culture to America, also, their immi%ration in part caused many of the slums to be created -due to the immense population increase.' A nati!ist reaction could be seen in the immi%ration laws of the 1#$Ds' 66 >iis? ;o# the Hther ;alf Lives ,1(). Who: <acob 9iis -1J"#=1#1". was a 0anish immi%rant and reporter for the (e 9ork *un' What: How the 5ther Half Hi!es -1J#D. was a powerful account that communicated the terrible li!in% conditions of the New 8or) slums' He told of the dirt, disease, !ice, and misery of the rat=infested slums and con!inced many to attempt to chan%e these awful places' /i%: (his boo) con!inced many to ta)e action and helped fuel the 3ro%ressi!e mo!ement' -ity pro&lems' slumsG mac(ine politicsG 6ater and se6er pro&lems What: (he cities in the early $D th century had many problems that eroded the Auality of life: 1' Criminals flourished' $' /anitary facilities could not )eep up with the population increase which led to impure water, unwashed bodies, uncollected %arba%e, and the lea!in% of animal droppin%s all around the cities' G' (he slums were particularly terrible places to li!e' "' 6achine politics promoted widespread corruption' -3olitical machines such as :oss (weeds (ammany Hall in New 8or) City would pro!ide immi%rants with immediate ser!ices such as clothin%, food, and a place to stay' (hen a ;ob would be found' 1n return, the wor)er would !ote for the bosss candidate in order to maintain the ;ob' (his simple and corrupt system filled a need that the city %o!ernments were unwillin% and incapable of fillin%'. /i%: (hese problems prompted the emer%ence of the 3ro%ressi!e reform mo!ement, includin% the settlement house mo!ement' "ane 1ddams and ;ull ;ouse Who: <ane Addams -1J6D=1#GC. was a sort of urban American saint to some of her admirers and won the Nobel 3eace 3ri2e in 1#G1, she was born into a prosperous 1llinois family as part of the first %eneration of colle%e=educated women' Howe!er, she was re;ected by some people li)e the 0au%hters of the American 9e!olution for her pacifistic attitude in life' What: (he Hull House was established in 1JJ# in Chica%o and it was the most prominent American settlement house' 1t was located in a poor immi%rant nei%hborhood, it offered instruction in En%lish, cultural acti!ities, and counselin% to help these newcomers cope with American bi%=city life' 1n addition to helpin% people meet their immediate needs, Hull House wor)ed for social chan%e, addressin% such issues as child labor, public health reform, %arba%e collection, labor laws and race relations' /i%: (he Hull House influenced other women=founded settlement houses li)e Hillian Walds Henry /treet /ettlement in New 8or) in 1J#G, also in 1J#G, the women of Hull House successfully lobbied for an 1llinois sweatshop law which prohibited child labor and protected women wor)ers' 67 Intellectual and cultural movements and popular entertainment around 1) What: 1' 1ntellectual mo!ements included 3ra%matism, /ocialism, 3ro%ressi!ism $' Cultural mo!ements included the rise of leisure time acti!ities in urban areas: a' sports -baseball, bas)etball, football, bicyclin%. b' the circus c' !aude!ille /i%: (his is a period of %reat cultural ferment as the E'/' ad;usts to an industriali2ed and urbani2ed a%e' /ource: 4orei%n 3olicy 1J#D to 1#1" !in$oism What: <in%oism is a word describin% fanatical nationalism or patriotism, it can also mean bullyin% other countries or usin% whate!er means necessary to safe%uard a countrys national interests, entered E/ !ernacular near the turn of the $D th Century /i%: <in%oism was e!ident in the bi%=na!y ad!ocates, the imperialists, the yellow ;ournalists, and the pro=war faction that led to the /panish=America War' !osep( PulitFer and William Randolp( ?earst -irculation War2Hello6 !ournalism Who: <oseph 3ulit2er and William 9andolph Hearst Where: New 8or) What: <oseph 3ulit2er and William 9andolph Hearst were owners of ri!al newspaper companies, the (e 9ork World -3ulit2er. and the (e 9ork ;ournal -Hearst.' (hey employed sensationalist headlines and articles, without %reat concern for the truth, in order to compete with each other' (heir style was called *yellow ;ournalism'+ /i%: (he press had a lar%e impact on the public' (his was seen durin% the /panish=American warMthe yellow ;ournalism of the papers spread lies about the /panish, causin% public outra%e that propelled America into the war' 1lfred :ha+er 8ahan ,Influence of Sea *o#er upon ;istor+-published 1(). Who: Alfred (hayer 6ahan -1J"D=1#1". What: E/ Na!y officer, %eostrate%ist, educator, he was appointed commander of the new E/ Na!al War Colle%e in 1JJ6, published 1nfluence of /ea 3ower upon History, an or%ani2ed compilation of his lectures, in 1J#D' (he boo)s ar%ument was that in the wars between 4rance and En%land in the 1J th century, domination of the waters throu%h a powerful na!y was a lar%e asset if achie!ed and a harsh setbac) if not' (herefore, control of commerce and trade at sea was critical for national success' 6any Americans ;oined in the demands for a mi%htier na!y and for the American built isthmian canal between the Atlantic and 3acific' >reatness depended on economic power, and economic power depended on sea power' /i%: 9ead by En%lish, >ermans, and <apanese, as well as Americans, 6ahan helped stimulate the na!al race amon% the %reat powers' 6ahan promoted the idea of a bi% na!y, and the E'/' be%an construction of the *%reat white fleet+ -state of the art battleships. in the 1J#Ds' 6J Spanis(*merican War 18>8 Who: /pain and the E'/' What: CAE/E/: press e&a%%erated /panish treatment of Cubans -public outra%e., E// 6aine sun) in Ha!ana Harbor -4eb' 1J#J., press said ship had been blown up by the /panish -public outra%e., and America wished to spread the spirit of independence to oppressed Cuba' E44EC(/: America became an imperial nation, obtainin% Cuba -freed in 1#D$., the 3hilippines, >uam, and 3uerto 9ico' /i%: (he war made the E'/' an imperial o!erseas power, while at the same time creatin% a liability -the 3hilippines.' *$uinaldo and t(e War of t(e P(ilippine Insurrection 188>1>0/ Who: Emilio A%uinaldo and the 4ilipinos, America Where: in the 3hilippines What: (he E/ too) the 3hilippines at the end of the /panish=American War' 1nstead of %rantin% them their independence as e&pected, the E/ had plans to ma)e the 3hilippines an American colony' Emilio A%uinaldo had been declared the first president of the 9epublic but the E'/' would not reco%ni2e his %o!ernment' 11,DDD %round troops of American soldiers had been sent to the islands to occupy them, and tensions rose between them and the 4ilipinos' War bro)e out with brutal battles and lar%e casualties on both sides, the 4ilipinos lost to the Americans but li!ed on to recei!e their independence later -1#"6.' /i%: America was truly an imperial nation, resortin% to brea)in% former ties and resortin% to ruthless war actions in order to attain more land and self=interest' While America was so ea%er to help fi%ht for Cuban independence, they fou%ht ;ust as hard and more to ta)e away 4ilipino independence' *nti Imperialist 0ea$ue 18>8 Who: (he Hea%ue included prominent American leaders, such as the presidents of /tanford and Har!ard Eni!ersities, the no!elist 6ar) (wain, the labor leader /amuel >ompers, and the steel )in% Andrew Carne%ie' What: (he Hea%ue was created to fi%ht the 6cIinley administrations e&pansionist mo!es' 5b;ections to the anne&ation of the 3hilippines included: 1. the 4ilipinos thirst for freedom, $. anne&ation !iolates *consent of the %o!erned+ philosophy accordin% to the 0eclaration of 1ndependence and the Constitution, G. imperialism was costly and was unli)ely to ma)e a profit, and ". anne&ation brou%ht the possibilities for the Enited /tates to %et in!ol!ed needlessly in the political and military cauldron of East Asia' /i%: (here was strenuous and credible opposition to anne&ation of the 3hilippines' :he &ar East? "ohn ;a+ and the Hpen 3oor *olic+ 1())-1) Who: /ecretary of /tate <ohn Hay Where: China What: <ohn Hay dispatched to all %reat powers a communication that ur%ed them to announce that in their areas of influence in China that they respect Chinese territorial inte%rity and fair competition in China' -(he E'/' was a late arri!al in China and the 5pen 0oor was a way to %et into the China trade'. All the %reat powers sa!e 9ussia a%reed to this' -Hater, the E'/' and <apan si%ned the 9oot (a)ahira a%reement in 1#DJ 6# and were parties to the Nine 3ower A%reement in 1#$$, both of which pled%ed both powers to uphold the 5pen 0oor 3olicy in China' As <apan later !iolated the 5pen 0oor with its in!asions of China, the E'/' stubbornly held onto to the 5pen 0oor, while <apan arro%antly re;ected it' (his all contributes to the risin% tensions between the E'/' and <apan, which culminated in 3earl Harbor on 1$=17="1'. /i%: (he 5pen 0oor policy remained a cornerstone of E'/' forei%n policy in Asia until China *fell+ to the Communists in 1#"#'. +(e Panama -anal-onstruction started in 1>0" E completed in 1>1" Who: 3resident (heodore 9oose!elt Where: 3anama What: (he /panish=American War had emphasi2ed the need for the canal across the Central American isthmus' After the 3anama route was decided, a treaty was ne%otiated between the E'/' and a Colombian %o!ernment a%ent' (he Colombian senate re;ected the treaty' (he infuriated 9oose!elt, ea%er to be elected, was an&ious to start the canal in order to impress the !oters' (he 3anama 9e!olution started and Colombian troops were %athered to crush the uprisin%, but E'/ na!al forces would not let them cross the isthmus' 9oose!elt ;ustified this interference by a strained interpretation of the treaty of 1J"6 with Colombia' 4ifteen days later, the new 3anamanian minister si%ned the Hay= :unau=7arilla treaty' (he price of the canal strip was left the same, but the 2one was widened from 6 to 1D miles' Acti!e wor) on the canal be%an in 1#D"' 1n 1#1", the canal pro;ect was completed at the initial cost of about W"DD million' /i%: (he 3anama Canal au%mented the stren%th of the na!y by increasin% its mobility' (he Canal also made easier the defense of such recent acAuisitions as 3uerto 9ico, Hawaii and the 3hilippines, while facilitatin% the operations of the American merchant marine' (he arro%ance of the E'/' alienated Central and /outh Americans' (9 said he too) the Canal Oone, which was not the )ind of sentiment that could be e&pected to en%ender lo!e and respect amon% Hatin nations for the E'/' 1n 1#$1, two years after ('9' died, Con%ress in effect apolo%i2ed to Columbia and paid some conscience money' +4R4 and Russo !apanese War Who: (heodore 9oose!elt Where: 9ussia and <apan What: War with 9ussia and <apan bro)e out in 1#D"' <apan beat 9ussia, but due to internal problems <apan secretly as)ed ('9 to bro)er a peace settlement' At 3ortsmouth, New Hampshire in 1#DC, 9oose!elt %uided the two parties to a settlement' /i%: 9oose!elt recei!ed the Nobel 3eace 3ri2e in 1#D6' 6ore importantly, this was the first modern !ictory of an Asian power o!er a European power and foreshadowed the rise of <apan as the dominant power in Asia in the first half of the $D th century' >oosevelt Corollar+ ,logical extension. to the 8onroe 3octrine 1)7-5 Where: :ecame effecti!e when the E'/' too) o!er the mana%ement of tariff collections in the 0ominican 9epublic' What: Hatin American debt defaults prompted 9oose!elt to be in!ol!ed in affairs south of the border' 9oose!elt feared that if :ritish or >ermans became bill collectors, they mi%ht stay in Hatin America, which would strictly %o a%ainst the 6onroe 0octrine' He then declared a policy of *pre!enti!e inter!ention+ which was better )nown as the 9oose!elt Corollary to the 6onroe 0octrine' 9oose!elt announced that in the e!ent that a future financial malfeasance by a Hatin American nation, the E'/' would inter!ene, ta)e 7D o!er the customhouses, pay off the debts, and )eep Europeans on the other side of the Atlantic' /i%: (his spea)s to the hea!y=handed forei%n policy of (9, which created bitterness in Hatin nations to the south of the E'/' 4uture presidents would send troops into Cuba, Haiti, the 0ominican 9epublic, Nicara%ua, and 6e&ico for !arious reasons, further alienatin% Hatin peoples +aft :in office 1>0>1,< and 7Dollar Diplomacy9 What: Efforts of the Enited /tates M particularly under 3resident William Howard (aft==to further its forei%n policy aims in Hatin America and East Asia throu%h use of economic power' *0ollar diplomacy+ used American in!estments in Hatin America and Asia rather than military mi%ht to achie!e forei%n policy ob;ecti!es' /i%: Compare (9s *:i% /tic)+ diplomacy, (afts *0ollar 0iplomacy,+ and Wilsons *6oral 0iplomacy'+ All three presidents used differin% approaches to forei%n policy, with mi&ed results' <ilson and moral diplomac+ ,in office 1)1/--1. Who: 3resident Woodrow Wilson What: Wilson detested the *dollar diplomacy+ of the (aft administration and instituted a new forei%n policy of moral diplomacy' He proclaimed that the E/ wouldnt offer special support to American in!estors in Hatin America and China' Wilson wanted to impro!e forei%n relations throu%h moral persuasion, where human -not property. ri%hts were more important' /i%: (his policy of moral diplomacy was e!ident in Wilsons dealin%s with Hatin America, the 6e&ican 9e!olution, and World War 1' (his reflects Wilsonian idealism that, when coupled with his stubbornness, did not ser!e him well' -1n spite of his idealism, he sent troops into the Caribbean and 6e&ico on se!eral occasions, and in the end he too) the nation into World War 1 in 1#17'. 3ro%ressi!e Era 1#DD=1#$D *rogressivism ,#ho the+ #ereJ #hat their goals #ereJ include their disli6e for Social 3ar#inism. Who: 6ostly middle class men and women -and lar%ely white and urban. Where: E'/'A' -especially bi% cities such as Chica%o and New 8or). What: (he pro%ressi!e mo!ement of the early 1#DDs in!ol!ed both men and women wor)in% at all le!els of %o!ernment to achie!e many reforms' (he cities were literally filthy and corruption was common at both the local and state le!els' :i% business was rapacious -%reedy. and uncontrolled' (he 3ro%ressi!es responded Auite well to myriad tas)s -e&cept ;ustice for African=Americans.' (he *6uc)ra)ers+ were one aspect of this mo!ements reform=mindedness, with writers e&posin% the social, political, and economic ills of the nation' 4urther, some pro%ressi!es used appeals to Christian morals to impro!e life for the poor, and 4eminists fou%ht for temperance and womens suffra%e' -An ar%ument could be made that the ori%ins of 3ro%ressi!ism are to be found amon% white, urban, middle=class people who felt threatened by filthy cities, corruption, bi% and %reedy corporations, a hu%e alien immi%rant population, and socialist a%itation for the destruction of capitalism' (hus the 3ro%ressi!e 6o!ement arose out of the fear of many Americans' (his is merely an ar%ument that ma)es some sense'. /i%: 3ro%ressi!ism achie!ed many lastin% triumphs in consumer protection, conser!ation of natural resources, control of corporations, %ettin% rid of corruption, 71 installin% capable and honest %o!ernment, welfare laws for women, children, and laborers, and laws that brou%ht more political power to the people -e'%', direct election of senators, the secret ballot, the initiati!e, referendum, and recall, and the !ote for women.' !o(n De6ey and Pra$matism 1880s on What: <ohn 0ewey, educator, philosopher, and psycholo%ist, is reco%ni2ed as one of the founders of the philosophical school of *3ra%matism+ -alon% with William <ames.' (he essential premise of pra%matism is that the *truth+ is to be determined by what wor)s and what does not wor)' 3ra%matism is interacti!e, meanin% that human)ind interacts with the en!ironment and throu%h that interaction mo!es forward and ma)es impro!ements' -1n the area of education, 0ewey is best )nown for the idea that children learn by doin%'. /i%: 3ra%matism is Americas home=%rown philosophy that reflects the practical, down=to=earth approach that has come to characteri2e American self= sufficiency and indi!iduality' :oth 3ro%ressi!es and 3ra%matists support the pro%ressi!e impro!ement of ci!ili2ation throu%h the application of reason, especially scientific reason, and human will' Bood Bovernment League,s. ,local government cleans up corruption. Who: Hocal %o!ernments in the E'/' When: 1#DD=1#16 What: At the local le!el, people formed *>ood >o!ernment Hea%ues+ to root out corruption at the local %o!ernment le!el and install honest and efficient politicians and administrators' /i%: Combine this with 3ro%ressi!e achie!ements at the state le!el -initiati!e, referendum, recall. and the national le!el -!arious laws, antitrust actions, constitutional amendments. and you ha!e a picture of the pro%ressi!es at all le!els of %o!ernment -national, state, local.' Initiative, >eferendum, >ecall ,state and local government changes. Who and Where: 3ro%ressi!es in both ma;or parties, in all re%ions, at the state and local le!els of %o!ernment' What: (hese reformers fa!ored the *initiati!e+ so !oters could directly enact le%islation, bypassin% the corrupt state le%islatures' 3ro%ressi!es also wanted *referendum+ to allow the common people to !ote on laws bein% proposed by le%islatures' (he *recall+ %a!e the !oters the ri%ht to remo!e corrupt or incompetent' /i%: (he initiati!e and referendum -not the recall. were 3opulist %oals of the 1J#Ds, reali2ed durin% the 3ro%ressi!e Era' (hese acts would allow the common people to ha!e more power in this new a%e where corruption was too often standard beha!ior of politicians' -Also add direct election of senators to these three for more *pure+ democracy durin% the 3ro%ressi!e Era'. 8uc6ra6ers Earl+ 1)s Who: Educated ;ournalists and writers such as Epton /inclair -(he <un%le, 1#D6., Hincoln /teffens -(he /hame of the Cities, 1#D"., and 1da (arbell -(he History of the /tandard 5il Company, 1#D". What: /ocially and politically conscious ;ournalists, publishers and writers who used ma%a2ines, newspapers and other forms of publishin% as a !ehicle to e&pose business and social in;ustices, they campai%ned for honesty in %o!ernment and business' 1mportant periodicals included ma%a2ines such as McClure<s and brou%ht to li%ht the 7$ problems in areas such as corruption in %o!ernment, underhanded practices allyin% businesses and city %o!ernments, railroad and trusts monopoli2ation of business and politics, prostitution, child labor, and problems in the medicinal field' /i%: (he 6uc)ra)ers were instrumental in e&posin% problems in society and raisin% the public consciousness which empowered the powerful pro%ressi!e !otin% bloc) to be more effecti!e' 3pton Sinclair and +(e !un$le ,1)$. Where: Chica%o meat processin% plants' What: (his no!el by Epton /inclair describes the life of a family of Hithuanian immi%rants wor)in% in Chica%os stoc) yards durin% the end of the 1# th century' 3ublic outra%e followed publication, and 9oose!elt sent Commissioner Charles 3' Neill and social wor)er <ames 9eynolds to Chica%o to ma)e !isits to meat pac)in% facilities' (hey were dis%usted by the conditions at the factories and at the harsh treatment the wor)ers endured, and reported bac) to 9oose!elt' After this, the 4ood and 0ru% Act and the 6eat 1nspection Act were enacted -1#D6.' 1ronically, /inclair, a socialist, was disappointed with the laws because they did not address the wor)in% conditions of the wor)ers' -?1 aimed at the public@s heart, and by accident 1 hit it in the stomach'?. /i%: (his boo) was the basis of educatin% the nation about the corrupt meat pac)in% businesses, the inhuman treatment of the wor)ers' 9oose!elt became a supporter of the re%ulation of the meat pac)in% industry' (he boo) was also the inspiration for the 4ood and 0ru% Act and the 6eat 1nspection Act of 1#D6' Lincoln Steffens and :he Shame of the Cities ,1)7. What: (he /hame of the Cities sou%ht to e&pose public corruption in many ma;or cities' (he wor) consists of articles written for the ma%a2ine McClure=s in 1#D$ -boo) published in 1#D". in one collection' His %oal was to pro!o)e public outcry and thus promote reform' /i%: (he boo) is considered one of the first primary e&les of muc)ra)in% and contributed to the %ood %o!ernment mo!ement to install honest and efficient %o!ernments at local and state le!els' Ida :arbell and :he ;istor+ of the Standard Hil Compan+ ,1)7. What: Also published first in 6cClures, (arbells muc)ra)in% History was moti!ated by her fathers destruction at the hands of 9oc)efeller and /tandard 5il' /i%: 3ro%ressi!e outra%e a%ainst corporate abuse was hei%htened by this wor)' 3resident (aft filed an antitrust action a%ainst /tandard 5il, and in 1#11 it was ordered to be bro)en up into G" companies because it was deemed to be a monopoly in restraint of trade and in !iolation of the /herman Antitrust Act of 1J#D' *ure &ood and 3rug 1ct of 1)$ What: (his act was desi%ned to pre!ent the contamination and mislabelin% or pac)a%in% of foodstuffs, this act prohibited the manufacture, sale, or transportation of contaminated food products or poisonous patented medicines' (his law was enacted because of public education by people such as Epton /inclair, (heodore 9oose!elt, and the wor)ers in the companies' /i%: (his act was a bi% step toward nationwide )nowled%e of hy%iene and clean food, and %a!e the %o!ernment the ;urisdiction o!er food in interstate commerce' (his act also created the 4ood and 0ru% Administration' 4inally, this act represents the 7G continuation of a relati!ely new acti!ityM%o!ernmental re%ulation and o!ersi%ht of business' 8eat Inspection 1ct of 1)$ What: (his decreed that the preparation of meat shipped in interstate commerce would be inspected before shipped off, and any product unfit for human consumption would be confiscated and condemned' (his law was made partly in response to Epton /inclairs (he <un%le' /i%: (his act standardi2ed and re%ulated the meat industry and the formation of the E/ 0epartment of A%ricultures inspection methods' Alon% with the 3ure 4ood and 0ru% Act, this represents (9s commitment to protect the consumer -one of (9s GCs.' El6ins 1ct 1)/ What: (he El)ins Act imposed hea!y fines on the railroads that %a!e rebates and on shippers that accepted them' /i%: Control of Corporations -one of (9s GCs. 4urther, it demonstrated the 3ro%ressi!e notion that the re%ulation of bi% business was a le%itimate end of %o!ernment' ;epburn 1ct 1)$ What: Ender the Hepburn Act, Lfree passes@ were se!erely restricted' (he 1nterstate Commerce Commission was e&panded and its reach was e&tended to include e&press companies, sleepin%=car companies, and pipelines' (he 1CC could set ma&imum railroad shippin% rates on complaint of shippers' /i%: Control of Corporations -one of (9s GCs. 2oo6er :0 <ashington ,2lac6 educator and author. and the E1tlanta CompromiseF Speech of 1()5 When: 0ominant from 1JJD=1#1C What: :oo)er (' Washin%ton was called an *accommodationist+ because in petitionin% for blac) ri%hts, he stopped short of directly challen%in% white supremacy' He was called in 1JJ1 to head a blac) school in (us)e%ee, Alabama because he belie!ed firmly in education' 1n his 1J#C speech )nown as the *Atlanta Compromise,+ he soothed /outhern fears by sayin% that education, which %a!e blac)s an opportunity for economic security, was more !aluable to them than hi%her education, political office, or social status' His race would coe&ist with whites *by the productions of our hands'+ Washin%ton differed from another :lac) leader, W'E':' 0u:ois, who belie!ed that :oo)er (' Washin%ton was too soft' 0u:ois belie!ed that hi%her education and social status was the )ey to blac) eAuality' 0u:ois was a radical compared to Washin%ton' Hear how Washin%ton effecti!ely accepted <im Crow in his Atlanta Compromise speech, and then put yourself in the shoes of 0u:ois: >!he isest among my race understand that the agitation o" ?uestions o" social e?uality is the e@tremist "olly- and that progress in the enAoyment o" all the privileges that ill come to us must be the result o" severe and constant struggle rather than o" arti"icial "orcing. . . . 1n all things that are purely social e can be as separate as the "ingers- yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress.> /i%: Washin%ton and 0u:ois to%ether reflect the contrast in approaches to ;ustice for African=Americans, with Washin%ton adoptin% an *accommodationist+ approach that was detested by 0u:ois and his followers' 7" <0E020 3u2ois and the 4iagara 8ovement When: around 1J#D=1#$D What: W'E':' 0u:ois was an educator, writer, and ci!il ri%hts acti!ist' His (he /ouls of :lac) 4ol) -1#DG. set in words many of his ideas' He was the first African American to %raduate with a 3h'0' from Har!ard and thusly belie!ed in hi%her education and economicFpolitical ;ustice no#. He also founded the NAACP, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. He was opposed to Booker T. Washington who elieved in gradualism and change coming at its own pace. !uBois even proposed his idea in a "talented tenth,# that one$tenth of African Americans should e immediatel% granted complete access to mainstream America&s social and educational rights. !uBois rought aout the "Niagara 'ovement# in ()*+, which renounced :oo)er (' Washin%ton@s accommodation policies set forth in his famed ?Atlanta Compromise? speech ten years earlier' (he Nia%ara 6o!ement@s manifesto is, in the words of 0u:ois, ?We want full manhood suffra%e and we want it now'''' We are men\ We want to be treated as men' And we shall win'? 5n <uly 11 thru 1", 1#DC on the Canadian side of Nia%ara 4alls, twenty=nine men met and formed a %roup they called the Nia%ara 6o!ement' (he name came because of the location and the ?mi%hty current? of protest they wished to unleash which denounced :oo)er (s *Atlanta Compromise+ and championed for blac) suffra%e immediately' (he Nia%ara 6o!ement led to the formation of the National Association for the Ad!ancement of Colored 3eople -NAAC3. in 1#D#' /i%: 0u :ois was one of Americas %reat African=American leaders who was uncompromisin% and coura%eous' His wor) led to the NAAC3 which championed blac) ri%hts for the remainder of the $D th centur%. 4ational 1ssociation for the 1dvancement of Colored *eopleA 1))-*resent What: 4ounded by W' E' :' 0u:ois in 1#D#, the NAAC3 demanded that the *talented tenth+ of the blac) community be %i!en full and immediate access to the mainstream of American life' 5!er the years the main tactic of the NAAC3 was le%al action that challen%ed <im Crow and other discriminatory laws' (he chief !ictory was in the 1#C" decision, :rown !' :oard of Education, which declared the *separate but eAual+ doctrine of 3lessy !' 4er%uson -1J#6. to be unconstitutional' (hat decision be%an the process of school dese%re%ation' (hur%ood 6arshall, a NAAC3 attorney on the case, became the first blac) <ustice on the /upreme Court' /i%: Contrast the more a%%ressi!e stance of 0u :oises NAAC3 with Washin%tons Atlanta Compromise approach -*accommodation+.' (he N'A'A'C'3' was and is a leader in the fi%ht to achie!e ;ustice for African=Americans' 8arcus Barve+91frican-1merican Leader When: 1#$Ds Where: 3rimarily New 8or) What: <amaican=born political leader that founded the Enited Ne%ro 1mpro!ement Association -EN1A. to promote the resettlement of American blac)s in their own *African homeland+ -Hiberia.Mthis was the *bac)=to=Africa+ mo!ement in the post=World War 1 period' (oward this end, he formed the ill=fated :lac) /tar Hine, a shippin% company' (he EN1A also sponsored stores and other businesses to )eep blac) dollars in blac) poc)ets, but most of the businesses failed' >ar!ey was con!icted for mail 7C fraud and was deported to his nati!e <amaica -he was not a E'/' citi2en.' While mismana%ement was a certainty, there is speculation that his trial and con!iction was politically prompted by <' Ed%ar Hoo!er and the 4':'1' -then the :ureau of 1n!esti%ation Mnot 4':'1' until 1#GC.' /i%: >ar!ey was more international in his !ision' He was amon% the first to mount an offensi!e a%ainst European colonialism in Africa' >ar!ey founded a million= member or%ani2ation that %a!e racial pride and self=confidence to blac)s' He foreshadowed the *blac) pride+ mo!ement of the 1#6Ds' CompareB Washington )ork hard ith your hands and CaccommodateD+- Du/ois )"ight "or e?ual rights+- and Garvey )separate "rom the hites and have your on businesses and country+. )!his is your late %E th and early '5 th century essay anser to a ?uestion involving #"rican6#merican response to inAustice.+ +(eodore Roosevelts 7SIuare Deal951>010> What: 3resident (heodore 9oose!elt -(9. was interested in the well bein% of the public and created a broad pro%ram referred to as the *(hree Cs'+ (hey were: 1. Control of the corporations 1n 1#D$, (9s plan was tested at the outbrea) of the anthracite coal stri)e in 3ennsyl!ania' He wor)ed out a compromise of a 1D percent pay boost for the miners and a wor)in% day of nine hours after threatening mine owners with usin% troops to operate the mines and as)in% Wall /treet to dump mine company stoc)' -(his was the first time a president stood between mana%ement and labor and did not merely side with mana%ement'. Here is the ori%in of the 1#D" presidential campai%n phrase, *sAuare deal'+ (he phrase relates to his attemptin% to establish a *sAuare deal+ between mana%ement and labor, specifically referrin% to his settlement of the anthracite coal stri)e of 1#D$' (he phrase can be e&panded to include what (9 did under the *GCs'+ (9 also was en%a%ed in *trust=bustin%+ under the /herman Antitrust Act of 1J#D' Notably was the (orthern *ecurities Case of 1#D"' <' 3' 6or%an and <ames <' Hill, amon% others, formed a monopolistic trust composed of !arious northern railroads' (9 sued them and in 1#D" the /upreme Court ordered the dissolution -brea)up. of the trust' -/i%: (he (orthern *ecurities case was one of the earliest and most important antitrust cases and pro!ided important le%al precedents for many later cases'. (9 promoted railroad re%ulation with the El)ins Act of 1#DG, which %a!e hea!y fines to railroads and shippers who %ranted or recei!ed rebates, and the Hepburn Act of 1#D6 which restricted a )ind of bribery==free railroad passes' $. Consumer protection (he 6eat 1nspection Act of 1#D6 and the 3ure 4ood and 0ru% Act of 1#D6 should be cited here' G. Conser!ation of natural resources' (he Newlands Act of 1#D$ used the profit from the sale of public lands for irri%ation pro;ects in the /outhwest' (he :rown 3elican 9efu%e, the nations first wildlife refu%e, was established in 4lorida in 1#DG' 4inally, 1$C million acres of forests were set aside for federal reser!es' /i%: (9 be%an the process that continued for the remainder of E'/' History: usin% an ener%etic national %o!ernment to do what is reAuired to control corporations, protect the consumer, and conser!e natural resources' /tart ener%etic and intrusi!e 76 national %o!ernment acti!ities with (9, and then reener%i2e them under 409 and the New 0eal' :heodore >oosevelt!s 4e# 4ationalism-1)1-1)1- What: (9, out of office since 1#D#, ran on a third party tic)et, the 3ro%ressi!e *:ull 6oose,+ a%ainst (aft -9ep. and Wilson -0em.' 0urin% the campai%n of 1#1$, 9oose!elt and Wilson had two !arieties of pro%ressi!ism' Wilsons plan was called *New 4reedom+ and (9s was *New Nationalism+' (9s plan was rooted in Herbert Crolys boo), !he Promise o" #merican Li"e -1#1D., in which continued consolidation of businesses and labor unions would be paralleled by the %rowth of powerful re%ulatory a%encies in Washin%ton' -(hus bi% wasnt bad as lon% as it was re%ulated' (his should be contrasted with Wilsons *New 4reedom+ which promised neutrali2ation if not entire destruction of bi% business !ia antitrust actions and a return to an earlier period where smaller businesses competed in a free and open mar)etplace' (he 3ro%ressi!e (9 wanted re%ulation of bi% business, the 3ro%ressi!e Wilson wanted to promote small business enterprises'. 0urin% the election (9 also ar%ued for womens suffra%e and a broad pro%ram of social welfare which included minimum wa%e and social insurance' /i%: (he New Nationalism and the 3ro%ressi!es loo)ed forward to the )ind of acti!ist welfare state that 4ran)lin 9oose!elts New 0eal would one day ma)e a reality' *inchot-2allinger Controvers+ When: 1#1D What: When /ecretary of 1nterior 9ichard :allin%er opened coal fields in Alas)a to corporate de!elopment, he an%ered >ifford 3inchot, the Chief 4orester and a friend of (9' 3inchot spo)e out, and 3resident (aft fired him for insubordination, which an%ered en!ironmentalists and pro%ressi!es, includin% (9' -1n!esti%ation re!ealed no impropriety by :allin%er but he remained under a cloud of suspicion'. /i%: (his contro!ersy hei%htened the %rowin% rift within 9epublican ran)s between (9 and (aft supporters' -1n 1#1$, (9 ran separately and split the 9epublican !ote, causin% the 0emocrat Wilson to be elected with less than CD] of the popular !ote'. :he *a+ne-1ldrich :ariff ,1)). What: (his act was the first modification of tariff laws since the 0in%ley (ariff of 1J#7' 3resident (heodore 9oose!elt had simply a!oided the issue durin% his tenure' (aft and the 9epublicans promised a lower tariff in the 1#DJ campai%n, but the resultin% 3ayne=Aldrich (ariff of 1#D# only lowered the %eneral rate from "6 to "1 percent' While lower than the !ery hi%h 6cIinley (ariff of 1J#D, this tariff was still protectionist' (aft called it the best tariff e!er passed by 9epublicans, thus an%erin% 0emocrats and 3ro%ressi!e 9epublicans' /i%: (he stru%%le o!er 3ayne=Aldrich clearly identified the %rowin% fissures within the 9epublican 3arty' (he pro%ressi!e or insur%ent element was %rowin% away from the >'5'3' 5ld >uard' (his is another e&le that helps e&plain the brea)up of the 9epublican 3arty in the election of 1#1$' Customs ,tariffs. as chief source of revenue before income tax What: *4or nearly 1$C years, tariffs funded !irtually the entire %o!ernment, and paid for the nation@s early %rowth and infrastructure' (he territories of Houisiana and 5re%on, 4lorida and Alas)a were purchased, the National 9oad from Cumberland, 6aryland, to Wheelin%, West 7ir%inia, was constructed' ' ' ' Customs collections built the nation@s li%hthouses, the E'/' military and na!al academies, the City of Washin%ton, 77 and, the list %oes on' (he new nation that once teetered on the ed%e of ban)ruptcy was now sol!ent' :y 1JGC, Customs re!enues alone had reduced the national debt to 2ero\+ -(his is a Auote from the E'/' Customs self=%lorifyin% website'. /ince 1#1G the income ta& rose to become the nations chief source of re!enue' /i%: (ariffs were the chief source of federal re!enue up to 1#1G' (hus the tariff battles were a si%nificant part of E'/' History, pittin% class a%ainst class, re%ion a%ainst re%ion, farmer a%ainst industry' <ilson!s 4e# &reedom 1)1--17 Who: 3resident Woodrow Wilson What: (he policy promoted antitrust action, downward tariff re!ision, and reform in ban)in% and currency matters' 1' (ariffs Wilson supported the Enderwood (ariff and reduced the basic Enited /tates tariff rates from the 3ayne=Aldrich rate of "1] to $7]' 1t was part of the 9e!enue Act of 1#1G which included an income ta& authori2ed by the recently ratified 16 th Amendment' $' :an)in% 5ne of his %reatest achie!ements was the passa%e of the 4ederal 9eser!e Act of 1#1G, which created the system that pro!ided the framewor) for re%ulatin% the nation@s ban)s, credit, and money supply today' G' Enions He supported the Clayton Antitrust Act, 1#1", which was an amendment to the /herman Antitrust Act of 1J#D' /elf=dealin%, lar%e, interloc)in% directorates were prohibited' 6ore importantly, labor unions and a%ricultural cooperati!es could no lon%er be treated as a combination in *restraint of trade'+ -(he national %o!ernment used the 1J#D act a%ainst unions and stri)ers, ar%uin% that they were actin% in *restraint of trade'+ (he %o!ernments position was contrary to the spirit and intent of the act, which was to pre!ent abuse by trusts or monopolies'. (he Clayton Act restricted the use of the in;unction a%ainst labor, and it le%ali2ed peaceful stri)es, pic)etin%, and boycotts' (he Clayton Act has been called the 6a%na Carta -declaration of ri%hts. of the American labor mo!ement' /i%: Wilsons achie!ements were lastin%' (oday: 1. the income ta& is the principal source of E'/' federal re!enue, $. unions and their peaceful acti!ities are le%al and protected, G. (he 4ederal 9eser!e /ystem is the foundation of the nations money supply' -Compare with 409s le%acy: nine pro%rams still operati!e today'. )ederal +rade -ommission :)+-< and Wilson What: (he 4(C -1#1". is an independent a%ency of the Enited /tates %o!ernment' 1ts principal mission is the pre!ention of unfair or anticompetiti!e business practices' (he 4(C contains a bipartisan body of fi!e members appointed by the 3resident of the Enited /tates for se!en year terms' (his Commission was authori2ed to issue Cease and Desist orders to lar%e corporations to curb unfair trade practices' /i%: (he 4ederal (rade Commission was one of 3resident Wilson@s le%islati!e actions desi%ned to promote fair competition' (he 4(C is consistent with Wilsons New 4reedom a%enda' 7J )ederal Reserve *ct 1>1, What: (he 4ederal 9eser!e /ystem is the central ban) of the Enited /tates' Wilson supported the creation of the 4ederal 9eser!e :oard -49:. throu%h a law passed in 1#1G, char%in% the 49: with a responsibility to foster a sound ban)in% system and a healthy economy' (here are 1$ 4ederal 9eser!e :an)s nationwide, each issuin% standard paper money' (he 49: re%ulates the amount of currency in circulation throu%h !arious de!ices, includin% settin% the interest that ban)s are char%ed for borrowin% money from a 4ederal 9eser!e ban)' -1f the rate is hi%h, there will be less spendin% and the economy will cool, if the rate is low, there will be more spendin% and the economy will heat upM accordin% to the macroeconomic theory that supports current 49: thin)in%'. /i%: (he 4ederal 9eser!e Act is one of Wilsons most important achie!ements, creatin% a national ban)in% system that has endured for almost one hundred years' Pro$ressive 8ra -onstitutional *mendments :16 t(rou$( 1>< What: (he pro%ressi!es hea!ily influenced Amendments 16=1# of the Constitution' (he 16 th Amendment -1#1G. authori2es income ta&es' (he 17 th Amendment -1#1G. pro!ides for the direct election of /enators by the people of a state rather than their selection by a state le%islature' (he 1J th Amendment -1#1#. established prohibition' (he 1# th Amendment -1#$D. prohibits both the federal %o!ernment and the states from usin% a person@s se& as a Aualification to !ote' /i%: (hese important reforms were achie!ed at the national le!els and pro!ed the power of the pro%ressi!e reformers' <omen!s roles? famil+, #or6place, education, politics, and reform ,*rogressive Era. Who: Women of the 3ro%ressi!e Era What: 1. :y 1#1D, about "D percent of Americans who attended colle%e were women' $. Women established the settlement house mo!ement, the womens club mo!ement, and literary clubs' Women who fou%ht for laws to protect wor)ers, women, and children in the wor)place defended their acti!ities on the basis that such a%itation was consistent with the maternal role of the housewife who is merely protectin% her family' G. Women fou%ht for abstinence from alcohol and founded the Womens Christian (emperance Enion in 1J7"' (he WC(E emphasi2ed an attac) a%ainst alcohol but was acti!e in many other reform mo!ements includin% protection of women and children at wor) and at home, and the ri%ht to !ote' /i%: At a time when women could not !ote or hold political office, they pro!ed themsel!es to be a !ital element of the 3ro%ressi!e Era' (heir actions foreshadowed their future influence in e!ery sphere of life' (heir wor) empowered them and brou%ht them %reater eAuality, as well as needed reforms to American life' World War 1 World War I' -auses of 34S4 participation in What: Culturally, Americans were closer to :ritain than >ermany, trade with :ritain s)yroc)eted, while trade with >ermany dropped to almost nothin%, :ritain !iolated property ri%hts on the hi%h seas, while >ermany !iolated human ri%hts throu%h its conduct of submarine warfare a%ainst merchant ships' While the E'/' wanted to stay out of the war, when the >ermans be%an sin)in% E'/' ships in 6arch, 1#17, Wilson too) the E'/' to war' 7# /i%: (he E'/' stayed out of the war for almost three years, yet due to support for :ritain and the submarine warfare of >ermany, the E'/' finally %ot in!ol!ed' @eutral in t(ou$(t and action' pro&lems due to ties to 8n$land Who: Enited /tates -En%land as well. What: After war bro)e out in Europe in 1#1", 3resident Wilson issued a neutrality proclamation' (he :ritish were upset with this decision since they were culturally, lin%uistically, and economically connected to the E'/' (he :ritish be%an forcin% American !essels into their ports for trade' (he >ermans announced a submarine war 2one' (hey san) the Lusitania, in which 1$J Americans died, and issued the #rabic and *usse@ pled%es to not attac) unarmed ships' Wilson as)ed the E'/' people to be neutral in thou%ht and deed, but close relationships with :ritain made that impossible' 4urther, the :ritish bloc)ade caused business with >ermany to fall off tremendously and %o up se!eral times o!er with the :ritish' /i%: (he ties with :ritain, alon% with the :ritish bloc)ade, were too stron% to remain neutral in thou%ht and deed' :y the time of E'/' entry into the war in 1#17, the E'/' was not in fact neutral, and both sides )new thatMit was only a matter of time before the E'/' would be suc)ed into the fi%ht, and the >ermans prompted E'/' entry when it be%an to sin) our ships in 6arch, 1#17' 1rabic *ledge 1)15 What: (he :ritish liner, #rabic, was sun) in Au%ust 1#1C by >ermans with the loss of $ American li!es' (he >ermans pled%ed to not attac) passen%er ships without %i!in% proper warnin%' /i%: (he >erman !iolation of human ri%hts on the hi%h seas was a source of contro!ersy and finally war' Sussex *ledge 1)1$ What: (he >ermans torpedoed the 4rench passen%er ship, *usse@. /i%: (he >ermans bro)e the Arabic pled%e and Wilson threatened to ;oin the war' (he >ermans made yet another pled%eMthe /usse& 3led%e' 1n 4ebruary 1#17, >ermany, in a desperate need to brea) the :ritish bloc)ade, announced unrestricted sub warfare, and by April the E'/' declared war after losin% se!eral ships to >erman submarines' =irt( of * @ation relatin$ racism and proDDD 1>11 What: While a technically ad!anced film, :irth of A Nation -1#1C. by 0'W' >riffith was a blatantly racist mo!ie that %lorified the Iu Ilu& Ilan' /i%: (he mo!ie promoted racism and the reemer%ence of the III after WW1' War =oards :WWI< Who: 3resident Wilson What: War 1ndustries :oard of 1#17=1J was meant to pro!ide a national plan for the or%ani2ation of the labor and factory efforts to aid the War effort' (he W1: was lar%ely cooperati!e, with the W1: wor)in% with industry to ma&imi2e production by increasin% producti!ity and resol!in% labor disputes to a!oid stri)es' Comin% late in the War, it was relati!ely ineffecti!e' /i%: (he War 1ndustries :oard was a step toward national mana%ement of the pri!ate sector for war' -War boards arose a%ain with %reater authority to ration %oods durin% WW11'. JD <<I on the ;ome &ront 1)17-1)1( What: 1. 1ndustrial 3roduction: 4actories were reor%ani2ed to ma)e bombs and %uns' A popular sayin% was *Habor Will Win the War+ and the War 0epartment, in 1#1J, said *wor) or fi%ht+ threatenin% all unemployed people with the draft' $. Women' Women %ained a %reater foothold in the wor)place' With many new ;obs openin% up, women came forward to fill them' G. A%riculture' Accompanyin% the boom in manufacturin% was a boom in a%riculture' Herbert Hoo!er headed up the 4ood Administration and introduced a number of policies li)e *meatless (uesdays+ and the %rowin% of *!ictory %ardens+ to aid the war effort' ". Ener%y' (he 4uel Administration also adopted such efforts to %reat success' C. War bonds' (he lar%e=scale sale of war bonds helped %reatly in fundin% the war' 6. (he 0raft' 5ne problem was the shorta%e of troops' :ecause of this a draft bill was be%un, reAuirin% all males between 1J and "C years of a%e to si%n up and nobody could hire a replacement: only men in industries such as shipbuildin% were e&empt' 7. Anti=>ermanFanti=/ocialist sentiment' (here was much anti=>erman and anti=/ocialist sentiment in the E'/' durin% the war' Con%ress passed the Espiona%e Act of 1#17 and the /edition Act of 1#1J and prosecuted people who spo)e out a%ainst the war' (his was upheld by the Enited /tates /upreme Court in Sc(enc; v4 3nited States, $"# E'/' "7 -1#1#., in which <ustice Holmes asserted the *clear and present dan%er+ test: ?(he Auestion in e!ery case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present dan%er that they will brin% about the substanti!e e!ils that Con%ress has a ri%ht to pre!ent'? /i%: While women %enerally returned to the homes after the war, their contribution furthered their Auest for the !ote -1# th Amendment, 1#$D.' (he War 1ndustries :oard, the 4uel Administration, and the 4ood Administration demonstrated the national %o!ernments willin%ness to or%ani2e and mana%e the pri!ate economy in wartime' (his would occur a%ain in WW11' -(he draft in WW11 was started before the war, it occurred durin% the war in WW1' 4urther, control of the economy by the %o!ernment was much %reater durin% WW11'. (he hysterical fear of espiona%e would reappear in WW11 with the internment of the <apanese' Wilsons )ourteen Points!anuary 8# 1>18 Who: 3resident Woodrow Wilson deli!ered the 4ourteen 3oints Address to the E'/' Con%ress' What: (he 4ourteen 3oints were the proposals of 3resident Woodrow Wilson desi%ned to establish the basis for a ;ust and lastin% peace followin% the !ictory of the Allies in World War 1' /ome of the more important points were: -1. abolition of secret diplomacy by open covenants, openl+ arrived at Psecret alliances were a cause of WW1Q -". reduction of armaments Pan arms race was a cause of WW1Q -1G. an independent *oland, #ith access to the sea P*access+ became the 0an2i% corridor, which became a reason for the >erman in!asion of 3oland in 1#G#Q J1 -1". creation of a general association of nations to %i!e mutual %uarantees of political independence and territorial inte%rity -this led to the Hea%ue of Nations. /i%: (he 4ourteen 3oints held out hopes for a lastin% peace, self=determination for pre!iously sub;u%ated minorities, and an international or%ani2ation that would ensure a peaceful future world' (he Allies, howe!er, were too interested in punishin% >ermany, and the E'/' /enate bal)ed at the Hea%ue of Nations' (he E'/' /enate did not a%ree to the terms of the (reaty of 7ersailles, lar%ely because of the Hea%ue' -(he E'/' si%ned a separate peace with >ermany in 1#$1'. (he idealistic Wilson was swept away by European realpolitik and the E'/' /enates fear of forei%n entan%lements' ;enr+ Cabot Lodge ,1(5-1)-7. Who: E' /' /enator Henry Cabot Hod%e What: Chairman of the /enate 4orei%n 9elations Committee who led the successful fi%ht a%ainst American participation in the Hea%ue of Nations proposed by 3resident Woodrow Wilson at the close of World War 1' His reason was membership in the world peace)eepin% or%ani2ation would threaten the so!erei%nty of the Enited /tates by bindin% the nation to international commitments it would not or could not )eep' /i%: (he Hea%ue of Nations was established anyway, but only lasted about twenty years until WW11' -(he E'N' was created in 1#"C: where the E'/' did not ;oin the Hea%ue, it created the E'N'Mthis is a hu%e contrast between WW1 and WW1'. :reat+ of =ersailles League of 4ations ,including 1rticle K. 1)1) Who: E'/' and !arious nations in!ol!ed in WW1, includin% >ermany' What: (he Hea%ue of Nations was Wilsons ultimate %oal for lastin% peace in his fourteen points' He en!isioned an assembly with seats for all nations and a council to be controlled by the %reat powers' (he /enate denied the peace treaty, alon% with the Hea%ue of Nations, twice' (he leaders of the other ?:i% 4our? nations :ritain, 4rance and 1taly resisted many of Wilsons proposals for the post war world that he had outlined in his 4ourteen 3oints and insisted that >ermany pay reparations for startin% the war' Wilson was thin)in% peace while they were thin)in% punishment and reparations' Wilson did succeed, howe!er, in ma)in% sure that his proposal for a Hea%ue of Nations was included in the final draft of the 7ersailles (reaty' Article X bound the Enited /tates to aid any member !ictimi2ed by e&ternal a%%ression' Article X was re;ected by the /enate because it eroded the constitutional reAuirement that Con%ress declare war' -/enator Hod%e would accept Article X only if the E'/' Con%ress appro!ed %oin% to war to defend a member of the Hea%ue' 5ne of his *reser!ations+ was that the *Enited /tates assumes no obli%ation to preser!e the territorial inte%rity or political independence of any other country ' ' ' unless ' ' ' Con%ress, which ' ' ' has the sole power to declare war ' ' ' shall ' ' ' so pro!ide'+ (his was unacceptable to Wilson'. /i%: E'/ ne!er ;oined in Hea%ue of Nations' Wilson ne!er compromised with the 9epublican /enators to water down his precious fourteen points' Without E'/' J$ participation in the Hea%ue, it was doomed from the start' -Compare this with the E'/' creatin% the Enited Nations in 1#"C and bein% its chief supporter after WW11'. Red scare 1>1>1>/0 :include Palmer Raids< What: Americans feared communism after the :olshe!i) ta)eo!er in 9ussia' A nationwide campai%n a%ainst left win%ers whose Americanism was suspect was launched under the direction E'/' Attorney >eneral A' 6itchell 3almer and <' Ed%ar Hoo!er' (he *3almer 9aids+ resulted in the roundin% up of thousands of anarchists, socialists, and communists' 6any were ;ailed, and many were deported for !iolations of !arious federal laws related to sedition, espiona%e, and alien status' /i%: (he 3almer 9aids are part of post=WW1 anti=communist hysteria' Compare this with the anti=communist hysteria -*6cCarthyism+. in the post=WW11 period' *frican *merican .i$ration durin$ and after World War I Who: African Americans What: 0urin% the war, tens of thousands of African Americans mi%rated from the /outh to the North because of war industry employment opportunities' /i%: (his was a ma;or shift in re%ional mi%ration for African Americans' (his trend was accelerated durin% World War 11' (hus blac) communities in the North and West -especially California. %rew as a result of ;obs durin% both world wars' -4acin% continued discrimination after the war, many African Americans were loc)ed in urban %hettos in Northern and Western cities, which in turn became the scene of %reat unrest, includin% riotin%, after WW11'. (he 9oarin% $Ds Disarmament' Was(in$ton @aval -onference 1>/11>// What: 3resident Hardin% in!ited ma;or powers -e&cept 9ussia. to Washin%ton for a disarmament conference' (he a%enda was e&panded to include the situation in the 4ar East and led to !arious a%reements, includin% the 1. 4our 3ower, $. 4i!e 3ower and G. Nine 3ower a%reements' /i%: A series of a%reements were reached with the intent to a!oid confrontation and war in the 3acific' (he E'/' was *isolationist+ -no forei%n entan%lements that could lead to war. and these a%reements should be analy2ed in the conte&t of *isolationism'+ (o)yo terminated the 4i!e 3ower A%reement in 1#G" -the na!al disarmament treaty. and in its in!asion of China bro)e the Nine 3ower A%reement -5pen 0oor., all contributin% to the %rowin% confrontation between the E'/' and <apan that led to WW11' 1. &our *o#er 1greement 1)-- What: (he E'/', :ritain, 4rance, and <apan a%reed to respect the territorial inte%rity of their possessions in the far east' /i%: 1n retrospect, this was a meanin%less a%reement to be respectful and to tal) to each other if one of the si%natories !iolates the a%reement' 4rom an isolationist perspecti!e, howe!er, it was a positi!e step to maintain peace in the 3acific' -. &ive *o#er 1greement 1)-- What: (he E'/', :ritain, <apan, 4rance, and 1taly, a%reed to limit the construction of capital -lar%e. ships to a ratio of C:C:G:1'7C:1'7C, respecti!ely' 4urther, the E'/' :ritain, and <apan a%reed to not further fortify their insular possessions in the 3acific' (his was intended to relie!e potential tensions that mi%ht arise from an arms buildup, but it left the 3hilippines !irtually defenseless in case of a <apanese attac), which came on JG 1$=7="1' -(he 3hilippines fell to the <apanese on 6ay 6, 1#"$, ;ust fi!e months after 3earl Harbor'. /i%: 1mmediately, an arms race was a!erted' (his is all a part of the E'/' isolationist effort to a!oid situations that mi%ht lead to war' -(he ban)ruptcy of the process is ob!iousMwith $DF$D hindsi%ht'. /. 4ine *o#er 1greement 1)-- What: (his a%reement was part of the Washin%ton Na!al Conference' (he :i% 4our -E'/', :ritain, 4rance, <apan., plus 1taly, :el%ium, the Netherlands, 3ortu%al and China supported the 5pen 0oor 3olicy whereby the si%natories pled%ed mutual respect for Chinese territorial inte%rity and independence' /i%: <apan !iolated the a%reement after its in!asion of China in 1#G1' (he E'/' insistence on the 5pen 0oor in China became a continuin% source of contro!ersy for the E'/' and <apan and should be !iewed as part of the bac)%round to the comin% of WW11' ;arding Scandals ,his shortened term #as 1)-1-1)-/. Who: Hardin%, the *5hio >an%,+ Colonel Charles 4orbes, Harry /inclair, and Edward 0oheny What: Hardin%, li)e >rant, was surrounded by croo)ed men, who are collecti!ely )nown as the *5hio >an%'+ He was successful by %oin% alon% with 5hio 9epublican machine politicians' When elected to the /enate, he said it seemed to be ?a !ery pleasant place'? He was nominated for president because his 5hio bac)ers thou%ht he loo)ed li)e a president' Not surprisin%ly, scandal roc)ed his administration' 5ne scandal included 7eterans Administration head Colonel Charles 9' 4orbes, who was found to be stealin% W$DD million from the %o!ernment' Another maPor scandal durin% his administration was the :eapot 3ome in 1#$1, in which /ecretary of the 1nterior Albert :' 4all, who, after recei!in% almost W"DD,DDD in bribes, leased oil lands to two oilmen, /inclair and 0oheny' Hardin% would not li!e to hear the public results of the scandals: 1n Au%ust of 1#$G, he died in /an 4rancisco of a heart attac), and 7ice 3resident Cal!in Coolid%e became president' /i%: Hi)e >rant, Hardin%s in!ol!ement with corrupt men shows his wea)ness of character' He is re%arded as one of the worst presidents because of these scandals, but he should be %i!en credit for the Washin%ton 0isarmament Conference and the !arious a%reements resultin% from that Conference' ;arding and Coolidge pro-business policies 1)-1-1)-) Who: Hardin%, Coolid%e, 6ellon What: :oth Hardin% -?Hess %o!ernment in business and more business in %o!ernment'+. and Coolid%e -?(he business of America is business'?. had pro=business policies' Ender Hardin%, antitrust laws were i%nored or feebly enforced, lettin% corporations and bi% industrialists thri!e' :oth Hardin% and Coolid%e often increased tariffs, rather than decreasin% them, which is seen in the 6cCumber (ariff of 1#$$' /ecretary of the (reasury Andrew 6ellon -ser!ed 1#$1=G$, which means that three presidents *ser!ed under him+. promoted lar%e ta& reductions' Ender his lead, Con%ress repealed e&cess=profits ta&, as well as abolishin% the %ift ta&, and reducin% e&cise ta&es, the surta&, the income ta&, and estate ta&es' /i%: (he actions of both presidents show their pro=business policies' 6ellons actions concernin% ta&es shifted the ta& burden from the wealthy to the middle class' 9elate all this to the pro=business mood of the country in the 1#$Ds' J" "a'' 1ge 1)-s What: (his period in American history coincides with the 9oarin% (wenties' (he name refers to ;a22 music, brou%ht up from the /outh by the mi%ration of African Americans durin% WW1' (he a%e was also mar)ed by indi!idualism and a pursuit of pleasure' (his a%e also brou%ht forth literature, includin% 4' /cott 4it2%eralds (he >reat >atsby and (his /ide of 3aradise, which addressed the superficiality, e&tra!a%ance, and hedonism -pleasure=see)in%. of the period' /i%: (his a%e influenced America deeply addin% to its cultural identity, includin% the addition of Americas most nati!e music' (he a%e also displays the cultural influence created by the :lac) community' ;arlem >enaissance 1)-s Where: (he blac) community in Harlem, a community within New 8or) City What: (he Harlem 9enaissance -rebirth. was the blossomin% of racial pride and culture in Harlem' (his includes e&pression throu%h art, music, dance, literature, history, politics, and business' 5ne of the %reat poets was Langston ;ughes, who contributed %reatly to the mo!ement' 6arcus >ar!ey contributed to the renaissance, foundin% the Enited Ne%ro 1mpro!ement Association -EN1A. and the :lac) /tar Hine /teamship Company' /i%: (his mo!ement furthered the cultural identity of the African Americans, as well as contributin% to American culture as a whole' 5ut of this renaissance, contributions to !arious forms of art and blac) self=awareness and pride were achie!ed' *rohibition, bootlegging 1)1)-1)// What: 3rohibition was authori2ed in 1#1# by the 1J th Amendment and was implemented by the 7olstead Act' 3rohibition was considered a noble *e&periment,+ but was not able to stop the consumption of alcohol' 5ld=time saloons were replaced by *spea)easies+ and *moonshine+ was made at home' :ootle%%in% was also rampant, as alcohol was smu%%led into America' 3rohibition spawned criminal mobs associated with bootle%%in%' 3rohibition was repealed with the $1 st Amendment in 1#GG' /i%: 3rohibition, an antebellum reform mo!ement that was finally successful, showed the influence of churches and women' 3rohibition also demonstrated the ban)ruptcy of le%islatin% morality without first con!incin% the drin)in% public of the need for prohibition' 8odernism in the 1)-s and responses to it ,fundamentalism, nativism. Who: (he *Host >eneration,+ 4undamentalists, and Nati!ists What: 6odernism in the 1#$Ds is rooted in the idea that people can ma)e pro%ress and can reshape their en!ironment throu%h the application of scientific and technical )nowled%e and the absence of any fear of chan%e' E&ploration and e&perimentation is critical to e&perience in many areas of life' (his leads to a *try anythin%+ attitude that was loathsome to many traditional Americans' (hese chan%es in tradition were countered by the efforts of the 4undamentalists, who were concerned with modernism creepin% into society and schools' Notably, they fou%ht a%ainst the teachin% of e!olution in schools and were successful in %ettin% many states to pass anti=e!olution laws' (he *New 1mmi%ration+ of the modern era was condemned by the *one hundred percent Americans+ and their nati!ist ideals' (hey called for an end to mass immi%ration from Europe' 6any of the immi%rants embraced socialism, which was JC detested by many traditionalists' Nati!ists succeeded with the 1mmi%ration Act of 1#$"' (he worst reaction here was the reemer%ence of a powerful III that opposed blac)s, <ews, and Catholics==all seen as threats to traditional American culture' /i%: (he modernist mo!ement of the 1#$Ds led to a cultural stru%%le between traditionalists, includin% 4undamentalists, and those who embraced the 9oarin% $Ds with its liberatin%, boundless, and pro%ressi!e ener%y' 4ativism ,throughout the nation!s histor+, 1%s-1)s. Who: Conser!ati!e, American born citi2ens' What: (his anti=immi%rant sentiment had its be%innin%s after the 9e!olution, with a ma;or presence in the pre Ci!il War *Inow Nothin% 3arty'+ :y the 1JJDs, Chinese were the principal tar%ets of Nati!ism' At the turn of the century, nati!ists based their actions upon the fear that European immi%rants brou%ht radical ideas o!er with them, and they feared that communist, socialist, and anarchist mo!ements would ta)e hold in America' Nati!ist ideas also appeared within or%ani2ations such as the Iu Ilu& Ilan durin% the 1#$Ds, as *nati!e+ Americans wor)ed to crush the cultural di!ersity that was appearin% with the forei%ners' /i%: (his anti=immi%ration !iew reflects the racial, cultural, and economic fears directed at eastern and southern Europeans from 1J#D up to the 1#$Ds' (he pressures put upon the %o!ernment by those who held this !iew led Con%ress to establish the Auota system throu%h the 1mmi%ration Act of 1#$" -finally repealed in 1#6C as part of H:<s >reat /ociety.' (he nati!ist outloo) also helped to feed the *red scare+ of 1#$D, which was a nationwide crusade a%ainst those who were suspected of bein% Communists' >eligious fundamentalists versus modernists? the Scopes :rial 1)-5 Who: <ohn (' /copes, William <ennin%s :ryan, Clarence 0arrow' Where: 0ayton, (ennessee' What: /copes, a hi%h school biolo%y teacher, was char%ed with teachin% e!olution in his classroom, which contradicted a state law that made it ille%al to teach any theory that disa%reed with the :iblical account of creation' 1n a hi%hly publici2ed e!ent, he was defended by nationally acclaimed attorney Clarence 0arrow' -(he prosecution called on William <ennin%s :ryan, a famous 4undamentalist, as an e&pert witness'. /copes was found %uilty and fined W1DD, but the supreme court of (ennessee released him from the fine due to a technicality' /i%: (his e!ent si%nals the clash between modern scientific ideas and fundamental Christian beliefs' (he 4undamentalists may ha!e won the case, but 0arrows cross e&amination made :ryan loo) li)e a fool' (his ridicule of their cause caused many Christians to later reconcile their established beliefs with modern science' -Hater, the /upreme Court struc) down anti=e!olution statutes'. Du DluB Dlan 1>/0s Who: An%lo /a&ons, *nati!e+ Americans, 3rotestants, lower=middle=class fundamentalists' Where: 6idwest and the *:ible :elt+ /outh' What: (his society of ultraconser!ati!e e&tremists, first founded as an anti=:lac) %roup durin% the 9econstruction period, witnessed a rebirth in the early 1#$Ds' :y the mid 1#$Ds, it boasted of C million dues=payin% members' (he III was anti=forei%n, anti=<ewish, anti=:lac), anti=Catholic, anti=Communist, anti=pacifist, and J6 anti=e!olutionist' 1ts members, the *Ini%hts of the 1n!isible Empire+ used the bloodied lash and the bla2in% cross as weapons of fear' With C,DDD,DDD members, the Ilan could intimidate both blac)s and politicians' (he mo!ement dwindled in popularity towards the end of the decade due to le%al and financial issues' /i%: (he III is the best e&le of anti=blac) and nati!ist sentiment in E'/' History' <omen and the famil+ in the 1)-s What: 1. 3olitically, women recei!ed the ri%ht to !ote !ia the 1# th
Amendment, which was ratified in 1#$D' $. Economically, women had been findin% increased employment in cities since the late 1JDDs, and this trend continued throu%hout the 1#$Ds' (hey wor)ed in ;obs such as retail cler)in%, typin%, receptionist, teacher, nurse' G. /ocially, further independence was brou%ht with the automobile, which decreased womens dependence upon men' *4lappers+ raised their hemlines, rolled their stoc)in%s, put rou%e on their chee)s, and smo)ed ci%arettes publicly to symboli2e their brea) from the standards of pre!ious %enerations' 6ar%aret /an%er preached birth control, which meant that the new woman==wor)in%, more mobile, and relati!ely liberated==could control her own life to an unprecedented de%ree' (he new woman could delay marria%e and not ha!e as many children as her mother or %randmother' With a smaller or no family, a more liberated woman was emer%in%' (his trend would continue for many decades, acceleratin% in the 1#6Ds' ". (echnolo%ically, the woman was benefitin% from in!entions such as the refri%erator and the washin% machine which sa!ed time' /i%: (he chan%in% roles of women reflected many chan%es in American society, and a%ain traditionalists and 4undamentalists ob;ected to the disruption of what would be characteri2ed today as *family !alues'+ .ar$aret San$er and =irt( -ontrol 1>/0s on6ard What: /an%er promoted birth control openly' /he critici2ed censorship of her messa%e by ci!il and reli%ious authorities' 1n 1#$1 New 8or) police bro)e up the inau%ural meetin% of the American :irth Control Hea%ue, whose founder, 6ar%aret /an%er, saw contraception as the scientific alternati!e to po!erty, crime and urban sAualor' /i%: Her promotion of birth control aided in the further erosion of traditionalism in the cultural re!olution that too) place durin% the 9oarin% $Ds' A%ain, traditionalists fou%ht her, ar%uin%, for e&le, that the soarin% di!orce rate was a reflection of her )ind of acti!ities' ELost BenerationF 1)-s Who: Authors: Hemin%way -!he *un #lso Fises., 4it2%erald -!his *ide o" Paradise and !he Great Gatsby., E2ra 3ound, /herwood Anderson, ('/' Eliot -!he Waste Land., >ertrude /tein, eecummin%s Where: E/ and Europe What: (he %eneration of youn% people comin% of a%e in the E/ durin% and shortly after WW1 was considered *lost+ because the war had sha)en their traditional beliefs' 0isillusioned by the o!erwhelmin% death and destruction caused by the war, this %eneration re;ected the notions of morality and propriety of their elders and as e&patriates went to Europe' (he se& and alcohol of the L$Ds literature was rooted in disillusionment J7 with the world as a result of the horrors of World War 1' -:y the time of the 1#CDs and 1#6Ds, the post=World War 11 %eneration of writers %rew up with this disillusionment, alon% with the 0epression and World War 11' (hey en%a%ed in se&, alcohol, dru%s, not out of disillusionment but out of curiosity'. (he Host >eneration of the L$Ds and the *:eat+ %eneration of theCDs both re;ected the normati!e standards of contemporary society, but the *:eat+ %eneration of the LCDs did so with a casualness that was absent in the L$Ds because the *:eat+ %eneration simply accepted the world for what it was, while the *Host+ %eneration once belie!ed in and supported societal standards of beha!ior and then became disillusioned' /i%: (he literature demonstrates the o!erwhelmin% effect of the war and how it contributed to the further de%radation of traditionalism in America' Isolationism in the 1)-s and T/s What: 1solationism dro!e E'/' forei%n policy in the L$Ds and LGDs' Not wantin% to repeat the mista)es that %ot the E'/' into World War 1, Con%ress, presidents, and the public supported laws and policies that would )eep the E'/' out of forei%n entan%lements -so they thou%ht, erroneously.' With this in !iew, !arious 3E3/ can be de!eloped to support an isolationist forei%n policy: the failure of the E'/' to ;oin the Hea%ue of Nations, the Washin%ton Na!al 0isarmament Conference of 1#$1=$$ and the !arious treaties arisin% therefrom, the 0awes 3lan for reparations, the Iello%%=:riand 3eace 3act, the /timson 0octrine, and the Neutrality le%islation of 1#GC=1#G7' /i%: 6any of Americas isolationist actions actually pro!o)ed WW11 by con!incin% the dictators in Europe and the <apanese militarists that America would not fi%ht them if they tried to ta)e o!er Europe or the 4ar East' :y not helpin% nations under attac), the E'/' only bolstered <apanese and >erman confidence' WWI Reparation Pro&lems 1>/0s and 1>,0s Who: Charles 0awes, >ermany, En%land, and 4rance What: (he 4rench and :ritish demanded that the >ermans ma)e enormous reparations payments as compensation for war=inflicted dama%es, but >ermany suffered from hyperinflation and could not pay either :ritain or 4rance' America refused, howe!er, to lower :ritains and 4rances debts to the E'/', so in order to be paid American Charles 0awes produced the 0awes 3lan of 1#$"' (he 0awes 3lan stated that American in!estors would lend money to >ermany so that >ermany could ma)e reparations to :ritain so that :ritain could repay their allied war debt to America' (his financial merry=%o=round only resulted in hi%her debt for >ermany and a boost for American creditors who made profit on the hi%h interest loans' /i%: 1n the end America ne!er did %et its money, but it har!ested a bumper crop of ill will in Europe' Also, Americans did not li)e the enormous debt caused by the war and this contributed powerfully to the isolationist policy of America leadin% up to WW11' &arm problems in 1)-s What: 0ue to the ad!anced technolo%y of machines, farmers faced an o!er=abundance of crop production' 4urther, after WW1 European farmers were ha!in% a %reater impact on worldwide production' (his abundance decreased prices on crops and increased the chance of depression for farmers' (he 6cNary=Hau%en :ill -1#$7=$J. was an effort to boost a%ricultural prices by ha!in% the %o!ernment buy surplus crops at pre= WW1 prices, but Coolid%e !etoed the bill twice' JJ /i%: (he worldwide surplus of crops after WW1 caused a decrease in price' (he sudden price drop caused many farmers to lose money and their farms' (he final solution, the AAA of the New 0eal, would ha!e to wait for 409' ?enry )ord and )ord .otor -o Who: Henry 4ord Where: 0etroit, 6ichi%an *6otorcar Capital of America+ What: Creator of the 4ord car -6odel (.' (his car was mass mar)eted and well within price reach at W$6D, thus pro!idin% a car for all classes of society' 4ord mastered the techniAues of assembly=line production and made a durable, ine&pensi!e car for America' He opened a hu%e industry that created hundred of thousands of ;obs' With impro!ed transportation, includin% roads, farmers could %et their produce more Auic)ly to mar)et, and people in %eneral could tra!el almost anywhere and li!e far from city centers' /i%: (he automobile was, ar%uably, the sin%le most important contribution to American ci!ili2ation in the $D th century, and Henry 4ord is to be %i!en credit for brin%in% it to the common person' Immi$ration Restrictions in t(e 1>/0s What: 1n response to nati!ist fears of immi%rants from eastern and southern Europe, with their different customs, lan%ua%es, and political traditions, Con%ress passed the Emer%ency Buota Act of 1#$1 -G] of a nations people who were in the E'/' in 1#1D would be allowed into the E'/' e!ery year, the 1mmi%ration Act of 1#$" lowered the percent to $] with the base year bein% 1J#D, before most of the immi%rants from eastern and southern Europe arri!ed in the E'/'.' (he 1#$" Act also prohibited entirely the immi%ration of <apanese' /i%: (he E'/', respondin% to nati!ist fears, sacrificed its tradition of freedom and opportunity for immi%rants' Consumerism in the 1)-!s What: (he 1#$Ds saw the %rowth of the culture of consumerism==many Americans be%an to wor) fewer hours, earn hi%her salaries, in!est in the stoc) mar)et, and buy refri%erators, !acuum cleaners, cars, and radios' Companies sent out ads to con!ince Americans to buy many thin%s' Credit purchases fueled consumer purchases' /i%: Consumerism fueled an already heated economy' Consumerism led to too much installment buyin% and o!erproduction by manufacturers who in the end could not sell their %oods once the 0epression %ot under way' Dello$$=riand Peace Pact 1>/8 Who: 4ran) :' Iello%% -Coolid%es secretary of state. and Aristide :riand -4rances forei%n minister. Where: 4rance, America, and ultimately 6D other nations What: (he E'/' and 4rance si%ned this treaty which renounced war as an instrument of forei%n policy' (he treaty had no enforcement or sanctions a%ainst those who bro)e the pact and it did not pre!ent war between countries' /i%: (his pact was ineffecti!e and useless as seen in >ermanys in!asion ->ermany si%ned the document. of 3oland' (he pact was a hope that diplomacy would J# pro!e stron% enou%h to )eep countries from wa%in% war a%ainst each other' (he pact also fueled American isolationism in that the treaty produced a false sense of security' :he ongoing struggle for equalit+ in the 1)-s? 1frican 1merican and #omen What: :oth African=Americans and women stru%%led for freedom in the 1#$Ds without %o!ernmental help' (he %o!ernment did little or nothin% to suppress <im Crow and women continued to be treated as they were before WW1 in spite of their contributions to the war effort' :oth %roups sou%ht freedom of e&pression' African=Americans e&pressed their independence most notably throu%h the Harlem 9enaissance, and women e&pressed their independence most notably throu%h the *flapper+Mthe short=s)irted, drin)in%, smo)in%, unchaperoned youn% woman who defied tradition' /i%: Contrast the post=WW1 with the post=WW11 period for both African= Americans and women' After WW11, from the 1#"Ds to the 1#7Ds and beyond, both %roups bro)e the bonds of tradition and laws with asserti!e and a%%ressi!e social and political campai%ns to achie!e eAuality, and both %roups were !ery successful' >reat 0epression and the New 0eal Causes of 3epression What: (he >reat 0epression was an economic crisis that lasted from 1#$# to the late 1#GDs' (he reasons for the 0epression were: 1. Hverproduction of farm and factor+ goods and not enou%h demand' (his caused factories to cut bac) production and layoff wor)ers' As total salaries declined there was less money to spend on %oods, and the cycle spiraled downward' $. Hverexpansion of credit purchases stimulated production, resultin% in lar%e in!entories of %oods' G. Speculation in the stoc6 mar6et, where stoc) buyers would buy on *mar%in+ -which meant they could pay a small part of the actual price, wait for the stoc) to increase in !alue, sell at the hi%her price, and poc)et a tidy profit with little actually in!ested.' /toc) !alues soared as a result' (he !alue of stoc)s was %reater than the !alue of the companies the stoc) represented, and when ner!ous in!estors be%an the sell=off in 1#$#, there was a chain reaction where sellers %reatly outnumbered buyers and stoc) prices plummeted' 6anufacturers no lon%er had a ready source of added income for in!estment, and this contributed to further cutbac)s in production and ;obs' /i%: (he >reat 0epression was a national calamity that would ta)e a decade to set strai%ht in spite of New 0eal %ains' America seemed to be crumblin% because there was no immediate answer pro!ided that would %et them out' 409 came alon% in 1#G$ and promised a *New 0eal'+ 1n the end, World War 11 was the answer to the 0epression' ?oovers Response to Depression What: 3resident Herbert Hoo!er hoped that state and local %o!ernments and pri!ate welfare a%encies could sol!e the problems of the 0epression' As the 0epression wore on, they ran out of money and he reali2ed that the federal %o!ernment had to %et in!ol!ed' (he 9econstruction 4inance Corporation was de!eloped' Hoo!er as)ed for #D money -W$'$C billion. to fund public wor)s pro%ram to help %enerate ;obs -i'e' Hoo!er 0am.' /i%: Hoo!er tried to do what 9oose!elt would later do with the *Alphabet+ a%encies, which was to pro!ide public wor)s ;obs that would put money into the hands of the common people and thus stimulate the economy' Hoo!ers response was too little, too late' ?oovervilles What: Hoo!er!illes were *7illa%es+ made of shac)s and tents that were formed in desolate areas durin% the 0epression' (hese ser!ed as temporary li!in% Auarters for those who could no lon%er afford a real home or apartment' /i%: (he >o!ernment did not formally reco%ni2e these and would often force people to mo!e out of them, which led to riots' 2onus 8arch ,2onus Expeditionar+ &orce. Who: (he :onus E&peditionary 4orce -:E4. was made up of impo!erished !eterans of World War 1' What: 0urin% the sprin% and summer of 1#G$ they con!er%ed on the capital and demanded that Con%ress immediately pay the bonus %ranted by Con%ress in 1#$" but not payable for se!eral years' /i%: /ome of the *6archers+ stayed in Washin%ton and continued to protest which e!entually forced Hoo!er to call in the army to remo!e the protestors' Hoo!ers harsh treatment of !eterans lessened his popularity ri%ht before the 1#G$ election' &ran6lin 3elano >oosevelt Who: 4ran)lin 0elano 9oose!elt, president from 1#GG=1#"C What: 409 was the only president to be elected more than twice -four times.' He created the New 0eal, which mo!ed the %o!ernment in a social welfare direction' Within the New 0eal he created or%ani2ations to help with relief, reco!ery and reform' He fou%ht WW11 until his death in April 1#"C' /i%: 5ne of the most influential leaders in E'/' history, as 3resident durin% the 0epression and WW11' 1 3a+s? Ealphabet agenciesF including :=1 Who: Con%ress and 4ran)lin 0elano 9oose!elt What: A%encies were created by 409 and Con%ress to aid relief, reco!ery and reform' CCC= Ci!ilian Conser!ation Corps employed three million wor)s who wor)ed in en!ironment ;obs such as reforestation, forest fire fi%htin% and flood control' AAA= A%ricultural Ad;ustment Act= %ot money to pay mort%a%es of farmers and paid farmers not to plant' 4E9A= 4ederal Emer%ency 9elief Act %ranted around three billion dollars to states for payments of wa%es on wor)s pro;ects' H5HC= Home 5wner Hoan Corporation refinanced mort%a%es of non=farm homes' CWA= Ci!il Wor)s Administration created temporary ;obs doin% labor such as minor ;obs in!ol!in% roads, par)s and brid%es' (7A= (ennessee 7alley Authority built dams and electrified Appalachia' /i%: (he *1DD 0ays+ restored the peoples faith in their %o!ernment and helped employ many ;obless citi2ens' (he 1 st 1DD days -and the /econd New 0eal in 1#GC. helped mo!e the E'/' towards a social welfare stateMthus to ar%ue that the E'/' is *capitalistic+ to the e&clusion of other issues is wron%, to ar%ue that the E'/' is *socialistic+ to the e&clusion of other issues is wron%' (he E'/' is capitalistic, but as a result of 3ro%ressi!e=inspired re%ulations, the capitalistic economy is controlled, and as a #1 result of New 0eal=inspired relief, the E'/' has si%nificant social welfare pro%rams but is not *socialistic'+ (hin) of balance in answerin% essay Auestions' Civilian Conservation Corps ,CCC. ,8arch /1, 1)//. What: 3ro!ided employment in fresh=air %o!ernment camps for about G million youn% men' Wor) included reforestation, fire=fi%htin%, flood control, and swamp draina%e' Wor)ers were reAuired to send money bac) home to their parents' /i%: (his was a popular and producti!e effort to put youn% men to wor) and help their families' &ederal Emergenc+ >elief 1dministration ,&E>1. ,8a+ 1-, 1)//. Who: Harry H' Hop)ins What: 1mmediate relief, rather than lon%=term reco!ery (he a%ency %ranted about WG billion to the /tates for direct dole payments or wa%es on wor) pro;ects' /i%: While many ar%ued a%ainst handouts or doles, 4E9A demonstrates 409s willin%ness to do whate!er was reAuired to help Americans in dire need' 1gricultural 1dPustment 1ct ,111. ,8a+ 1-, 1)//? - nd 111 in 1)/(. What: (he AAA established *parity prices+ for basic commodities -parity [ price set for a product that %a!e it the same !alue in purchasin% power that it had from 1#D#=1#1".' (he Act was supposed to eliminate price=depressin% surpluses by payin% %rowers to reduce their crop acrea%e' (he money needed for this pro%ram was raised throu%h ta&in% processors of farm products, such as flour millers' /i%: 4inally, the %o!ernment did somethin% about the chronic farm problem of o!erproduction' (he AAA was struc) down by /upreme Court in 1#G6 because its ta& pro!isions were found unconstitutional' A second AAA was passed in 1#GJ, and price supports -payin% farmers to not produce surpluses. remain, in $DD7, a costly pro%ram' ;ome H#ner!s Loan Corporation ,;HLC. ,"une 1/, 1)//. What: H5HC helped refinance mort%a%e on non=farm homes' 1t assisted about a million households' /i%: (his pro%ram was desi%ned to sa!e non=farm homes from bein% foreclosed and is another social welfare pro%ram of the New 0eal' Civil <or6s 1dministration ,C<1. ,4ovember ), 1)//. What: A branch of 4E9A -headed by Hop)ins. desi%ned to pro!ide temporary ;obs durin% the winter emer%ency -immediate relief.' (ens of thousands were employed at leaf=ra)in% and other ma)e=wor) tas)s' (his )ind of wor) became )nown as *boondo%%lin%'+ /i%: (his pro%ram demonstrated 409s willin%ness to try anythin% and to help common people sur!i!e in dire times' 4ational >ecover+ 1dministration ,4>1. ,"une 1$, 1)//. What: 1ncorporated short=term and lon%=ran%e reco!ery 0esi%ned to assist industry, labor, and the unemployed 1ndi!idual 1ndustries -o!er $DD in all. were to wor) out codes of fair competition hours of labor reduced -which would increase o!erall employment. ceilin% placed on ma& hours could wor)Ffloor placed on min wa%e le!els -which would increase o!erall employment. #$ wor)ers %uaranteed ri%ht to or%ani2e and bar%ain collecti!ely throu%h reps of their own choosin% -not of corporations choosin%. antiunion contract forbidden restrictions placed on child labor 3atriotism for N9A aroused by mass meetin%s and parades A blue ea%le became N9A symbol 4or a brief period, business acti!ity impro!ed (he N9A collapsed when the /upreme Court made the /chechter *sic) chic)en+ decision that declared that Con%ressional control of interstate commerce could not properly apply to a local business' /i%: (he N9A was a massi!e national effort to impro!e the economy' When struc) down by the /upreme Court, the labor protection part was sal!a%ed with the Wa%ner National Habor 9elations Act of 1#GC' *ublic <or6s 1dministration ,*<1. ,"une 1$, 1)//. Who: A%ency headed by /ecretary of the 1nterior -Harold H' 1c)es. What: 1ntended for industrial reco!ery and unemployment relief, spendin% ?bi% buc)s on bi% pro;ects'? 5!er W" billion was spent on G",DDD pro;ects -public buildin%s, hi%hways, schools, and hospitals.' 5ne pro;ect: >rand Coulee 0am on Columbia 9i!er _ lar%est structure since >reat Wall of China' /i%: (his was an important *1DD days+ pro%ram for relief and reco!ery, pro!idin% many lon%=term ;obs and pro;ects' :ennessee =alle+ 1uthorit+ ,:=1. ,8a+ 1(, 1)//. What: (he (7A was initially intended to determine how much the production and distribution of electricity cost so that national standards could be set up to test the fairness of rates char%ed by pri!ate companies' -(here was %reat concern about the possibility of price=fi&in% and %ou%in% in the electricity industry at that time'. (7A in!ol!ed the de!elopment of hydroelectric ener%y for the entire (ennessee 9i!er area' 409 could combine the immediate ad!anta%e of puttin% thousands of people to wor) with a lon%=term pro;ect for reformin% the power monopoly' /i%: (he pro;ect brou%ht to the area not only full employment and cheap electrical power, but low cost housin%, abundant cheap nitrates, restoration of eroded soil, reforestation, impro!ed na!i%ation, and flood control' 1t became one of the most flourishin% re%ions in the E'/' (he (7A remains as an important federal a%ency in the E'/' southeast' Securities and Exchange Commission ,SEC. ,"une $, 1)/7. What: 0esi%ned as a watchdo% administration a%ency' /toc) mar)ets would be operated as tradin% mar)ets and less as %amblin% casinos' /i%: (he /EC was %i!en re%ulatory authority o!er the stoc) mar)et' Second @e6 Deal :1>,15, la6s< Who: Con%ress and 4ran)lin 0elano 9oose!elt What: 1. /ocial /ecurity which pro!ided *old a%e+ payments to retired wor)ers $. Wor)s 3ro%ress Administration -W3A. which spent billions of dollars employin% millions to wor) on thousands of public buildin%s, brid%es, roads, and art pro;ects -the W3A e&pired durin% WW11 when the economy had re!i!ed.' #G G. Wa%ner Act or National Habor 9elations Act of 1#GC %a!e wor)ers the ri%ht to or%ani2e and bar%ain with representati!es of their own choosin% and created the National Habor 9elations :oard to o!ersee union or%ani2in% and other labor acti!ities' /i%: /ocial /ecurity is still present today and is the nations lar%est social welfare pro%ram' (he Wa%ner Act and National Habor 9elations :oard remain the heart of pri!ate sector labor relations still, in $DD7' Immi$ration# includin$ .eBican Immi$ration# durin$ t(e Depression What: 1mmi%ration declined si%nificantly durin% the 0epression, with the 9oose!elt administration bein% reluctant to issue !isas to those who wanted to come to the E'/' 6e&icans were especially hard hit' (hey had been ur%ed to emi%rate before the 0epression' With the 0epression, those wor)ers were a threat to the employment of E'/' citi2ens, and hundreds of thousands of 6e&icans were deported' (hose who remained were forced to find whate!er wor) they could, includin% mi%rant labor' /i%: (his treatment of 6e&icans reflects yet another nati!ist reaction to immi%rants' >adical and Critics of &3> and the 4e# 3eal 10 &ather Coughlin Who: An influential broadcaster durin% the 0epression Where: 6ichi%an What: As a Catholic priest, Cou%hlin be%an by preachin% sermons and messa%es o!er the radio in 1#$6, but by 1#GD, 4ather Cou%hlin had mo!ed on to politics and economics' Cou%hlin tau%ht his messa%e of *social ;ustice+ which hea!ily supported monetary *reforms'+ He be%an as a 409 supporter, but when 409 did not continue ma)in% reforms in office, Cou%hlin became anti=409 and anti=New 0eal' Cou%hlin became e&tremely popular and influential durin% the 0epression era, but when he showed si%ns of anti=/emitism, he was ta)en off the air in 1#"D' /i%: 0urin% the 0epression, almost one=third of the population in America was listenin% to his show' He became a !ery influential fi%ure in politics and his !iews on *social ;ustice+ stuc) with many Americans' He was 409s bi%%est critic durin% the 0epression' -0 ;ue+ Long 1()/-1)/5 Who: /enator and >o!ernor of Houisiana What: Huey *Iin%fish+ Hon% was a radical populist who fou%ht for the *little man+ instead of the rich' Hon% fou%ht for his */hare 5ur Wealth+ pro%ram which promised WC,DDD to each American family' 1n addition to this, he wanted to limit incomes and le%acies as well as %i!e old=a%e pension to anyone o!er 6D' His slo%an was *E!ery 6an a Iin%+' 4earin% the rise of a fascist dictator, Hon% was assassinated in 1#GC' /i%: Hon% helped pass many reforms as >o!ernor to help the rural poor' He was feared by 409 as a threat to the %o!ernment because of his stand on political matters' ,4 )rancis +o6nsend Who: 9etired physician who fou%ht for support for the elderly Where: California What: (ownsend %ained the support of C million *senior citi2ens+ throu%h his proposed plan to the %o!ernment' His plan stated that each month, any person o!er the #" a%e of si&ty would recei!e W$DD, pro!ided that all the money is spent within that month' (ownsend claimed that this would help the economy durin% the 0epression by pro!idin% more ;obs because the elderly would ha!e more money to spend' His 5ld A%e 9e!ol!in% 3ension 3lan was %i!en to 409 with $D million si%natures attached' /i%: 3ro!ided elderly citi2ens with a !oice in %o!ernment' Was one of the radicals who pushed New 0eal reformsMcollecti!ely one of many dema%o%ues who could ha!e pushed the E'/' towards totalitarianism had it not been for 409 and his New 0eal reforms' 70 Ipton Sinclair, #riter ,:he "ungle 1)$. and socialist What: /inclair proposed E31C, End 3o!erty in California, by which the %o!ernment would buy or lease unused land or buildin%s and ha!e unemployed wor)ers or farmers raise crops or manufacture %oods' /i%: 409 and the 0emocrats saw /inclair as a threat to the New 0eal *corporate+ form of relief, reco!ery, and reform' (he 0emocrats acti!ely sou%ht to discredit him' N5(E: (HE 353EHA91(8 54 (HE/E 0E6A>5>EE/ HEH3E0 3E/H 409 AN0 0E65C9A(/ (5 A053( HE>1/HA(15N -E'>', /5C1AH /ECE91(8. (HA( W5EH0 E44EC(17EH8 NEE(9AH1OE (HE A33EAH 54 (HE/E 0AN>E95E/ 6EN' "ohn Collier and the Indian >eorgani'ation 1ct 1)/7 Who: <ohn Collier and Nati!e Americans What: With the 1#G" 1ndian 9eor%ani2ation Act, Enited /tates policy too) a dramatic swin% and ac)nowled%ed the continuin% force and !alue of Nati!e American tribal e&istence' (he *1ndian New 0eal,+ ushered in by the reform=minded Commissioner of 1ndian Affairs <ohn Collier, put an end to further allotment of lands' Nati!e American tribes were encoura%ed to or%ani2e %o!ernments under the terms of the 1ndian 9eor%ani2ation Act and to adopt constitutions and by=laws, sub;ect to the appro!al of the E'/' 0epartment of the 1nterior' /i%: (he 19A of 1#G" re!ersed the assimilation and allotment policies set down in the 0awes Act of 1JJ7' 4or the first time, 1ndians were to be treated with di%nity and respect by the E'/' %o!ernment' 4or the 1ndians, the 19A was a *New 0eal'+ Congress of Industrial Hrgani'ations 1)/5 What: (he C15 was first formed within the A 4 of H as the Committee for 1ndustrial 5r%ani2ation in 1#GC, its mission was to or%ani2e all wor)ers in mass= production industries -steel, auto, rubber., which had few unions at that time' -9ecall that the A 4 of H was composed of relati!ely autonomous craft unions'. (he leadership of the C15 included <ohn H' Hewis of the Enited 6ine Wor)ers' 1n 1#GJ, the C15 bro)e away from the A4 of H' /i%: Alon% with the A4 of H, the C15 was one of the nations important labor or%ani2ations, militantly supporti!e of its millions of wor)ers in mass=production industries' #C )DRs Supreme -ourt fi$(t 1>,7 What: (he ultraconser!ati!e and obstructionist /upreme Court -struc) down the AAA and the N9A. stood in the pathway of 409s New 0eal pro%ress' (herefore, in 1#G7, 409 as)ed Con%ress to permit him to add a new ;ustice to the /upreme Court for e!ery member o!er se!enty who would not retire' (his was his *court=pac)in%+ scheme' His plan failed and he was accused of tamperin% with the chec)s and balances system and flirtin% with dictatorial moti!es' (he Court did become a little more liberal in its decisions, but by then the New 0eal was on the wane' /i%: 409 lost much of his political %oodwill that carried him so far' (his court=pac)in% scheme was an u%ly and dan%erous moment in his administration' Deynesian 8conomics# 1>,7 Who: <ohn 6aynard Ieynes and 3resident 9oose!elt What: When the American economy in 1#G7 too) another sharp downturn, 3resident 9oose!elt at last embraced the ideas of the :ritish economist <ohn 6aynard Ieynes' 1n April 1#G7, 9oose!elt announced a bold pro%ram to stimulate the economy by planned deficit spending0 Ep to that point, 409 had not done enou%h to pull the nation out of the 0epression because he belie!ed in balanced bud%ets' 1n !iew of the 1#GJ recession, howe!er, it appeared that Ieynesian deficit spendin% was the answer' -(his was pro!en when WW11 deficit spendin% finally ended the 0epression and Ieynesian economics became orthodo& belief thereafterM%o!ernment deficit spendin% could in!i%orate a slu%%ish economy'. /i%: (his new pro%ram called *Ieynesianism+ became the new economic orthodo&y and remained so for decades' (he rise of Ieynesianism mar)ed the end of laisseG6"aire economics' =oo;s E Crapes of Wrat( :1>,><# 34S4*4 :1>,8<# +o&acco Road :1>,/< Who: <ohn /teinbec), <ohn 0os 3assos, Ers)ine Caldwell What: >rapes of Wrath is a boo) written by <ohn /teinbec) that describes the mi%ration of people from 5)lahoma to California due to the 0ust :owl' (he E'/'A' (rilo%y is the ma;or wor) of American writer <ohn 0os 3assos that comprises the no!els !he ,'nd Parallel -1#GD.- %E%E -1#G$., and !he /ig Money -1#G6.' 0os 3assoss trilo%y relates the li!es of many characters as they stru%%le to find a place in American society durin% the early part of the twentieth century' (obacco 9oad, written by Ers)ine Caldwell, ta)es place in >eor%ia durin% the worst years of 0epression' 1t depicts a family of poor white tenant farmers, the Hesters, as one of the many small /outhern cotton farmers estran%ed by the industriali2ation and mi%ration to cities' /i%: (hese boo)s represent the stru%%les of American people durin% the 0epression Era' (hey present the truthful tale of the ma;or issues of that time era -li)e the 0ust :owl 6i%ration. and the feelin%s and the responses of the American people' >ecession of 1)/( What: :y 1#G7 9oose!elts New 0eal pro%ress was not able to end the depression' 1n late 1#G7 the economy too) another surprisin%ly se!ere depression= within=the=depression that the presidents critics Auic)ly dubbed the *9oose!elt recession'+ 1n the con%ressional elections of 1#GJ, the 9epublicans, for the first time, cut hea!ily into the New 0eal ma;orities in Con%ress, thou%h failin% to %ain control of either house' (he international crisis that came to a boil in 1#GJ=1#G# shifted public attention away from domestic reform' #6 /i%: (he 9ecession of 1#GJ pro!ed the inadeAuacy of New 0eal pro%rams, and it was not until WW11 that the 0epression finally ended' 1n the meantime, howe!er, 409 and the New 0eal %a!e the nation hope while puttin% millions to wor) in producti!e employment' 4urther, the New 0eal fore!er entrenched the E'/' %o!ernment in the social and economic welfare of the people' (he Comin% of the /econd World War Stimson Doctrine and !apan 1>,1 Who: /ecretary of /tate Henry H' /timson -under Hoo!er. What: After the <apanese !iolated the Hea%ue of Nations a%reement and Nine 3ower (reaty -affirmin% the 5pen 0oor. by launchin% an attac) into 6anchuria in /eptember 1#G1, /timson declared that the E'/' would not reco%ni2e any territorial claims acAuired by force' /i%: <apan went on to bomb /han%hai the ne&t year and America did nothin% serious to stop them due to hopes of stayin% isolated' 1n a sense, it was the start of WW11' (he /timson 0octrine was ;ust words' /timson later admitted that the 0octrine was ;ust *spears of straws and swords of ice'+ Cood @ei$(&or Policy and t(e .ontevideo -onference' 1>,, Who: 409 and his forei%n policy in Hatin America What: 1n 409s inau%ural address in 1#GG, he said ?1n the field of world policy 1 would dedicate this nation to the policy of the %ood nei%hbor==the nei%hbor who resolutely respects himself and, because he does so, respects the ri%hts of others'? 9oose!elts /ecretary of /tate, Cordell Hull, participated in the 6onte!ideo Conference of 0ecember 1#GG, where he bac)ed a declaration fa!ored by most nations of the Western Hemisphere: ?No state has the ri%ht to inter!ene in the internal or e&ternal affairs of another'+ 9oose!elts >ood Nei%hbor policy represented an attempt to distance the Enited /tates from earlier inter!entionist policies, such as the 9oose!elt Corollary to the 6onroe 0octrine and military inter!entions in the re%ion durin% the 1#1Ds and 1#$Ds' /i%: (he >ood Nei%hbor policy reflects American isolationist tendencies in the 1#GDs' PN5(E: 1n Hatin America we ha!e the >ood Nei%hbor 3olicy -1#GG., in Asia we ha!e the Washin%ton 0isarmament Conference treaties of 1#$1=$$ -disarm and respect the 5pen 0oor., in Europe we ha!e the neutrality laws of 1#GC=G7' All around the world the E'/' is tryin% to isolate itself and )eep itself free from forei%n entan%lements in the 1#$Ds and 1#GDs' (his is an answer to an essay Auestion'Q London Economic Conference 1)// Who: 9oose!elt and dele%ates from other nations of the world Where: Hondon What: A conference held in attempts to control %lobal depression by stabili2in% e&chan%e rates' 9oose!elt at first a%reed but then withdrew because he wanted to pursue inflationary policies at home as a means of stimulatin% American reco!ery' 409 was unwillin% to sacrifice the possibility of domestic reco!ery for the sa)e of international cooperation' /i%: 409s announcement reflected Americas isolationism and essentially ad;ourned the conference, thus ma)in% international cooperation e!er more difficult' #7 4+e Committee report 1)/7 Who: /enator >erald Nye of North 0a)ota /i%: (he Nye Committee presented e!idence that shifted the blame for Americas entry into WW1 from >erman submarines to American ban)ers and arms manufacturers' Na`!e citi2ens leaped to the conclusions that munitions ma)ers had caused the war in order to ma)e money, this led to the belief that America could stay out of future wars if it could remo!e profits from the arms traffic and supported later neutrality le%islation' /i%: (he Nye Committee report fueled neutrality le%islation in 1#GC, 1#G6 and 1#G7' "apanese, Italian, and Berman aggression in the 1)/!s Where: Europe, Asia, and Africa What: <apan attac)ed China in 1#G1 -6anchuria. and 1#G7, all in !iolation of the 5pen 0oor' 1taly -6ussolini. in!aded Ethiopia in 1#GC and anne&ed it in 1#G6' (he Hea%ue of Nations did nothin% to fi%ht 1taly' >ermany, led by Hitler, too) o!er much of Europe -includin% 4rance.' /i%: America claimed neutrality and attempted to remain isolationist while much of the world was %oin% to war' (he Hea%ue of Nations was too feeble to stop the a%%ression' (he a%%ressors had little to fear from American or Hea%ue inter!ention' Isolationism? neutralit+ legislation What: (he Neutrality Acts of 1#GC, 1#G6, and 1#G7 were passed by Con%ress as a way to le%islate America out of World War' (he acts stated that in a time of forei%n war -or ci!il war., Americans could not sail on a war=in!ol!ed ship, sell or transport arms to a war=in!ol!ed nation, or ma)e any loans to the countries in!ol!ed' /i%: (he E'/' had abandoned what it had always stri!en and fou%ht for: freedom of the seas' :y stayin% out of the conflicts of the 1#GDs and then the first two years of WW11, America failed to assist those !ery nations that became our allies and friends durin% the war' American isolationism allowed the a%%ressors to continue their a%%ressi!e acti!ities with confidence that the E'/' would not inter!ene' 1n retrospect, %i!en the reality of E'/' participation in WW11, one could ar%ue that the isolationist policy was dan%erous and ban)rupt' 1ppeasement 1)/( Who: Western European democracies, >ermany Where: 6unich, >ermany What: 1n order to pre!ent war, a conference was held in 6unich, >ermany in hopes of appeasin% -%rantin% concessions to enemies to maintain peace. Hitler and the Na2is' (he Western European democracies allowed >ermany to continue ta)in% the /udetenland, wishin% that it would be Hitlers last conAuest' Hitler promised it would be but he later too) all of C2echoslo!a)ia' (he act of %i!in% in to Hitler at 6unich was called *appeasement'+ /i%: Nations learned that appeasin% Hitler was not an effecti!e way to stop his a%%ression' 1n spite of 6unich, he in!aded 3oland in 1#G#, thus startin% WW11' #J Lend-Lease ,1)71. What: Wantin% to support :ritain in spite of isolationist sentiment, 409 introduced a LHend=lease :ill into Con%ress in <anuary 1#"1 empowerin% him to sell, transfer, e&chan%e, lease, or lend war supplies to any nation whose defense was deemed !ital to E/ security' (hou%h bitterly contested by isolationists, the bill became law in 6arch 1#"1' (hereafter, the E'/' sent war supplies to :ritain in its war a%ainst >ermany' /i%: (he Hend=Hease Act must be seen in the conte&t of 9oose!elt@s !ery delicate balancin% act to re!erse hostile E/ public opinion and brin% it around to acti!e support for :ritain' 1tlantic Charter 1)71 Who: Winston Churchill, 409 Where: a warship off the coast of Newfoundland What: 9oose!elt and Churchill framed the ei%ht=point Atlantic Charter at a secret meetin% )nown as the Atlantic Conference' (he Charter detailed plans for democracies when the war ended' Amon% other %oals, it promised self=determination -the ri%ht of people to choose their own %o!ernment. and *a permanent system of %eneral security+ -which became the Enited Nations in 1#"C.' /i%: Comin% a few months before 3earl Harbor, the Atlantic Charter si%nals 409s %rowin% commitment to brin% the E'/' out of its isolationist shell and contribute to :ritains !ictory -at the time of the Charter, :ritain was the only ma;or power actually fi%htin% the >ermansM4rance surrendered in 1#"D.' World War 11 Pearl 3arbor %'6576,% Where: 3earl Harbor, Hawaii What: (he <apanese initiated a surprise attac) a%ainst the 3acific 4leet at 3earl Harbor' (he attac) )illed thousands of American sailors and sun) many ships, includin% many battleships' -(he <apanese, howe!er, did not sin) a sin%le aircraft carrier, which turned out to be the most important ship in WW11' No carrier was at 3earl on 1$=D7'. /i%: (his e!ent drew the Enited /tates into World War 11' 1solationism was sun) alon% with the fleet' 8id#a+, "une /-$, 1)7- Where: (his battle was fou%ht o!er and near the tiny E'/' 6id=3acific base at 6idway 1sland' What: All fi%htin% was done by aircraft launched from carriers' <apan was defeated by smaller and more s)illfully maneu!ered American carrier tas) forces' (he loss of their carriers put <apan on the defensi!e after 6idway, ;ust si& months after 3earl Harbor' /i%: 6idway was a pi!otal !ictory and the success halted <apans L<u%%ernaut' :eheran Conference 4ovember -( - 3ecember 1, 1)7/ Who: Churchill, 9oose!elt, /talinMthe *:i% (hree+ Where:(eheran, the capital of 1ran' What: (he *:i% (hree+ met and 409 and Churchill a%reed to open a second front in 1#""' /i%: 9esulted in the An%lo=American in!asion of Normandy on *0=0ay,+ <une 6, 1#""' ## 3-da+? Beneral Eisenho#er "une $, 1)77 Who: (he o!erall commander was >eneral Eisenhower' Where: Normandy on the coast of 4rance What: (he allies pinpointed Normandy for the in!asion assault' 1n spite of %reat losses, the in!asion was ultimately successful and >ermany surrendered in 6ay, 1#"C -Hitler committed suicide on April GD.' /i%: 0=0ay was the be%innin% of the end for Hitler' (he /o!iets, who sou%ht a */econd front,+ finally %ot it' -(he /o!iets resented the delay in openin% the second front'. 1dmiral 4imit' and Beneral 8ac1rthur Who: Admiral Nimit2 was a hi%h=le!el na!al strate%ist, >eneral 6acarthur commanded American and Australian forces' Where: >eneral 6acArthur fou%ht in the south 3acific while Admiral Nimit2 fou%ht in the north 3acific' /i%: Nimit2 and 6acArthur won the war a%ainst <apan in the 3acific' 5alta Conference &ebruar+ 1)75 Who: Churchill, 9oose!elt, /talin' Where:8alta, in the Crimea What: /talin a%reed that 3oland should ha!e a representati!e %o!ernment based on free elections' -/talin then went bac) on this.' :ul%aria and 9omania were also to ha!e free elections' -(his was another promise bro)en by /talin'. (here were also plans for or%ani2in% a new international peace)eepin% or%ani2ationMthe Enited Nations' /talin also a%reed to attac) <apan within three months after the fall of >ermany -/talin did so.' (he /o!iets were then promised /a)halin 1sland -lost to <apan in 1#DC.' /i%: 8alta was called a *sellout+ by critics of 409 -later.' /talin rene%ed on his promise of elections in Eastern Europe, instead settin% up Communist puppet re%imes' *otsdam Conference9"ul+, 1)75 Where: Held near :erlin WhoFwhat: 3res' (ruman -409 died in April, 1#"C., /talin -E//9., and :ritish leaders -first Churchill, then Atlee. discussed how to o!ercome <apan' /i%: (he final decision on <apan was made at 3otsdam: <apan must surrender or be destroyed' Inited 4ations9"une, 1)75 What: (he E'N was su%%ested by the three allied leaders at the 8alta Conference' (he E'N' became a reality after 9oose!elts death' (he E'N' was dominated by the *:i% C+ powers, E/A, :ritain, E//9, 4rance, and China' (he E'/' /enate o!erwhelmin%ly appro!ed the E'N' in 1#"C' /i%: Hearnin% from the failure to support the Hea%ue after WW1, the E'/' pled%ed to support this new international peace)eepin% or%ani2ation' 5r%ani2ed in /an 4rancisco and headAuartered in New 8or), the E'/' has been an acti!e and leadin% force in the E'N' since its foundin% in 1#"C' ?iros(ima and @a$asa;i5*u$ust 6 t( and > t( # 1>"1 Where: Hiroshima and Na%asa)i, <apan What: (he Enited /tates dropped two atomic bombs, first on Hiroshima, and then, three days later, on Na%asa)i' 4earin% an in!asion of <apan would cost up to one 1DD million E'/' casualties, (ruman decided to drop the bombs in the hopes that <apan would surrender and fi%ht no more' He was correct' /i%: (he <apanese were ready to defend a%ainst an in!asion' (he two bombs, howe!er, caused the <apanese to reali2e that they could not fi%ht on' <apan surrendered soon after the bombs were dropped -Au%ust 1C.' 4urther, this is the only occasion in history when one nation used atomic weapons in war' (he Home 4ront durin% World War 11 Wartime mo&iliFation of t(e economy durin$ WWII 1>"11>"1 What: War mobili2ation actions enabled the Enited /tates to be%in the economic con!ersion needed for the war effort: to mo!e industries into the manufacture of armaments, to establish the contractin% procedures, and to launch the research and de!elopment that was needed to win the war and stay ahead of the >erman scientists' 1. Achie!in% these %oals was possible only by converting e&istin% industries and usin% materials that pre!iously went into manufacturin% ci!ilian %oods' -Auto companies, for e&le, stopped ma)in% cars and be%an to manufacture war items such as tan)s, truc)s and airplane en%ines'. $. (he draft was started in 1#"D, before 3earl Harbor and in anticipation of the need for soldiers' G. :y 1#"G, more wor)ers were needed and more and more #omen went into the wor)force' ". (here was lar%e=scale mi%ration to industrial centers, especially out of the /outh, and many blac6s sou%ht employment in northern or western cities' 8exicans were brou%ht in to fill employment needs -braceros+' C. 1mportantly, the <ar *roduction 2oard -W3:. was established in 1#"$ by e&ecuti!e order of 4ran)lin 0' 9oose!elt' (he purpose of the board was to re%ulate the production and allocation of materials and fuel durin% World War 11 in the Enited /tates' (he W3: rationed such thin%s as %asoline, heatin% oil, metals, rubber, and plastics' -(he W3: was dissol!ed shortly after the defeat of <apan in 1#"C'. -(he W3: was much more important and effecti!e in WW11 than the W1: -War 1ndustries :oard. was in WW1'. /i%: (he harnessin% of E'/' industrial power tipped the scales decisi!ely toward the Allied forces, re!ersin% the tide of war' >ermany and <apan could not match the Enited /tates in this effort' Irban migration and demographic changes91)71-1)75 Who: 9eturnin% war !eterans, blac)s and American 1ndians' What: (he war tri%%ered a mi%ration of many Americans, includin% African Americans in the /outh, from rural areas to urban areas, includin% cities on the West coast /i%: (he war contributed si%nificantly to the rise of si%nificant minority populations in urban areas, includin% African Americans, Nati!e Americans, and 6e&icans' <ar and regional development during <<II ,1)71-1)75. What: (here was a massi!e industrial effort in the E'/' to win the war' All o!er the country, people mo!ed to wor) for industries that were supplyin% the military' 3eople were drawn to industrial areas li)e H'A', 0etroit and /eattle' (he /outh e&perienced !ery dramatic chan%es' (he /outhern states recei!ed a %reat number of 1D1 defense contracts' (his was especially helpful in raisin% the /outh from po!erty' 1n spite of this fact, 1'6 million blac)s left the /outh to wor) in other areas of the country' Nati!e Americans left the reser!ations to wor) in ma;or E'/' cities' 5f course, men of all ethnicities ;oined the armed forces causin% the need for those left on the Home 4ront to accommodate their absence in industry and a%riculture' All these factors helped to de!elop different re%ions of the country especially the West and /outh' /i%: (he mi%ration patterns created by the war led to the rise of the West as a ma;or industrial and economic player in the E'/' economy' 4urther, the increase in the African American presence in northern and western cities si%naled the nationali2ation of problems relatin% to race relations and ;ustice' Expansion of government po#er during <<II ,1)71-1)75. What: (otally dedicated to winnin% the war, %o!ernment power e&panded %reatly' (he War 3roduction :oard stopped the manufacturin% of unessential items and con!erted ordinary factories to those that produced weaponry' (he National War Habor :oard, created to pre!ent wor) stoppa%es, imposed pay caps' Con%ress authori2ed the /mith=Connally Anti=/tri)e Act, which gave the president power to sei,e and operate privatel% owned war factories when a strike disrupted war production. (he draft was imposed on all men a%es 1J="C than)s to the /electi!e /er!ice Act of 1#"D' 1mportant items li)e meat, %as and rubber were needed for the troops and were rationed' /i%: (he >o!ernment committed to win the war at any cost and for the most part Americans a%reed to %o!ernments decisions, whate!er they may be' (he %o!ernment %reatly increased its power as a result' Women and Rosie t(e Riveter 1>"11>"1 What: When America entered the war, men went off to fi%ht lea!in% the factories short of wor)ers' Women were encoura%ed to ta)e up industrial ;obs and more than 6 million women heeded the call' Women who too) up war ;obs were affectionately called *9osies+ as they built items li)e aircraft and munitions' (he fictional *9osie the 9i!eter+ was first seen in the propa%anda poster entitled *We Can 0o 1t\+ After the war was o!er $FG of the women left the wor) force' /i%: Women played a crucial role in winnin% WW11 by supplyin% the troops with what they needed' (his period really be%an womens status chan%e and after that point it was )nown that women could hold their own in the wor)force' Internment of "apanese-1mericans 1)7--7$ Who: <apanese, <apanese American citi2ens -mostly li!in% on the West Coast. What: After the bombin% of 3earl Harbor, there was a wa!e of anti=<apanese sentiment on the West Coast' 4'0' 9oose!elt authori2ed the internment of 1$D,DDD <apanese in remote and hastily constructed camps' (here were 1D camps located in some of the harshest climates of the country' (hey were forced to stay for the duration of the war' (hose li!in% in the camps were depri!ed of basic ri%hts and human di%nity' -(here was no due process of law reAuired under the C th Amendment'. (his was especially un;ust because $FG of the internees were American citi2ens' 1n Iorematsu !' E'/' in 1#"", the E'/' /upreme Court appro!ed the internment' 1n spite of the depri!ations, <apanese Americans created small and !ibrant communities within the camps' 6any youn% <apanese American men ser!ed with and coura%e and distinction in the E'/' armed 1D$ ser!ices while their parents and youn%er siblin%s remained in the camps' -(he ""$ nd
9e%imental Combat (eam is the best e&le'. /i%: (he internment of the <apanese demonstrated how a nation can deny ri%hts to a minority as a result of hysterical o!erreaction to a percei!ed and unsubstantiated threat' :he 3ouble-= Campaign What: African Americans fou%ht for 7ictory a%ainst fascism o!erseas and 7ictory o!er discrimination at home' (his was the 0ouble=7 of WW11' /i%: (he 0ouble=7 campai%n of WW11 reflects the role that war has on effectin% chan%e more rapidly' 6any African Americans and others became aware of the hypocrisy of fi%htin% fascism abroad but doin% nothin% about <im Crow at home' (his accounts in part for the more a%%ressi!e ci!il ri%hts acti!ities that followed WW11, not ;ust by African Americans but by the national %o!ernment as well' Coot Suit >iots ,1)7--7/. What: 4lamboyantly dressed 6e&ican and 6e&ican=American youth were attac)ed by white E'/' sailors in Hos An%eles' (he sailors claimed that they were bein% attac)ed while on liberty' :oth sides claimed self=defense' /i%: (he riots symboli2ed the dan%ers of throwin% %roups of ethnically mi&ed youth into the same (ruman and the /tart of the Cold War 1#"C=1#C$ Post WWII 8conomic =oom 1>"11>10s What: 5nce WW11 ended, the soldiers returned ready to lead producti!e li!es and for%et their wartime ni%htmares' (han)s to the >1 bill -1#""., some J million !eterans ad!anced their education' With help and encoura%ement from the 7eterans Administration, many bou%ht *tract+ homes in the %rowin% suburbs' 6ost of these 1C million !eterans %ot married, and the *baby boom+ followed, which added CD million more to the population' (hese *middle=class+ !eterans e&perienced %reat prosperity, and there was desire for more consumer %oods such as (7s, cars, and washin% machines' /i%: 7eterans returned to build new li!es' (he country became e&ceptionally prosperous as families floc)ed to the suburbs, and industry thri!ed to supply American consumers' B0I0 2ill 1)77 What: 5n <une $$, 1#"", 3resident 4ran)lin 0elano 9oose!elt si%ned into law: the /er!icemembers@ 9ead;ustment Act of 1#"", commonly )nown as the >1 :ill of 9i%hts' :y the time the ori%inal >1 :ill ended in <uly 1#C6, 7'J million World War 11 !eterans had participated in a colle%e education or trainin% pro%ram and $'" million !eterans had home loans bac)ed by the 7eterans Administration /i%: (he >'1' :ill was one of the most si%nificant pieces of le%islation e!er produced by the Enited /tates %o!ernment$ 1t helped with the transition of 1C million members of the armed ser!ices bac) into the ci!ilian population and contributed to the robust economy of the post=war period' :aft-;arle+ 1ct 1)7% Who: 9epublican Con%ress o!er (rumans !eto What: 1mmediately after WW11, remo!al of wartime price controls caused a GG] increase in the cost of %oods' Wor)ers belie!ed that wa%es would not )eep up and they would not be able to buy the %oods they were ma)in%' Numerous stri)es occurred in 1DG 1#"6' A more conser!ati!e Con%ress passed this law that outlawed the closed shop -must be union member before %ettin% ;ob., made unions liable for dama%es resultin% from ;urisdictional disputes, and reAuired union leaders to ta)e a noncommunist oath' (ruman called it a *sla!e=labor bill+ and !etoed it, but Con%ress had a $FGrds ma;ority needed to o!erride the !eto' /i%': (his pro=mana%ement act slowed but did not stop the %rowth of or%ani2ed labor after WW11' Note too the %rowin% anti=Communist fear loaded into the bill' +rumans )air Deal as eBtension of @e6 Deal and resistance to it Who: (ruman What: 0emocratic 3resident (ruman promoted full employment le%islation, an increase in the minimum wa%e, economic assistance for farmers, e&tension of /ocial /ecurity, and enactment of anti=discrimination employment practices' He faced a hostile, conser!ati!e, and !eto=proof 9epublican Con%ress, and yet his 4air 0eal did achie!e some success' /i%': (he minimum wa%e was raised, public housin% was pro!ided for with the Housin% Act of 1#"#, and the benefits of /ocial /ecurity were e&tended' (rumans *4air 0eal+ should be seen as an e&tension of 409s *New 0eal'+ Emplo+ment 1ct of 1)7$ What: (he Employment Act of 1#"6 was a definiti!e attempt by the federal %o!ernment to ?promote ma&imum employment, production, and purchasin% power'? Conser!ati!es in Con%ress stripped the Act of much of its power but the spirit of the act remains' /i%: (his act represents the E'/' %o!ernments effort to mana%e the economy far beyond the more limited understandin%s of the past -i'e', control of money, trade, and commerce.' (he act represents a breathta)in% e&le of the opposite of the laisse2=faire policy that was characteristic of the late 1JDDs' 4rom about 1#DD to this act in 1#"6, the relationship of the E'/' %o!ernment to the economy and society had under%one radical chan%es as industriali2ation, depression, and wars forced %o!ernmental responses and chan%es' Henceforth the E'/' %o!ernment would be intimately in!ol!ed in the economic and social affairs of the country' DiBiecrats 1>"8 Who: /trom (hurmond What: (he 0i&iecrats were a states=ri%hts party that split from the 0emocratic 3arty and 3resident (ruman' (he 0emocratic 3arty platform of 1#"J included: *(he 0emocratic 3arty commits itself to continuin% its efforts to eradicate all racial, reli%ious and economic discrimination' We a%ain state our belief that racial and reli%ious minorities must ha!e the ri%ht to li!e, the ri%ht to wor), the ri%ht to !ote, the full and eAual protection of the laws, on a basis of eAuality with all citi2ens as %uaranteed by the Constitution'+ /trom (hurmond of /outh Carolina led a brea)away %roup and formed the 0i&iecrats -/tates 9i%hts 0emocratic 3arty. that carried se!eral states in the 0eep /outh in the Electoral Colle%e in the election of 1#"J' (he 0i&iecrats platform of 1#"J included: *We stand for the se%re%ation of the races ' ' ' ' We oppose the elimination of se%re%ation ' ' ' We oppose and condemn the action of the 0emocratic Con!ention in sponsorin% a ci!il ri%hts pro%ram callin% for the elimination of se%re%ation ' ' ' '+ 1D" /i%: (he 0i&iecrats were successful in the 0eep /outh, thus demonstratin% the power of <im Crow after World War 11 and foreshadowin% the comin% of the ci!il ri%hts battles of the 1#CDs and 1#6Ds' 1lger ;iss When: 1#"J What: Al%er Hiss, an e&=New 0ealer, was accused of bein% a communist by 9ichard Ni&on' He demanded the ri%ht to defend himself before the House En=American Acti!ities Committee and denied ha!in% been a communist a%ent, but was cau%ht in strin% of lies and sentenced to fi!e years in prison for per;ury' /i%: (he Hiss case reflected the lar%ely anti=<ewish, anti=communist sentiment durin% the early years of the Cold War, and helped ele!ate Ni&ons career' "ulius and Ethel >osenberg trial 1951-53 What: (he 9osenber%s were two communist spies who were American citi2ens and who were accused of sendin% atomic data to 6oscow for the de!elopment of an atomic bomb' (hey were con!icted of espiona%e and sent to the electric chair' /i%: /ympathy for the 9osenber%s and their two orphaned children caused some to reco%ni2e that red-hunters were going too far. Containment? Mennan 1)7% Who: >eor%e 4' Iennan, a so!iet specialist, crafted the *containment+ doctrine' What: Iennan, writin% in Foreign #""airs, stated that 9ussia was relentlessly e&pansionist and needed to be *contained+ in order to pre!ent its e&pansion and domination' /i%: Containment became the or%ani2in% principle of Cold War forei%n policy from 1#"C to 1##1' -ontainment' +ruman Doctrine 1>"7 What: (he (ruman 0octrine stated that America needed to aide *free peoples+ resistin% attac) by *armed minorities'+ (his aid would come primarily in the form of money' America was fearful that >reece and (ur)ey would fall under /o!iet control and pro!ided some "DD million dollars in aid' /i%: (he (ruman 0octrine si%nificantly e&panded the E'/' role in hinderin% communist %rowth' 1t set the sta%e for the 6arshall 3lan, in which America rebuilt Western Europe and helped counter communist ta)eo!ers there' (he (ruman 0octrine and 6arshall 3lan can be seen as *containment+ in action' %.ars(all Plan 1>"7 Who: /ecretary of /tate >eor%e C' 6arshall proposed the plan' Where: Europe What: (he 6arshall 3lan was the primary plan of the Enited /tates for the reconstruction of Europe followin% World War 11' (he plan was in operation for four fiscal years be%innin% in <uly 1#"7' 0urin% that period some W1G billion of economic and technical assistance = eAui!alent to around W1GD billion in $DD6=was pro!ided' /i%: :y the time the plan had come to completion, the economy of e!ery participant state, with the e&ception of >ermany, had %rown well past prewar le!els' 5!er the ne&t two decades Western Europe as a whole would en;oy unprecedented %rowth and prosperity' (he 6arshall 3lan was hi%hly successful and effecti!ely ser!ed the (ruman administrations need to confront /talinist 9ussia and the e&pansionist tendencies of Communism' 1DC 2erlin 1irlift Crisis 1)7(-7) Who: American, 4rench, and :ritish Where: West :erlin What: (he :erlin food=drop, one of the first ma;or crises of the Cold War, occurred from <une $", 1#"J = 6ay 11, 1#"# when the /o!iet Enion bloc)ed Western railroad and road access to West :erlin -(he di!ided :erlin was wholly in /o!iet= controlled East >ermany.' (he crisis abated after the /o!iet Enion did not act to stop American, :ritish and 4rench airlifts of food and other pro!isions to the Western=held sectors of :erlin followin% the /o!iet bloc)ade' (he :erlin airlift was hu%e, supplyin% $'$ million West :erliners for almost one year' /i%: (his aerial supplyin% of West :erlin became )nown as the :erlin Airlift' 6ilitary confrontation loomed while (ruman embar)ed on a hi%hly !isible mo!e which would publicly humiliate the /o!iets' A lar%e amount of %oods, such as coal and food were able to be transferred to West :erlin throu%h the Airlift process' /talin bac)ed down in the end: the airlift was a !ictory for (rumans forei%n policy' 41:H94orth 1tlantic :reat+ Hrgani'ation 1)7) What: NA(5 is an international or%ani2ation for collecti!e security established in 1#"#' Western European nations and the E'/' were -and are. members' (he members a%reed that an attac) on one would be an attac) on all' (his was in opposition to the /o!iet Enions Warsaw 3act treaty, pittin% eastern European nations within the /o!iet bloc a%ainst NA(5' /i%: NA(5 is the first permanent entan%lin% alliance since the 4ranco= American of 177J -cancelled by the Con!ention of 1JDD.' 3resident Washin%ton warned a%ainst such alliances, and the E'/' heeded his ad!ice until the /o!iet threat seemed to warrant ;oinin% NA(5 in 1#"#' NA(5 !ersus the Warsaw 3act represented the heart of the Cold War confrontation' (he 1#CDs Dorea2.ac*rt(ur )eud :durin$ Dorean War !une /1# 1>10 to cease fire on !uly /7# 1>1,< Who: >en' 6acArthur and 3resident (ruman What: (he Iorean War was ta)in% place and a bitter feud between >eneral 6acArthur and 3resident (ruman too) place' Althou%h one of the most decorated soldiers in E'/' history, after se!eral public criticisms of White House policy in Iorea, which were seen as undercuttin% the Commander in Chief@s position, Harry (ruman remo!ed 6acArthur from command and ordered him to return to the Enited /tates -April, 1#C1.' 6acArthur would ha!e e&panded the war by %oin% into ChinaMwhich (ruman and his military ad!isors )new would be the wron% war in the wron% place at the wron% time' /i%: (he feud demonstrated how di!ided Americans were on whom was the real enemy -North IoreaR ChinaR /o!iet EnionR.' (ruman asserted himself as Commander=in=Chief and )ept the war contained to the Iorean peninsulaMto his credit' (ruman was fi%htin% a *limited+ war consistent with *containment,+ and many Americans were ha!in% a hard time with the concept, includin% 6acArthur' 1D6 .c-art(yism 1>101" Who: Named after the E'/' /enator <oseph 6cCarthy, a 9epublican from Wisconsin' What: (his communist witch=hunt too) place durin% a period of intense suspicion in the Enited /tates, primarily from 1#CD to 1#C", when the E'/' %o!ernment was acti!ely counterin% American Communist 3arty sub!ersion, its leadership, and others suspected of bein% Communists or Communist sympathi2ers' 0urin% this period people from all wal)s of life became the sub;ect of a%%ressi!e ?witch hunts,? often based on inconclusi!e or Auestionable e!idence' 1t %rew out of the /econd 9ed /care that be%an in the late 1#"Ds' 6cCarthys ;ustified his unfairness on the basis that ;ust as you would not want a person who associates with )nown se& offenders to baby=sit your children, you do not want someone who associates with Communists to be in a position of influence' (hus careers could be ruined and e&pertise lost, both within and outside %o!ernment, solely on the basis that 6cCarthy accused the person of ha!in% Communist *connections'+ 4ew had the coura%e to openly defy 6cCarthy, and if they did, their careers could be o!er' /i%: 3ersons who were !ictims of 6cCarthyism were either denied employment in the pri!ate sector or failed %o!ernment security chec)s' 1n the film industry alone, o!er GDD actors, writers and directors were denied wor) in the E'/' throu%h the informal Hollywood blac)list' 6cCarthy@s influence faltered in 1#C"' 5n 6arch #, 1#C", famed C:/ newsman Edward 9' 6urrow aired a hi%hly critical ?9eport on <oseph 9' 6cCarthy? that used foota%e of 6cCarthy himself to portray him as dishonest in his speeches and abusi!e toward witnesses' 6cCarthys attac) on the E'/' Army, tele!ised, brou%ht him discredit and the /enate finally censured him' 8cCarran 1ct 1)5 What: (his was an internal security act which authori2ed the president to arrest and detain suspicious people durin% an *internal security emer%ency'+ /i%: (he 6cCarran Act was at the start of the 6cCarthy era -1#CD=C".' 3resident (ruman !etoed the Act, but con%ressional *%uardians of liberty+ enacted the bill o!er (rumans !eto' 9elate this to 6cCarthy=li)e hysteria of the times' Impact of the Cold <ar on 1merican societ+ What: ?Cold war? is the term %i!en to the competition, conducted throu%h means short of direct military conflict, between the Enited /tates and the /o!iet Enion since World War 11' (he American society was impacted in many !arious ways' Economically: 6ilitary spendin% s)yroc)eted in order to confront the /o!iet threat and this promoted economic prosperity in the 1#CDs' /ocially: 1. (he Cold War hei%htened fears of nuclear war amon% Americans' $. (he Ci!il 9i%hts mo!ement was fueled by E'/' %o!ernmental awareness that the /o!iets were usin% discrimination a%ainst African Americans as a propa%anda tool in its Auest for influence, particularly in (hird World nations, includin% Africa' G. Anti=Communism was normati!e' 5ne could lose a ;ob or career for bein% associated with Communists or espousin% the communist cause' Conformity to the anti=communist position was reAuired' 1D7 /i%: (he communists@ success in consolidatin% power and the possibility that their communism would spread to Europe, Asia, and perhaps e!en the Western Hemisphere created deep American suspicion and fear' While the LCDs were *happy days+ for most Americans, the constant fear arisin% from the Cold War and the ci!il ri%hts re!olution that was ;ust be%innin% told a different story' Impact of changes in science, technolog+, and medicine ,1)5!s. What: (he chan%es in science and medicine helped dri!e economic %rowth after WW11' (he /al) polio !accine was introduced in 1#C$, remo!in% this awful disease from the world sta%e' 6any chan%es in!ol!ed technolo%y, includin% the de!elopment of transistors and computers' (he National Aeronautics and /pace Administration -NA/A. of 1#CJ was established, leadin% in time to puttin% a man on the moon in 1#6#' (he /putni) scare inspired the National 0efense Education Act -1#CJ., stren%thenin% the educational underpinnin%s of science education in the E'/' /i%: (he chan%es made durin% the 1#CDs would lead to the de!elopment of what is )nown today as the *information a%e'+ Social developments durin$ t(e J10s What: 1. (ransportation' Anticipatin% a limitless future of low=cost fuels, endless ribbons of modern, multilane hi%hways were constructed' (he interstate hi%hway system radically chan%ed the mo!ement of %oods and people in addition to shiftin% hundreds of thousands of ;obs away from small towns alon% the old E'/' hi%hway system to new businesses and towns alon% the interstates' $. Housin%' With low=cost loans and ine&pensi!e housin% a!ailable, a mass mi%ration occurred in which many people -with emphasis on white, middle=class. came to li!e in suburbs due to the speedy commutes that were now a!ailable due to low= cost housin% and loans' G. /tandard of li!in%' >N3 ->ross National 3roduct. increased dramatically' (he economy also increased the a!era%e Americans li!in% standards, more affluent people were loo)in% at obtainin% two cars, swimmin% pools, !acation homes, and e!en recreational !ehicles' :y the end of the 1#CDs the !ast ma;ority of families owned a car and washin% machine, #D] owned a (7, and many owned their homes' ". :lac) mi%ration' Hu%e numbers of African Americans poured into the northern cities, escapin% southern racism and <im Crow' -Note the unintentional se%re%ation that occurred when whites mo!ed to new suburbs built alon% new hi%hway corridors while blac)s mo!ed to cities'. As African Americans left the south, not only conflict occurred, but also the incomin% blac)s imported the %rindin% po!erty of the rural south into the inner cores of northern cities for the first time in lar%e numbers' C. :aby boom' (he baby boom -1#"6=6G. was the lar%est %eneration born in American history' 6. 9oc) and roll' 1n addition to all this, roc) and roll, rooted in African American rhythm and blues music, chan%ed music as America had )nown it' White performers such as El!is 3resley made roc) and roll wildly popular' 7. *Happy days'+ (he LCDs were *happy days+ for many middle=class Americans, but many poor people, most especially :lac)s cau%ht in a <im Crow society, suffered' 1DJ /i%: (he 1#CDs, otherwise )nown as a decade of conformity, ne!ertheless witnessed profound chan%es in American society' +(e literature of criticism of t(e 1>10s' +(e 0onely -ro6d# +(e %r$aniFation .an# +(e .an in t(e Cray )lannel Suit# and +(e *ffluent Society Who: 0a!id 9iesman, William H' Whyte, /loan Wilson, <ohn Ienneth >albraith' What: 9iesman -(he Honely Crowd., Whyte -(he 5r%ani2ation 6an., and Wilson -(he 6an in the >ray 4lannel /uit. all addressed similar issues relatin% to the idea that the postwar %eneration was a pac) of conformists' >albraith -(he Affluent /ociety., on the other hand, Auestioned the relation between pri!ate wealth and the public %ood, he claimed that the postwar prosperity produced a troublesome combination which led to a lac) in social spendin%, but abundance in pri!ate consumer purchases' /i%: Critics of conformity and consumerism represent the conscience of America' Consensus and conformit+? suburbia and middle class 1merica 1)5s Who: American middle class What: (he middle class was buyin% the same cars, the same houses, watchin% the same ('7' pro%rams, and %enerally e&periencin% a homo%eni2ation of culture' *Hocalness+ was yieldin% to mass merchandisin% of the same )ind of products across a broad spectrum of %oods' 6c0onalds is ar%uably the best e&le of this risin% culture of conformity' As prosperity increased for many Americans, the nations communities lost character' 6odesty and conformity were normati!e' /i%: (he appearance of radical cultural forms durin% an era notorious for its social conser!atism indicates that there were perceptible public doubts o!er whether this )ind of mass consensus was really healthy' El!is 3resley, 9oc) and 9oll, the :eatni)s, the literature of alienation, all spo)e to a %rowin% awareness of chan%es that would e!entually brea) throu%h this conformity' (he e&plosion would occur the 1#6Ds' http:FFcourses'c!cc'!ccs'eduFhistoryamc%eeFcoursesFhis1$$Fhis1$$ln1D'html =eatni;s 1>10s Who: (his was a %roup of American counter=culture writers of the 1#CDs -e'%', <ac) Ierouac and his boo) 5n the 9oad. What: (heir writin%s reflected the new consciousness which became the %roundwor) for the social and cultural re!olution of the @6Ds' /i%: (hey moc)ed the materialistic people of America and the conser!ati!e conformity of the nation' (his challen%ed the mainstream of America' (he LCDs had *:eatni)s+, the L6Ds had *hippies'+ :oth %roups were countercultural and embraced nonconformist beha!iors rotatin% around communal acti!ities, music, se&, alcohol, and dru%s' "ohn &oster 3ulles! foreign polic+ 1)57 Who: <ohn 4oster 0ulles, /ecretary of /tate What: 0ulles called for a re!ision of forei%n policy based on *brin)smanship,+ whereby the E'/' would confront the /o!iet threat directly anywhere in the world' (he new policy would be based on the idea of *massi!e retaliation,+ or the ability to destroy the /o!iet Enion' (his reAuires the buildup of intercontinental bombers and missiles carryin% nuclear weapons' 6assi!e military e&penditures would be reAuired' 1D# /i%: (he new loo) pro!ed illusory and the ri%id futility of massi!e -i'e', nuclear. retaliation was e&posed' -American forei%n policy had to be re!ised later to pro!ide for %reater responsi!eness to local situations'. 1n the meantime, a nuclear arms race between the E'/' and E'/'/'9' %ot underway, leadin% to 6A0 -mutual assured destruction.' (he costs were astronomical' Sputni; and the space race Hctober 7, 1)5% Who: /o!iet Enion What: /putni) was an unmanned space mission launched by the /o!iet Enion in 1#C7 to demonstrate the !iability of artificial satellites' /putni) caused %reat fear that the /o!iets had a lead in the space race' (hat fear spar)ed the American space pro%ram' /i%: /putni) shoo) American confidence and complacency and Eisenhower was accused of allowin% a *technolo%ical 3earl Harbor'+ (he E'/' made a commitment to catch up and spent billions of dollars on research and de!elopment leadin% to manned E'/' space fli%ht, includin% the moon landin% in 1#6#' 1n 1#CJ, Con%ress authori2ed the National 0efense Education Act in part to impro!e the teachin% of the sciences' I;e and t(e 7.ilitary Industrial -ompleB9 !anuary 17# 1>61 Who: 3resident of the Enited /tates -and former >eneral of the Army. 0wi%ht 0' Eisenhower What: 1n his 4arewell Address to the Nation on <anuary 17, 1#61 he warned the nation to beware of the military=industrial comple& which had arisen the 1#CDs in response to the Communist threat' /i%: 1)es warnin% went lar%ely unheeded as military e&penditures continued to s)yroc)et and the pri!ate sector defense contractors %ained %reater influence and power' 2ro#n v0 2oard of Education ,1)57. ,and *less+ v0 &erguson. What: (he E'/' /upreme Court ruled unanimously that racial se%re%ation in public schools !iolated the 1"th Amendment to the E'/' Constitution, which says that no state may deny eAual protection of the laws to any person within its ;urisdiction' (he Court declared separate educational facilities to be inherentl+ unequal, thus re!ersin% its 1J#6 rulin% in Plessy vs. Ferguson' /chool boards were ad!ised to dese%re%ate ?with all deliberate speed'? /i%: (his is the most important ci!il ri%hts decision in E'/' history' (he decision dro!e a sta)e into the heart of <im Crow' >osa *ar6s and the 8ontgomer+ bus bo+cott 1)55 Where: 6ont%omery, Alabama What: 9osa 3ar)s was an African=American woman who refused to sit at the bac) of the bus one day in 0ecember 1#CC' /he was arrested for this action' (his led to the 6ont%omery bus boycott that lasted for a year and caused the inte%ration of 6ont%omery buses' Her arrest was a test case which allowed the National Association for the Ad!ancement of Colored 3eople -NAAC3. to challen%e the se%re%ation of public buses' (he E'/' /upreme Court -1#C6. declared <im Crow buses to be unconstitutional' /i%: 9osa 3ar)s spar)ed the ci!il ri%hts mo!ement and the comin% to power and influence of 6artin Huther Iin% -who led the bus boycott.' 11D -ivil Ri$(ts -ommission 1>17 What: A Ci!il 9i%hts Act was passed in 1#C7, pro!idin% for a Ci!il 9i%hts Commission authori2ed to in!esti%ate racial conditions within the Enited /tates' 4urther, a wea)ly enforced !otin% ri%hts pro!ision was in the law but little pro%ress was made here' Eisenhower had little interest in the Act -this is his shortcomin%Mci!il ri%hts.' /i%: (he watered down Act foreshadows the %reatly stren%thened Ci!il 9i%hts Act of 1#6" and the 7otin% 9i%hts Act of 1#6C' (he 1#6Ds: Iennedys New 4rontier and <ohnsons >reat /ociety U4e# &rontierU 1)$ What: (he New 4rontier was the le%islati!e pro%ram <ohn 4' Iennedy announced when he ran for president in 1#6D' 1t called for economic reforms to ?%et the country mo!in% a%ain'? /i%: Iennedy pro!ed unable to win passa%e of many of the items on his a%enda, includin% 6edicare to pro!ide medical help for the elderly -appro!ed under <ohnson in 1#6C., pro%rams to rebuild the inner cities, and an increase in federal fundin% for education' Con%ress did raise the minimum wa%e from W1'DD to W1'$C an hour and added G'6 million wor)ers to the rolls of those eli%ible to recei!e it' Iennedy also won support for e&pandin% /ocial /ecurity benefits and made W"'# billion a!ailable in federal %rants to cities for mass transit, open spaces, and middle=income housin%' Creens&oro sitin 1>60 Who: 4our blac) students from the North Carolina AN( -a local all=blac) colle%e. What: (hey sat down at a se%re%ated Woolworths lunch counter in >reensboro, North Carolina' Althou%h they were refused ser!ice, they were allowed to sit at the counter' 1n ;ust two months the sit=in mo!ement spread to C" cities in # states' /i& months after the sit=ins be%an, the ori%inal four protesters were ser!ed lunch at the same Woolworth@s counter' /it=ins would be effecti!e throu%hout the /outh in inte%ratin% other public facilities' (he /tudent Non!iolent Coordinatin% Committee -/to)ely Carmichael. arose out the sit=in mo!ement' /i%: (he sit=in mo!ement demonstrated the power of 6artin Huther Iin%s strate%y of non!iolent, passi!e resistance to in;ustice' &reedom >ides 1)$1 Who: Con%ress of 9acial EAuality -C59E. and indi!iduals from around the E'/' What: (he 4reedom 9ides were or%ani2ed by the Con%ress of 9acial EAuality -C59E. to test the effecti!eness of a 1#6D /upreme Court decision, /oynton !' Hirginia- which prohibited racial se%re%ation in public areas that ser!ed interstate tra!elers' A small interracial %roup of C59E members tra!elin% in two buses challen%ed southern se%re%ated rest rooms, waitin% rooms, and restaurants in bus terminals between Washin%ton, 0'C', and New 5rleans' (he first bus was set on fire and some passen%ers were beaten' (he freedom ride mo!ement cau%ht on, and hundreds of buses rolled into the south from all o!er the E'/' /i%: (he initial 4reedom 9ides furthered dese%re%ation in terminals throu%hout the /outh and demonstrated that ci!il ri%hts !ictories in the 0eep /outh were possible' 111 Mhrushchev and 2erlin 1)$1 Who: Ihrushche!, Iennedy, and Eisenhower What: /o!iet premier Ni)ita Ihrushche!@s demand that the four=power occupation of :erlin be terminated created tension' Ihrushche! further threatened to ma)e a treaty with East >ermany and cut off western access to :erlin' (o stop the continued e&odus of East >ermans to the West, East >ermany built the *:erlin Wall+ in 1#61, hei%htenin% tensions between East and West' /i%: (he :erlin crisis of 1#61 reflected the continued di!ision of Europe after World War 11 and represents the dan%ers of the Cold War turnin% hot at some flashpoint such as :erlin' 2a+ of *igs ,1pril 1%, 1)$1. Who: (wo thousand Cubans who had %one into e&ile after the 1#C# re!olution Where: At the :ay of 3i%s, Cuba What: (his was an unsuccessful in!asion by those Cuban e&iles who belie!ed that they would ha!e air and na!al support from the E'/' and that the in!asion would cause the people of Cuba to rise up and o!erthrow the re%ime of communist 4idel Castro' Neither e&pectation materiali2ed, althou%h unmar)ed planes from 4lorida bombed Cuban air bases prior to the in!asion' Cuban army troops pinned down the e&iles and forced them to surrender within se!enty=two hours' /i%: :efore and after the in!asion, the E'/' promoted the e&pulsion of Cuba from the 5r%ani2ation of American /tates, attempted an unsuccessful diplomatic Auarantine of Cuba, and stopped all Cuban e&ports from enterin% the E'/' Economic and diplomatic estran%ement remained American policy toward Communist Cuba for the indefinite future' (he :ay of 3i%s in!asion, or%ani2ed by the C1A, was a crushin% blow and sta%%erin% embarrassment to the E'/' and the Iennedy administration' Cuban missile crisis ,17 da+s in Hctober, 1)$-. Who: Iennedy and Ihrushche! What: Ihrushche! deployed /o!iet nuclear missiles in Cuba' Iennedy re;ected Air 4orce proposals for a *sur%ical+ bombin% stri)e a%ainst the missile=launchin% sites, and on 5ctober $$, he ordered a na!al *Auarantine+ of Cuba and demanded immediate remo!al of the threatenin% weaponry' E'/' Na!y warships were sent to bloc)ade the Cuban coast' 5n 5ctober $J, Ihrushche! a%reed to a partially face=sa!in% compromise, by which he would pull the missiles out of Cuba' (he E'/' in return a%reed to end the Auarantine and not in!ade the island' (he American %o!ernment also si%naled that it would remo!e from (ur)ey some of its own missiles tar%eted on the /o!iet Enion' /i%: Nuclear war was a possibility at the time' Iennedy faced Ihrushche!, and Ihrushche! blin)ed first' (his was a !ery %ra!e Cold War crisis' 1ffirmative 1ction ,11. Who: 6inority %roups such as African=Americans, Nati!e Americans, women What: AA is a set of public policies and initiati!es desi%ned to help eliminate past discrimination based on race, color, reli%ion, se&, or national ori%in, ensured an eAual opportunity for all in employment and education' /i%: AA %a!e better opportunities in school and the wor)place for those who were once discriminated a%ainst' AA caused a white bac)lash on the basis of *re!erse discrimination+ and came under attac) from the LJDs on' 11$ Silent Spring ,1)$-. What: 9achel Carsons boo) e&posed the dan%ers of 00( to animals and humans' 00( was remo!ed from the mar)et' /i%: Carsons boo) launched the modern en!ironmental protection mo!ement' .artin 0ut(er Din$ :8arly $oals versus later $oals only< What: Iin%s early efforts attac)ed <im Crow and emphasi2ed political ri%hts, after 1#6C, he be%an to emphasi2e economic ri%hts -he was )illed in 1#6J while in 6emphis supportin% a trash collectors stri)e. and opposition to the 7ietnam War -the war cost money that could ha!e been better spend on social pro%rams at home.' /i%: Iin%s a%enda chan%ed o!er time, from the early days of the 6ont%omery bus boycott -1#CC. to opposition to the 7ietnam War -1#6J.' 1n any e!ent, he was the dominant African=American leader of the ci!il ri%hts era' :he &eminine 8+stique ,1)$/. and 2ett+ &reidan ,and 4H<. Who: :etty 4reidan What: 4reidans (he 4eminine 6ystiAue -1#6G. is the boo) that launched the modern womens mo!ement' 4reidan spo)e in rousin% terms to millions of able, educated women who applauded her indictment of the stiflin% boredom of suburban housewi!es trapped in the *comfortable concentration camp'+ /he told them of *the problem that has no name,+ which is simply the fact that American women are )ept from %rowin% to their full human capacities' /he ar%ued that the *problem+ was ta)in% a far %reater toll on the physical and mental health of our country than any )nown disease' /i%: 4reidan and her literature were most often credited with launchin% the *second wa!e+ of the American feminist mo!ement in the later half of the twentieth century' /he was founder -1#66. and first president of N5W, the National 5r%ani2ation for Women' =ietnam <ar ,1)7s-1)5s-1)$s-1)%s. What: 1n the closin% sta%es of World War 11, the <apanese encoura%ed the people of 1ndochina to declare themsel!es independent' When the 7ietnamese declared independence in 1#"6, the 4rench military and the 4rench colonists opposed it' (he Enited /tates supported the 4rench effort in order to contain the Communist 7ietnamese rebels under Ho Chi 6inh' After the 4rench fortress at 0ien :ien 3hu fell to the Communists in 1#C", the E'/' bac)ed a noncommunist re%ime established in the /outh' (hat noncommunist re%ime was corrupt and ineffecti!e, and in 1#6" Con%ress authori2ed 3resident <ohnson to fi%ht the war a%ainst the Communists' :y 1#6J, the war became unpopular, and the newly elected 3resident Ni&on be%an *7ietnami2ation,+ which was the process of turnin% the war o!er to the /outh 7ietnamese army' (he E'/' pulled out in 1#7G when a cease=fire was a%reed to, but the fi%htin% was renewed and /ai%on, the capital of the /outh, fell in 1#7C, thus endin% the lon% war with a Communist !ictory' /i%: 7ietnam, the only forei%n war in which the E'/' has e!er been defeated, cruelly con!ulsed American society, endin% not only Hyndon <ohnsons presidency but the thirty=fi!e=year era of the 0emocratic 3artys political dominance as well' 11G :on6in >esolution ,Bulf of :on6in. ,1ugust %, 1)$7. Who: 3resident Hyndon :' <ohnson and Con%ress What: After the E'/' destroyer 6addo& was alle%edly fired on and under attac) by North 7ietnamese torpedo boats, <ohnson proceeded Auic)ly to authori2e retaliatory air stri)es a%ainst North 7ietnam' (he ne&t day he accused the North 7ietnamese of *open a%%ression on the hi%h seas'+ He then submitted to Con%ress a resolution that authori2ed him to ta)e ?all necessary measures to repel any armed attac) a%ainst the forces of the Enited /tates and to pre!ent further a%%ression'? (he resolution was Auic)ly appro!ed by Con%ress' <ohnson later admitted that the incident in the (on)in >ulf may not ha!e ta)en place' -(he E'/' ships had not been dama%ed in the alle%ed *attac)'+. (he (on)in >ulf 9esolution was the war authority <ohnson needed to be%in a massi!e troop buildup in 7ietnam' /i%: Hater, when more information about the (on)in incident became a!ailable, many concluded that <ohnson and his ad!isers had misled Con%ress into supportin% the e&pansion of the war' (he (on)in resolution was characteri2ed by <ohnson as *%randmas pa;amas,+ meanin% it co!ered e!erythin% and that he could fi%ht the war any way he wanted to fi%ht it' *nti6ar .ovement :1>61 E 1>7/< What: (his was the most si%nificant antiwar mo!ement in Enited /tates history' 6arches and mass protests occurred throu%hout the war' After Ni&on be%an bombin% Cambodia in 1#7D, the antiwar mo!ement be%an to embrace the lar%er American public and the American war effort was doomed thereafter' -1ncluded here is the demonstration at Ient /tate Eni!ersity in 1#7D, at which the National >uard )illed four students'. /i%: (his antiwar mo!ement had a %reat impact on policy and practically forced the E/ out of 7ietnam' (he antiwar mo!ement applied pressures directly on <ohnson and Ni&on and turned the public a%ainst the war' Civil >ights 1ct of 1)$7 What: (he act outlawed discrimination based on race, color, creed -reli%ion., national ori%in, and se& -Hums 9ACC55N/.' 1t was ori%inally made to protect the ri%hts of blac)s' Howe!er, the bill was amended prior to passa%e to protect the ci!il ri%hts of women too' /i%: (he Act transformed American society' 1t prohibited discrimination in public facilities and in employment' (he ?<im Crow? laws in the /outh were abolished, and it was ille%al to compel se%re%ation of the races in schools, housin%, or hirin%' :his is one of the most important la#s in I0S0 histor+0 Selma 2ridge ,1)$5. Who: 6artin Huther Iin% <r' F :lac) Community of 6arion, Alabama What: 5utra%ed o!er the )illin% of a demonstrator by a state trooper in 6arion, Alabama, the blac) community of 6arion decided to hold a march' 5n ?:loody /unday,? 6arch 7, 1#6C, about 6DD ci!il ri%hts marchers headed east out of /elma on E'/' 9oute JD' (hey only reached the Edmund 3ettus :rid%e about si& bloc)s away, when they were confronted by the state and local police' (he police attac)ed them with billy clubs and tear %as and dro!e them bac) into /elma' (wo days later on 6arch #, 6artin Huther Iin%, <r', led a ?symbolic? march to the brid%e' (hen ci!il ri%hts leaders sou%ht court protection for a third, full=scale march from /elma to the state capitol in 6ont%omery' 4ederal 0istrict Court <ud%e 4ran) 6' <ohnson, <r' ruled in fa!or of the demonstrators' 11" 5n /unday, 6arch $1, about G,$DD marchers set out for 6ont%omery, wal)in% 1$ miles a day and sleepin% in fields' :y the time they reached the capitol on (hursday, 6arch $C, they were $C,DDD=stron%' /i%: Hess than fi!e months after the last of the three marches, 3resident Hyndon <ohnson si%ned the 7otin% 9i%hts Act of 1#6C :he Breat Societ+ ,1)$5. Who: Hyndon :aines <ohnson What: (his was a political slo%an used by E'/' 3resident Hyndon :' <ohnson -ser!ed 1#6G_6#. to identify his le%islati!e pro%ram of national reform' 1n his first /tate of the Enion messa%e -<an' ", 1#6C. after election in his own ri%ht, the president proclaimed his !ision of a *>reat /ociety+ and declared a *war on po!erty'+ He called for an enormous pro%ram of social welfare le%islation includin% 1. federal support for education -includin% 3ro;ect Head /tart, an antipo!erty pro%ram., $. medical care for the a%ed throu%h an e&panded /ocial /ecurity 3ro%ram -6edicare for the elderly and 6edicaid for the poor., G. federal protection for citi2ens depri!ed of the !ote by state !oter re%istration -7otin% 9i%hts Act of 1#6C., and ". immi%ration reform -dropped the national ori%ins Auota test first established in the Emer%ency Buota Act of 1#$1.' After a landslide !ictory for the 0emocratic 3arty in the elections of No!ember 1#6", a sympathetic Con%ress passed almost all the president@s bills -noted abo!e in parentheses.' /i%: (he War on 3o!erty, and the >reat /ociety of which it was a part, left a mi&ed le%acy' (hey were responsible for the most important le%al protections of ci!il ri%hts since the 1J6Ds, they permanently e&panded the American welfare and social insurance system, and they %a!e the federal %o!ernment important new responsibilities in such areas as the en!ironment, education, and the arts' :ut the lar%est >reat /ociety pro%ramsM6edicare and 6edicaidMpro!ed to be hi%hly inefficient and unwieldy, they ultimately became two of the most costly items in the federal bud%et' And the %ap between the e&pansi!e intentions of the War on 3o!erty and its relati!ely modest achie!ements fueled later conser!ati!e ar%uments that %o!ernment is not an appropriate !ehicle for sol!in% social problems' 4urther, the costs of the 7ietnam War caused support for <ohnsons >reat /ociety a%enda to wane' =oting >ights 1ct ,1)$5. Who: 3resident Hyndon <ohnson What: (his landmar) law pro!ided for the Enited /tates 0epartment of <ustice to super!ise the re%istration of !oters in states with histories of !oter re%istration discrimination a%ainst minority citi2ens' /i%: :ecause of this Act, within fi!e years, millions of blac)s were re%istered to !ote and their !otes chan%ed the character of /outhern politics' =lac; .ilitancy after 1>61 What: 1n Au%ust 1#6C, frustrations with hi%h unemployment and po!erty led to riots, one specifically in the Watts section of Hos An%eles -primarily a blac) nei%hborhood.' 1n the summers of 1#66 and 1#67, urban riots occurred in the poorer nei%hborhoods of se!eral Northern cities' (he summer of 1#67 saw 1CD racial confrontations and "D riots' 1n 1#6J, the summer after the assassination of 6artin Huther 11C Iin%, <r', many race riots bro)e out a%ain' (hese urban riots of the mid=1#6Ds !oiced blac) ra%e and demands for :lac) 3ower, which chan%ed the tone of the ci!il ri%hts mo!ement' 6any people such as /to)ely Carmichael and 6alcolm X helped to promote blac) economic and political independence' Conflicts soon arose between the older ci!il ri%hts or%ani2ations, such as the NAAC3, and black poer ad!ocates, with their aura of militancy and !iolence' /ome blac)s called for racial pride and separatism instead of inte%ration' Ci!il ri%hts demands shifted from color=blinded to color=consciousness' /i%: :y the end of the 1#6Ds, the African American Auest for political ;ustice -!otes. shifted more to economic ;ustice -;obs.' 4urther, the ci!il ri%hts mo!ement had stron%ly influenced other %roups, which adopted its protest tactics' 4or e&le, in 1#6J Nati!e American leaders demanded a reimbursement for lands that %o!ernment had ta)en throu%h treaties and 1ndians en%a%ed in !iolent confrontations with 4ederal authorities' At the other e&treme were abortion clinics protestors, who included those who would use !iolence' (he !iolence of the later part of the 1#6Ds foreshadowed a dar) and u%ly turn of e!ents across America, a turn that influenced not only blac)s but others' 8alcolm K What: 6alcolm X was one of the most prominent :lac) Nationalist leaders in the Enited /tates in the 1#6Ds' As a militant leader, 6alcolm X ad!ocated blac) pride and economic self=reliance' He ultimately rose to become a world renowned African AmericanF3an=Africanist and human ri%hts acti!ist' He was assassinated in N8 City on 4ebruary $1, 1#6C on the day of National :rotherhood Wee)' /i%: He was a powerful African American leader who inspired millions of African Americans to belie!e in themsel!es and ha!e pride in who they were' 2lac6 1ctivists and Hrgani'ations in the 1)$s 1' /to)ely Carmichael: He was a blac) separatist and a 3an=Africanist and leader of the /tudent Non!iolent Coordinatin% Committee -/NCC., the :lac) 3anther 3arty, and participated in the Con%ress of 9acial EAuality -C59E.' /NCC: 5ne of the primary institutions of the American Ci!il 9i%hts 6o!ement' 5ri%inal student members were or%ani2ers of sit=ins at se%re%ated lunch counters in the southern Enited /tates' 1ts purpose then was to coordinate the use of non!iolent direct action to attac) se%re%ation and other forms of racism' /NCC played a leadin% role in the 1#61 4reedom 9ides, the 1#6G 6arch on Washin%ton, 6ississippi 4reedom /ummer and the 6ississippi 4reedom 0emocratic 3arty o!er the ne&t few years' When Carmichael led the or%ani2ation, it focused on :lac) 3ower and then fi%htin% a%ainst the 7ietnam War' $' 9oy Wil)ins: He was acti!e in the National Association for the Ad!ancement of Colored 3eople -NAAC3. and between 1#G1 and 1#G" was assistant NAAC3 secretary under Walter 4rancis White' When 0u:ois left the or%ani2ation in 1#G", Wil)ins replaced him as editor of the official ma%a2ine of the NAAC3 NAAC3: 1t was founded 4ebruary 1$, 1#D# to wor) on behalf of African Americans' 6embers of the NAAC3 ha!e referred to it as (he National Association, confirmin% its pre=eminence amon% or%ani2ations acti!e in the Ci!il 9i%hts 6o!ement since its ori%ins in the first years of the $Dth century' :y the mid=1#6Ds, the NAAC3 had re%ained some of its preeminence in the Ci!il 9i%hts 6o!ement by pressin% for ci!il ri%hts le%islation' (he 6arch on Washin%ton for <obs and 4reedom too) place on Au%ust $J, 1#6G' Con%ress passed a ci!il ri%hts bill aimed at endin% racial discrimination in employment, education and public accommodations in 1#6", followed by a !otin% ri%hts act in 1#6C' 116 G' <ames H' 4armer: 1n 1#"$, he founded the Con%ress of 9acial EAuality -C59E.' C59E: 1t played a pi!otal role in the E'/' Ci!il 9i%hts mo!ement' 1t sou%ht to apply the principles of non!iolence as a tactic a%ainst se%re%ation' (he %roup belie!ed that non!iolent ci!il disobedience could be used by African=Americans to challen%e racial se%re%ation in the /outh and e!entually other parts of the E'/' "' Huey 3ercy Newton: He was the co=founder and inspirational leader of the :lac) 3anther 3arty' :lac) 3anther 3arty: A re!olutionary, :lac) Nationalist or%ani2ation also founded by :obby /eale and 9ichard Ao)i' 1t %rew to national prominence in the E'/' and is a representati!e of the counterculture re!olutions of the 1#6Ds' 1t was founded on the principles of its (en=3oint 3ro%ram, which called for %reater autonomy of blac) Americans and correction of the in;ustices of racism' (he %roup@s political %oals were often o!ershadowed by their confrontational and uncompromisin% !iews and approach toward a%ents of law enforcement, who the :lac) 3anthers saw as the linchpin of racism that could only be o!ercome by a willin%ness to ta)e up armed self=defense' 1)$(91 5ear to >emember in I0S0 ;istor+? Important Events in 1)$( 10 :et Hffensive What: (et was the %reat battle of the 7ietnam War, a coordinated surprise attac) by the 7iet Con% -the rebel forces, sponsored by North 7ietnam. on hundreds of cities, towns, and hamlets throu%hout /outh 7ietnam' 1n <anuary of 1#6J, on the first day of (et -the lunar New 8ear holiday., 7iet Con% units attac)ed fi!e of /outh 7ietnams si& cities, most of its pro!incial and district capitals, and fifty hamlets' (he E'/' and A97N soldiers responded Auic)ly by re%ainin% most of the %round the attac)ers had won' 5nly in Hue did the 7iet Con% hold on' /i%: America and /outh 7ietnamese military forces defeated the North 7ietnamese e!erywhere, but the Communists demonstrated that they could attac) when and where they wanted to attac)' (his demonstrated the absence of control of the country by /outh 7ietnam and the E'/' and led to increased opposition to the war at home' -0 1ssassination of 8LM Who: 6artin Huther Iin%, <r' and <ames Earl 9ay When: April ", 1#6J Where: 5n the balcony of the Horraine 6otel in 6emphis, (ennessee What: He was preparin% to lead a local march in support of the predominantly blac) 6emphis sanitation wor)ers union on stri)e at the time' (he assassination led to a nationwide wa!e of riots in more than 6D cities' (wo months later they captured and escaped con!ict <ames Earl 9ay' He confessed of )illin% him because of his e&tensi!e ci!il ri%hts wor)' /i%: Iin% left a hu%e impact on America throu%h his promotion of non= !iolence and racial eAuality' He was considered a peacema)er and martyr' 1t was a hu%e loss for America to lose the most famous leader of American Ci!il 9i%hts 6o!ement' /0 4uclear 4on-*roliferation :reat+ When: <uly 1, 1#6J What: A treaty established to limit the spread of nuclear weapons' (he treaty is summari2ed as ha!in% three pillars: nonproliferation, disarmament, and the ri%ht to peacefully use nuclear technolo%y' 117 /i%: (his has been a !ery successful treaty that still has %reat affect in todays world' 70 1ssassination of >&M When: <une C, 1#6J Who: 9obert 4' Iennedy and /irhan :' /irhan What: <ust four years after the death of his brother <ohn 4' Iennedy, 9obert was assassinated' 1n a crowded )itchen passa%eway, /irhan :' /irhan, a $"=year=old Hos An%eles resident, fired a '$$ caliber re!ol!er directly into the crowd surroundin% Iennedy' Iennedy ne!er re%ained consciousness and died in the early mornin% hours of <une 6, 1#6J at the a%e of "$' Iennedy was appointed by his brother as Attorney >eneral for his administration' /i%: He was one of 3resident Iennedys most trusted ad!isors' 1n 1#6", after his brothers death, he was elected to the E'/' /enate from the state of New 8or) and at the time of his assassination he was runnin% for president' 50 1)$( <ashington 30C0 >iots Where: Washin%ton 0'C', Washin%ton, :altimore, and Chica%o What: (he ready a!ailability of ;obs in the %rowin% federal %o!ernment attracted many to Washin%ton in the 1#6Ds, and middle class African=American nei%hborhoods prospered' As word of Iin%@s murder by <ames Earl 9ay in 6emphis, (ennessee, spread on the e!enin% of April ", crowds be%an to %ather' :y 11pm, widespread lootin% had be%un -as well as in o!er GD other cities.' /i%: (he riots utterly de!astated Washin%ton@s inner city economy' With the destruction or closin% of businesses, thousands of ;obs were lost, and insurance rates soared' 6ade uneasy by the !iolence, city residents of all races accelerated their departure for suburban areas, depressin% property !alues' Crime in the burned out nei%hborhoods rose sharply, further discoura%in% in!estment' $0 1)$( 3emocratic Convention >iots What: 1n Au%ust, 1#6J, the 0emocrats held their con!ention in Chica%o' Antiwar protestors battled police before a national tele!ision audience' /i%: (he depths of antiwar protest were ob!ious' 4urther, many Americans !iewed the protestors as dan%erous radicals, which fueled Ni&ons campai%n on behalf of the *silent ma;ority'+ Ni&on :he Election of 1)$( and the ESilent 8aPorit+F Who: 9ichard 6' Ni&on Where: Enited /tates of America What: 9ichard Ni&on won the electron of 1#6J, beatin% out the 0emocrat Hubert H' Humphrey, and >eor%e C' Wallace' Ni&on won with only "G'"] of the popular tally, and 1#1 electoral !otes' He did not win a sin%le ma;or city' /i%: Ni&ons appeal to the *silent ma;ority+ at the end of the decade of protest struc) a chord in the electorate' An old anticommunist fi%hter, the people trusted him to %et the E'/' out of 7ietnam in some acceptable manner' Beorge <allace and the race issue in the election of 1)$( What: Wallace ran a third party campai%n that was racist, in opposition to 0emocratic candidate Humphrey who supported the Ci!il 9i%hts Act of 1#6" and 11J 9epublican Ni&on who was not o!ertly racist' Wallaces 1ndependent 3arty was successful in the deep /outh' /i%: Wallaces campai%n demonstrates the deeply felt racist feelin%s in the /outh' 4ixon!s Challenge? =ietnam What: 3resident Ni&on became 3resident in <anuary 1#6#, when the war in 7ietnam was hi%hly unpopular' His challen%e was to %et the E'/' out of the war without losin% it' (hus he sou%ht to *7ietnami2e+ the 7ietnam War by withdrawin% American (roops while concurrently trainin% /outh 7ietnamese troops to ta)e o!er the American role' Ni&on also pursued a peace treaty, and in <anuary 1#7G he announced the si%nin% of a peace treaty with the phrase, *peace with honor'+ (he E'/' pulled out in 1#7G, and the war was renewed between North and /outh' (he war was lost in 1#7C when the /outh 7ietnamese capital, /ai%on, fell to the North 7ietnamese' /i%: Ni&on %ot the troops out of 7ietnam but the war was lost after the withdrawal' VietnamiFation What: /oon after ta)in% office 3resident 9ichard Ni&on introduced his policy of ?7ietnami2ation'+ (he plan was to encoura%e the /outh 7ietnamese to ta)e more responsibility for fi%htin% the war' 1t was hoped that this policy would e!entually enable the Enited /tates to withdraw %radually all their soldiers from 7ietnam' /i%: Ni&on was able to achie!e *7ietnami2ation,+ but the /outh 7ietnamese %o!ernment did not en;oy enou%h support to win the war on its own' 4ixon!s Challenge? China What: 1n 1#7$, 9ichard Ni&on became the first American 3resident to %o to China' (he !isit, planned in secret, ama2ed the world and mar)ed the end of the deep free2e in /ino_American relations that started with the Communist ta)eo!er in 1#"#' 1t was an immense %amble but a brilliant stro)e of policy, chan%in% the international balance of power' With China not hostile, Ni&on could withdraw E'/' forces from 7ietnam -hopefully, at least., American )now=how could help 6ao reco!er from his disastrous Cultural 9e!olution, most of all, each now had a card to play a%ainst the /o!iet Enion in the Cold War stru%%le' /i%: Ni&on, a hard=line anticommunist, may ha!e been the only America with the ability to open relations with China and be%in a more cordial era between the two nations' 4ixon!s Challenge? <atergate scandal and investigation--"une 1%, 1)%- @ 1)%7 Who: 3resident 9ichard 6' Ni&on and some of his supporters Where: 0emocratic 3artys 1#7$ campai%n headAuarters at Water%ate Hotel, Washin%ton, 0'C' What: *Water%ate+ was a ma;or political scandal, which be%an with the bur%lary and wiretappin% of the 0emocratic 3artys campai%n headAuarters in the summer of 1#7$ and before Ni&ons reelection in No!ember' (he bur%lary was committed on <une 17, 1#7$, by C men who were cau%ht in the offices of the 0emocratic National Committee in the Water%ate Hotel in Washin%ton 0'C' (heir arrest soon unco!ered a White House sponsored plan of espiona%e a%ainst political opponents and a trail that led to many of the nations hi%hest officials, includin% the president himself' (apes recorded by Ni&ons recordin% system were subpoenaed, but Ni&on refused to turn them o!er' 1n E'/' ! Ni&on 11# -1#7"., the E'/' /upreme Court re;ected Ni&ons e&ecuti!e pri!ile%e defense and ordered him to turn o!er the tapes, which pro!ed to be his undoin%' 4acin% impeachment, he resi%ned in 1#7", the only 3resident in E'/' history to do so' 7ice 3resident >erald 4ord became president and pardoned Ni&on from all crimes he mi%ht ha!e committed while in office' -Ni&on was then immune from federal prosecution'. /i%: (he Water%ate scandal se!erely shoo) the faith of the American people in the presidency and turned out to be a supreme test for the E'/' Constitution' Water%ate showed that in a nation of laws no one is abo!e the law, not e!en the president' 4e# &ederalism 1)$)-1)() Who: 3resident 9ichard Ni&on and 3resident 9onald 9ea%an What: New 4ederalism was a name %i!en to pro%rams desi%ned to decentrali2e %o!ernment power: money and power were directed away from federal bureaucracy and to the states' Ni&on practiced re!enue sharin%, in which the federal %o!ernment shared some ta&es with state and local %o!ernments' 9ea%an continued this and consolidated cate%orical %rants -made for a specific purpose. into bloc) %rants -affordin% state %o!ernments more latitude.' /i%: (he assi%nin% of %reater responsibility for social and other pro%rams to the states was characteristic of Ni&ons and 9ea%ans efforts to shore up states ri%hts pri!ile%es and responsibilities a%ainst an e!er=e&pandin% national presence' Environmental *rotection 1genc+--1)% Who: 1ndependent a%ency of the E'/' %o!ernment What: (he E3A was established to reduce and control air and water pollution, and to ensure safe handlin% and disposal of to&ic substances' -1n 1#6$, 9achel Carson published /ilent /prin%, which e&plained the dan%ers of pesticides, notably 00(' (estifyin% before Con%ress in 1#6G, Carson called for new policies to protect human health and the en!ironment' Her boo) launched the en!ironmental protection mo!ement in the E'/' and is part of the bac)%round to the establishment of the E3A in 1#7D'. /i%: (he E3A reflected the %rowin% public awareness of lon%=ran%e dan%ers to the en!ironment -unre%ulated to&ic waste dumpin%, for e&le.' :itle IK 1)%- What: (itle 1X prohibits discrimination on account of se& in federally funded educational acti!ities' /i%: 4or practical purposes, this act helped women in school and colle%e sports pro%rams achie!e some eAuality with men in the fundin% of athletic pro%rams Roe v4 Wade 1)%/ What: (he E'/' /upreme le%ali2ed abortion in 1#7G in the Foe v. Wade case' /i%: (his pro=choice !ictory le%ali2ed abortion and spar)ed a ci!il ri%hts conflict that is still %oin% on today Changes in 1merican econom+? 1)%5 on What: 4undamental chan%es occurred in the E'/' economy from the 1#7Ds on' 5lder and hi%her=payin% industrial ;obs in steel and autos were bein% lost to forei%n competitors and low payin% ser!ice ;obs such as those found in fast=food restaurants, commercial boo)stores, retail sales, coffee houses, hotels, and resorts too) their place' 6eanwhile, owners and mana%ers of ser!ice sector companies enriched themsel!es with hi%h salaries and stoc) options' 1$D /i%: (his problem was not sol!ed as we closed out the study of E'/' History in the 1##Ds' (his problem was further a%%ra!ated by *outsourcin%+ of e!en hi%her=paid ;obs' (he Enited /tates since 1#7$ DKtente :J70s< and Clasnost :J80s< Who: /o!iet Enion and E'/' What: DItente is *rela&ation of tension+ in 4rench' DItente used to describe the decrease in tension between the /o!iet Enion and E'/' and the wea)enin% of the Cold War' Ni&on was the first president to !isit 6oscow' A tan%ible first fruit of dItente was the Anti=:allistic 6issile -A:6. (reaty of 1#7$' 0^tente e!entually failed when the /o!iet Enion in!aded Af%hanistan in 1#7#, followed by the election of 9onald 9ea%an in 1#JD' 9ea%an stressed military preparedness as the )ey to /o!iet=American relations -he called the /o!iet Enion the *e!il empire+.' (he warmin% of relations came later under the /o!iet leader >orbache! when 9ea%an responded to him' P1ndeed, they a%reed in the 1N4 (reaty of 1#J7 to ban intermediate=ran%e nuclear forces -1N4. in Europe'Q >orbache! wanted glasnost -openness. in %o!ernmental relations and embraced 9ea%an as a %reat leader' 9ea%an responded and the E'/' and /o!iet Enion de!eloped a less confrontational and much friendlier relationship -indeed, >orbache! won the Nobel 3eace 3ri2e in 1##D for his efforts in endin% the Cold War.' /i%: Ni&on should be %i!en credit for an effort to reduce tensions with both China and the /o!iet Enion by ma)in% trips to both nations' -(he cynic can always claim he merely wanted to dri!e a wed%e between the two communist powers and play one a%ainst the other'. 9ea%an should be %i!en credit for embracin% >orbache! and for a rapprochement -renewal of friendly relationsQ with 9ussia' Camp 3avid 1ccords 1)%( Who: 3resident <immy Carter, 3resident Anwar /adat of E%ypt and 3rime 6inister 6enachem :e%in of 1srael Where: Camp 0a!id, 6aryland What: (he Camp 0a!id Accords was a *framewor) for 3eace in the 6iddle East'+ Carter won the Nobel 3eace 3ri2e' (his 1#7J a%reement ended the war between E%ypt and 1srael ori%inally started in 1#"J but ne!er formally concluded' 1srael a%reed to return the /inai 3eninsula to E%ypt in return for E%ypts reco%nition of 1sraels ri%ht to e&ist as a separate nation' /i%: (his was 3resident Carters %reatest achie!ement as president' E%ypt was the first Arab country to reco%ni2e 1srael' :hree 8ile Island ,1)%). and Chernob+l ,1)($. What: (hree 6ile 1sland in 3ennsyl!ania and Chernobyl in the then /o!iet 9epublic of the E)raine were two nuclear power plants that sustained dama%e and eroded the safety and credibility of nuclear power' (he Chernobyl meltdown was a disaster' /i%: (he (hree 6ile 1sland meltdown was less dama%in% than Chernobyl, but the E'/' lost its commitment to nuclear ener%y after the meltdown' (he E'/' continued to rely on fossil fuels -coal, %as, oil. for ener%y' -3resident >eor%e W' :ush is currently pushin% for alternati!e ener%y as a way to become less forei%n oil dependentMnotably ethanol'. 1$1 Iranian ;ostage Crisis 1)%)-1)(1 Who: E'/' 3resident Carter, 1ranian re!olutionaries, and American hosta%es Where: American embassy in (ehran What: 1ranian re!olutionaries held more than CD Americans hosta%e in the E'/' embassy for """ days, until the crisis was o!er' Carters efforts, both diplomatic and military, failed to %et the hosta%es released durin% his term' (he hosta%e crisis was Carters worst ni%htmare durin% his administration' Al%eria interceded and ne%otiated an a%reement between the E'/' and 1ran ;ust as the hardliner 9ea%an was about to be inau%urated' 5n the day of 3resident 9ea%ans inau%uration, the Enited /tates released almost WJ billion in 1ranian assets and the hosta%es were freed' /i%: (he hosta%e crisis demonstrated how wea) and powerless the E'/' %o!ernment was in dealin% with terrorists' Carter and the *anama Canal 1)%%, 1))) What: 1n 1#77, Carter ne%otiated a treaty with 3anama to %i!e 3anama full control o!er the 3anama Canal in 1###' /i%: (he E'/' %a!e up control o!er the Canal to a forei%n -but friendly. state toward the end of establishin% friendlier relations with Hatin American nations' -arters economic pro&lems What: Carter@s mana%ement of the economy aroused widespread concern' (he inflation rate climbed hi%her each year he was in office, risin% from 6 percent in 1#76 to more than 1$ percent by 1#JD, unemployment remained hi%h at 7'C percent, and !olatile interest rates reached a hi%h of $D percent or more twice durin% 1#JD' :oth business leaders and the public at lar%e blamed Carter for the nation@s economic woes, char%in% that the president lac)ed a coherent strate%y for tamin% inflation without causin% a painful increase in unemployment' -*/ta%flation+ was hi%h unemployment coupled with hi%h inflation'. /i%: (he nation blamed Carter for the stru%%lin% economy -includin% hi%h %as prices, a%ain. and the hosta%e crisis and he lost the election of 1#JD to 9ea%an' Carter, on the other hand, blamed the American people in a startlin% 1#7# (7 speech, in which he said: *1n a nation that was proud of hard wor), stron% families, close=)nit communities, and our faith in >od, too many of us now tend to worship self=indul%ence and consumption' Human identity is no lon%er defined by what one does, but by what one owns' :ut we!e disco!ered that ownin% thin%s and consumin% thin%s does not satisfy our lon%in% for meanin%' We!e learned that pilin% up material %oods cannot fill the emptiness of li!es which ha!e no confidence or purpose' ' ' ' (he symptoms of this crisis of the American spirit are all around us'+ @e6 Ri$(t and t(e -onservative social a$enda 1>80 Who: New 9i%ht acti!ists under the 3residency of 9onald 9ea%an What: (he emer%ence of a *New 9i%ht+ mo!ement was in response to the countercultural protests of the 1#6Ds' 6any New 9i%ht acti!ists were less worried about economic or cultural concerns and more worried about social issues' (hey re;ected abortion, porno%raphy, homose&uality, feminism, and affirmati!e action' (hey put prayer in schools and added tou%her penalties for criminals' 1$$ /i%: (he 5ld and New 9i%ht were a powerful political combination, de!oted to chan%in% the character of American society' 9onald 9ea%an supported the New 9i%ht in his presidential bid in 1#JD' Rea$anomics 1>80s Who: 3resident 9ea%an What: *9ea%anomics+ were the economic policies of 3resident 9onald 9ea%an' He promised lower ta&es and a smaller %o!ernment' He fa!ored *supply side+ economics, whereby a cut in ta&es would put more money in pri!ate hands with the understandin% that the money would be used to stimulate in!estment and create ;obs' His ta& cuts were lar%e, but in the end 9ea%anomics could not be ;ud%ed fairly because of his massi!e military e&penditures which dro!e the national debt up to new and sta%%erin% hei%hts' /i%: 9ea%anomics became a new wordMthe idea bein% to hold the line on the federal bud%et and ha!e ta& cuts stimulate the economy' (he problem was that massi!e military e&penditures fueled bud%et deficits that made the New 0eal loo) stin%y' Rea$an and -arter as Was(in$ton outsiders What: :oth Carter and 9ea%an did not ha!e careers in Washin%ton before becomin% president' :oth were *outsiders+ in this sense, and the people, disenchanted with Washin%ton for !arious reasons, found them attracti!e and !oted them into the White House' /i%: (hese men represent a popular re!olt a%ainst the traditional *establishment'+ 1rms Limitations :al6s and :reaties 1)%s-1))s 1' A:6 (reaty and /AH( 1 -Ni&on. Who: (he Enited /tates and the E//9 What: (he Enited /tates and the E//9 a%reed to an A:6 -anti=missile missiles. (reaty in 1#7$ which limited the anti=missile -defensi!e. nuclear missiles between the two countries' (he (reaty also pro!ided for continued /trate%ic Arms Himitation (al)s -/AH(., which resulted in the limitin% of the number of lon% ran%e offensi!e missiles' /i%: (he A:6 (reaty and /AH( 1 represented a temporary thaw in the E'/' /o!iet relationship' $' /AH( 11, 1#7# -Carter. Who: 3resident Carter and /o!iet leader Heonid :re2hne! What: (his failed treaty limited the number of lethal weapons both countries could ha!e, but the treaty was not appro!ed' /i%: (oo many other issues clouded the relationship between the /o!iet Enion and the E'/' (he hi%h water mar) of strate%ic arms limitation and reduction came earlier, durin% the Ni&on years, notably 1#7$' G' /(A9( 1 -1##1. and /(A9( 11 -1##G.M/trate%ic Arms 9eduction (reaty Who: (he Enited /tates and the /o!iet Enion What: 1t too) about ten years of ne%otiations between these two countries in order to si%n the /trate%ic Arms 9eduction (reaty' /i%: 4i!e months after /(A9( 1, the /o!iet Enion dissol!ed and four 1$G independent states with strate%ic nuclear weapons in their territory formed==:elarus, Ia2a)hstan, 9ussia, and E)raine' (hree of the four states came up with their own strate%ic arms treaties' 9ussia, the fourth state, ne%otiated a separate /(A9( 11 (reaty with the E'/' in 1##G' Ender /(A9( 11, 3resident :ush and 9ussian 3resident :oris 8eltsin a%reed to reduce lon%=ran%e nuclear arsenals by two=thirds within ten years' Invasion of Brenada9Hctober, 1)(/ Who: 3resident 9ea%an and the Enited /tates Where: >renada -Caribbean. What: 6ar&ists in >renada too) control of the country and )illed the 3rime 6inister in a military coup' 3resident 9ea%an sent in an in!asion force that Auic)ly defeated the insur%ents and installed a %o!ernment friendly to the E'/' /i%: /hows the policy of 9ea%an to assert Americas dominance in the Caribbean and openly confront communist e&pansion' 9ea%an did not ha!e Con%ressional authorityMhe sent the troops in to protect American interests, as usual' (his time the *interests+ were American students attendin% a medical colle%e' (he 3resident had to ha!e some authorityMhe did the best he could but protectin% the students was a sham for any intelli%ent obser!er' 5nce a%ain, the E'/' president e&erted an imperial=li)e attitude toward Hatin American nei%hbors' Iran-Contra Scandal91)($-(% Who: 3resident 9ea%an and his administration What: (he 3resident was sendin% money to Nicara%uan contras -fi%htin% against the leftist /andinistas %o!ernment of Nicara%ua.' 9ea%an as)ed Con%ress for money for the contras' Con%ress refused' 9ea%an aides found a *neat+ plan to sub!ert the will of Con%ress' (hat is, his aides sold arms to an embattled 1ran in return for 1ranian assistance in freein% American hosta%es bein% held by 6iddle Eastern terrorists' -(he E'/' at the time was supportin% /addam Hussein of 1raA in his war with 1ran'. (he proceeds from the sale of the arms to 1ran were pro!ided to the contras' (ele!ised Con%ressional hearin%s demonstrated the deceptions and lies perpetrated by hi%h le!el officials in 9ea%ans administration' National /ecurity Ad!isor staff officer Ht' Col' 5li!er North told Con%ress, in a tele!ised hearin%, that he thou%ht it was a *neat+ idea' /i%: 9ea%an sur!i!ed this scandal by playin% dumb' (his was a !iolation of the constitutional chec)s and balance system, where one Ht'Col' E/6C presumed to )now more than the E'/' Con%ress and had his way with his boss, the /ecretary of /tate, and the 3resident' Resur$ent )undamentalism :1>80s< Who: 9onald 9ea%an, E!an%elical Christian %roups such as the <erry 4alwells 6oral 6a;ority dedicated belie!ers who en;oyed startlin% success as political fundraisers and or%ani2ers'. What: New ri%ht acti!ists were more interested in social issues than economic ones' (hey denounced abortion, porno%raphy, homose&uality, feminism, and affirmati!e action' (hey championed prayer in the schools and tou%her penalties for criminals' (he Christian *ri%ht+ or%ani2ed and became a political force at all le!els of %o!ernment' -4or e&le, at the local le!el, Christian acti!ists could %ain control of a school board and influence te&tboo) selection'. 1$" /i%: (he le%acy of the counter=cultural 1#6Ds was a more liberal, open, and tolerant society that was a threat to traditional Christian morality' (he Christian *ri%ht+ arose and became a political force' -onsumerism What: Consumerism is the belief that the %ood life is rooted essentially in the possession of material %oodsMcars, electronic %ad%ets, boats, 97s, and e!ery concei!able item that could ease the burdens of e!eryday li!in%' Ad!ertisin% and easy credit accelerated consumerism, a phenomenon that be%an in the 1#$Ds, went into hidin% durin% the 0epression and World War 11, and then came roarin% bac) after WW11' :y the 1##Ds, electronic brea)throu%hs added computers, cell phones, and !ideo %ames to the list of *must=ha!es+ for the typical consumer, thus addin% hundreds of billions of dollars to the %rowin% international consumer=oriented economy' /i%: Consumerism reflected the %rowin% selfishness of the industriali2ed world as it sou%ht to deli!er the *%ood life+ to those who could afford it with little concern for 1. the poor or $. inter%enerational en!ironmental costs -e'%', smo% at the local le!el and *%lobal warmin%+ at the %lobal le!el.' End of the Cold <ar ,1))1. What: (he collapse of the /o!iet Enion and the democrati2ation of its client re%imes in Eastern Europe ended the four decades=lon% Cold War and left the Enited /tates the worlds sole remainin% superpower' Americans were unsure about how to use their power effecti!ely' -:y #F11FD1, anti=terrorism replaced anti=communism as the or%ani2in% principle of American forei%n policy durin% the >eor%e W' :ush administration'. /i%: (he Enited /tates emer%ed as the only remainin% superpower' As the 1##Ds came to a close, the E'/' was becomin% aware of *imperial blowbac),+ or the unintended conseAuences of co!ert C1A operations durin% the Cold War period' #F11 represents the e&treme e&le in caricature of C1A blowbac)' (hus the le%acy of the Cold War could be that the E'/' has to fi%ht or oppose many %roups that were alienated principally due to E'/' o!erseas efforts to confront Communism durin% the Cold War' Blobali'ation and the 1merican econom+ What: >lobali2ation is the tendency of in!estment funds and businesses to mo!e beyond domestic and national mar)ets to other mar)ets around the %lobe, thereby increasin% the interconnectedness of different mar)ets' (he E'/', committed to %lobali2ation throu%h !arious free=trade a%reements, is %oin% into a period of economic reali%nment at it ad;usts to such issues as the outsourcin% of ;obs and the decline of traditional American hea!y industries -steel, auto.' /i%: (he increased interconnectedness of different mar)ets around the world renders isolationism obsolete as the domestic beha!ior of a nation affects other nations around the world' Environmental Issues in a Blobal Context What: Coal fired electrical %eneratin% plants helped form acid rain and probably contributed to the %reenhouse effect, an ominous warmin% in the planets temperature' (he unsol!ed problem of radioacti!e waste disposal pre!ented further de!elopment of nuclear power plants' (he planet was bein% drained of oil, and disastrous accidents li)e the %roundin% and subseAuent oil spill of the %iant tan)er :@@on HaldeG in 1#J# in 1$C Alas)as pristine 3rince William /ound demonstrated the ecolo%ical ris)s of oil e&ploration and transportation at sea' :y the early $1 st century, the once lonely cries for alternati!e fuel sources had %i!en way to mainstream public fascination with solar power and windmills, methane fuel, electric *hybrid+ cars, and the pursuit of an affordable hydro%en fuel cell' As the human family %rew at an alarmin% rate on a shrin)in% %lobe, new challen%es still faced America' (he tas) of cleansin% the earth of its abundant pollutants, includin% nuclear weapons, was one ur%ent mission confrontin% the American people in the new century' /i%: (hese issues are important to future %enerations -the issue is *inter%enerational eAuity+.' (he Clinton administration was responsi!e to these issues, supportin%, for e&le, the Iyoto 3rotocol, which called for the nations of the world to reduce %reenhouse %ases, a cause of %lobal warmin%' (he current :ush administration publicly critici2ed the Iyoto 3rotocol and proclaimed its opposition to it on the basis of the ;obs that would be lost if the E'/' were to reduce %reenhouse %ases' (he current :ush administration is promotin% alternati!e ener%y sources, such as ethanol -deri!ed from corn' :he *ersian Bulf Crisis--1)) Who: 1raA and Iuwait Where: Iuwait What: 1raA, under /addam Hussein, in!aded Iuwait and sei2ed its !ast oil supply, also one of the worlds main oil supplies' /i%: Husseins in!asion of Iuwait resulted in 5peration 0esert /torm' Hperation 3esert Storm--1))1 Who: (he E'N' and 1raA Where: Iuwait What: 5peration 0esert /torm was a E'N' rush of troops -E'/' led the attac) throu%hout. after relentless air raids on 1raAi positions that ended the war and liberated Iuwait' (he campai%n lasted only one hundred hours' /i%: 5peration 0esert /torm showed the mi%ht of the E'N' under E'/' leadership' 5il rich Iuwait was liberated, but America became more entan%led in 6iddle Eastern affairs' Clinton Impeachment--1))) Who: 3resident Clinton What: 3resident Clinton lied under oath -per;ury. to a %rand ;ury about his relationship with White House intern 6onica Hewins)y and was also char%ed with obstruction of ;ustice' (he impeachment trial in the /enate failed to con!ict him -thus he was not remo!ed from office.' /i%: (his was the second time in Enited /tates history that a president has been impeached, the first bein% Andrew <ohnson -who also was not remo!ed.' -Ni&on faced impeachment but resi%ned first'. :he Bra+ing of 1merica ,1)%s-present. What: 1ncreased life e&pectancy is creatin% record numbers of people a%ed 6C and older' 1n less than a century, we ha!e added $C years to our life span' (hose a%ed 6C and older will represent 1G] of the population in $DDD, and about $1] of the population in $DGD' 1$6 /i%: (he federal bud%et for older Americans pro%rams will soon be the lar%est e&penditure' 5lder Americans are becomin% increasin%ly more politically powerful' (he youn%er %eneration will be increasin%ly more burdened with financial and other needs to assist and ser!ice older Americans' 3omestic and &oreign :errorism Who: Al Baeda, 5sama :in Haden, /addam Hussein Where: New 8or) Citys World (rade Center, the 3enta%on What: 5n /eptember 11, $DD1, suicidal terrorists hi;ac)ed planes and crashed into the (win (owers and 3enta%on' (hose attac)s were lin)ed to Al Baeda, 5sama :in Haden, and /addam Hussein' /i%: Catastrophic terrorist acts posed an unprecedented challen%e to the Enited /tates' (he e!ents of that murderous /eptember mornin% reanimated American patriotism' Now American security and American liberty ali)e were dan%erously imperiled' /ubseAuent reports indicated that 3resident >eor%e :ush led the nation into a war a%ainst 1raA on the basis of faulty andFor manipulated intelli%ence' At present, there is no end in si%ht for the war in 1raA -3resident :ush declared in 6arch $DD6 that future presidents will ha!e the ;ob of withdrawin% E'/' troops from 1raA.' After a century of war in the 1#DDs, the E'/' was insecure as it be%an the $1 st century' 1$7