2007

41 & ,
.: 210 3608065, Fax: 210 3608197
www.volonaki.gr, mail: info@volonaki.gr
:
:
:

,
,
.
ISBN 978-960-381-362-0


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13

15

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ttt

, 1,2 , 0,5
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:
5 ,
1,2 + 0,5 5 = 3,7
8 ,
1,2 + 0,5 8 = 5,2
10 ,
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, 1,2 0,5 ( ).
x
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, .
5 (2) + 8 : 2 3


.

17

7x + 3 + 2y



+ = ( + )
= ( )

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) 3 x + 5 x = (3 + 5) x = 8 x
) 5 + 7 = (5 1 + 7) = 11
) y + 13 y + 5 = (1 + 13) y + 5 = 14 y + 5

, (.) .
() .

7x 3y 7 x 3 y
51 (3x 2y) 51 (3 x 2 y)

t t t t t

1)
) 5 3 + 18
) x + 3x 7x + 10x
) 4 + 5x + 2x
) y 3 8y + 6 2

18

:
) 5 3 + 18 = (5 3 + 18) = 20
) x + 3x 7x 10x = (1 + 3 7 + 10) x = 7x
) 4 + 5x + 2x = (4 1) + (5 + 2) x = 3 + 7x
) y 3 8y + 6 2 = (1 8) y + (3 + 6) 2 = 7y + 3 2

2)
= 2 (x 2y + 1) 3(2x y 3) 4x x = 1 y = 1

:
= 2 (x 2y + 1) 3 (2x y 3) 4x = 2x 4y + 2 6x + 3y + 94x =
(2 6 4)x + (4 + 3)y + 11 = 8x y +11
O x = 1 y = 1 :
= 8 (1) 1 + 11 = 8 1 + 11 = 18
3)
= 17 [5 + 3 + ( + 9)] + = 12

= 17 (5 + 3 + ( + 9) =
= 17 (5 + 3 + 9) =
= 17 + 5 + 3 + 9
=
= ( + )
= ( 12)
= 12
4)

= 2x + x + y x y 2y

:
= 2x + x + y x y 2y
= 2x 2y + x y + y x
= 2 (x y) + (x y) + (y x)
= 2 (x y) + (x y) (x y)
=
=
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=11
=0

19

t t t t t

1) ,
.


. 7x 4x + x
1. 5x
. x + 3x 5x
2. 4x
. 3 2x + 7x
3. 8x
. 3x + 4x 9x
4. x
5. 7x
6. 2x
2) () ()
) 15 4 + = 11
) 2(x 1) + (x + 2) = + x
) (3 + 7) (2 + 6) = + 1
) y + (y 2) + (3y + 2) = 3y + 2
) 7x (x + 1) (6x + 6) = 0

1.
:
) 7.
) .
) 3 .
) , 20%.
) , 5m
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2. :
) 2x 3y + 7x y
) 5 22 + 16 5 +
) + 3 + 4 5
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20

) 13x 7 + 3y x 2y + 7 (11x + y)

3. .
) = 5x 2(6 3x) + 4(2 + x) x = 3
) = 7 ( 2) 2(3 + 3) + 5 = 7 = 1
) = 19 2( ) (2 x) ( + 12) x = 5 = 6

4. :
) = 5( 2) 3(2 3) + 7 + = 8
) = x + 2(3x y) 4(y 3) + x
) = 3 + (x) (y ) ( 1), x + y = 11
5. :
= ( ) (2 + ) ( +) + ( 2)
.

6.
= 3x 4y (5x + 7y) + (10 9x + 8y) x = 10
7. 40m. x
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x

1.2

ttt

x.
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t t t t t

1) : 7x + 8 = 4 3x

:
7x + 8 = 4 3x
7x + 3x = 4 8
4x = 4

( )
( )
( )

x = 1
2) : 7 (x + 5) = 2(x 1) 3

23

:
7 (x + 5) = 2(x 1) 3
7x + 35 = 2x 2 3
( )
7x 2x = 2 3 35
( )
5x = 40
( )
( )
x = 8
3) :

:
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( ,

= 3)
(y + 1) ( 2y + 1) = 21
y + 1 2y 1 = 21
( )
y 2y = 21 1 + 1
( )
y = 21
( )
( )
y = 21
4) :

24

3 (3x 1) 2 (2x 5) = 1 (5x + 1)

9x 3 4x + 10 = 5x + 5
9x 4x 5x = 5 + 3 10
0x = 2

5) :

10 3 5 ( + 1) = 5 ( 5 )
30 5 5 = 25 5
5 + 5 = 25 30 + 5
0 = 0
, .
6) (x 2) + 5 = 2 (x )
.

:
(x 2) + 5 = 2 (x )
x 2 + 5 = 2 x 2
x 2x = 2 + 2 + 5
( 2) x = 5
2 x
, 2 = 0 = 2.
7) , 4x 3 = x .

:
4x 3 = x
4x x = 3
(4 )x = 3

4 = 0 3 = 0
= 4 = 3
8) : (x 2) (3x 5) (7 + 4x) = 0

25

, .
: = 0 = 0 = 0
.
: (x 2) (3x 5) (7 + 4x) = 0
x 2 = 0 3x 5 = 0 7 + 4x = 0
x=2

3x = 5

4x = 7

9) x + 5 = 3x 7
) = 5, x = 6
) x = 3, = 1
) = +3,

) = 5 5x + 5 = 3x 7
5x 3x = 75
2x = 12

x = 6
) x = 3,
3+5=337
3 = 9 7 5
3 = 3

= 1

26

) = 3 3x + 5 = 3x 7
3x 3x = 7 5
0 x = 12
.

t t t t t

1. :
) 13 + = 25
) 7 = 42
) 3 + 2 = 23
) 256 = 187
) 47 = 52
) 9 + = 4

2. () ().
) 5x + 15 = 0 3

) 2(x + 1) = 2x + 2

) 3 (2 x) = 5 3x

) 5x 7 = 2(2x + 3) + x

) O 7 + x = 2 2 x = 7

( )
) x = 6 + 4x = 4

3. .


) 3 x = 6
i) 4
) 7 x = 28
ii) 5
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iii) 3

) 4x 5 = 3x

iv) 2
v) 10

t t t t t

1. :
) 5x 7 = 8 + 2x 3
) 2(x 3) + 9 = 5x 6
) 9x 3(2x 5) = 21
) 8(x 4) 6 (2 x) = 2(6x 1)
2. :
) 4(3 x) 2(3x 4) = (16 x)
) 2(3 3y) 3(1 y) = y 1

27

) 3 2(3x + 1) = x 5 (5 7x)
) 6( 1) (3 + 11) = 7
3. :
) x {3 + [x (x + 3)]} = 5
) x [ (3x + 1) 5] = 2(x + 1)
) {2(x 4) 3(x + 1) + [10 2(x + 1) 60]} = 15(x + 1)
4. :
)

5. :
)

6. :

28

7. :
)

8. :
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9. :
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29

10. x = ;
)

11. :
) (5x 7) (3x + 12) (x 2) = 0
) (x + 3) (2x 13) (7x + 3) = 0
) (x 2) (x2 + 5) = 0
12.
(1 x) + 3 = 2x + 5 +
) = 5,
) x = 3,
) = 2,

30

13. , 7x + 5 = x + :
7x + 5 = x + :

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14.
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) 5x = 3 x
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15.
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16.

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31

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75,36cm2 4cm.
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= 75,36 = 4

= 125,6 = 5

2) , ,

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) 35cm2, 8cm
6cm.
) 80cm2, 12cm
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2 = ( + ) (1)
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32

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= 35, = 8 = 6cm

= 80, = 12 = 8

1.

t t t t t

2. = h + :
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8.

t.

33

9.
i) m
ii) r
10. V = V0(1 + a ) .
11. F = 1,8C + 32, F C
. C C
F = 73,4.
12.
= 2(x + y), x y .
x y.
:
) x 56cm
y = 10cm
) T y 148cm
x = 46cm.

1.4

ttt

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34

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1) , 5,
2.

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3x. 5, 3x + 5.
4x. 2, 4x 2.
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x=7
x=7
7.
2) 9 . .
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9 x 9 3x 9.

6 (x 9) = 3x 9
6x 54 = 3x 9
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3x = 45

x = 15
15 3 15 = 45 .
3)
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36

x = 60
60

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3 60 = 180

5) 6 ,
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4 .
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37

40000
6000 = 16000 + 6000 = 22.000

40000 +

40000 + 3000 = 10000 + 3000 = 13.000 .

H O

t t t t t

1) 2 47.
;
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. 2x + 5 = 47
. 5x + 2 = 47
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2) 13 x
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. x + 13 = 2(x + 1)
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38

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t t t t t

43

19 (x + 9) 8(x 1)
19 x 9 8x 8
x 8x 8 19 +9
9x 18
( )

x2
4

2)

6 (3x 12) 3(5x 1) 10 (x + 5)

18x 72 15x + 3 10x + 50
18x 15x 10x 50 + 72 3
7x 119

22

20

18

16

14

17

3)

44

12

10

3x x < 3 7 + 2x
3x x 2x < 21
0 x < 21
x.
5

4)

2 (2x 1) (2x 5) > 2 (x + 2)

4x 2 2x + 5 > 2x + 4
4x 2x 2x > 4 + 2 5
0x>1

5) :
2(x 1) 3(x + 1) 2(x + 3) 3(x 3) + 6 < 2(x + 3)

:
2(x 1) 3(x + 1) 2(x + 3)
3(x 3) + 6 < 2(x + 3)
2x 2 3x 3 2x 6
3x 9 + 6 < 2x + 6
2x 3x + 2x 6 + 2 + 3
3x 2x < 6 6 + 9
x1
x<9
:

10

45

x
1 x < 9
6)

.
.

3 3 4 2 2 5x
9 8 10x
10x 8 9
10x 1

4225x<39
8 10x < 27
10x < 27 8
10x < 19

x 0,1

x > 1,9

1
1,9

0,1

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x = 1;

x = 1,

x 1 , . O :

46

2 5 3 < 4 4 + 6
2 + 4 < 4 + 6 + 5 + 3
6 < 18
<3

t t t t t

1) :
) x < 5, x 2 .....
) x 7, x + 3 .....
) x 3, 3x .....
) x < 2, 5x .....
) x 10,
) x < 4,

.....
.....

2) () ():
) < 7 > 7
) < 3 2 < 3 2
) < 5 < 5
) 2 < 0 3 <
) > 2
) 5x 7 > 8 3
) x 30 < x 29
) x + 99 > x + 100
) 7x 4 > 8x 3 x > 1
3)
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0x>3
i.
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ii. x
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47

t t t t t

1.
:
) 12x + 7 15 + 10x
) x + 11 < 7
) 7 (x 2) < 2x
) 5 (x 3) 3(x 1) 0
) 5x + 2 3 x
2.
:
) 3(2x 4) < 4x + 2
) 7(y 1) > 5y 13
) 5 ( 2) 3 + 2
) 27 (2x + 7) 7(x 1)
) 17x (5x + 3) 4x 3
3.
:
) 2(3x 6) < 6(2 + x)
) 4(x + 1) 3(2x 3) 5
) 4(x 3) 2(3 2x) > 3(x 1)
) 2(3 x) + (x + 5) 4(1 x)
) 8x 3(x 1) 6x 5
) 5(y + 3) 4(y + 2) < 3(y + 5) 5(y + 2)
) 5 (3 5) 3( 7) 8 2(3 + 4)
4.
:
) 3{x 5[ x (x + 2)]} < 15(x 3)
) 11x {(8x + 23) 2(x 8)] 5(3x 7)
)
)

48

5.
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)
)
)
)
)

6. :
)
)
)
)

7. :
) x 7 < 2 5 x < 2
) 2(x + 3) 3(x + 1) 2(x 1) 3(x 3) + 7 < 2(x + 3)
) 2x + 3(x 7) < 2(4 x) 1 2(3x 1) + 5(3x 8) > 3x 24
)
) 3x 2 < 13 2(x 3) > 2 3x 5(x 1) 1
)

49

8.
:
) 11 3x + 2 < 29
) 2 < 3 5x < 18
) 9 8x + 1 13
9. ,
= 5( 2) 30 ;
10. , 7x 5 + 2 > (x 2)
x = 4;
11. 10 . 40 .

;
12. 55 65 13
7. .
13. :
750,
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14. ,

18, 16, 17,
18, 19 20.
15. .
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1 : 100 0,5 .
2 : 150 0,3 .
2 .

50

t t t t t

1
. i) ;
ii) ;
. -
. 0 x = 2
. 3(x+2) = 6
. 2 ( 2) x = 0
. ( + 3) x = + 5 = 3
= 5

2
) :
) : 6(x 1) > 4x 8
) .
3
. :
B. N : 2x + 2 6x 3 (2 x)
4

t t t t t

1
() () :
) 3x < 6 2x > 6

) x = x x = 1

) 5x 5x < 0

) = =

) 5x = 0, x = 5

51

2
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3
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x;
4
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20 10.
30 480. ;

52

53

2.1. O
O

ttt

x2 = 25, 5 5.
5, ,
25, 25
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1)
= 0 02 = 0
2)
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= 7,

,
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,
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1) :
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55

0 0

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56

3) x :
A=

B=

A =
, :
x 3 0 x 3.
B =

3(x 6) x 0
3x 18 x 0
3x x 18
2x 18
x9
10

4) x.

x
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:
x2 + 82 = 102
x2 + 64 = 100
x2 = 100 64
x2 = 36
x=6
5) ( = ) = 6cm 16cm. .

= = x, .
+ + = 16
x + x + 6 = 16
2x = 16 6
2x = 10

x = 5cm

57

,
= = 3cm.
( = 90)
2 + 2 = 2
2 + 32 = 52
2 = 52 32
2 = 25 9
2 = 16
= 4cm
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t t t t t

1. () ()
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x 2

2. ,
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49
12
36
11
169
20
400
15
81
7
121
18
13
6
9
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: x 1 x 3

58

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) x2 = 169

7. .
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2,9

2,9

4,2

8. 32 m
24 m.
9. ( = ) = 16cm 50cm. .
10. O = 30cm = 16cm.
.
11. ( ) = 60cm,
= 24cm = = 30cm. .
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17cm = 7cm. = 25cm, .
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x

14. x.

10
2

2.2 A I I I

60

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:
x, x2 = 3 :
1 = 12 < 3 < 22 = 4
2,89 = 1,72 < 3 < 1,82 = 3,24
2,9989 = 1,732 < 3 < 1,742 = 3,0276
2,999824 = 1,7322 < 3 < 1,7332 = 3,003289
2,999824 = 1,73202 < 3 < 1,73212 = 3,00017041
...........................................................
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:
42 = 16
4,52 = 20,15
4,58 = 20,9764
2

52 = 25

4,62 = 21,16

4,59 = 21,0681
2

4 <
4,5 <
4,58 <

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62

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13 = 9 + 4 = 32 + 22 = 2
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x
x
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4
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= 20cm. .

20cm

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202 = 2 + 102
2 = 400 100
2 = 300
A =

60

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= 2 ^ 173,2 = 346,4cm2.

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5. . 8cm.
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6. 6cm. .

64

7.
8 cm.


8.
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45. ,
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9. 24cm
6 cm.
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6cm

24cm

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11.
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12. 6cm 9cm 45cm2.

.

ttt

2.3 H

.
1

90,
= 18m, = 16m = 15m. , 8 . ;

= = 15m
= = 18 16 = 2m.
: 15m
2 = 2 + 2
2 = 152 + 22
2 = 225 + 4

2 = 229
=

16m

15m

16m

18m

2m

65

O : 15 + 18 + 15,13 + 16 = 64,13m
64,13 ^ 8 = 513,04 .
2

90, = 22cm, = 20cm
= 17cm.
.

. ( = 90):
2 = 2 + 2
2 = 222 + 172
2 = 484 + 289
2 = 773
=

20cm

17cm

22cm

.
2 = 2 2
2 = 773 202
2 = 773 400
2 = 373
B =

= 22 + 17 + 20 + 19,31 = 78,31cm
= (.

) + (.

= 187 + 193,1
= 380,1cm2
3
,

66

= x = y

x = 3cm y = 5cm.

t t t t t

1) 3,5m

6m.

, .

6m

6m

6m
3,5m
B

2. 5cm 4cm . , . (
)
A
3. = 20cm
= 16cm.
( = ).

4. 12,07cm.
.
5. ,

400 ( ), 1
2,88m2.

67

6. O
.
= 30cm,
.

x
x
30cm

x
x

x
x

x
21cm

7.
.

29cm

6cm K

8. .
= 45cm
= 27cm. .
9. ( )
= 45 =
20cm. 8cm, .
y

10. O

(2,0), (0,4) (4,6).


.

5
4

3
2
1
0

68

A
1

11. , 45

150m.
, ,
50 .

45
150m

t t t t t

1
. .
.
i)

ii)
. ;
2
x :
)
)
3
( = ) = 30cm 64cm. :
)
)
4

= 29m, = 20m = 12m.
, 12 . ;

t t t t t

1
:
) x x2 = 49 :
A. 24,5
B. 7
. 98
. 9
) 16 :
A. 8
B. 4
. 4
. 32

69

)
A.
B. 4
.
.
)
A.

B. 16

:
. 4

. 8

) , :
A.

B. 7,63

2
:
)
)
)
)
3
= 20cm. .

4

x, y .

x
5cm

10cm
y

3cm

70

3.1

ttt

O
() x y. " y x".
..
20% .
800 . 20%,

O 500 :

x , :

y 20% x ,
: y = 0,8x
y = 0,8x
:
x = 800,
y = 0,8 800 = 640
x = 600,
y = 0,8 600 = 480
x = 500,
y = 0,8 500 = 400
x = 300,
y = 0,8 300 = 240
x = 100,
y = 0,8 100 = 80

x

800

600

500

300

100

640

480

400

240

80

O y = 0,8x

73

t t t t t

1) y = 3x 5.
:
x

x = 4,
y = 3 (4) 5 = 17
x = 2,
y = 3 (2) 5 = 11
x = 0,
y = 3 0 5 = 5
x = 2,
y=325=1
x = 4,
y=345=7
:
x

17

11

2) 100 40
.
) 800 ;
) y , , x .
) , 500
;

) 100 , 40 800
8 40 = 320 .
) x ,
.
y = 0,4 x
) y = 0,4 x, y = 500 500 = 0,4 x
x = 1250 .

74

t t t t t

1)
10%. y
x, :
) y = x + 10

) y = 1,1x

) y = 0,1x

2) ,
4000 . y ,
x, :
) y = x + 4000
) y = 4000x
) y = 0,04x
) y = x 4000
3) x y 60cm2.
y x, :
)

) y = 120 x

) y = x + 120

4) 4cm 5cm,
5cm x cm.
x :
) = 5 4 + x

) = 20 + 4x

) = (5 + x) 4

) = 20 + 5x

t t t t t

1.

:
x

2.
:
x
y

75

3.
:
x

y
4. ... 19% . y
..., x ...
5.
, 200 0,5 .
y, ,
x .
:
x

100

200

300

500

y
6.
. x.
7. x y.
) 50cm,
y x. 8cm.
) 240cm2,
y x. 15cm.
8. O 5%.
) y , x.
) N :
x
y

76

900

1400
1050

1575

9. N y = 2 3:
x
y

2
7

10. 450 .
) 3 ;
) N S ( )
t ( ).
) 2.250 ;

3.2 - ttt

xx yy 0.
y


5
(3,4)
xx yy. O
4

3

2
xx
1
- x
x
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5

1
yy.
2

3
(3,4). 3 4
,
5
4
y
. O (3,4).
:
, , .
O xx yy
.

77

, .
xx yy. .
xx
yy .
y
6
(0,5)

5
4
3

.. xx
(3,0) (4,0)

2
(4,0)
x

(3,0)
x

5 4 3 2 1 0
1

yy
(0,5) (0,2)

(0,2)

2
3
4
5
y

4 , .
.
y
2

(,+)

(+,+)

x
0
3 4
(,)

(+,)
y

78


, y x,
(x, y).


x y.

:
1)
2)
, .
3) .
.

x
y, .
, ,
xx
.
x ,
.
x , .
,
.
,
.

t t t t t

1) (4,5). :
) xx
) yy
) 0 .

79

6
) (4,5)
5
(4,5)
4
xx 3
(4, 5)
2
) 1
(4,5)
yy - x 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
1
(4,5)
2
) 3
(4,5)
4
0
5
(4, 5)
(4,5)

(4,5)

x
1

(4,5)

, (x, y)
xx (x, y)
yy (x, y)
0 (x, y)
2) (3, 4) (9,5).

.
(9, 4).
= 12
= 9. :
x
2 = 2 + 2
4 3 2
2
2
2
= 12 + 9
2 = 144 + 81
2 = 225
(3,4)

80

= 15

y
(9,5)

5
4
3
2
1

9
x

1 0
1
2
3
4
5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

12

:
(x, y) (x, y) :

3) y = x2
2 x 2
) x
) x

y = x2
x

y
6
(2,4)

) y = x2
2 x 2
(2, 4) (1,1) 0(0,0) (1,1)
(2,4).

(2,4)

4
3
2

(1,1) (1,1)

3 2 1 0
1

2
y
y
6

) x
y = x2
2 x 2
, , 0, , .

4
3
2
1

3 2 1 0
1

2
y

81

4. y = 3x2 + . , (3,20)
.

(3,20) y =
3x2 + , . :
20 = 3 32 +
20 = 3 9 +
20 = 27 +
= 7

t t t t t

1) :
y

(3,4)
(1, 2)
(3,0)
(3,4)
(4,3)
(0, 3)
(5, 2)
(2, 5)

5
4

3
2
1
x

5 4 3 2 1 0
1

2
3

5
y

2) :

(3,7)
(5,6)

82

(1, 4)
(8, 10)

xx

yy
0

3) (1,5), (3, 1) (4,1).

:
) < ) = ) > ) =

) =

4) :

) : = 5.. : = 10..

: = 15..
y
5

4
3
2

3 2 1
1

2
y

5) .
:
y
5

) x = 3,
) x = 2,
) x = 0,
) x = 2,
) x = 3,
) x = 4,

y=
y=
y=
y=
y=
y=

4
3
2
1
x

3 2 1
1

2
3
y

83

t t t t t

1. :
(4,2),

(0,2),

(3,5, 2,7),

(5,0).

2. (7, 2)

) xx
) yy
) 0
3. (0, 2), (1, 1) (4, 0).
:
)
)
) .
4. (5,2), (2,4) (1,0)
xx yy.
5. :
) (4, 2) (1,2)
) (5,3)
(3, 3)
) (7,2)
(7, 5)
) (3, 5) (4,5)
6. y = 2x2 2 x 2.
, :
) x
) x
7. y = 2x2 + . ,
(3, 15) .

84

8. 400Km/h
. 100Km, (3, 4).
;

9. F C, :
C

20

30

32

41

68

86

)

) F, C 10
) C, F 77
10. y Kg, ,
x cm :
(cm) x

170

180

190

200

(Kg) y

63

72

81

90

)
, 170 x 200
) 175cm
) 76,5Kg.

3.3 H A y = x
- A A

ttt

,
,
.
,
, x y
,

, y x y = x.
y = x
0 .

85

y = x
y = x

, y = 3x 3,

t t t t t

1) 1: y =
2x 2: y = 3x.

:
y
5

1: = 2x

1: y = 2x
x
y

0
0

2: y = 3x
2
4

x
y

0
0

1
3

3
2
1
x

3 2 1
1

2
3
4
y

2: = 3x

O
y = x, > 0
1= 3= , < 0, 2= 4= .
2) (3,5).

x = 3, y = 5

86

3) 1 2
.
2

5
1
3

1
x = 3, y = 3, 1
1: y = x.
2 x = 4, y = 5, 2

2:
4) O (...) 19%.
) ...
500 ;

500 600 800 1000
x

... y
...;
) - ...
.
) y
x.

) O ...

... 500 + 95
= 595 .

87

) x

500

600

800 1000

... y

95

114

152

... 595

714

952 1190

190

) x y :

y = 0,19x
x :

= 1,19x

O
1) )
x y

t t t t t

12
12

) y ;

2)

3) (1,3);

88

4) , .


) y = 5x

1. 1o 3o

2. 2o 4o

)
) y = x

t t t t t

1. )
x y:
x

6
12

) y x
) .
2. :
y = 3x,
y = 5x y = 2x
3. :
y = 2x

;
4.
(4,6). .
5.
.

6. 1 2 .

89

4
2

5
y

7. = 8 . S t. .
8. 0
(3, 6).
9. 5% .
) y
x.
) 850 .
) 945
.
10. 5 .
) y
x .
) 10,5 .
) , 45 .
11.
) .
) x.

90

ttt

3.4 y = x +

y = x + , x
0,
y = x, yy (0,).
y

4
3

2
1

yy
(0,2)

(0,2)
x

4 3 2 1
1

2
y

O y = x + . O

x + y = , 0 0 .
0 0 x + y =
y = x +

= 0 0 x + y = 0x + y =
xx.
0 = 0 x + y = x + 0y =
yy.
y = 0 xx.
= 0 yy.

91

- O

t t t t t

x + y = , 0 0 xx, y = 0 x.
x + y = , 0 0
yy, x = 0 y.

t t t t t

1) y = 3x + 1
y = 3x 2, x .
:

:
y = 3x + 1
x
y

0
1

y
2

1
2

1
x

y = 3x 2
x

3 2 1
1

(1,2)

2
3
4
5

y = 3x+1
y
y= 3x 2

2) 5x + 3y = 15 x, y .
) .
) .
)
.

92

) xx, y =
0, :
5x + 3 0 = 15 5x = 15 x = 3
xx (3,0).
yy, x = 0,

:
5 0 + 3 y = 15 3 y = 15 y = 5
yy (0,5).

) , y x, :
5x + 3y = 15
3y = 15 5x

y
6

) (3,0)
(0,5)

5x + 3y = 15.

(0,5)

5
4
3
2

..

1
x

(3,0)

1 0
1

x
4 5
5x + 3y = 15

3) .
. O V(m3)
t(min) V = 36 0,2t t
.
) .
) ;
) V t.

) t = 0 V = 36 0,2t V = 36m3.
) V = 0,
36 0,2t = 0
36 = 0,2t

93

t = 180min 3

) O
t 0 t 180.
V =
36 0,2t
(0,36)
(180,0).

V
40
36

(0,36)

32
28
24
20
16
12
8
(180,0)

t
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220

t t t t t

1) y = 7x :
: y = x 7
: y = 7 + x
: y = 7x 3
.

: y = 7x + 3

2) y = 2x 6 xx :
: (6,0)
: (3,0)
: (6,0) : (2,0)
3)

: (0,7)

yy :

: (7,0)

4) (2,0) (0,3).
:
: 3x 2y = 6
: 2x 3y = 6
: 3x + 2y = 12
: 3x 2y = 6
.

94

5) x 3y = 6
) :

: 3

: 3

) xx :
: (3, 0)
: (2, 0)
: (6, 0)
) yy :
: (0, 2)
: (0, 3)
: (0, 6)

: (1, 0)
: (0, 1)

t t t t t

1. :
1: y = 2x,
2: y = 2x + 3,
3: y = 2x 2
2. y = 5x + 3, :
) x
) x 0
) 3 x 3
3. y = (5 2)x + 3 y = ( + 2)x 9
, .
4.
yy 7.

5. (2, 1) (2,4)
)
) 3x + 4y = 10 .
6. ,
4x 3y = 12. .
7. ) 2x + y = 4.
) .
) .
8.
, y = 1, y = 3, x = 5
x = 2.

95

) ,,,.
) .
9. (3, 1)
y = 5x 7.
10. 800 5%
.
) y
x .
) , 1200 ;
) .
11. 100 1200 . 80 :
) y x.
) .
12. .
(Km)
S = 600 80t, t , .
) .
) .
) S t.
13. y = (3 + 1)x + 2
(2, 2).
) .
) .
14. () y = (2 + 1)x + 3 2.
y = 5x + 7
(1, 6), .

96

3.5 A y = x
- H

ttt

,
,
.
, .
0 x
y, y x
0 -

:
1o 3o , > 0.
2o 4o , < 0.

- O

t t t t t

:
1) 0
2) ,
y = x y = x
3) xx yy,
xx yy.
y

y
y=x
<0

>0
x

y = x

y=x

y = x

97

t t t t t

1) :
x 0.

x
y

8
1

4
2

2
4

1
8

1
8

2
4

4
2

8
1

8
1

4
2

2
4

1
8

1
8

2
4

4
2

8
1

x
y

y
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
x

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

98

9
y

2) 5 Km\h 12 .
25 Km\h .

O 25 + 5 = 30 Km\h.

:
(Km)

30

(h)

12

5 12 = 30 x
60 = 30 x
x = 2
2 .

t t t t t

1) x y :
)

1,5

10

50

25

16

5/2

5/3

2) () () :
)
3
)

(2,2)

y = x
)

2 4

99

t t t t t

1. x y
)
x
y

1
3

) x y.
2.
:

3.
:

4.

x0

) .
5. 12 20 . 5
2 .
.
6. 150 10 .
4 , 9 . ;
7. 120cm2.
)

) .

100

8. 48 .

) y x .
) , 4 ;
) , 6 ;

101

t t t t t

1
) ;
) ;
2
y = 5x2 7. :
x
y

4
13

118

3
(1,3) (7,9). .
4

(2, 2)

.
4 x 4.

t t t t t

1
) ;
) y = x;
2
(3,15).
.
3
7x 3y = 21 x, y . :
)
)
) xx yy.

102

4
25 . 6

10 , ,

t t t t t

1
. y = x + x
0;
. ;
2
8% .
) y x.
) 120 .
) , 216 .
3

:
)
) x.
4
(0,3)
(3, 12).

103

4.1 :ttt
-

O

. , .
.
,
.

t t t t t

1)
. 2 10 : 15, 11, 10, 10, 14, 16, 19, 18, 13, 17.
:
) ;
) ;
) ;

) O
) 10 2
) ,
.
2) , 500
:
O 30%, O 25%, 25%, O 10% O
10%.

107

) ; ;
) O,
O, , O.

) O , 500
. , .
) O
O

t t t t t

200
, 15
: 67, 72, 71, 69, 70, 87, 75, 77, 68, 82, 85, 73, 77, 80, 82.
1. O :
) .
) O 200 /.
) O 15 .
) /.

108

2. :
) O 200 .
) /.
) O 15 .
) .

3. :
) O 60.000 .
) O 200 .
) ,
87 67 = 20.
) O 15 .

t t t t t

1. :
) 65% 200
) 50% 90
) 100% 167
) 25% 72
) 10% 80
2. :
) 5% 70
) 20% 120
) 35% 160
) 65% 320
) 15% 3000
3. 35 20% :
) 70
) 700
) 175
) 140
4. 55% 300 :
) 110
) 165
) 220
) 550
5. 500 200 .
;
6. ,
270 "" , 405 "",
225 "".
;

109

7.
350 150 .
175 .
) ;
) ;
8.
. ,

20 .
; ( )
9. , 200 .
; ;

4.2

ttt

. ,
.
:

1) , .

, , .

1990
1995
2000

110

2005

= 5000

2) , .
. , ,
.

60

50
40
30
20
10

3) ,
. :

( )
( )

360

50
40
120

110

40

111

4) ,
.

( )

7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

t t t t t

1) O
:
.

O.

4000

5000

7000

6000

8000

10.000

9000

7000

3000

112

2000

= 1000

O.

=1000

2) 40
, .
O
0

10

12

:
)
)

12
10
8
6
4
2
0

113

)
0

1
0
90 72

108

36
54

t t t t t

1.
. O .
35

30
25
20
15
10
5

114

)
. 50
. 80
. 100
. 10
) 2 ;
. 2
. 20
. 40
. 4
) 3 ;
. 30
. 55
. 35
. 65
) 3 ;
. 65
. 30
. 35
. 25
) 6 ;
. 10
. 0
. 5
. 100
) O 5 ;
. 10%
. 90%
. 20%
. 100%

t t t t t

1. 2002, 2003, 2004,

2005 2006.
( O = 1.000 )
2002 O O O O
2003 O O O O O
2004 O O O O
2005 O O O O O O O
2006 O O O O O O
) 5 .
)
2005.
) .
2. O . 20%,
35%, 30% 15%.
) .
) , 1500
.
3. 250g , 150g , 100g , 180g 40g .
.

115

4. O .


0
6
1
32
2
10
3
2

50
) 1 ;
) 2 ;
) 2 ;
) 1 ;
) .
) .
5. O 1 : 3 .
.

4.3

ttt

O 40 /, :
1
1
3
2
2
1
4
1
1
4
3
1
1
2
1
2
3
1
2
1
2
2
3
1
2
1
1
5
4
3
2
1
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
1

116

, ,
. -

 , .
()

() . %

20

50

10

25

15

7,5

2,5

40

100

.

.

.

.
%.
1.
100.
( %)

t t t t t

1)

) :
. 6
. 20
. 15
. 5
) 2 :
. 5
. 4
. 3
. 20

117

) 4 :

) 2 :

) , ,
1 :

2) O
5 :

40

. (%)
25
10

32
48

t t t t t

1.

10

4
5
6

118

. (%)
20
25

2. :

. (%)

10

25

3. 16 .

6
4
3
2
1
26

27

28

29

30

) .
) 28 ;
) 28 ;
4. 20
.
:
3
3
2
1
5
3
4
4
5
4
3
2
6
4
0
4
1
5
2
2
) . .
) .
) 3 .

119

) 5 .
5. 50 30
, 15 5 .
) .
) .
) .
6.
, .
200 . , , , 40 .

126. .

7. 50 .
:

) 2
) 3
) 1
) 2 3

12

10

18

3
4

4.4 O ttt

120

140cm 190cm.
140cm 190cm. 190 140 = 50cm.
, 50,
. -

 5
.

(cm)

. (%)

140 150

45

11,25

150 160

104

26

160 170

125

31,25

170 180

82

20,5

180 190

44

11

400

100

O .
.
, ,
.

140
120
100
80
60
40
20
140

150

160

170

180

190

(cm)

t t t t t

1) 50
200 . 1 0,
. O .

121

60 80

80 100

10

100 120

13

120 140

15

140 160

160 180

50

) .
) 100,
;

) .
:
=

()

. (%)

60 80

80 100

10

20

100 120

13

26

120 140

15

30

140 160

14

160 180

50

100

122

30
25
20
15
10
5
60

80

100

120

140

160

180

) : 13 + 15 + 7 + 2 = 37

74%.

t t t t t

1) .
1. :
. 5
. 20
. 4
. 10

2. 12 16 :
. 5
. 14
. 28
. 4
04
5
3. 8 12 :
48
7
. 10
. 7
. 6
. 8
4.
8 12
8
12 16 :
12 16
6
. 20% . 6% . 14% . 30%
16 20
4
:

t t t t t

1. 40
18
16
13
6
10
12
11
10
8
11
15
12
4
18
13
18
4
10
12
7
3
10
8
14
18
6
18
18
7
14
14
11
3
12
14
11
) .
) .
) .

7
15
16
7

2. 100 . .
30 40 .

33
22
15
20

30

40

50

60

123

) .
) .
) 40 .
3. 20
:
62
60
55
61
58
64
69
68
66
60
50
67
57
53
69
68
59
54
62
63
) 4 .
) .
4. 200
, :
()

0 50

50 100

100 150

150 200

. %

15%

43%

32%

10%

)
) 100 ;
) 150 ;
5.
.
) ;
) 16;
) :

14
12
10
8
6
4
2
4

124

12

16

20

4.5 -

ttt

,
.

=

5, 4, 4, 6, 7
=


:
1) .
2)
.
3) .
4) .

1) () , .

17, 15, 18, 14, 16 ,

14, 15, 16, 17, 18
, 16.
2) () , .

125

17, 15, 18, 14, 16, 20 ,

14, 15, 16, 17 18, 20

t t t t t

1) cm 10 167, 174, 170, 167, 165, 174, 166, 171, 169,

172. .

.
165, 166, 167, 167, 169, 170, 171, 172, 174, 174
10 ().
:
165, 166, 167, 167, 169, 170, 171, 172, 174, 174
: 5 (169) 7 (170).

2) O 20

)
20 .
) ;

126

20

) 20 :
0 2 + 1 7 + 2 6 + 3 4 + 4 1 = 7 + 12 + 12 + 4 = 35
) O :

.
3) 16 14 15,18 .
15,6 ,
.

30 : 30 15,18 = 455,4 .
16 : 16 15,6 = 249,6 .
14 :
455,4 249,6 = 205,8 .
14 :
.
4) 9 4. 5;

x 9
5. :

36 + x = 50
x = 50 36
x = 14

t t t t t

1) 40 240. :
. 60

. 56

. 6

127

2) 10 56,7. :
. 5,67
. 567
. 5670
. 0,567
3) O 3 22, 23, ..., 27, 27, 30.
) 26, :
. 25
. 26
. 24
. 23
) 27 :
. 25
. 26
. 27
. 28
) 25 :
. 25
. 26
. 24
. 23
4) 5
120. :
. 24
. 120
. 5
. 600
5) i
i :
. 360o vi
B. 360o fi
. 90o fi
. 180o vi
. 180o fi
( vi fi ).

t t t t t

1. .
) 5, 5, 5, 7, 7, 7
) 11, 12, 13, 14, 15
) 5, 3, 1, 0, 1, 3, 5
) 16, 18, 14, 18, 16, 14
2. .
) 4, 5, 6, 8, 2, 3, 0, 4, 3, 7, 5, 3
) 0, 1, 2, 50, 98, 99, 100
) 7, 8, 9, 11, 14, 15, 19, 22
) 11, 9, 4, 3, 0, 3, 4, 5, 9

128

3. 5. O
3, 4, 5, 6, 11.
.

4. 8 ( cm):
172, 175, 183, 177, 190, 193, 189, 195
) .
) .
) 195cm
198cm, .

5. O
40 . N
.

02

24

12

46

10

68

8 10

6. 30 16,2.
14 15,8, .
7. O v 1200 .
5 1000 ,
1150 . v.
8. O 4x, 2x 1, 8, y 1, y 2, 6x 1, 21, 7x + 1, 2y 1
14.
x y.
9. 50 .
43
29
34
43
22
25
39
37
57
46
35
23
33
37
54
26
36
48
27
30
30
41
36
22
33
44
20
35
47
24
31
24
59
38
21
38
54
27
45
20
36
31
52
23
48
32
41
24
33
38
) 4 (20 30, 30 40,
40 50, 50 60)
.
) .

129

t t t t t

1
) ;
) ;
2
240 , 105 135 . 80 .
) ;
) ;
3
, 20 :
15
19
17
15
16
13
17
19
20
17
13
14
18
18
16
15
17
16
19
20
) .
) .
) 16.
) 17.
4
10 ( cm) 168, 172, 180, 170, 175,
183, 175, 177, 169, 171.
) .
) .

t t t t t

1
) ;
) ;

130

2
30 42 . 58 28 .
.

 3


50 ,
.
)
) 5 .

4

50 .


,

4= , :
)
.
)
.

02

24

20

46

12

68

8 10

164 170

f1

170 176

f2

176 182

0,3

182 188

f4

131

1.1 ttt

.

,
38
.
38

:
. = 38 . = 38
, 19

, :
. = 19 . = 19

1. , ,
, .

2. ,
. O
.

t t t t t

1. 1 2,
)
)
)

137

2.
.

3. , ,

.

2
1

4
3

1.2 ttt

O
(1m2),
1m.
:

(1dm2):
1m2 = 100dm2 1dm2 = 0,01m2
(1cm2):
1m2 = 100dm2 = 10.000cm2 1cm2 = 0.01dm2 = 0.0001m2

138

(1mm2):
1m2 = 100dm2 = 10.000cm2 = 1.000.000mm2
1mm2 = 0,01cm2 = 0,0001dm2 = 0,000001m2

(1dam ) : 1dam = 100m
To (1hm2) : 1hm2 = 10.000m2
To (1Km2 ) : 1Km2 = 1.000.000m2
To : 1 = 1.000m2

.
2

1m2 = 100dm2 = 10.000cm2 = 1.000.000mm2

1dm2 = 100cm2 = 10.000mm2
1cm2 = 100mm2
To .
m2
: 100

x 100
dm2
: 100

x 100
cm2
: 100

x 100
mm2

t t t t t

1) :
m2
372

dm2

cm2

mm2

236
5819
235.754

139

m2

dm2

cm2

mm2

372

37200

3720000

372000000

2,36

236

23600

2360000

0,5819

58,19

5819

581900

0,235754

23,5754

2357,54

235.754

2) :
) 4,3m2
70cm2
5,6dm2
8,3cm2
) 3,7mm2
2,1dm2
1,9m2
5,2cm2
2
2
2
) 83,5cm
8,3dm
0,83m
8356mm2

) 4,3m2
70cm2
5,6dm2
8,3cm2
43000cm2
70cm2
560cm2
8,3cm2
:
8,3cm2 < 70cm2 < 560cm2 < 43000cm2
) 3,7mm2
2,1dm2
1,9m2
5,2cm2
2
2
2
3,7mm
21000mm 1900000mm 520mm2
:
3,7mm2 < 520mm2 < 21000mm2 < 1900000mm2
) 83,5cm2
8,3dm2
0,83m2
8356mm2
83,5cm2
830cm2
8300cm2
83,56cm2
:
83,5cm2 < 83,56cm2 < 830cm2 < 8300cm2

E O
1) .

2
2
1. 4,5cm =
45mm
450mm2
2
2
2. 5,1m =
510cm
51000cm2
3. 3,9mm2 = 0,0039dm2
0,039dm2
2
2
4. 7,2dm = 0,0000072m
720m2

140

2) :

t t t t t

45000mm2
0,051cm2
0,00039dm2
0,00072m2

4500000mm2
0,00051cm2
390dm2
0,072m2

1. 2,7Km2 = ......................... m2 = .........................

2. 46m2 = ......................... dm2 = ......................... cm2 = ....................... mm2
3. 528dm2 = ......................... m2 = .........................
4. 7903mm2 = ......................... cm2 = ......................... dm2 = ...................... m2

t t t t t

1. cm2 :
25m2, 2,16Km2, 143dm2, 5779mm2, 712m2.
2. m2 :
498cm2, 111dm2, 12,7Km2, 13534mm2, 607dm2.
3. mm2 :
456m2, 82,7dm2, 0,571cm2, 0,0025m2.
4. Km2 :
914m2, 4832dm2, 17075m2, 103 .
5. :
72564m2, 3,4Km2, 137920dm2, 45m2.
6. :
m2

dm2

cm2

mm2

98,3
756
32103
738.019

1.3 O I A ttt

E = 2

141

E=

.
= 1 = 2

142

t t t t t

1) 8cm
46cm. .

: = 2 () + 2 () :
46 = 2 + 2 8
46 = 2 + 16
46 16 = 2
2 = 30
= 15cm
= () () = 15 8 = 120cm2
2) 23m 391m2.
.

= () () 391 = 23
=

= 17m

= 2 23 + 2 17 = 46 + 34 = 80m
3) 6m
5m ,
10cm 25cm .
) .
) 0,3 ;

) : = 6 5 = 30m2
: = 25 10 = 250cm2 = 0,025m2
O
.
) 1200 0,3 = 360

143

4) ()
.
AB
.

.
:
(

)=

)=

,
. : (
) = (
).
5) , , 15.000
. ;

, ,
.
:

16m
20m
5m

26m
22m
20m

() =

144

5m

:
40 + 65 + 520 + 882 = 1.507m2 1,507
:
1,507 15.000 = 22.605 .
6)
22cm.
, .

:
. = 222 = 484cm2

484cm2.
x cm,
3x cm,

x
22cm

3x

. =
484 =(3x + x) 11
484 = 4 x 11 484 = 44 x x = 484 : 44
x = 11cm
11cm 3 11 = 33cm.

t t t t t

1) :
1.
:
( = 5cm, = 10cm,
= 4cm)
2. :

10

20

40

16

145

3. :
4. x
:

30

72

60

10

5.
8cm2
, : 16

32

7. ,
,
:
8.
:

6cm

10cm

6.
32cm2
.

:

16

30

6cm

54

10

12cm

64

27

10cm

2) () ().
1.
.

146

2.
6cm 8cm, 48cm2.

3. x

2,4cm.

4.
.

5.
, .

5cm

3cm
x

4cm

t t t t t

1. 144cm2, .

2. 162m
. .
3. 127 , 16cm 25cm.
.
4. 46m 20m.
300g
1m2. , 1
2 ;
5.
8cm 7cm. 10cm
.
6. .
36cm2 6cm,
.
7. ,
:
() =

E(AB)

() =

E(AB)

18cm

x y, .

8.
32cm 18cm. , , ,
,
.

147

9. ()
.
:
)
.
)

.
10. x .
)
) x
)
)
x

81cm2

5cm

60cm2

24cm2

32cm

8cm

11. .
)
)
)
14cm
20cm

15cm

12cm

7cm

24cm

8cm

6cm
10cm

148

13cm

12.
() = 40m,
= 25m = 30m.

.
;

4m

30m

E 4m Z

13.
.
(
).

14.

12.000 .
.
( )

676cm2

1024cm2 E

35m

30m

20m

40m

60m

80m

15. .
)

2cm

3,5cm

1,5cm

3cm

3cm

2cm

4cm

1,5cm

3cm

5cm

16. .
:
=
+

149

ttt

1.4

.
: 2 = 2 + 2 2 = 2 + 2

:

,
.
: 2 = 2 2 2 = 2 2
:
,
,
.

t t t t t

ii)

i)

1) x
.

4cm

17cm

3cm

15cm

:
i) x2 = 32 + 42
ii) 172 = 152 + x2
x2 = 9 + 16
289 = 225 + x2
2
x = 25
x2 = 289 225
x = 5cm
x2 = 64
x = 8cm

150

2) ,
34cm.
)
.

) .

6x + 1cm
6x cm

3 1cm

) :
2 6x + 2(3x 1) = 12x + 6x 2 = 18x 2
O 18x 2 = 34
18x = 36
x=2
= = 12cm, = = 5cm = 13cm
) :
2 = 132 = 169
2 + 2 = 122 + 52 = 144 + 25 = 169


= 90 ( )
O = = 12 5 = 60cm2.

3) ,

= 17m, = 8m,
= 12m, = 9m
= 90
9m
) x.
)
.

) .

12m

8m
x
17m

) . :
2 = 2 + 2 2 = 92 + 122 2 = 81 + 144
2 = 225 = 15m
x = 15m.
) 2 = 172 = 289
2 + 2 = 152 + 82 = 225 + 64 = 289
.

) = + =

15 8 +

9 12 = 60 + 54 = 114m2.
t t t t t

1) , .
1.
8cm
Z

x
=
5cm
6cm
8cm
9cm
x
12cm

151

2.

5cm

12cm

A
x = 13cm

B
17cm

8cm

9cm

x = 26cm

10cm

12cm

24cm

3.
Z
25cm
7cm

H "O - A"

t t t t t

1. ,
.
2. : 2 = 2 + 2.
3. 2 = 2 + 2,
.
4.

, .
5. 2 = 42 2 = 32,

t t t t t

1. .
)
)
)
20
21

26

24

6
4

29

152

10

2. 12cm 9cm. .

3. 8cm. .
4. 80m 60m.
:
)
) , 1
15 .
Bo
>
21Km

6. 35cm .
.

>

20Km

15
0cm

5.
21Km
20Km ,
.
;

130cm

6cm

8cm

7.
.


.

.

75cm

153

8. x .
)
)
)
x
x

10

17

10

10

21

9. 48cm 128cm.
) .
) .
) .
) .
10. = 9cm, = 8cm = 7cm.
= , .
A

11. = 10cm
= 8cm. , .
12. x ,
136cm2. .

6cm

6cm

6cm

154

6cm

t t t t t

1
. ( - ).
. , , .

2
14cm 68cm.
.
3
.
)
)
)
6cm
6cm

5cm

4cm

12cm

5cm

4cm

13cm

4
24cm 56cm.
) .
) .
) .
) .

t t t t t

1
. .
. x .

155

)
x

4cm

24cm

x
25cm

3cm

2
15cm,
54cm 300cm2. .
3
,
96cm.
) x.
)
.

4x

6x 4

7x 2

4
() = 10cm,
=26cm = = 17cm. .

156

ttt

2.1

.

=

=

-
1)

.

2) ( ) . ( ) 8%,

100m -

, 8m.
3) y = x
,
xx
.
=
=

y
y = x
(x,y)
x
y

x A

159
y

t t t t t

1) AB
= 17cm = 8cm.

17cm

8cm

:
2 = 2 + 2
172 = 82 + 2
289 = 64 + 2
2 = 289 64
2 = 225
= 15cm

2) N ,
=

3cm

Ox
= 4cm y
= 3cm.
:

4cm

3)
.

160

32

10cm

= 10 0,625 = 6,25cm.
4)
.

12cm

57

7,8cm.

t t t t t

1) :

1.

10

29

20

2.

21

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

161

2) " - "
1.
.
2.
.
3. 45 = 1.
4.
.

t t t t t

1. x:
)
)

x
50

x
6cm
40
5
x
48

20cm

60
15cm

2. N =
3. x .
A
20 50

162

5cm

4.
12m
25 42 .
.

12m
25

42

5.
x .

41

23
A

30m

6. 8%.
350m
.

8%

350m

7.


4cm,
.

8.

9. ,

19cm,
.

163

10. = .

.

ttt

2.2

164

 -
1)
, :
0 < < 1 0 < < 1
.
2)

3)

(2 + 2 = 2 ).
4)

t t t t t

1)
15cm

9cm
B

.
:
B2 = 2 + 2
152 = 2 + 92

165

225 = 2 + 81
2 = 225 81
2 = 144

2)

2 + 2 = 1

3) ,

166

x
= 4cm. 5cm,
y .

5cm

4cm

AB

t t t t t

1)

16cm

12cm
20cm

2)

3) x
:

167

) 1,01

4) () () :
)

168

5)
:
) 2 + ... = 1
) 2 + 2 = ...

) =
) =

t t t t t

1. .
21cm

)
)

2,5cm

20cm

1,5cm

16cm

20cm

2.
.

3.
.

4. , :
) 5 3 > 2
) 7 + 4 < 11
) 6 +3 < 9
) 2 + 3 + 5 < 10

169

5. :

10cm

A = 8cm, = 10cm.

.

8cm

6. ,

2.3 , tt

, ,

.
, ,
= = =
< < .

< < ,
< < .
, , .
> > ,
> > .
, , .

, ,

170

< < ,

< <
, , .
-
,
.

t t t t t

1) :
= 5cm, = 3cm = 12cm.
.

5 = 3 12 5 = 36

2)


= 1,4cm,
.

. :

171

3)
12,
42.

2m,
.

= 3,5m.

12

42

2m

.
12 = 0,212

= 2m = 2 0,212 = 0,424m

.
42 = 0,9

= 2 0,9 = 1,8m

= + = 1,8 + 0,424 = 2,24m.

t t t t t

1) () ().
) 65 < 42

) 18 < 72

) 23 < 20

) 56 < 55

) 42 < 67

) 81 < 85

172

2) .

) : <

: >

13

: =

) : < x

B: = x

: >x

t t t t t

1. x, y, , z :
)
)
20m

36

20
50cm

15cm

40

)
10cm

50
z

2. .
) 73 45 11 81 34
) 24 7 78 59 62
) 83 5 18 49 50
3. , :
)

173

) 2 + 2 + 2 =
) (1 2) (1 + 2) = 2
4. 20
.

1500m;

1500m
h

20

5m

5m

5. .
.

28

28

150m

6.
150m
70 ,
.
;

70

7. 1,5m
75. ;

75

174

75

8.

.

.

48
150m

70

9.
= 500Km.


,
= R.

60
= 500Km

10.

1000m


,

h
,
1,6m.

ttt

2.4
30, 45, 60

45

= = 1m.

45

1m

45

1m

175

:
B2 = 2 + 2
2 = 12 + 12
2 = 2

30 60

= = = 2cm,
60.
.
= = 1cm

:

30 30
2cm

2cm

60
1m

2 = 2 + 2 22 = 2 + 12 2 = 4 1
2 = 3

176

60

1m

:
30

45

60

t t t t t

1) : 245 + 60 = 1.

2) N :
A = 245 345 + 430 + 645 330

A = 245 345 + 430 + 645 330

177

3)

30

2 =

4) x

x 60, , .
5) x ,
x, . 22x x = 0

178

22x x = 0
x (2x 1) = 0
x = 0

2 1 = 0
2x = 1

 x >0

x = 60

t t t t t

1) () ().
) 260 =45

) 230 1 =0

) 330 =60

2) :
)
. 30

:
. 60

)
. 60

. 30

. 90

. 45

:
. 45

)
. 60

. 90

)
. 90

. 45

. 60

. 30

, :
. 30

. 45

. 90

3) :
)

, :

179

t t t t t

1. x y :
)
)

4cm

60

45

2. :
) 60 = 230 230
) 60 = 230 30
) 345 = 30 60
) 30 45 = 60
) 60 + 2230 = 1
) 245 + 2260 = 2
3. 245 + 230 = x 45 45 60,
x.
4. N x
.
)

180

5. x ,
x, :

6.
.

100m
60

120m

45

7.
x y.

5cm

x
30
B

8.

= 6cm. .

9. N

12cm

6cm

10. ,
1.500m 2.400m. 3m\s. 30.
.
11. ,
.
:

181

) Km
.
) Km
.

10,8Km
30

12,6Km

45

12. x, y
.
ii)
i)
28m

25cm

56m

16cm

13.
,
14
18cm
30cm. :
) .
)
.
) .

14.
= 20cm, = 30cm
15. ( = ).

= 5cm, .

182

3cm

16.
. .

4cm

30

60
E

17.
42m
.

45

15m

1,8m

18.
.
)
( = 1,8m,

78

19. AB
= = 8 cm

:
)
) .

8cm
150

20.
1
2.

,
.
.

8cm

200m
120

183

2.5

ttt

.
, , ..

, .
,
, ..
.

...

:
, .

,
,

.

184

 To
. .

,
.

,
.

-
1)

2)

,

185

1)
,

t t t t t

) ;
) ;
) ;

)
, .
:

) :

) :

2) N

: B2 =2 + 2
2 =32 + 42
2 = 9 + 16 2 =25
=5

186

: ZE2 = 2 + 2
2 = 32 + 22 2 = 9 +4 2 = 13

t t t t t

1)
.
;

)
)
)

>

2)

. :

>

)
)

)
)

187

t t t t t

>

>

>

>

1.
:
)
)
)
) .

>

>

2. ,

, :
)

)
)
)

3. :
)
)
) .

4.
.

5. ,

188

6. , , .
) ;
) ;

ttt

2.6

189

-
1)

.

2)
.

3) ( )
To , , 0,

0.

190

 -
1)

,
.

2) :

3)

t t t t t

1) :

191

2)
.
:

3)

. :

t t t t t

1.
,
.

192

)
)
)
)
)
2)
.
()
().

3)

.
.

1.
.

2.

3.

193

4) 0.
:
)
............
)

............

............

5)
.
.

:
:

:
:

t t t t t

1. .
.
)
)
)
)
)

2.

. :

)
)
)

194

3.

=. :

)
)
)

4.

)
)
)

5. , . :

6.
:
)
)
<

<

7.
.
.

195

8. , , ,
.

9. . , , , :

10. : (,
).
)

)
)
)

11. 15
20N.
) .
)
.
) .

12.
:

)
)

2.7 ANA

196

ttt

:
, xx yy (
). -

, xx
yy.
:

<

<

xx, : ( 1).

1)

t t t t t

60

197

2) 200
25.

25

. (

65).

1)

t t t t t

198

: 5
: 4
: 8
: 6
.
2)

8 15 .

: 17

:
: 7

: 23

: 13

t t t t t

1. .

2.
45.
3000 .
.

45

3.
2000.
52,

52

199

4.
.
500,
.

45 45

5. 320 35.
.

200

t t t t t

1
) ;
)

:
2 + 2 = 1

2
x :
)
)
8cm

45

30

x
60

3
, , 15%
.

15%

520m

4
.

>

35

201

>

t t t t t

1
) ;
)

:

) (=, >, <) :

i) 37 ....... 43
ii) 56 ....... 16
iii) 17 ....... 52
iv) 89 ....... 1
v) 40 ....... 50
2
x, y, z :

z
y

45
x

30
150cm

3
10%. 70m, .
B
10%
70m

202

4
,


30.

30

>

t t t t t

1
:
30

45

60

2
5 4 = 0,

3
0 = 5cm.
= 12cm.
) .
)
)
4
,
.
250,

40
40

203

ttt

3.1

(,)

y .

(,)


. ,
0

A
B

A
x

,
.

207

40

80

t t t t t

A
150

1)
.

82

180,
=180 (75 + 41) = 180 116 = 64
2)
.

70

208

=140

=360

=360

50
B
y
100

100+50+70+
220+

3)
30

B
50

: =180 (25 + 15) = 180 40 =

140

4) x
.

32
0

, .

AB :
=180 (90 + 32) = 180 122 = 58
, :
+
= 90
58 +

= 90

= 90 58
=32

209

t t t t t

1)
, .
) x :
: 110 : 60 : 55 : 220
) y :
: 55 : 110 : 220 : 50
) :
: 35 : 55 : 45 : 25

A
x
0
y

2)
, .
)
:
: 30 : 40 : 50 : 60
)
:
: 120 : 60 : 240 : 110
)
:
: 230 : 110 : 115 : 100
)
:
: 90 : 130 : 40 : 65

110

90
A

110

120

3) () () :
)
.

)
90.

)
.

)
, .

t t t t t

1. x, y .
)
)
)
x

210

100

120

40x
y

90

70

2.

B
A

3.
.

B 2x + 30
6x + 25

6x 10

x + 15

130

4.
.

50

5.
x, y .

60

70

40

6.
x y.

25

35

7.
= 150,
= 70
= 80. .
8. y
.

25

x
y

211

9.
.

152
y

10.

= 76

= 124

.
.
11.

. ;
B

12. ,

.
.

3.2

ttt

,
.
.

60

60

60

212

(
) :

1 :

2 :
.
3 : .

:

(,)
72 ,

, , , ,

.

72 72
72 72
72

(,)

(,).




:

213

t t t t t

1) .

2) 144.

= 144.
3) .

(,)


.

40

214

40

4)
.

, , ,
.

t t t t t

1. :
. 30
. 72
. 10
. 36
2. :
. 30
. 36
. 150 . 120
3. :
. 24
. 15
. 156 . 30
4. 12.
:
. 15
. 6
. 30
. 60
5. 60. :
. 6
. 3
. 9
. 12
6. 45.
:
. 135 . 90
. 45
. 55
7. 108.
:
. 42
. 92
. 72
. 108
8. 90.
:
. 110 . 45
. 70
. 90
9. () ()
:

215

) .
)
.
) .
)
.

t t t t t

1. :

4
5
8
12
2. :

120
20
108
40
3.
. .
4.
.
5. .

216

6. :

)
7.
.
8.
.
9.
.

3.3

ttt

L (,) -

,
.
3,14.

L = L = 2

:
: L = 2 L=
-

t t t t t

1) 15,7 cm, .

: L=2

217

15,7 = 2 3,14 15,7 = 6,28 =

= 2,5 cm.

2) 30cm.
942 m.

L = 2 = 2 3,14 30 = 188,4cm = 1,884m
942 m
942 : 1,884 = 500
3)
=6cm
B=8cm.
.

8cm

6cm

= 90

.
:
2 = 2 + 2
2 = 62 + 82
2 = 36 + 64
2 =100
=
= 10cm, = 10cm.
:
L= = 10 3,14 = 31,4 cm.

t t t t t

1. :

o o L

218

6 cm

8 cm
5,024m

113,04m

2. () ().

) L =
) (,)

) cm,
2cm.

t t t t t

1. 18cm.
2. 81,64 cm, .
3. 26cm.
.
4. 8cm.
:
)
) .
5. 68cm 3.500
. .
A

6.
= 12cm
= 16cm.
.

7.
,

45

219

8. O 1,2 cm 2 cm.
24 .
9. 70m.
110 Km/h.

ttt

3.4 H O

L :

rad
rad
.

, .

B
0

= 1 rad

1 rad.

rad, 2 rad.
rad

rad, :

-

,

220

90
.

rad,
B

 ,
B
.


A

t t t t t

1) 100,48cm. 45.

L = 2
100,48 = 2 3,14 100,48 = 6,28
45 :

= 16 cm.

2) :

6cm

10cm

60

90o

30o
6,28cm

221

6cm

10cm

12cm

60

90o

30o

6,28cm

15,7cm

6,28cm

t t t t t

1.
.

222

30

60

90

120

135

150

240

2) :
)
, :
: = 45
: =60
: =90
: =30
) L, 2 :
:

: L

: 2L

: 4L

t t t t t

1. :

45

75
/12

330
4/15

5/4

2. 50,24cm :
)
) 90.
3. :

4cm

30o

5m
270
/4
6cm

4.
30cm.
5. 40 8,37m. N .

223

6. 50,
6( 2) + 3 = 4x 1.
7.

= 4cm
= 2cm

8. 5cm 8cm.
3.
6.

ttt

3.5

,
= 2

-


,
.
.. =

.. =

t t t t t

1) 94,2cm
. .

L = 2

224

94,2 = 2 3,14 94,2 =6,28 =

= 15cm

 = 2 = 3,14 152 = 3,14 225 =

706,5cm2.

2) To 50,24cm2.
.

:
E = 2 50,24 = 3,14 2 2 =
=
= 4cm.
:
L= 2 = 2 3,14 4 = 25,12cm.

3) 50m.

4m. m2

.

2 = 16

25m
4m

1 = 4m
2=50m 2=25m
.. =
.. = 3,14 (252-42)
.. = 3,14 (225 16)=3,14 209=656,26m2

t t t t t

1) :

L

2cm
25,12cm
153,86cm2

2) .
, :

225

: 2
: 4
: 8
:
.
3) L, :
:

.
4) 4 cm, :
: = 2 L
: = 4L
: E = L
: =
.

t t t t t

1. 1256 cm2.
2. 81,64m.
3. (,) = 3 cm.
(,).

4.

.

5cm

3cm

5.
.
(=4 cm = 3 cm)

4cm

3cm
B

226

6. 32cm2.
.

7. 16cm.
.

8. 615,44cm2 .
.

9.
.

R
.

10.


.

3.6 O Y E

8cm

ttt
0

.. :
.. =
rad :
.. =

227

.

,

=
=

t t t t t

1) 94,2 cm,
120.

:
L = 2 94,2 = 2 3,14 94,2 = 6,28
=

= 15cm

:
.. =
2)



.

: =

228

10cm
A

90

10cm
B

= 78,5 50
= 28,5cm2
A

3)

. .

E1

12cm

3cm

E3

E2 6cm

12cm

3cm

=12 cm, 1 6 cm

= 6cm, 2 3cm

E = 1 + 2 + 3 = 56,52 + 14,13 + 108 = 178,65 cm2.

t t t t t

1) 16cm. 45
:
: 8 (cm2) B: 16 (cm2) : 24 (cm2) : 32 (cm2)
.
2) 4,71cm2
3cm, :
: 90 : 45 : 60 : 120

3) ,
:

229

: 4

: 2

4)
()
() .
)

) 1 = 2

A
1

1.
.

2x

t t t t t

2. 120 84,78cm2.
.
3. 1519,76cm2.
72.
4. 30 L

5. 12 cm

= 60. N :

)
)
) .

230

60
A

12cm
B

6.
(,10cm)
= 60.

60
0

7.
1 = 5cm 2 = 12cm.

.

60

8.

.(A = 10cm, = 4cm).
A

9.

10cm

4cm

10.

,
10 cm.

11.
( = 90)
= = 6 cm.

.

231

12.



.

:
) .
) .
)
.

5cm

13.
.

5cm

5cm

5cm

5cm

5cm
5cm

14.


8 cm.

5cm

15.
( = )
= 120,
= 3 cm.
=
.
) .
)


.

232

3cm

3cm

t t t t t

1
) ;
) ,
;
)
:

90

360

180

60
45

2

.
.

x + 10

A
x + 20

2x + 10

3
62,8 cm.
. ;
A

4

12cm.


.

233

t t t t t

1
) ;
) :

140

72

2
x, y, z :
A
100

120

50

x
z y

40

60

3


.
,
10m2 1 ;

10m

30m

50m

234

4
= 6 cm.
6 cm

)

.
)
.

6cm
6cm
6cm

235

4.1 

,
,
.




(p, q, r).

.

p
, ,
p.

,
.


.
,


.

p
q
p
q

:
.
.

1 2 ,
:

239

,

.
1//2.

2
1
p
2

,
.

,

.
1 2 .

2
1

q, :
,

q.

,
q.

,
q.


,

.

240

q,
,
q.

.



p q,

p q.

    

1) .

3cm

6cm

3cm

4cm

,
2 = 2 + 2
2 = 62 + 42
2 = 36 + 16
2 = 52
=
,
2=2+2
2=32+
2=9+52
2=61
=
2) :
)

)
)

5cm

8cm

6cm

) , :
2 = 2 + 2 2 = 82 + 62 2 = 64 + 36
2 = 100 =
= 10cm.
) :
2 = 2 + 2 2 = 52 + 102 2 = 25 + 100
2=125 =
11,18 cm.

241

) :

    

() ():
1)
.

2) .

3)
.

4) ,
, .

5)

.

6)
.

7)
p, .

1.
:
)
)
) .

    

2.
.

242

4cm

3cm

12cm

3. ,
q =17 cm
=12cm. =12 cm,
.

4. :
)
)
)

8cm

9cm

12cm

5.
.

.

, , .

6m

5m

4m

6.


.
( = 18cm, = 10cm, = 28cm)

4.2



,
,
.
,

243

.
, .
.
, , ...
, ,
...

.
= ( ) ()

.
= + 2

, .

.

.

, .

244



,
:

= 2

:
= + 2

= 2 = 22

    

1)

,
=9 cm, =12cm
10cm.

12cm

9cm

10cm

:
2 = 2 + 2
2 = 92 + 122
2 = 81 + 144
2 = 225
= 15 cm
: = ( ) ()
= (9+12+15) 10
= 36 10 = 360 cm2

= + 2 = 360 + 2
= 360 + 108 = 468 cm2.

245

2)
.




5m 3m.

5cm
30cm

5cm

, :
= 2 = 2 3,14 5 30 = 942cm2 = 0,0942m2
: = 5 3 = 15m2
:
15 : 0,0942 159 .

    

:
1) :
) : 5
: 6
: 7
) : 8
: 6
: 9
) : 12
: 9
: 6
2) 8cm
5cm. 9cm, :
) :
: 117cm2 : 162cm2
: 234cm2
) :
: 314cm2 : 242cm2
: 157cm2
3) 10cm 10cm.
) :
: 314cm2 : 942cm2
: 628cm2
) :
: 1256cm2 : 628cm2
: 1884cm2

246

    

1.
80cm, 40cm
30cm.

2. 25m , 15m 2,5m .

:
)
) 25cm

0,30.
3.
=192cm2 8cm.
.

4.
(
)
. ,
1m2 15.

45cm
0,8m

60cm
1,2m

0,4m

0,4m

5.
16cm 8cm.
6. 50,24cm 20cm.
.
7. ,
50 , 1,50m
0,20m 3 1m2.
8.
, :
) 4m 3m.
) 37,68cm 12cm.
) 78,5 cm2 10cm.

247

9. 1000 1,2m
80cm. ,
10% 1m2 1,5;
10.
30cm 60cm.
) .
) 10m 18m.
.

4.3 

,

.

(m3),
1m.
:

m3

dm3

1dm3 = 0,001m3

cm3

1cm3 = 0,000001m3

mm3

1mm3 = 0,000000001m3

(1L=1dm3)
m
(1ml=1cm3).


.
V= ( ) ()

248

V= ( ) () V= 2

    

1) 8cm
12cm.

= 8cm, = 4cm.
:
V=2 = 3,14 42 12 = 602,88cm3.
2) 87,92 cm
10cm.

L = 2
87,92 = 2 3,14 87,92 = 6,28 =
=14cm.

V = 2 = 3.14 142 10 = 6.154,4cm3.

3)

= 6cm,
= 8cm
20cm. :
)
)
)
)
.

)

:
2 = 2 + 2 2 = 62 + 82 2 = 36 + 64
2 = 100 =
= 10cm.

249

, . ==10
=5cm.
) :
V = 2 = 3,14 52 20 = 1570 cm3.
) :
V = ( ) ()
V=
)
:
V = 1570 480 = 1090cm3.

    

1) ,
, .

25cm2

4cm

16cm2
50cm
144cm3

160dm3

2) ,
, .

25 cm2

8cm

250

49 cm2
4cm
294 cm3

314cm3

3) ()
().
)

) V = 2

    

1. .
135cm3,
:
)
) .

2.
= 12cm = 16cm
. :
)
)
) .
3.

.
= 2m, = 24cm, = 50cm

2m
= 30cm. :
)

50cm

=24cm
)

30cm

) .

4. ( = =
5cm) 4cm.
15cm, :
)
) .
5. :
) 30 cm 0,8m
) 942mm 0,4m.
6. 452,16cm2
24cm. .
7. .

251

70mm 100mm.
,
.
8. ,

10cm.
9. 8m.
, 3m
2,5dm.

4.4 O I I

,
.

.
.
, , ,
K

252

.

.

.

,

.
, .
, .

,

, .
.


:
=

( ) ()

= +

:

V=

( ) ()
K

-

,
,
.

    

1) 8cm.
12cm,
.

=
=

( ) ()

(8 8) 12=384cm2.
K

2)


.

8cm

5cm

5cm

253

:
2 = 2 + 2
82 = 2 + 2,52 2 = 64 6,25 2 = 57,75
=
:
=

( ) () =

(4 5) 7,6 = 76cm2.

:
= + = 76 + 52 = 101cm2.


:
2=2+2
2 = 52 + 52 2 = 50 =
=

=3,55cm.

:
2 = 2 + 2 82 = 2 + 3,552
2 = 64 12,6025 2 = 51,3975 =
:
V=

( ) ()=

254

52 7,2=60cm.

    

1) ()
().
) .

)
.

)
.

) .

)
.

)
,
.

    

1. 15cm
20cm. .
2. 12cm
10cm.
.
3. 10cm
12cm. :
)
)
) .
4.
.

10cm

8cm

10cm

12cm
12cm

240cm2
384cm3

5.
16cm 17cm.
6. 5cm.
( ). :
)
) , 4,1cm.
7.
.
.

255

8. 8cm
10cm. :
)
)
)
) .
9. = 12cm,
,
.

.

= 8cm

10.
:
)
) .

4.5 

. =

,
0
.

. . : 2 = 2 + 2

:

256

 :
= +

= + 2

: V=
V=

( ) ()

    

1) = 15cm
9cm.

: V=
2
.
2 = 2 + 2 152 = 92 + 2 2 = 152 92
2 = 225 81 2 = 144 =
= 12cm.
: V =

3,14 122 9 = 1.356,48cm3.

2) 50,24cm2
5cm. :
)
) .

) : = 2 50,24 = 3,14 2 2 = 16 = 4cm.

=
= 3,14 4 5 = 62,8cm2
) 2 = 2 + 2
2 = 2 2 2 = 52 42 2 = 25 16 2 = 9
=
=3cm.
: V=

2 =

3,14 42 3 = 50,24cm3.

257

3)


:
)
)

)
) .

) :
2 = 2 + 2 =

2 = 18 + 18

2 = 36 = 6cm. p =

= 2 + 32 2 = 18 9
) 2 = 2 + p2
2 = 9 = 3cm
) :
Eo = + = p + p2 = 3,14 3

+ 3,14 32 = 28,26

28,26cm2 = 28,26
) :
V=

p2 =

3,14 32 3 = 28,26cm3.

258

    

() ().
) 2 = 2 2.

)
.

2
) V= .

)
.

)
.

)
.

)
.
) .

    

1. 8cm
6cm.
2. To 226,08 m2
= 9 m. .
30

3.
.
p = 3cm

4. 18,84dm.
= 5dm. :
)
) .
50cm

5.
. :
)
) .

5cm

6.

.
) .
)
30 m2,

50

20cm
25cm
20cm

12cm

10cm

7. .
19,625m3 3 m. .

259

8.

9 cm. (dm3 ).
20cm

9. 20 cm

.
.

20cm

20cm

20cm

10. 6 cm 10cm
15 cm . .

4.6 I I 

,
p
(,)
.
p

p
.

(,).
.

260

 , ,
.
,
.

.
E = 4p2

:
V =

p3

    

1) = 10cm.
.

= 10cm,

= 4p2 = 4 3,14 52 = 314cm2

V =

p3 =

3,14 53 = 523,33cm3

2) 305,08
cm3.

p3 = 729 p3 = 93 p = 9cm

261

:
= 4p2 = 4 3,14 92 = 1017,36cm2.
3) 12cm .
.

= 12cm,
:
V =
,
: V = 123 = 1728cm3
:
V = V V= 1728 904,32 = 823,68cm3.
4) 153,86 cm2.
.

= p2 : 153,86 = 3,14 2 2

2 =49

=
:
V =

262

    

() ()
1) .

2)
.

3)

4) ,

.

5) ,
.

6) ,
.

    

1. = 8cm.
.
2. 50,24cm. :
)
)
) .
3.
2cm 3cm.
4. 113,04dm3. N
.
5.
18m, m2 5.
6. 1256cm2.
.
7.
6cm.
8. 30cm.
.
9. = 25cm. :
)
) .
10. = 30cm
. :

263

)
)
)
11. = 8cm
. .

4.7



,
.

.
90

90 .

() (S).

264

. (
. )
,
() (W). 180
180
.

.
( )
.
( )

.


. ,

(W) (),
() (S).

    

1
) .
) .
) .
2

:
)
)

3cm

4cm

12cm

3

= 6cm = 8cm = 15cm. :
)
) .
4
15cm
16cm. :
)
) .

    

1
) ; ;
) ;
)
.
) .
2
7m
0,4m. , 150
.
3

265

502,4cm2
20cm. :
)
)
) .
4

20cm. .

266

1.1

1)

t t t t t

2
4
6
3

2) ,

t t t t t

1. ) 5x + 7, x
) = 4x = x2, x
) 3 x, x
) 0,8 x, x
) = 2x + 2(x 5) = 4x 10, x
)

x + 10, x

2. ) 9x 4y
) 22 27
) 2 + 3
) 3,1x 2,8y
) x
3. ) = 5x 12 + 6x + 8 + 4x = 15x 4 x = 3
= 15 ( 3) 4 = 49
) = 7 14 6 6 + 5 = 20 + 5 = 7 = 1
= 7 20 ( 1) + 5 = 32
) = 19 2 + 2 2 + x 12 = 3 + x + 7 x = 5
= 6
= 3 ( 6) + 5 + 7 = 30

269

4. ) = 5 10 6 + 9 + 7 = + 7 + = 8
= ( 8) + 7 = 15
) = x + 6x 2y 4y + 12 + x = 6x 6y + 12 x y =
= 6 (x y) + 12 = 6

+ 12 = 1 + 12 = 13

) = 3 + x y + + 1 = x y + 4 x + y = 11
= ( 11) + 4 = 15
5. = 2 + 2
= 3 =

= 3(

)(

= 1

)1

6. = 3x 4y + 5x 7y + 10 9x + 8y
= x 3y + 10

x = 10,

= ( 10) 3(

) + 10

y=

= 21
7. )

x = 20 x

) = x(20 x) = 20x x2

8. M = x (x ) (x ) = x x + x + = + x

1.2

270

1) ) 8
)
)
)
)
)

) 6
)
iv
i
v
ii

) 7
)

) 69
)

t t t t t

) 5
)

) 5
)

t t t t t

1. ) x = 4
) x = 3
) x = 2
) x = 21

2. ) x = 4
) y = 1
) x =
) =
3. ) x [3 + (x x 3)] = 5
x=5
) x ( 3x 1 5) = 2x 2
x + 3x + 1 + 5 = 2x 2
6x = 8
x=
) {2(x 4) 3(x + 1) + [10 2(x + 1) 60]} = 15(x + 1)
(
8 3x 3 + 10
2 60) = 15x + 15
8 + 3x + 3 10 + 2 + 60 = 15x + 15
3x 15x = 15 + 10 8 3 2 60
12x = 48
x=4
4. ) 2(3x + 2) = 3(4x 5)
6x + 4 = 12x 15
6x = 19

)
21x + 63 15 = 10 40x
61x = 38

)
15x + 15 = 12x 8
27x = 23

271

5.

2(6x 4) = 7(1 + 3x) 14x

12x 8 = 7 + 21x 14x
5x = 15
x=3

3(x + 3) 6x + 30 = 2(2x + 2)
3x + 9 6x + 30 = 4x + 4
7x = 35
x=5

3x + 3 2x 30 = 6x 2
5x = 25
x= 5

20x 15 21x 14 = 2 x 140

x = 109

4x 2 5 = 4x + 4 11
0x = 0

6.

3 (3x + 3) + 2(2 2x) = 5x 5

9x + 9 + 4 4x = 5x 5
18x = 18
x=1

272

5(3y 1) + 5 = 2(y 2) + 5(2y + 5)

15y 5 + 5 = 2y 4 + 10y + 25
3y = 21
y=7

1
3(1 ) + 4(2 4) = 2( + 11)
3 3 + 8 16 = 2 + 22
3 = 35

3 + 2( + 3) = 5 + 6
3 + 2 + 6 = 5 + 6
=

7.

144 4 2x = 9 15 18x 12 4
144 8x = 135 18x 48
10x = 57

x = 5,7

4 6 4 + 5 = + 2
24 4 + 5 = + 2
6 = 27

273

~
x 10 45 300 = 60x 1
59x = 354

x = 6
8.

2(6x 18) = 30 + 3x 12
12x 36 = 30 + 3x 12
9x = 54
x=6

x 3 9 = 27x + 40
26x = 52
x= 2

274

120 3(5x 1) 2(x + 5) = 144 3(3x + 1) 4(2x + 1)

120 15x + 3 2x 10 = 144 9x 3 8x 4
0x = 24

9.

15x 15(2x 1) = 10x + 6 2

15x 30x + 15 = 10x + 12
5x = 3

18 + 6 = 34

6 = 16

80x 8 = 66 11x 91x = 72

x=

275

7x 3 36x + 12 = 3(7x 15)

7x 3 36x + 12 = 21x 45
7x 36x 21x = 3 12 45
50x = 54

10. ) =

= 20

4 (2x 6) 20 = 5(3x 6)
8x 24 20 = 15x 30
7x = 14
x= 2

) =

276

4x (5x 12) = 12 x
4x 5x + 12 = 12 x
x =

) =

2 x + 6x 10 = 3x + 18 2x
4x = 26
x=

11. ) (5x 7)(3x + 12) (x 2) = 0

5x 7 = 0 3x + 12 = 0
x=

x= 4

x2=0
x=2

) ( x + 3)( 2x 13)(7x + 3) = 0
x + 3 = 0 2x 13 = 0
x=3

x=

7x + 3 = 0
x=

) (x 2) (x2 + 5) = 0
x 2 = 0 x2 + 5 = 0
x=2

x2 = 5

12. (1 x) + 3 = 2x + 5 +
) = 5 : 5(1 x) + 3 = 2x + 5 + 5
5 5x + 3 = 2x + 10
7x = 2
x=
) x = 3,

(1 ( 3)) + 3 = 2( 3) + 5 +

277

+ 3 + 3 = 6 + 5 +
3 = 4
=
) = 2,
2(1 x) + 3 = 2x + 5 2
2 + 2x + 3 = 2x + 3
0x = 2

13. 7x + 5 = x +
(7 )x = 5
) : = 7 = 5
) : = 7 = 5
14. ) = 2
) = 5
) = 1
) = 1
15. :

3x + 10 = 4x 10 x = 20

x 20

16. :

= 3y 5 = 3 y
4y = 8 y = 2
:
2 = 2 + 2 102 = 2 + 62
2 = 100 36
2 = 64 = 8 cm
5x 2 = 8
5x = 10
x = 10

1.3

t t t t t

1.

278

2. i)

ii)

3. i)

11.

ii)

F = 73,4o

12.

279

1.4

t t t t t

1) .
2) .

t t t t t

1. x , : 5x 5 = 4x + 9
x = 13
2. x , :
x + (x + 2) + (x + 4) = 69
3x = 63
x = 21
: 21, 23, 25
3. x , :
= 12

4x + 3x = 1092
7x = 1092
x = 156
4. x , x + 18 ,

5x = 2x + 36

3x = 36

x = 12

12 18.
5. x , :
125 = x 17 + 6 17 x = 125 6

280

x=7

17 x = 119

6. x ,
20 x, : 6x 3(20 x) = 75
6x 60 + 3x = 75
9x = 135
x = 15
7. x , 4x,
x + 4x = 90 5x = 90 x = 18
18 4 18 = 72
8. x , 3x
2 (3x) = 6x.
: 6x + 3x + x = 400
10x = 400
x = 40
6 40 = 240, 3 40 = 120 40.
9. x ,
x + 27. :
x + (x + 27) + (x + 27) = 180
3x + 54 = 180
3x = 126
x = 42

A
x

x + 27 x + 27

10. x , :
(x + 2) x = x2 + 50
x2 + 2x = x2 + 50
2x = 50
x = 25 cm
11. x , 60 x , :
x(60 x) = (x 10)(60 x + 10) 100
60x x2 = (x 10) (70 x) 100
60x x2 = 70x x2 700 + 10x 100
20x = 800
x = 40
= 40 cm = 20 cm

281

12. x , 50 x, :
x + 8 = 2(50 x + 8)
x + 8 = 100 2x + 16
3x = 108
x = 36
36 14 .
13. x
.
48 + x = 2 (18 + x)
48 + x = 36 + 2x
x = 12
x = 12
14. x y ,
x 5 = 2(y 5)
x = 2y 10 + 5
x = 2y 5

(x + 10)

= y + 10

5x + 50 = 7y + 70

2y 5 =
10y 25 = 7y 20
3y = 45
y = 15

x = 2 15 5 = 25
25 15 .
15. x , 13 x
. :
2,5x = 4(13 x)
2,5x = 52 4x
6,5x = 52
x = 8
8 2,5 = 20Km.

282

16. x ,
80 (x + 1) = 100 x
80x + 80 = 100 x

20x = 80
x = 4
1.. 512 400 = 112Km
.

17. x , :

x = 1.800

720

630

450

18. x , x 7.
: 2x + 2(x 7) = 66
2x + 2x 14 = 66
4x = 80
x = 20
= 20cm = 13cm.
19. x , 3x.
:
240 = 4x 10 40x = 240 x = 6cm
6cm 3 6 = 18cm

283

20. x , 48 x.
: 2 x + 3(48 x) = 114
2x + 144 3x = 114
x = 30
x = 30 48 30 = 18 .
21. x , 12 x
. :
1,5 x + 3 (12 x) = 30
1,5x + 36 3x = 36
1,5x = 6
x=4
4 12 4 = 8.
22. x, 2x
6 :
2x 6 = 3(x 6)
2x 6 = 3x 18
x = 12
12 24 .
23. 8 , 1

6 ,

.
x ,

EK = 24

4x 3x = 24
x = 24 .

284

24. x
, :

1
x + 2x + 3x = 6
6x = 6
x = 1 .
25. x ,
12(x + 0,5) = 14 x + 1
12x + 6 = 14 x + 1
2x = 5
x = 2,5
26. x ,

400 + 60 = 8x
460 = 8x
x = 57,5%
27. x , :

x = 24

24 .
28. x ,
16 x. :
5 x = 3 (16 x)
5x = 48 3x
8x = 48
x=6
6 .

285

1.5

t t t t t

1) ) x 2 <3
) x + 3 10
) 3x 9
) 5x > 10
)

2) )
3) .
.
)
)

i
ii
ii
i

1. ) x 4

) x < 18

) x >3

) x 6

286

) x

t t t t t

+
0

+
18

+
0

+
0

6
+

2. ) x >1

+
0

) y > 3

+
3

) 6

+
0

) x 3

+
0

) x 0

+
0

3. ) x<0

+
0

) x 4

) x >3

+
0

+
0

) x 3

+
0

) x 8

+
0

8
+

4. ) 3{x 5[ x (x + 2)]} < 15( x 3)

3[x 5( x x 2)] < 15x 45
3(x + 5x + 5x + 10)< 15x 45

+
0

287

3(11x + 10) < 15x 45

33x 30 < 15x 45
18x < 15
33x+15x <30 45

+
0

) 11x {(8x + 23) 2(x 8)} 5(3x 7)

11x [8x + 23 2x + 16] 15x 35
11x 8x 23 + 2x 16 15x 35
11x 8x + 2x 15x 23 + 16 35
10x 4

+
0

x 1 3(x 1) < 2(3 2x)

x 1 3x + 3 < 6 4x
2x < 4

x<2

+
0

2(2x + 1) 3(x 1) 18
4x + 2 3x + 3 18
x 13

288

+
0

13

6x + 2(2x 5) > x + 2 3
6x + 4x 10 > x + 6
9x > 16

+
0

5. )

36x 4(10x 5) 3 (15x + 15) 24x

36x 40x + 20 45x + 45 24x
36x 40x 45x + 24x 45 20
25x 25

x 1

+
1

2(2x + 30) 12x < 50 5x 3(x + 6) + 54

4x + 60 12x < 50 5x 3x 18 + 54
4x 12x + 5x + 3x < 50 18 + 54 60
0x < 26 x.

+
0

289

)
4 2( + 1) 8 3(3 )> 0
4 2 2 8 3 + > 0
3 > 13

+
0

18 + 3(x 2) + 2(x + 1) > 3(x + 5)

18 + 3x 6 + 2x + 2 > 3x + 15
2x > 1

+
0

14(2x 26) 21(3x + 5) 6 (2x 4) 210

28x 364 63x 105 12x 24 210
28x 63x 12x 364 + 105 24 210
47x 235

x5
5

6. )

290

2(x + 1) + 5x 10x + 20 (3x 4)

2x + 2 + 5x 10x + 20 3x + 4
0x 22 x.

)
5x + 1 3(3x 1) 2(5 2x)
5x + 1 9x + 3 10 4x
0x 6 .
)
x + 2 4x > (3x 1)
x 4x + 3x > 1 2
0x > 1 x.
)
x 3 + 4(x 1) > 5(2 + x)
x 3 + 4x 4 > 10 + 5x
0x > 17 .
7. )

x 7 < 2 5 x < 2
x < 9 x > 3

+
0

3 < x < 9
) 2(x + 3) 3(x + 1) 2(x 1)
2x + 6 3x 3 2x + 2
x 1

3(x 3) + 7 < 2(x + 3)

3x 9 + 7 < 2x + 6
x<8

+
1

1 x < 8
) 2x + 3(x 7) < 2(4 x) 1 2(3x 1) + 5(3x 8) > 3x 24
2x + 3x 21 < 8 2x 1
6x 2 + 15x 40 > 3x 24

291

7x < 28
x<4

18x > 18
x >1

+
1

1 < x < 4
)

4x 8 + 14 < 3x 15
x < 21

9x 10 > 8x + 6
x > 16

+
21

16

) 3x 2 < 13 2(x 3) > 2 3x 5(x 1) 1
3x < 15
2x 6 > 2
3x 5x 5 1
x<5
2x > 4
2x 6
x>2
x3

3 x < 5

x2

)
x>3

x6

+
6

3 < x 2

292

8. ) 11 3x + 2 < 29
11 2 3x < 29 2
9 3x < 27
3x<9

+
0

) 2 < 3 5x < 18
5 < 5x < 15
1>x> 3

) 9 8x + 1 13
8 8x 12

+
3

+
0

1x

9. < 0 5( 2) 30 < 0
5 10 30 < 0
5 < 40
<8
10. x = 4 : 7 4 5 + 2 > (4 2)
28 5 + 2 > 2
7 > 30

11. x
, :
0,40 x > 10
x > 25
25 .
12. x . A
x = 13 + 7 () .
: 55 < x < 65
55 < 13 + 7 < 65
48 < 13 < 58

3,692 < < 4,46. = 4

x = 13 4 + 7 = 59.
13. x .
3x > 750

293

x > 250
x < 252
250 < x < 252 x = 251
251 .
14. x .

x + 16 + 51 + 72 + 76 + 20 > 18 14
x + 235 > 252
x > 17
15. x 2
,
100 + 0,5 x >150 + 0,3 x
0,5x 0,3x > 150 100
0,2x > 50
x > 250

1
1
. ( )
. ) ) )
2
) x =

) x > 1

3
. x >

4
x

294

t t t t t

5x + 3x + x = 5 180 9x = 900 x = 100

2
1
)

2
. x = 7

. = 2

t t t t t

3
.

. = 10

>5

4
26 .

295

2.1

t t t t t

1) ) , ) , ) , ) , ) , ) , ) , ) , ) , )
2)

3)
4)
5)
6)

t t t t t

1.

2. ) 24

) 38

) 19

3. =

3x 15 0

2 6x 0

x5
x 1/3

297

x 5 0 6x+54 0
x 5 x 9

5x9

4.

5. x = 6,

y = 13,

z = 1,

= 25,

=8

6. ) x = 6 x = 6
) x =

x=

)
) x = 13 x = 13
7. = 2
8. = 40m
9. = 15cm E = 120cm2
10. = 17cm, = 4 17 = 68cm
11. = 24cm = 1008cm2
12. = 24cm = 26cm
13. x , :
x2 8 =

2x2 16 = x2 x2 = 16 x = 4

14. = 3,

= 4,

= 8,

x=6

2.2

1) ) ,

) ,

2) :

298

) ,

) ,

t t t t t

t t t t t

1.

2.
3.

4. ) x =

x=

) x =

x=

) x = 1 x = 1

5. x cm .
:
x2 + x2 = 82

x2 = 32 x =

6. =

x = 5,65cm

. = 18cm2

7. = 6,92cm E = 27,68 cm2

8.

= 45 .

,
= = 4cm
: 2 = 42 + 42
2 = 32
= 5,65cm
. =

45

4cm

299

. =

8=

= 2,83cm

9. 2 = 62+122 2 = 180 = 13,41cm

= 2 13,41 = 26,82cm
10.

. = 16cm
.

2 = 2 + 2
162 = 2 + 82
2 = 192 =
= 13,85cm
= 2 = 2 13,85 = 27,7cm

16cm

60

16cm

16cm

16cm

E. =
11. :

= 16cm
12.

6m

= 6cm

. :
2 = 2 + 2 = 6,7cm
= 6+6+9+6,7 = 27,7cm

300

6m

3m

18m

2.3

t t t t t

1. = 8,696m
2. x = 3cm (1 : 5cm)
x=

(2 : 5cm 4cm.

3. 2 = 2 2 2 = 202-162 2 = 144 = 12cm

AB2 = 2 + 2 2 = 362+122 2 = 1440 = 37,947cm
4. xcm ,
x+
= 12,07 2,41x = 12,07
x = 5cm
2
= 20cm = 5 = 25cm2
5. 10 .
6. x2+(3x)2 = 302 x2+9x2 = 900 10x2 = 900 x2 = 90
= 5 x2 = 5 90 = 450cm2
7. 2 = 2 2 2 = 292 212 2 = 400 = 20cm
. = 21 20 = 420cm2
8. 2 = 2 2 2 = 1296 = 36cm.

=21,6cm.

9. AB = 8 + 20 + 8 = 36cm
2 = 82 + 82
2 = 128
=
=11,31cm

20cm
8cm

45
A

8cm

8cm
45
8cm

301

10. 2 = 22 + 42 2 = 20 =
2 = 22 + 42

2 = 20 =

2 = 22 + 62 2 = 40 =
2 = 2 + 2 .
.
11. =50m
= = 150 50 = 7.500m2 7,5 .
50 7,5 = 375 .

t t t t t

1
. ( )
. i)

ii)

. ( )
2
) x 3 ) x 4
3
) =8cm

) =120cm2

4
= 15m
=76m
12 76 = 912 .

2
1
) . 7

302

) . 4

) .

) . 4

t t t t t

) .

 2
) 125 ) 23 ) 153 )
3
=

=
4
x = 4cm, y = 6cm, =

303

3.1

t t t t t

1) ) y = 1,1x
2) ) y =x 4000
3) )
4) ) = 20 + 5x

t t t t t

1.
x

30

12

2.

3.

4. y = 1,19 x
5. y = 200 + 0.5 x
x

100

200

300

500

250

300

350

450

305

6. E = 4x2
7. ) y = 25 x. x = 8 y = 17
)

x = 15 y = 16

8. ) y = 1,05 x
x

900

1000 1400 1500

945

1050 1470 1575

9. y = 2x 3
x

10. ) S = 3 450 = 1350

) S =450 t
) 2.250 = 450 t t = 5 .

3.2

1) (3,4),

(0,3),

(4,3),

t t t t t

(25),

(1,2)

2)

xx

yy

(3, 7)

(3, 7)

(3, 7)

(3, 7)

(5, 6)

(5, 6)

(5, 6)

(5, 6)

(1, 4)

(1, +4)

(1, 4)

(1, 4)

(8, 10)

(8, 10)

(8, 10)

(8, 10)

306

3) ) <
4) ) :

= 90

) : =
) : =2
) : = 5 ..
5) ) y = 4,

) y = 2,

) y = 1, ) y = 0, ) y = 2, ) y = 3

t t t t t

1.
y
3
(4,2

2 (0,2)
1
3,5

x
4

Z(5,0)

1
2
2,7

E(3,5, 2,7)

4
y

2. ) (7,2)

) (7,2)

307

) (7,2)

3.

) 2 = 2 + 2
20 = 10 + 10
20 = 20

)

4.

xx
2
4
0

A (5,2)
(-2,4)
(-1,0)
5.

6. y = 2x2

308

yy
5
2
1

1
x

1
x

2 1
1

2 1
1

7. (3,15)
y = 2x2 +
:
2
15 = 2(3) +
15 = 18 +
=3

8.

, 500 ,
500 : 400= 1,25 1 1
.
4

9.
90
) 86 80
77

>

>>
>

) 10 C F 50
) 77 F C 25

10
5

>

>

>

20

> >

41
32

>

60
50

>
>

68

>

70

(3,4)

10 15 20 25 30

309
c

10.
) y(Kg)
90
81
76,5

)
175 cm
67,5
)

76,5 185 cm.

>

>

>

>

72
> > > >
>

>

67,5

>

> >

>

63

x(cm)

160 170 180 190 200 210

175 185

3.3

1) )

t t t t t

12

12

16

2) :
3) : y= 3x
4) ) 2,

) 1,

) 1,

) 2,

) 1

t t t t t

1. )

310

12

)
3

2
y

2.

y = 3x

y = 5x

y = 2x

y
5

y = 3x

4
3
2
1
x

3 2 1
1

2
3
4

y = 2x

5
y

y = 5x

3.
y

y = 2x

y = 2x
2
1
x

3 2 1
1

2
y

4. y=x,
6 = (4) =

y =

5. y =
6. 1 : y =

2 : y =

311

S=8t

7.
t

S ()
S=8t

24
16
8
1

t ()

8. y= x
(3,6) :
6 = 3 = 2
= 2
9. ) y=1,05 x
) x = 850 y = 1,05 850=892,5
) y = 945 945=1,05 x x = 900
10. ) y =5x
) 52,5
) 9
11. )

) =

3.4

1) : y = 7x + 3
2) : (3,0)
3) : (0,7)
4) : 3x 2y = 6
5) ) :

312

) : (6,0) ) : (0,2)

t t t t t

t t t t t

1.

2: y = 2x+3
5

1: y = 2x

1: y = 2x

3: y = 2x 2

3
2
1
x

2: y = 2x + 3

3 2 1
1

2
3

3: y = 2x 2

5
y

2. )

)
y

y
3

2
1

1
x

x
1

3 2 1
1

2
y

y =5x+3

(x )

y
(x 0)

313

)
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
x

3 2 1
1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
(3 x 3

314

3. 1: y = (5 2)x + 3 2: y = ( + 2)x 9
,
: 5 2 = + 2
4 = 4
=1

4. :
5. ) (2,1)

(2,4)

) (2,1) 3x + 4y = 10 :
3(2) + 4 1 = 10
3x + 4y = 10
(2,4) 3x + 4y = 10
: 3 2 + 4 4 = 10
3x + 4y = 10
6. 4x 3y = 12 xx
(3,0) yy
(0,4).

0
(3,0)

(0,4)
y

7. )

2x + y = 4
x

0
2

) = 2
)
8. ) (5,1)
) =

(2,1)

(2,3)

(5,3)

315

9. y = 5x7,
, = 5. y = 2x + y = 5x + .
(3,1) ; 1 = 5(3) + = 16.
y = 5x + 16.
10. ) y = 0,05x + 800
) y = 1200 : 1200 = 0,05 x + 800
0,05x = 400
x = 8.000
) y
1600

y = 0,05x + 800

1200
800
400
x

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 x

y

11. ) y = 80 x 1200

y = 80 x 1200

400
x

10

15

20

400
800
1200
y

12. ) t = 0 S=600 80 0 = 600Km

) S = 0 0 = 600 80 t t = 7, 5
)
S
600

316

7,5

25

13. ) (2,2) :
2 = (3 + 1) 2 + 2 = 6 + 2 + 2 6 = 6 = 1
) = 1 : y = 2x + 2
x

2
1
x

3 2 1
1

2
y

14. () y = 5x + 7
2 + 1 = 5 = 3
(1,6) :
6 = [2 (3) + 1] (1) + 3 2
6 = 5 (1) + 3 2
3 = 3
=1
= 3 = 1

3.5

t t t t t

1) ), ), )
2) ) ,
) ,
) ,
)

1. )

x
y

t t t t t

317

)
3
2
x

6 5 4 3 2 1

1
1
1

2
3
y

2.
x

2 2,5 5

2,5

2,5

5 2,5 2

y
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
x

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

318

3.

x
0

4. )

3 = 25
) = 1

2 = 2

=1

319

x
0

5. 12 (20 5) = 10 x

x = 18

6. 150 (10 4) = (150 x) 9

900 = 1350 9x 9x = 450 x = 50 .
()

7. ) =
)

12

80

60

40

20

12

8
6
4
3
0

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

8. )
) x = 4

320

) y = 6 6=

12
x = 8 .

()

t t t t t

1
), ) ( )
2
y =5x2 7
3
(1,3)

13

73

118

(7,9)

4
(2,2) y =
:

x2 +

=0

= 0
x

y
1
x
5 4 3 2 1
1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
y

321

t t t t t

1
), ) ( )
2
y = x
(3,15) : 15 = (3) = 5
y = 5x
3
) xx (3,0) yy
(0,7)
) =

)
4
, :
6 10 = x 15
60 = 15 x
x = 4

t t t t t

1
. . ( )
2
) y = 1,08 x
) x = 120 : y = 1,08 120 = 129,6
) y = 216 : 216 = 1,08 x x = 200

322

3
) y = x

4
y = x +
(0,3), 3 = +

(3,12),
12 = 3 + 0

=4

y = 4x

323

4.1

1. )

2. )

t t t t t

3. )

t t t t t

1. ) 130 ) 45 ) 167 ) 18 ) 8
2. ) 3,5 ) 24 ) 56 ) 208 ) 450
3. ) 40% ) 400% ) 100% ) 80%
4. ) 165
5. 40% 60% .
6. "" :

0,3 30%

"" :

0,45 45%

"" :

0,25 25%

7. ) :

0,7 70%

) :

0,35 35%

8. .
, .
9.
. 200 .
.

325

4.2

1. ) . 100

) . 20 ) . 65

t t t t t

) . 65

) . 0

) . 10%

t t t t t

1. ) : 4.000 + 4.500 + 3.5 00+ 7.000 + 6.000

= 25.000 .
) 2005 :
)

0,28 28%.

( )

8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
2002

2003

2004
()

2005

2006

2. ) :
:

326

126 72
54
108

) :

3.

()
250

(gr)
180

200
150
100

50
A

40

:
:

( )

75 125

50 90

20

:
:

4. ) 6 + 32 = 38
) 10 2
) 10 + 2 = 12 2
)

64%

327

36
32

28
24
20
16
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

) 0 :
1 :

1
230,4

2 :

0
43,2
14,4
3
72

3 :

5. : 90
: 270

4.3

1) ) . 20

328

) . 5

) .

t t t t t

) .

) .

2)

. (%)

40

25

16

10

32

20

48

30

24

15

160

100

1.

2.

t t t t t

. (%)

10

20

30

25

10

20

100

. (%)

15

20

10

25

20

15

40

100

329

3. )

. . (%)
26

25

27

37,5

28

18,75

29

12,5

30

6,25

16

100

) 3 + 2 + 1 = 6 28
) 4 + 6 + 3 = 13 28
4. )

. (%)

II

10

III

20

IIII

20

IIII

25

III

15

20

100

(. )

5
4
3
2
1
0

) 1+2+4+4=11 3 .
)

330

20% 5
.

5. )

. %

30

60

216

15

30

108

10

36

50

100

360

)
(. )

30
25

20

216

15

108

10

36

6. + 2 + 126 +
3 + 126 + 72 = 360
3 = 162
= 54

. (%)

40

20

72

60

30

108

70

35

126

30

15

54

200

100

360

331

7.

. (%)

12

24

10

20

18

36

14

50

100

) : 28

56%

) : 40

80%

) : 10

20%

) 2 3 : 25

50%

4.4

t t t t t

1) 1. . 4
2. . 14
3. . 8
4. . 20%

1. ) = 18 3 = 15

332

t t t t t

. (%)

36

IIII

10

69

IIII III

20

9 12

IIII III

20

12 15

IIII IIII

10

25

15 18

IIII IIII

10

25

40

100

10
8
6
4
2
0

12

15

18

2. )

33
30
22
15
0

20 30 40 50 60

. .

(%)

20 30

22

22

30 40

30

30

40 50

33

33

50 60

15

15

100

100

) 33% + 15% = 48% 40 .

333

3. )
()

. (%)

50 55

III

15

55 60

IIII

20

60 65

IIII II

35

65 70

IIII I

30

20

100

40

35

. %

6
4
3
2

30
20
15
10

50 55 60 65 70

50 55 60 65 70

4. )
()

0 50

50 100

100 150

150 200

. %

15%

43%

32%

10%

30

86

64

20

()

86

334

80
64

) 64 + 20 = 84
100 .
) 30 + 86 + 64 = 180
150 .

60
40
30
20
0

50 100 150 200

5. ) 8 + 12 + 14 + 10 + 6 = 50
)

12% 16

54% .

4.5

1) . 6
4) . 24

t t t t t

2) . 567
3) ) . 25 ) . 27 ) . 23
5) . 360 fi

t t t t t

1.
2.
3. x , 2x,

35 = 29 + 3x 3x = 6 x = 2
2 4.
4. )
) : 172, 175, 177, 183, 189, 190, 193, 195

335

5.

( )
()

02

24

12

36

46

10

50

68

42

8 10

36

40

172

6. :

7. :
1.150 (v + 5) = 1.200v + 5.000
1.150v + 5.750 = 1.200v + 5000
50v = 750
= 15 .
8. y 2 = 14

y = 16

126 = 19x + 88 19x = 38

336

x=2

9. )

20 30
30 40

IIII IIII IIII

IIII IIII IIII
IIII

. . %

)
()

25

15

30

375

35

20

40

700

40 50

IIII IIII

45

10

20

450

50 60

IIII

55

10

275

50

100

1800

t t t t t

1
), ) ( )
2
)

56,25% .

33,33% .

3
)

13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

2
1
3
3
4
2
3
2
20

. . %
10
5
15
15
20
10
15
10
100

337

(. )

)
5
4
3
2
1
13

14

15

16

17

18

19

19

()

) 2 + 1 + 3 + 3 = 9 16.
) 20% + 10% + 15% + 10% = 55% 17.
4
)
) :
168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 175, 175, 177, 180, 183

t t t t t

1
), ) ( )
2

3
)

338

+ 9 + 4 = 19 5 .

 4
) : f1 + f2 + 0,3 + f4 = 1 f2 = 2f1 f1 = 2f4
2f4 + 4f4 + 0,3 + f4 = 1
7f4 = 0,7
f4 = 0,1. f1 = 0,2 f2 = 0,4
)

167 0,2 + 173 0,4 + 179 0,3 + 185 0,1 =

= 33,4 + 69,2 + 53,7 + 18,5
=174,8cm.

339

1.1

t t t t t

1. ) 1= 36

2=42

) 1=18

2=21

) 1= 9

2=10,5

2.

3.

1.2

t t t t t

1) 1. B. 450mm2
2. B. 51000cm2
3. . 0,00039dm2
4. . 0,072m2
2) 1. 2,7Km2 = 2.700.000m2 = 2.700
2. 46m2 = 4.600dm2 = 460.000cm2 = 46.000.000mm2
3. 528dm2 = 5,28m2 = 0,00528
4. 7903mm2 = 79,03cm2 = 0,7903dm2 0,007903m2

1. 25m2 = 250.000cm2
2,16 Km2 = 21.600.000.000cm2

t t t t t

341

B~

143dm2 = 14.300cm2
5779mm2 = 57,79cm2
712m2 = 7.120.000cm2
2. 498cm2 = 0,0498m2
111dm2 = 1,11m2
12,7Km2 = 12.700.000m2
13.534mm2 = 0,013534m2
607dm2 = 6,07m2
3. 456m2 = 456.000.000mm2
82,7dm2 = 827.000mm2
0,571cm2 = 57,1mm2
0,0025m2 = 2.500mm2
4. 914m2 = 0,000914Km2
4832dm2 = 0,00004832Km2
17075m2 = 0,017075Km2
103 = 0,103Km
5. 72564m = 72,564
3,4Km = 3400
137920dm = 1,3792
45m = 0,045
6.

342

dm

cm

mm

98,3

9.830

983.000

98.300.000

7,56

756

75.600

7.560.000

3,2103

321,03

32103

3.210.300

0,738019

73,8019

7380,19

738.019

1.3

1) 1. 2.
2) 1. 2.

3.
3.

4.
4.

5.
5.

t t t t t

6.

7.

8.

t t t t t

1. . . = :
144 = 122 = = 12cm
: 4 12 = 48cm.
2. xm , 2x m .
:
2 x + 2 2x = 162 2x + 4x = 162 6x = 162 x =27
27m 2 27 = 54m.
. = () () = 54 27 = 1458m.
3. , :
. = 2 16 25 = 800cm
127 : 127 800 = 101.600cm.
4. . = 46 20 = 920m
300 920 = 276.000g = 276Kg.
2 276 = 552 .
5. . = 8 7 = 56cm = .
= 2 8 + 2 7 = 30cm = . .

2 10 + 2 x = 30 2x = 10

x= 5cm

10 1 = 56

5 2 = 56
1 = 5,6cm
2 = 11,2cm.
6. x , 2x :

343

B~

3x 6 = 72

3x = 12

x=4

= 4cm, = 8cm.
7. . () = 18 = 324cm
() =

324 = 81cm, (AKB) =

18 x = 162

E() =

324 = 54cm, () =
18 y = 108

81 =

x = 9cm

54 =

y = 6cm

() = () () () = 324 81 54 =189cm.
8. () = () 4 () = 32 18 4
9. ) : = 1 = 2
() =

= ()

) =

= =

3 = 1 = 2
() = () = ()
() =
10. ) x = 81
) 5 x = 60

344

()

x = 9cm
x = 12cm

= 24

x = 6cm

= 32

x = 64

x = 8cm

= 576 288 = 288cm.

11. ) 24,5cm

) 300cm

) 228cm

) 70cm

) 169cm

12. () =
() = 4 30 = 120m
975 120 = 855m
13. () = 1024 = 1024 = 32cm
() = 676 = 676 = 26cm
E() =
( = = 26cm = = 32 26 = 6cm).
14. () = () () E()
= 80

= 6400 300 300 = 5.800m

5,8
: 5,8 12.000 = 69.600 .
15. ) =

= 9 + 2,25 = 11,25cm

) () = () () () ()=
=85

= 40 6,25 5 5,25
= 23,5cm
16. () =

() = () ()
() =

()

,
.
() = () + ()

() ()

345

B~

1.4

t t t t t

1) 1. (x = 6cm)
2. A(x = 13cm)
3. (x = 24cm)
2) 1. 2.
3.
4.
5.

1. ) 26 =242 + 10
676 = 576 + 100
676 = 676

t t t t t

) 29=20 + 21
841 = 400 + 441
841 = 841

) 6 = 5 + 4
36 = 25 + 16
36 = 41

2. =12 + 9
= 144 + 81
= 225
=
=15cm
= = 15 =225cm
3. ..
8 = + 4
64 = + 16
= 64 16
= 48
= = 48cm

9cm

12cm

8cm

8cm

4cm

4cm

4. ) .. .
:
= 40 + 30
= 2500
= 50m
= 4 50 = 200m
)
15 200 = 3000

346

40m

30m

30m
40m

5. = 21 + 20 = 441 + 400 = 841 = 29Km

6. AB = 8 + 15
AB = 64 + 225
AB = 289
AB = 17
AB = 17cm

6cm

8cm

15cm

8cm

6cm

7. ..,
150 = 75 + 130
22500 = 5625 + 16900
22500 = 22525
.
8. ) = 10 8 = 100 64
= 36 = 6
= 21 6 = 15
x = 8 + 15
x = 289
x= 17
) .. :
= +
10 = + 8
= 100 64
= 36 = 6
= + = 6+9 = 15
x = +
x= 15 + 8
x = 289 x = 17
) .. :
= +
10 = + 8
= 36 = 6
= +
17 = 8 +
= 289 64
= 225 = 15
x = 6 + 15 = 21

10

21

x
10

17

10

347

B~

9. ) = =

= 40cm

) .. :
= +
40 = + 24
1600 = + 574
= 1600 574
= 1024 = 32cm
) () =

= 768cm

) () =

768 =

40cm

40cm

24cm 24cm

48cm

40 = 1536 = 38,4cm

10. = xcm, = 8 x cm
..
: = +
= 9 + x
= 81 + x
(1)
..
: = +
= 7 + (8 x)
= 49 + (8 x)
(2)
= (1) :
81 + x = 49 + (8x)
81 + x = 49 + (8x) (8x)
81 +x = 49 + 64 + 8x 8x + x
16x = 32
x = 2cm. = 2cm.
11. .. : = +
10 = + 8
= 36 = 6cm

=
=3cm
..
:
= 8 + 3 = 73
= = 73cm

348

12. () = 136 =
.. . EBZ :
= +

10cm

8cm

136 = 6 + x
x = 100
x = 10cm
10 + 6 = 16cm
() = 16 = 256cm.

t t t t t

1
. . ( )
2
= 20cm . = 20 14 = 280cm
3
)
)
)
4
) 16cm

) = 20cm

) 240cm

) 1 = 15cm

t t t t t

1
. ( )
. ) x = 5cm ) x = 7cm
2
27 15 = 12cm
:
1 =

= 20cm 2 =

3
) (7 x2)+(6x4) + 4x = 96
17x = 102
x=6

= 25cm

349

B~

: = 40cm, KM = 32cm = 24cm

) = +
40 = 32 + 24
1600 = 1600 .., . KM
4
.
..:
= +
17 = + 8
= 289 64
= 225
= 15cm
=

350

10cm

17cm

17cm

10cm

8cm

= 270cm

26cm

8cm

2.1

1) 1.
2) 1.

2.
2.

3.
3.

4.
4.

t t t t t

5.

6.

7.

t t t t t

1. ) 40 =

0,839 =

x = 0,839 5

x = 4,195cm

) 50 =

1,192 =

x=

x = 5 cm

) 48 =

1,111 =

x=

) 60 =

1,732 =

x = 1,732 15 x = 25,98cm
y

2.
x
OA = 5cm oy
= 3cm.

B
3cm

3. 20 =

0,364 =

50 =

1,192 =

5cm

13,736 cm.

16,37 cm

x = + = 5 + 16,37 = 21,37cm.

351

B~

4. 25 =

0,466 =

42 =

25,75m.

0,9 =

13,33m.

= = 25,75 13,33 = 12,42m.

5. 23 =

0,424 =

= 0,424 30 = 12,72m.

41 =

0,869 =

= 0,869 30 = 26,07m.

x = = 26,07 12,72 = 13,35m.

6. =

= 0,08.

0,08 =

= 0,08 350
= 28m.
7.

8%

350m

4cm

26 =

1,95 cm.
0,487 =

64

8,21 cm.

= 1,95 + 8,21 = 10,16 cm.

8.

= 2

= 2 , .

352

9. = 2x + 2y
19 = 2x + 2y
9,5 = x + y
(1)

42 =

y
42

0,9 =

y = 0,9 x

(2)

(1) (2)
9,5 = x + 0,9 x 9,5 = 1,9x x =
x = 5 cm.
y = 0,9 5 = 4,5 cm.
= x y = 5 4,5 = 22,5 cm2

10. =

= 2 .

2.2

1) )

t t t t t

2) :
3) ), ), ), )
.
4) ) ,
) ,
) ,
) ,
) ,
)
2
2
5) ) + = 1
) 2 + 2 = 1
) =

) =

t t t t t

1. ) ..
2 = 2 2 2 = 2,52 1,52 2 = 6,25 2,25
2 = 4 = 2 cm.

353

B~

) 2 = 212 + 202 2 = 841 = 29cm

) 2 =202 162 2 = 144 = 12cm

2. 2 + 2 =1

2 =

3. 2 + 2 = 1 =

354

4. ) 5 3 > 2 3 > 3 < 1

) < 1 7 < 7
7 + 4 < 11
< 1 4 < 4
) 6 + 3 < 9 3 < 3 < 1
) < 1 2 < 2
2 + 3 < 5
< 1 3 <3
2 +3 +5 < 10

}
}

5. ..
2 = 2 + 2
102 = 82 + 2 2 = 100 64 2 = 36 = 6cm.
=

8 = 36

= 4,5cm

8 = 60

= 7,5 cm.

6. :
=

=
:
.

2.3

1) ) , ) ,
2) ) : <

) ,
) ,
) : = x

t t t t t

) ,

355

B~

1. ) 36 =

t t t t t

0,587 =

x = 0,587 20 x = 11,74cm.

) 20 =

0,939 =

y=

) 40 =

0,839 =

= 0,839 15 = 12,585 cm.

) 50 =

0,766 =

z=

y = 53,24 cm.

z = 13,05 cm.

2. ) 81 < 73 < 45 < 34 < 11

) 7 < 24 < 59 < 62 < 78
) 5 < 18 < 49 < 50 < 83
3. ) =

) +
2 + 2 = 1

) 2 + 2 + 2 =

) (1 2) (1 + 2) = 2 (1 +

) = 2

= 2

356

4. 20 =

0,342 =

h = 0,342 1500 h = 513 m

5. 28 =

0,882 =

x = 0,882 5

x = 4,41 m

2 4,41 = 8,82 m
6. 70 =

0,939 =

x = 0,939 150 x = 140,85 m

7. 75 =

0,258 =

x = 0,258 1,5

x = 0,387 m

: 3 2 (0,387) = 3 0,774 = 2,226 m

8. 70 =
48 =

2,747 =
1,11 =

(1)

150 + = = 150 (2)

(1) (2) : =

1,63 = 3,04917 150

9. 68 =

0,927 =

280m

0,927 R + 0,927 500 = R

0,073R = 463,5 R = 6.350 km.

10. 68 =

2,475 =

2,475 x = h - 1,6
h = 2,475x + 1,6 (1)

80 =

5,671 =

5671 5,671x = h - 1,6

h = 5.672,6 - 5,671x (2)

(1) (2) : 2,475x + 1,6 = 5.672,6 5,671 x
8,146x = 5.671 x = 696,17m
(1) : h = 2,475 696,17 + 1,6 = 1.724,62m.

357

B~

2.4

1) ) ,
2) ) ,
3) ) ,

) ,
) ,
) ,

) ,
) ,
) ,

) ,
)
)

t t t t t

) ,

t t t t t

1. ) 60 =

x = 8 cm

60 =

y=

) 45 =

2y = 4 y = 2 cm x = 2cm.

2. ) 60 = 230 230

) 60 = 230 30

) 345 = 30 60
1 = 1 .
) 30 45 = 60

) 60 + 2230 = 1

358

) 245 + 2260 = 2

1 = 1 .

2 = 2 .

3. 2 45 + 2 30 = x 45 45 60

4. ) =

5. )
x (2x

)=0

x = 0

2x

x =

=0
x = 60o

) 2x x = 0
x (x 1) = 0
x = 0 x = 1

x = 45o

359

B~

6. 60 =

= 10cm

7. 30 =

45 =

1=

45 =

x = 10cm

= 20

8.
= 3 cm =
9. .. : 2 = 2 + 2
122 = 2 + 62
2 = 144 36
2 = 108 =
=

10. 30 =

1.800 : 3 = 600 sec 10 .

11. ) 45 =

30 =

360

x = 1.800m


) 45 =

30 =

12. i) x =

30 =

50 =

+ 5,4 = 14,3Km .

x =

, x = 30

ii) y =

y =0,64, y = 50

13. ) = 14 18 = 252 cm

) = 14 30 = 420 cm

) = =

= 0.6 60%

14. 30 =

= 8,9 + 9,35 = 18,25Km .

20cm

= 10 cm
= = 30 10 = 300cm2

30
B

30cm

15.
A

30 =

5cm

= 10 cm = 10 cm

30
B

361

B~

30 =

16. 60 =

30 =

= 2 =

60 =

= 6cm

= 2cm

= + + = 2 + 3 + 6 = 11 cm
=
17. 2 = 42 2 2 = 42 30 2 = 12 = 6 cm
45 =

=
18. 78 =
19.
) 30

= 4,704 1,8 = 8,46m

= 150

30.

= 4cm

= 16cm2

362

: 15 =
15,5cm

= 150,

= 15.

15 =

= 14,98cm

= + + = 14,98 + 4 + 15,5 = 34,48cm.

20. (180 120) =

30 =

= 400m.

2.5

) ,

) ,

) ,

) ,

) ,

t t t t t

)
)
)
)
)
)

t t t t t

1. )
)
)
) .
2. )
)
)
)
)

363

B~

3. )
)
)
4.

5.

,

6. )
)

2.6

1) )

t t t t t

2) ) , ) , ) , )

) , )

)
)

3)

)
)
4) )
)
)
5) :

364

t t t t t

1.

2. )
)
)
)
A

3. ) = =

.
B

)
)

365

B~

4. )
)
)

5. )
)
6. )

7.

8.

(+)

10. )
)
)
)

366

>>

>

>

>

>

9.

>

11. ), )

)
F2 = 20N

F
F1 = 15N

12. )
)
)

(1)

(1) (2)

(2)

2.7

t t t t t

1) : 8
2) : 17

t t t t t

1.

367

B~

2.

3.

4.

5.

35 = 320 0,819 = 262,08

t t t t t

1
), ) ()
2
) 30 =

x = 4cm

) 45 =

x = 3 cm

) 60 =

x = 15 cm

368

= 0,15 520 = 78m

t t t t t

1
), ) ()
) i) 37 < 43
ii) 56 > 16
iii) 17 > 52
iv) 89 > 1
v) 40 = 50
2
30 =

30 =

45 =

x = 75cm

3
=

= 700m

.. 2 = 2 + 2
2 = 7002 + 702
2 = 490000 + 4900
2 = 494.900

369

B~

t t t t t

1
()
2
5 4 = 0

2 + 2 = 1

+ 2 = 1

+ 2 = 1
2 = 1
2 =

3
) ..
:
2
2
2
= 5 + 12
2 = 25 + 144
2 = 169 = 13cm

370

A
12cm

5cm
B
O

) = 5cm
.
,
4

371

3.1

t t t t t

1) ) : 55, ) : 110, ) : 35
2) ) . 40, ) . 120, ) . 115, ) . 65
3) ) , ) , ) , )

t t t t t

1.

2.
3. 6x 10+ 2x +30 = 180 8x = 160 x = 20

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

373

B~

9.
10.

11.

.
12. ,
.

3.2

1. . 36
2. . 120
3. . 24
4. . 30
5. . 3
6. . 135
7. . 72
8. . 90

9. )
)
)
)

t t t t t

t t t t t

1.

374

90

90

108

72

135

45

12

150

30

2.

120

30

160

20

108

72

140

40

3.

= 12

4.

v =

5.

B
40

(O,)

6. ) v =

( )

= 180 140 = 40 v =

=9

375

B~

7.
.

.

8.

72

72

5
(,) 72.
.

72.

.

72

72

36

B
18
72
18

72

= 18 +72 = 90
.

36

72

72

72

72

9.

72

3.3

1.

376

t t t t t

6cm

0,8m

8cm

18cm

o o L

37,68cm

5,024m

50,24cm

113,04m

2. ) ,

) ,

t t t t t

1. L = 56,52 cm
2. p = 13 cm
3. L1 L2 = 26 21 2 2 = 26 (1 2) = 26
1 2 =

1 2 4,14cm.

1 2 =

4. ) 1 2 = 8 2 1 22 = 8 1 2 = 4cm
) L1 L2 = 1 2 = ( 1 2) = 3,14 8 = 25,12cm
5. L = 3,14 68 = 213,52cm = 2,1352m .
3.500 2,1352 = 7.473,2m = 7,4732m.
6. .. : = +
= 12 + 16 = 400 = 20cm
L = 3,14 20 = 62,8cm.
7.
=2
= 2 45 = 90o
. AOB .
.. : = +
2
2
2
= + 2 = 18
L = 3,14 2 3=18,84cm.

2 = 9

= 3cm.

8. 24 24
. :
L = 2 3,14 1,2 = 7,536cm
L = 2 3,14 2 = 12,56cm
9. L = 3,14 70 = 219,8m
2 110 = 220m = 220.000m
220.000 : 219,8 1000 .

377

B~

3.4

t t t t t

1. 30

2. ) : = 60

60
90

) : 2L

120
135
150
240

t t t t t

1.

45

30

75

48

225

330

2. ) L = 2 50,24 = 2 3,14 =

378

) L =

= 12,56 cm.

= 8 cm.

3.

4cm

5m

4cm

30o

45o

270

2,09cm 3,925m

4.

6cm

62,8 cm.

5.

6. 6(x-2) + 3 = 4x 1

12 cm.

6x 12 + 3 = 4x 1 2x = 8

x = 4cm. O = 4cm = 2cm

7. : L

= 6,28cm

= 3,14 cm

= 9,42 cm

=L

+L

8. L =

+L

= 6,28 + 3,14 + 9,42 = 18,84cm

= 7,85 cm

L = 3 (2 3,14 8) = 150,72 cm
7,85 + 150,72 = 158,57 cm.

379

B~

3.5

1)

t t t t t

2cm

4cm

7cm

12,56cm

25,12cm

43,96cm

12,56cm2

50,24cm2 153,86cm2

2) : 4
3) : =
4) : = L

t t t t t

1. = : 1256 = 2
=

= 400

= 20 cm

L = 2 3,14 20 = 125,6 cm
2. L = 2 : 81,64 = 2 3,14 = 13 m
= = 3,14 13 = 530,66 m.
3. 1 = 1 = 3,14 3 = 28,26 cm, 2
2 = 8 1 = 8 28,26 = 226,08 cm
2 = 2 226,08 = 3,14 2 2= 72 2 =
4. E. = 3,14 (52 32) = 3,14 16 = 50,24 cm.

380

5. .. = +
= 3 + 4 = 25 = 5 cm
L = 2 3,14 5 = 31,4 cm = 5 = 3,14 25 = 78,5 cm.

6. . =
32 =
. . ..
= +
= +
= 32 + 32
= 64 = 8cm = 4cm
L = 8 3,14 = 25,12cm
= 3,14 4 = 50,24cm.

7. = 16 cm = 8cm
L= 16 3,14 = 50,24cm = 3,14 8 = 200,96cm.
8. = :
615,44 = 3,14 = 196 = 14cm
2 = 2 14 = 28cm
= 4 28 = 112cm.
9. : = (R ) = R
= = = 3,14 (5

) = 157cm

157 = R 157 3,14 R = 314 R = 100 R = 10cm.

10. =
=
2 =
2 3,14 = 3,14 4
= 8
=

3.6

1) : 8 (cm)
2) : 60
3) : 2
4) ) ,
) ,

) ,

) ,

t t t t t

381

B~

t t t t t

1. = 36
2. .. =

84,78 =

= 81 = 9cm
L = 2 = 2 3,14 9 = 56,52cm.
3. = 1519,76 = 3,14
= 484 = 22cm
.. =

= 303,952cm

4. L

= 4cm
4,18cm

.. =

5. )

= 75,36cm

) .. OAB:
122 = 2 + 36 144 = 2 +36 2 = 108 =

) = ..
7.

8. () =

382

= 75,36

= 75,36 62,35 = 13,01cm

= 104,66cm

= 75,36 13,08 = 62,28 cm

9. . =

= 39,25 14,13 6,28 = 18,84cm

. = 3,14 5 + 3,14 3 + 3,14 2 = 3,14 (5 + 3 + 2) = 3,14 10

= 31,4cm
10. .. .
= +
=

= 10cm
=
. = . 2 ..
. =

= 5cm.

= 50 39,25 = 10,75cm.

11. .. .
= +
10 = + 5 = 75 =
. =
2 ..

= 8,66cm

12. AB (

= 90 = )

= 45
=

= 14,13cm

= 18cm2

. = 18 14,13 = 3,87cm
.. :
= +
= 6 + 6 = 72 =

8,48cm

383

B~

= 4,71cm

. = + +L

= 6 + (8,48 6) + 4,71 = 13,19cm

13. ) H
M .. .
(A2 = 2 + 2 2 = (10
= 400 =

)2 + (10

)2

= 20cm

R =
) = 3,14

= 10cm

= 157cm

= 3,14 10 = 314cm
2

) = 314 157 = 157cm

14. . = 10 4

= 100 78,5 = 21,5cm

15. . = 2 + 2
= 8 = 64cm
=

= 25,12cm

= 33,49 27,71 = 5,78cm

. = 64 2 25,12 + 2 5,78 = 25,32cm
16. )

) . =

384

..
7,65 4,71 = 2,94cm

t t t t t

1
), ) ()
) 180
90
360

45
2
2x + 10 = 90 x = 40.
= 50

= 130.

= 85,

= 60,
= 90,

= 120,
= 95

= 90.

3
. = 4 62,8 = 4 = 15,7 cm
= = 15,7 = 246,49 cm
L = 2 62,8 = 2 3,14 = 10 cm
= = 3,14 10 = 314 cm
.
4
. = 4 12 +2

= 48 + 37,68 = 85,68cm

. = 2 ( ) = 2

= 61,92 cm.

2
1
) () )

t t t t t

60

108

120

140

120

72

60

40

385

B~

2
)

= 110,

= 20,

= 50,
= 25,

= 60

= 70

= 135

= 45

3
. = 50 30 3,14 5 = 1500 78,5 = 1421,5cm
1421,5 : 10 = 142,15
4
) L

=L

=L

) = L

=
+L

= .

= 6,28cm
+L

= 3 6,28 = 18,84cm

+ 3 =

= 15,3 + 3(18,84 15,3) = 15,3 + 3 3,54 = 25,92 cm

) . = 25,92 15,3 = 10,62 cm.

386

4.1

1) ,

2) ,

3) ,

4) ,

t t t t t

5) ,

6) ,

7)

t t t t t

1. ) , ,
) , , ,
) , , ,
2. = 3 + 4 = 25 = 5cm
= + = 12 + 5 = 144 + 5 = 169
= 13 cm
3. = 12 + (17 12) = 144 + 5 = 144 + 25 = 169
= 13 cm
4. ) = + = 12 + 9 = 144 +81
= 225 = 15cm
) = + = 8 + 15 = 64 + 225
= 289 = 17 cm
)

= 0,533,

5. = + = 6 + 4 = 52 =
= + = 52 + 25 =77 =
AE = + BE = 6 + 5 = 61 =
6. = + = 18 + 14 = 520 22,8cm.

= 0,438,

=24

387

4.2

1) ) : 5
2) ) : 234 cm
3) ) : 628 cm

) : 6
) :314 cm
) : 1256 cm

t t t t t

) : 9

t t t t t

1. = + 2 = (2 80 +2 40) 30 + 2 80 40 = 13.600cm
2. ) = + = (2 25 + 2 15) 2,5 + 25 15 = 575m
) = 25 = 625 cm = 0,0625 m
575 : 0,0655 = 9.200
9.200 0,30 = 2760
3. = ( ) ()
192 = 3 8 =

=8cm

. .
= + 2 = 192 + 2 27,71 = 247,42cm
4. =
= + 2 = (0,8 + 0,6 + 0,45 + 0,45 + 0,6) 1,2 + 2 0,56 = 4,6m
4,6 15 = 69.
5. = 2 3,14 8 16 + 2 3,14 8 = 1205,76cm

388

6. = 50,24 20 = 1004,8 cm
L = 2
50,24 = 2 3,14 = 8cm
= + 2 = 1004,8 + 2 3,14 8 = 1406,72 cm

7. = 2 3,14 0,10 1,50 = 0,942 m

50 0,942 = 47,1 m
3 47,1 = 141,3 .
8. ) = 2 3,14 4 3 = 75,36 m
= 75,16 + 2 3,14 4 = 175,64 m
) = 6cm = 452,16 cm = 678,24 cm
) = 5 cm = 314 cm
= 471 cm
9. = + 2 = 2 3,14 0,4 1,2 + 2 3,14 0,4 = 4,0192m
1000 1000 4,0192 = 4019,2m
10%
4019,2 : 0,9 = 4465,77m
1,5 4.465,77 = 6698,65 .
10. ) = 2 3,14 0,15 0,6 = 0,5652m .
) = 10 18 = 180 m
180 : 0,5652 = 319 .

4.3

t t t t t

1)

25cm2

16cm2

32dm

4cm

9cm

50cm

100cm2

144cm3

160dm3

25 cm2

49 cm2

78,5cm2

6cm

4cm

200 cm3

294 cm3

314cm3

2)

3) ) ,

) ,

389

t t t t t

1. ) , :
V = V = 5 V = 53
135 = 5 3 3 = 27 3 = 33 = 3cm.
) = + 2 = 4 5 + 2 2 = 20 32 + 2 32 = 198cm2
2. ) = + = 12 +16 = 400 =20 cm
) = + 2 = 4

) V = () () =

20 = 1.920cm3

3. ) .. : = 24 + 10 = 676 = 26cm.
= = 26 cm.
) = (2 0,26 + 0,3) 2 + 2
) V =

= 1,832m

2 = 0,192m3

4. ) .. .
:
=
= 5 4 = 9 = 3cm.
= 2 3 = 6cm
= + 2 = (5 + 5 + 6) 15 + 2
) V =

5cm

5cm
4cm

= 264cm

15 = 180cm3

5. ) V = 3,14 0,32 0,8 = 0,22608m3 = 226,08dm3

) = 150mm = 0,15m V = 3,14 0,15 0,4 = 0,02826m3 = 28,26dm3
6. = 2 452,16 = 2 3,14 24
=

390

= 3cm.

V = = 3,14 3 24 = 678,24cm3.

7. V = 3,14 3,5 10 = 384,65cm3

V = 2 384,65 = 769,3cm3
8. = 1 = 3,14 10 = 314 cm2

= 2 314 = 2 3,14

= 100 = 10cm.
V = 3,14 10 5 = 1570 cm3
9. V = V V = 3,14 1,75 8 3,14 1,5 8 = 20,41m3

4.4

1) ) ,

) ,

) ,

) ,

t t t t t

) ,

1. V =

t t t t t

15 20 = 1500cm3

2. =

3. ) =

( ) ()

5 12 10 = 300cm

(4 10) 12 = 240 cm

) = + = 240 + 10 = 340 cm
) .. .
:
= +

391

12 = + 5
= 144 25
= 119
=
V =

10cm

10 10,9 = 545cm3

10cm

4.

9,16cm

8cm

10cm

8cm

12cm

13,26cm

10cm

10cm

12cm

. .

160cm2

240cm2

318,24cm2

195,41cm3

384cm3

1758,276cm3

5. .. () ()
17 = + 8 = 289 64 = 225 = 15cm
15 = + 8 = 225 64 = 161
V =

16 12,68 = 1623,04cm3

6. ) .. :
5 = + 2,5
= 18,75

5cm

=
) V =

7.

392

5cm

(3 5 ) 4,33 = 32,475cm

(. ) () =

V2 = 4 V1

5cm

4,1 = 14,79cm3

8. ) = 10 4 = 84 =
) =

9,16cm

(6 8) 9,16 = 219,84cm2

) .. ,
.
= 8 4 = 64 16 = 48 =
=

166,08cm2

= + = 219,84 + 166,08 = 385,92cm2

) = 10 8 = 36 = 6cm
V =

166,08 6 = 332,16cm3.

9. ..
= 8 + 6 = 100 = 10cm ()
= 5 12 +

(4 12) 10 = 960cm2

V = V V = 123

12 8 = 1344cm3

10. )
)

4.5

1) ) ,

) ,

) ,

) ,

t t t t t

) ,

) ,

) , )

t t t t t

1. = +
( = + = 8 + 6 = 100 = 10cm)
= 3,14 6 10 + 3,14 6 = 301,44cm2

393

2. = 226,08 = 3,14 9 = 8cm

= = 3,14 8 = 200,96cm2
3. 30 =

30 =

= 6cm

= + = 3,14 3 6 + 3,14 3 = 84,78cm2.

V =

3,14 3 5,19 = 48,89cm3

4. ) L= 2 18,84 = 2 3,14 = 3dm.

= 3,14 3 5 + 3,14 3 = 75,36 cm2
) = + 5 = + 3
= 25 9 = 16 = 4dm
V=

3,14 3 4 = 37,68dm3

5. ) = + =50 + 10
= 2500 + 100 = 2.600 =
.. = = 3,14 10 51 = 1601,4 cm2
.. = 2 = 2 3,14 12,5 5 = 392,5cm2
= 1601,4 + 392,5 + (3,14 12,5 3,14 10) =
= 1993,9 + 3,14 (156,25 100) = 1993,9 + 176,625=
= 2170,525cm2
) V =

3,14 10 50 = 5233,33cm3

V = = 3,14 12,5 5 = 2453,125cm3

V = 5233,33 + 2453,125 = 7686,455cm3.
6. ) V =

3,14 10 10 =1046,66cm3

V = = 3,14 10 12 = 3768cm3
V = 1046,66 + 3768 = 4814,66 cm3.
) .. = 2 = 2 3,14 10 12 = 753,6 cm2
= + = 10 + 10 = 200

394

14,1cm

.. = = 3,14 10 14,1 = 442,74cm2

= 753,6 + 442,74 = 1196,34 cm2
50 50 1196,34 = 59817 cm2 =
= 5,9817 m
30 5,9817 = 179,451 .
7.

19,625 = 3,14 3 = 6,25

= 2,5m
= ( = + = 3 + 2,52 = 15,25 = 3,9m)
= 3,14 2,5 3,9 = 30,615 m .
8. =

=9,

= 9 29 20 = 180 9 = 180
= 20cm = 29cm
= + 29 = + 20
= 841 400 = 441 = 21cm
V =

3,14 20 21 = 8792cm3 = 8,792dm3 ()

9. .. :
=20 + 20 = 800 =
=

= 14,14cm

= 2 E = 2 = 2 3,14 14,14 20 = 1775,984cm

V = 2 V = 2
V = V1 V2 =

= 2

3,14 6 15

3,14 14,14 14,14 = 5918,15cm3

3,14 6 10 = 188,4cm3.

395

4.6

1) ,

2) ,

3) ,

4) ,

t t t t t

5) ,

6)

t t t t t

1. = 4 = 4 3,14 8 = 803,84cm
V =
2. ) L = 2 50,24 = 2 3,14
) = 803,84cm
) V = 2143,57cm3

= 8cm

3.

4. V =
113,04 =

3,14 3

3 = 27

3 = 33

= 4 = 4 3,14 3 = 113,04cm
5. = 4 = 4 3,14 9 = 1017,36m
5 1017,36 = 5086,8 .

396

6. = 1256 = 3,14
= 400 = 20cm.

= 3cm

 V =

3,14 203 33493,33cm3.

3 =

7. = 4 = 4 3,14 6 = 452,16cm2.
8. V =

3 =

3,14 153 = 14130cm3 = 14,13 .

9. ) =

+ = 3 = 3 3,14 25 = 5887,5cm

) V =

10. ) V =

3,14 253 = 32708,33cm3

3 =

3,14 153 = 14130cm3

) V = 3 = 303 = 27000cm3
) V = 27000 14130 = 12870 cm3
11. 1 , ..
8 =1 + 4 1 = 64 16 1 = 48 1 =
E = 1 = 3,14 48 = 150,72cm.

t t t t t

1
), ), ), ()
2
) = 4 + 3 = 25 = 5cm
) x =

3
) = + = 6 + 8 = 100 = 10cm.

397

= E + 2 = (6 + 8 + 10) 15 + 2
) V =

= 408cm

15 = 360cm3

4
) E =

(4 16) 15 = 480cm

) .. :
15 = + 8 = 15 8
= 225 64 = 161 =
12,68cm
V = 16 12,68 = 3246cm

2
1
), ), ),

t t t t t

) ()

2
V = = 3,14 0,4 7 = 3,5168m3
150 3,5168 = 527,52 .
3
) E = 502,4 = 3,14 20 = 8 cm
) = + 20 = + 8 = 400 64 = 336
=
18,33cm
) V =

4
V = V V = 203

398

3,14 8 18,33 = 1227,86cm3

3,14 103 = 8000 4186,66 = 3813,34cm3.

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4.3
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437

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1.2
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1.
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5.

6.
1.3
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1.

438

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1.
2.
3.
4.

5.

6.
7.

8.

439

 O OO O

9.

10.

11.
12.

13.

14.

15.
16.

440

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17.

400 cm2.
200 cm2
100 cm2.

1.4
O

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.
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441

 O OO O

3.

4.

5.
6.
7.

8.

442

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9.

443

 O OO O

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1.

2.

3.

1.

2.
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10 cm

3.

444

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4.

5.

6.

7.

445

 O OO O

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4.

5.

6.
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6.371
383.795 km.
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9.

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451

 O OO O

2.5
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1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.

7.

452

54

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2.6
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1.
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4.

455

 O OO O

5.

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459

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7.

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461

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462

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464

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8. 1

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465

 O OO O

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467

 O OO O

6.

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