RAJALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLEGE, CHENNAI

B.E. AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

SEMESTER-IV
AE 2258 AERODYNAMICS LABORATORY
REGULATION 2008
OBJECTIVE:
To familiarize students in basic aerodynamics and the use of wind tunnels.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Introduction low speed wind tunnel

2. Flow visualization in water flow channel

3. Flow visualization using smoke generator

4. Plot of RPM Vs test section velocity in a subsonic wind tunnel.

5. Study of lift characteristics on symmetric aerofoil, cambered aerofoil and bluff
bodies

6. Pressure distribution over rough and smooth circular cylinder

7. Pressure distribution over symmetric and cambered airfoil and estimation of C
L

and C
D
.

8. Study of Calibration of Supersonic wind tunnel.

9. Velocity distribution in nozzle using supersonic free jet

10. Flow visualization using Shadowgraph system


AUGMENTED EXPERIMENT

1. Pressure distribution over wedge airfoil and estimation of C
L
and C
D

2. Mini Project



EXP.NO: - 1 LOW SPEED WIND TUNNEL

Aim
To study in details about the low speed wind tunnel.

Introduction:

The information useful for solving aerodynamic problems of aeronautical,
space, automobile, and civil engineering structures are best obtained rapidly,
economically and accurately by testing the scale models and sometimes actual structures
in wind tunnel. The size, speed and other environmental conditions of the tunnel are
determined by the actual under problems. Leaving the size and environmental conditions
to the actual users, the speed determines the type of the tunnel namely subsonic (low
speed), near sonic, transonic, supersonic and hypersonic. While the speed of these tunnels
is obviously named with the reference to the sonic (sound) velocity, the low speed tunnel
which is our concern is below 300mph. an alternative definition to the low speed tunnel
would be the tunnel where the compressibility of air is negligible.


Specifications:

Type of tunnel : Subsonic Suction Type
Test section : 300mm 300mm 500mm (Length)
Air speed : Upto 50m/s
Contraction ratio : 9:1
Overall size : 1.2m 2.2m 7.0m
Power required : AC 3 phase, 440 volts, 14A
Drive : Axial flow fan driven variable speed DC Motor
with Thyristor Controller

Main parts:

Honey comb inlet mesh screen, effuser, diffuser, blower unit with DC motor,
lift/drag balance, multitube manometer, smoke generator, pitot tube and transverse
mechanism, digital lift/drag indicators.

Preparation:

Tunnel balance is a two-component type designed using electrical strain gauge to
indicate lift and drag forces on digital lift and drag indicator in kg and Newton. Balance
is intended to indicate lift and drag incase of aerofoils and drag force in case of bluff
bodies. Example: spherical, hemispherical, round disc and automobile models. These
models are put on the string.
Before the model is put on the string air is blown and it is necessary to calibrate
balance along with digital meters. For the purpose, a calibration jig is provided with a set
of weights.
Fix calibration jigs and to the top of the test section with the help of wing nuts.
Fix dummy rod to string and see that the top dummy rod is at the centre of test section.
Now pass the wire around the dummy rod and hang it to the weights.
Switch on the strain indicator and observe the reading on it be zero. If reading are
not same after weights are added use CAL knob to obtain the correct reading. Remove
the calibration jig dummy rod and fix the model and run the tunnel for studying various
types of experiments.

Operating instructions:

All the components mentioned are integrated for conducting various experiments.
Follow the instructions given below.
1. Connect the power card to the 400v,30A,3PH AC power supply with neutral
and earth connections.
2. Keep the speed controller knob at 0
3. Check all the switches of the controller are in OFF position before starting
4. Put on the mains and observe the main indicator. Lights are ON at the bottom
of the control panel
5. Now switch on the control and observe the console light is ON
6. Select particular experiment and fix the requirement model in the test section
7. Follow the instruction for preparation and operation of different attachments
accessories explained in earlier pages.
8. Observe that no tools or loose parts are left in the test section and then close
the transparent window.
9. Now increase the speed control knobs slowly in the clockwise direction and
observe vthe DC motor picking up the speed gradually.
10. Observe the movement of manometer liquid in inclined manometer(velocity
indicator). Set the requirement valve of air velocity by adjusting the knob on
DC drive.
11. Take readings in the respective experiments detailed.
12. While stopping, gradually decrease the speed and then switch of the DC motor
controller.



Note:
1. Do not clean the transparent test section windows with petrol, kerosene or
other chemical detergents. Use only the light soap water.
2. Check the electrical installation property before switching it ON.
3. Do not bring any fire near the smoke generator during the flow visualization
experiment.





EXP NO: - 2FLOW VISUALIZATION IN WATER FLOW CHANNEL

Aim:-
To visualize the flow over two dimensional objects using water flow channel.

Apparatus required:

Water flow channel, various shapes (cylinder, airfoil and square).

Description:
The water flow channel is a device used to visualize the 2D flow past an object.
The channel consists of a test section proceeded by contraction. This contraction
increases the test section speed and renders the flow stream lined and uni-directional. The
corner valves in the return circuit provide a smooth entry of water into the contraction.
The entire set up is arranged in a shallow rectangular box like tank filled with water to a
required height. The flow in the test section established by means of two sets of parallel
discs rotating in opposite direction which is immersed in water. The water is re-circulated
so that the system can work continuously. A half HP AC motor through a belt pulley
drives arrangement, which drives at a lower speed. The speed of the stream is kept low so
as to avoid turbulence and ripple formation on the water surface.

Procedure:

Two-dimensional models are kept in the test section and the flow pattern around
these models is made visible by sprinkling aluminum powder. The water channel is well
situated for the study of real flow around two dimensional objects. This type of flow
visualization technique is used to study the effect of the shape model on the flow pattern
when kept in a streamlined flow. The following models are used for flow visualization.

a) Circular cylinder
b) Square prism
c) Symmetric aerofoil





Result:

Thus, the flow over the two dimensional objects has been visualized using the water flow
channel.





EXP NO:-3 FLOW VISUALIZATION USING SMOKE GENERATOR

Aim:-
To study the flow visualization technique by smoke generation.

Apparatus required:-

Subsonic wind tunnel, Smoke generator, Liquid paraffin, Any Aerodynamic
model

Procedure:-

1. Check all the connections of the tubes.
2. Pour liquid into the reservoir, so that half of it is filled.
3. Then raise the wire of the reservoir such that the liquid level in the water tank of
the smoke generator is above some mm below the nozzle of the outlet.
4. Connect the heater with the heater control which is a 400W controller.
5. Keep the controller in the minimum and switch on the power to the heater using
the function knob.
6. Slowly increase the heating up to 3/4th of the capacity.
7. Observe the liquid paraffin which will start flowing wider.
8. The liquid level rises in the tube with the bubbles of liquid paraffin start reaching
the nozzle exit.
9. At this point of time turn on the blower to send the pressurized air. The cold air
mix with oil and forms dense smoke.
10. By controlling the heating and the liquid level in the tube, a good dense white
smoke can be generated.








Result:-

Thus, the flow visualization technique is studied by generating smoke.








EXP NO:-4 PLOT OF RPM VS TEST SECTION VELOCITY IN A SUBSONIC
WIND TUNNEL

Aim

To estimate the test section speed characteristics of the subsonic wind tunnel with
respect to the rpm of the drive motor.

Apparatus Required

Subsonic Wind tunnel, Pitot tube

Procedure:

All the components mentioned are integrated for conducting various experiments.
Follow the instructions given below.
1. Connect the power card to the 400v, 30A, 3PH AC power supply with neutral and
earth connections.
2. Keep the speed controller knob at 0.
3. Check all the switches of the controller are in OFF position before starting.
4. Put on the mains and observe the main indicator. Lights are ON at the bottom of
the control panel.
5. Now switch on the control and observe the console light is ON.
6. Select particular experiment and fix the requirement model in the test section.
7. Follow the instruction for preparation and operation of different attachments
accessories explained in earlier pages.
8. Observe that no tools or loose parts are left in the test section and then close the
transparent window.
9. Now increase the speed control knobs slowly in the meter and observe the AC
motor picking up the speed gradually.
10. Observe the movement of methanol liquid in inclined manometer (velocity
indicator).
11. Take readings in the respective experiments detailed.
12. While stopping, gradually decrease the speed and then switch of the AC motor
controller.











Tabulation:















Graph:

A graph between rpm and velocity has to be plotted.


RPM



Result:-

Hence the test section speed characteristics of the subsonic wind tunnel with respect to
the rpm are estimated and it shows that there is a linear variation of velocity with respect
to the variation of RPM.


0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
RPMVsVelocity
RPMVsVelocity
S.NO. RPM
V = 3.62h
m/s
1 200 7.1
2 400 15.1
3 600 23.6
4 800 30.8
5 1000 38.8

EXP NO: - 5 STUDY OF LIFT& DRAG CHARACTERISTICS OF
SYMMETRIC, CAMBERED AEROFOIL AND BLUFF BODIES

Aim:

To study the lift/drag characteristics on symmetrical aerofoil, cambered aerofoil
and bluff bodies

Apparatus required:

1) Low speed wind tunnel
2) Symmetric aerofoil model
3) Cambered aerofoil
4) Bluff body

Formula Used:
Lift Coefficient
S V
L
C
L
2
2
1

Drag Coefficient
S V
D
C
D
2
2
1

L = Lift in N
D = Drag in N
= Density of air in kg/m
3

V = Velocity in m
3
/s
S = Wetted area in m
2





Procedure:

a) Prepare a wind tunnel and calibrate it with the lift drag balance and ensure it is
fully serviceable.
b) The operating instructions are to be meticulously followed.
c) Fix the model on the vertical string and lock it.
d) Close the test section and ensure that no items are left inside the test section
before closing.
e) Blank all the points.
f) Set the lift force indicator to zero.
g) Fix the required air velocity using the velocity indicator.
h) Now by changing the angle of attack the corresponding lift force is noted
down.
i) The same is repeated for different angle of attacks.



TABULAR COLUMN


Sl.No.
Angle of
attack ()
L D C
L
C
D



Graph: aerofoil (symmetric and cambered)

1) Coefficients of lift Vs angle of attack.
2) Coefficient of drag Vs angle of attack.
3) C
D
Vs C
L
.





1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
30 20 10 0 10 20 30
CL
CD
Graph: (bluff body)

4) Coefficients of lift Vs angle of attack.
5) Coefficient of drag Vs angle of attack.
6) C
D
Vs C
L
.





Result:

Thus, the characteristics of symmetrical, cambered airfoil and bluff bodies were
studied and the graphs are plotted between C
L
and .


















0.4
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
20 10 0 10 20 30
CL
CD
EXP NO: - 6 PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION OVER ROUGH AND
SMOOTH CIRCULAR CYLINDER

Aim:-

To study the pressure distribution over rough and smooth circular cylinders.

Apparatus:-

1) Low speed wind tunnel
2) Multi-tube Manometer
3) Smooth and rough circular Cylinder model

Formulas used:-
Coefficient of pressure at port number x is given by:


C
p
x
= (p

- p
x
) / (p
0
- p

) = (p
x
- p

) / q

Note: p
o
= p

+ (1/ 2) V
2


p
o
- p

= (1/ 2) V
2
= q




Procedure:-

1. Prepare the low speed wind tunnel as per the instruction for the pressure
distribution.
2. Ensure proper electrical installation and other safety.
3. Ensure proper and adequate power supply.
4. Fix the cylinder in the test section over which the pressure distribution is to be
studied.
5. Connect the tubes bundle from multitube manometer to the corresponding
tubes in the cylinder model.
6. Switch on the tunnel for few minutes to warm up.
7. Now set the required velocity of airflow using DC motor controller knobs and
observe the displacement of the manometer liquid in all tubes, standing at
different levels and note them down.
8. Note the manometer readings for different velocities to get required Cp.







Tabulation for Smooth Cylinder
S.No Port No.
Cp
x
= (p
x
- p

) /
q


1
1
0.573286
2
2
-0.39413
3
3
-0.41205
4
4
-0.41205
5
5
-0.51954
6
6
0.340389
7
7
0.017915
8
8
-0.41205
9
9
0.143322
10
10
-0.37622
11
11
0.44788
12
12
0.985336



Along the cylinder surface










0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 5 10 15
Cylinder
Cylinder
Tabulation for Rough Cylinder

S.No Port No. Cp
x
= (p
x
- p

) / q

1
1
0.573286
2
2
-0.39413
3
3
-0.41205
4
4
-0.41205
5
5
-0.51954
6
6
0.340389
7
7
0.017915
8
8
-0.41205
9
9
0.143322
10
10
-0.37622
11
11
0.44788
12
12
0.985336




Along the cylinder surface

Result:-

Thus the pressure distribution over a smooth and rough circular cylinder is calculated and
the graph is plotted.

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Cylinder
Cylinder
EXP NO: - 7 PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION OVER SYMMETRIC &
CAMBERED AEROFOIL AND ESTIMATION OF C
L
AND C
D

Aim

To study the pressure distribution over a symmetric and cambered aerofoil and find
out the lift and drag coefficient.

Apparatus:-

1) Low speed wind tunnel
2) Multi-tube Manometer
3) Symmetric and cambered aerofoil model

Formulas used:-
Coefficient of pressure at port number x is given by:

Cp = (p

- p
i
) / (p
0
- p

) = (p
x
p
i
) / q

Note: p
o
= p

+ (1/ 2) V
2


p
o
- p

= (1/ 2) V
2
= q



Also
C
N
=(C
PL
C
PU
)dx/c
C
L
=C
N
Cos
C
D
= C
N
Sin

Procedure:-

1. Prepare the low speed wind tunnel as per the instruction for the pressure
distribution.
2. Ensure proper electrical installation and other safety.
3. Ensure proper and adequate power supply.
4. Fix the aerofoil in the test section over which the pressure distribution is to be
studied.
5. Connect the tubes bundle from multitube manometer to the corresponding
tubes in the aerofoil model.
6. Switch on the tunnel for few minutes to warm up.
7. Now set the required velocity of airflow using DC motor controller knobs and
observe the displacement of the manometer liquid in all tubes, standing at
different levels and note them down.
8. Note the manometer readings for different velocities to get required Cp.

Tabu

S
















ulation for s
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12


symmetric a
Port N
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Cp P
Along th
aerofoil
o. Cp
Plot for Sym
he chord len
p
x
= (p
x
- p
0.573286
-0.39413
-0.41205
-0.41205
-0.51954
0.340389
0.017915
-0.41205
0.143322
-0.37622
0.44788
0.985336
mmetric aer
ngth

) / q






ofoil

Tabu

S




Resu

Thus
the gr






ulation for c
.No P
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
C
ult:-
the pressure
raph is plotte
cambered ae
Port No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Cp Plot for t
e distribution
ed
erofoil
Cp
x
= (p
q
0.57
-0.39
-0.41
-0.41
-0.51
0.34
0.01
-0.41
0.14
-0.37
0.44
0.98
the Camber
Along t
n over a Sym
p
x
- p

) /
q


3286
9413
1205
1205
1954
0389
7915
1205
3322
7622
4788
5336
red aerofoil
the chord le
mmetric and
l
ngth
d Cambered

aerofoil is ccalculated annd
EXP. NO: - 8 STUDY OF CALIBRATION OF SUPERSONIC WIND
TUNNEL

Aim

To estimate the efficiency of Supersonic wind tunnel

Apparatus Required

Supersonic wind tunnel
Manometer
Pitot tube

Formulas Used:-

Coefficient of pressure at port number x is given by:

Cp
x
= (2/ M
2

) [(p
x
/p
)
-1]
(p
o
/p
)
= [1 ((-1)/2)M
2

]
(/-1)


Procedure:-
Study of calibration of supersonic wind tunnel is done in 3 methods

1. Determining by Mach number:-
a) Run the tunnel
b) For a particular pressure take Manometer readings
c) Then calculate the Mach numbers at each port.
b) See the Mach number in the test sections should be equal.

2. Measuring pitot pressures

1. Connect the Pitot tube in test section
2. Connect the wall static to the manometer
3. Run the tunnel
4. Take the manometer reading
5. See that Mach number in the test section should be equal in all the places

3. Measuring static pressures

1. Take the cross section of the supersonic wind tunnel.
2. Directly measure the length from throat to each port.
3. Take height at each port.
4. Calculate the Mach number theoretically.
RESULT: Thus the calibration of supersonic wind tunnel is studied and its
efficiency is estimated
EXP. NO: - 9 VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN NOZZLE USING
SUPERSONIC FREE JET

Aim
1. To study the jet decay characteristics along the jet axis
2. To obtain lateral spread characteristics of the jet.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

Free-jet test setup, Traverse mechanism, Pitot probe for total pressure measurements, u-
tube Mercury manometer and meter scale, Barometer, Thermometer.

THEORY
Jets can be classified in a variety of ways. They can be classified as compressible
or incompressible jets based on the speed of the jet. They can also be classified as
laminar or turbulent jets based on the Reynolds number. Based on the jet cross section
shape, they are classified as circular or non-circular jets. Jets come under the category of
free shear flows. Jets which have free and unconstrained boundaries are called free jets.
Examples are nozzle exhaust jet into atmosphere, water jet issuing from a conduit or a tap
etc.
The flow of a jet can be divided into two regions; the mixing region and the
potential core. The potential core is that portion in the centre of the jet and near the exit
of the orifice through which the jet flows. In the potential core, the viscous effects are
negligible and the fluid can be considered to be inviscid. The first part of the mixing
region is the boundary of the jet near the exit of the nozzle. This mixing region widens as
the flow goes downstream. Far downstream, the whole jet will be a mixing region. In the
mixing region, the effects of viscosity and heat conduction have to be considered. In the
mixing region there are large variations in velocity and density.




DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP

The experimental set-up consists of a converging-diverging (CD) nozzle
connected to a high pressure compressor tank. The high pressure air is passed into the CD
nozzle through a moisture separator, dust collector and a pressure regulating valve to
control the mass flow rate through the duct. To laminarize the flow, three meshes are
fitted inside the diverging duct. The duct also consists of a settling chamber to which CD
nozzle is attached and the compressed air coming out as a free- jet into the open
atmosphere. The speed of the free-jet can be controlled by controlling the mass flow rate
through the pressure regulating valve.

CONDUCTING EXPERIMENT

In this experiment, the variation of jet total pressure along the centerline of a free
jet is measured to understand its decay characteristics. The jet is of circular shape. To
find its lateral spread characteristics the total pressure variations in the lateral direction ie.
Direction at different X positions i.e. X = 1, 2, 3, 4 are measured. The total pressure
probe is mounted in a traversing mechanism, which ensures the movement of the probe
along the jet axis.

CALCULATIONS

Velocity calculations:
P

P
= (1 +
y -1
2
M
2
)
y
y-1


Where,
P
0
is the total pressure
P is the static pressure
M is the Mach number
is the specific heat ratio ( fir air = 1.4)
DISTAN
CE
ALONG
X-AXIS
in(cm)
DISTAN
CE
ALONG
Y-AXIS
in(cm)
MANOM
ETER
READIN
G in
(cm)
Mach
No
Velocity
m/s
DISTAN
CE
ALONG
X-AXIS
in(cm)
DISTAN
CE
ALONG
Y-AXIS
in(cm)
MANOM
ETER
READIN
G in
(cm)
Mach
No
Velocity
m/s
0 13.5 0.49 170.86 0 5.9 0.33 114.82
3 13 0.48 167.84 3 5.4 0.32 109.97
6 11 0.45 155.05 6 5 0.30 105.92
9 7.2 0.36 126.48 9 4.3 0.28 98.38
12 2.8 0.23 79.66 12 3 0.24 82.42
14 2.4 0.21 73.82 14 2.6 0.22 76.80
0 10.5 0.44 151.65 0 5.4 0.32 109.97
3 9.9 0.42 147.44 3 5 0.30 105.92
6 7.9 0.38 132.28 6 4.5 0.29 100.60
9 5.5 0.32 110.96 9 3.5 0.26 88.92
12 4 0.27 94.95 12 2.7 0.22 78.24
14 3 0.24 82.42 14 2.4 0.21 73.82
0 12.9 0.48 167.23 0 5 0.30 105.92
3 12.2 0.47 162.87 3 4.8 0.30 103.82
6 7.2 0.36 126.48 6 3.9 0.27 93.78
9 5.4 0.32 109.97 9 3.5 0.26 88.92
12 3.9 0.27 93.78 12 2.5 0.22 75.32
14 2.9 0.23 81.05 14 2 0.19 67.45
0 8.2 0.39 134.68 0 4.3 0.28 98.38
3 7.4 0.37 128.17 3 4 0.27 94.95
6 6.2 0.34 117.63 6 3.7 0.26 91.38
9 5 0.30 105.92 9 3.4 0.25 87.66
12 2.8 0.23 79.66 12 3 0.24 82.42
14 2.7 0.22 78.24 14 2.2 0.20 70.71
0 7.4 0.37 128.17 0 4 0.27 94.95
3 6.8 0.35 123.02 3 3.7 0.26 91.38
6 5.5 0.32 110.96 6 3.4 0.25 87.66
9 4.5 0.29 100.60 9 2.8 0.23 79.66
12 3.4 0.25 87.66 12 2.2 0.20 70.71
14 2.6 0.22 76.80 14 1.8 0.18 64.02
0 6.5 0.35 120.36
3 6.2 0.34 117.63
6 5 0.30 105.92
9 4.1 0.28 96.11
12 3.2 0.24 85.08
14 2.4 0.21 73.82
6
7
8
9
10
0
1
2
3
4
5














From the above formula find out the Mach number.
M = u/a
a= yRI
Where T is the Lab temperature
So u = Ma
TABULATION

Sl.No
Distance along
jet axis in cm
Difference
in heights
h in cm
Mach
Number
Jet velocity in
m/s
1



2
3
4
5

PLOTS AND DISCUSSION

1. Variations of total pressure and local reference velocity with distance along centerline
of the jet
2. Variations of total pressure and local reference velocities in lateral direction at
different X values.
3. Comparisons of velocity profiles in lateral direction of the jet at different X values.

Result:
Thus the jet decay characteristics along the jet axis and lateral spread
characteristics of the jet are studied with graphs.
EXP. NO: - 9 FLOW VISUALIZATION USING SHADOWGRAPH
SYSTEM

Aim:-
To visualize the flow pattern in supersonic flow.

Apparatus Required

Supersonic free jet
Converging Diverging Nozzle
Shadow graph System
Camera

Introduction

Flow visualization has played an important role in understanding the fundamentals of
fluids phenomena. One of the most important applications of flow visualization was due
to Osborne Reynolds, a prominent innovator in fluid dynamics, in 1883. He investigated
the circumstances of the transition from laminar to turbulent flow by injecting a liquid
dye into the water flowing through a long horizontal pipe. From these experiments came
the famous dimensionless Reynolds number for dynamic similarity. Another powerful
flow visualization tool is schlieren/shadowgraph technique, which is able to visualize
'invisible' density gradients and has been applied widely to study combustion,
aerodynamics, fluid mechanics, etc.


Experimental Procedure

It consists of a light source which can be varied its intensity, lenses, screen and
cameras. Direct shadowgraph is shown in figure.





Shadowgraph image




Difference between Shadowgraph and Schlieren systems

Sl. No. Shadowgraph

Schlieren

1 Displays a mere shadow

Displays a focused image

2 Shows light ray displacement

Shows ray refraction angle,

3 Illuminance level responds to Illuminance level responds to

4 No knife edge used

Knife edge used forcutoff








Result:
Thus the study of shadow graph system is studied and the shadow graph image is
taken.


2
2
x
n

x
n

EXP NO: - 11 PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION OVER WEDGE

AEROFOIL AND ESTIMATION OF C
L
AND C
D

Aim:-

To study the pressure distribution over a Wedge aerofoil.

Apparatus:-

1) Low speed wind tunnel
2) Multi-tube Manometer
3) Wedge aerofoil model

Formulas used:-
Coefficient of pressure at port number x is given by:

Cp = (p

- p
i
) / (p
0
- p

) = (p
x
p
i
) / q

Note: p
o
= p

+ (1/ 2) V
2


p
o
- p

= (1/ 2) V
2
= q



Also
C
N
=(C
PL
C
PU
)dx/c
C
L
=C
N
Cos
C
D
= C
N
Sin

Procedure:-
1. Prepare the low speed wind tunnel as per the instruction for the pressure
distribution on the Wedge aerofoil.
2. Ensure proper electrical installation and other safety.
3. Ensure proper and adequate power supply.
4. Fix the aerofoil in the test section over which the pressure distribution is to be
studied.
5. Connect the tubes bundle from multitube manometer to the corresponding
tubes in the aerofoil model.
6. Switch on the tunnel for few minutes to warm up.
7. Now set the required velocity of airflow using DC motor controller knobs and
observe the displacement of the manometer liquid in all tubes, standing at
different levels and note them down.
8. Note the manometer readings for different velocities to get required Cp.



Tabu

S




Resu
Thus







ulation :-
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Al
ult:-
the pressure
Port No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Wed
long the cho
e distribution
Cp
x
=
0
-0
-0
-0
-0
0
0
-0
0
-0
0
0
dge aeroflil
ord length
n over Wedg
= (p
x
- p

)
q


.573286
0.39413
0.41205
0.41205
0.51954
.340389
.017915
0.41205
.143322
0.37622
0.44788
.985336
ge aerofoil is
/

s calculated and the grapph is plotted..