SCHEME OF STUDIES

M.Sc. ZOOLOGY 2 YEARS PROGRAM

CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM

DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY

FACULTY OF LIFE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR

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 DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR

OBJECTIVES:

Teaching, Research, Consultancy and Community Service

MISSION:

The Department of Zoology is committed to the production of well-rounded international

standard graduates of, M. Sc., M. Phil and Ph. D level in areas of Zoology including Entomology,
Parasitology, Fisheries, Microbiology and Biotechnology maintaining high level of integrity and
responsibility at individual and departmental level; and conducting quality research, and producing
well trained teachers and to participate in community development projects.

VISION:

To act as a leader of excellence and performance in its objectives in the country

GOAL:

To study, know, love and to serve the entire creation of the Creator

Program Objectives:

1. To provide graduates who are familiar with basic and an advance level of Zoology and its
various disciplines, which are exploited, in many fields of life
2. To provide theoretical and practical knowledge of various zoological aspects, their
knowledge, which are required for professional activities in the field.
3. The graduates who are able to manipulate and utilize their training correctly and grasp a
realistic approach to the conservation of animals as well as their habitats.
4. To prepare graduates with the skills and knowledge of all aspects of life.
5. To produce graduates with the skills to critically analyze samples of environmental and
biological importance.
6. The graduate should be able to use the skills of analytical biological information in
selecting and executing the appropriate biological analysis techniques in various fields of
zoology.

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Program Outcomes:

After completion of M. S. One year program, the graduate will

1. Have an overall knowledge of Zoology and its various disciplines.

2. Have sufficient idea for those biological methods, which are vital both in other courses as
well as in any employment undertaking in the science.
3. Be able to use data interpretation in every aspect of future study of life science.
4. Have sufficient knowledge of the techniques studied, which are applicable in biological
sciences.
5. Have necessary knowledge with all stages in the entire framework of environmental
investigation and monitoring.
6. Be able to use the skills of biological instrumentations and laboratory techniques in the
biological science.

Section Mission:

To promote the mission of the department and the promotion of various disciplines of Zoology
in all of its aspects; like teaching, research and the organization of symposia/workshop on topics of
interest to Zoologist/ Biologists; the development of activities which will promote the growth of
Zoology; and the establishment of means for increasing the processional status and contacts between
Zoologists.

Section Vision:

Their scientific thinking, skills, innovation and problem solving should recognize our graduate.

Zoology old name with modern usage

Zoology continues to be one of the most important scientific fields in the modern era. However, while
there is a fundamental core to biological science, the rapid advances being made in many specific areas
have led to a wide variety of different specialisations that can be studied in their own right. In the
Department, we teach a broad range of biological science courses. Accordingly, we have designed this
degree programme to be as flexible as possible, giving you the opportunity to explore main-interest
subjects and allowing you to develop new interests and, if you wish, specialisations as you progress
through the degree. At the end of two and half years, graduates have received a sound biological
training, completed at least one major research project, and possibly developed a firm career direction
as a result of specialised studies. For example, specialising in Parasitology will provide unrivalled
training in both temperate and tropical diseases, enabling graduates to follow a career at home or
overseas. Studying Ecology will interest those who wish to understand biodiversity and how organisms
interact with each other and the environment. A wide range of courses from behavioural ecology to
environmental impact assessment provides an excellent basis for a career in conservation or
environmental management. Fisheries are another major strength. Students who wish to keep all
options open and study a broad spectrum of subjects take the wider area of Biology itself. The breadth
of courses available, coupled with a final year research project, ensures that you will be able to apply
for a wide range of career openings with confidence.
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Careers

Microbiologists, Parasitologist, Entomologist and biotechnologists obtain employment in a variety of

scientific, medical and veterinary laboratories and in the food, brewing, pharmaceutical and
agricultural industries. We expect that our graduates will play leading roles in the further development
of biotechnology industries, which have enormous scope for the production of food, fuel, chemicals,
health care products and diagnostic aids, and for recycling waste in a useful form.

Successful graduation with a degree in Modern Zoology will open doors to a wide range of careers, for
example: (i) pure and applied research in universities, government departments or industry, (ii)
biomedically-oriented careers in Parasitology and molecular pharmacology, (iii) conservation and
environmentally-related opportunities in pollution control and agriculture, (iv) postgraduate nursing,
(v) education, including teaching at all levels and the development of materials in education, or (vi)
scientific journalism, reporting and programme making within today's extensive media.

Some students use their degrees as a basic training in scientific thought and method, and later enter
careers not directly related to their field of study, such as accountancy, computing, personnel
management, local government, business management, the forces, secretarial or library work.

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 M.Sc (ZOOLOGY) 2 YEARS PROGRAMME
CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM

NEW SYLLABUS / SCHEME FOR M.Sc. PART I AND PART 2 (March, 2006)

M.Sc . Part 1 (550)

Paper 1 (Zool. 401/402/403) Environmental Biology & Economic Zoology,

Zoogeography and Wild life OF Pakistan (75+25)

Paper II (Zool. 405/406). Palaeontology & Evolution (75)

Paper III (Zool. 407/408). Genetics & Biostatistics (75+25+25)

Paper IV (Zool. 409/410). Taxonomy & Animal Behavior (75+50)

Paper V (Zool. 411/412). Cell Biology & Developmental Biology (75+25+25)

M.Sc. Part 2 (650)

Paper VI (Zool. 501/502). Biochemistry & Physiology (75+25+25)

Paper VII (Zool.503-E) Entomology-A (75+25)

Paper VIII (Zool.504-E) Entomology-B (75+25)

Or
Paper VII (Zool.503-P) Parasitology-A (75+25)
Paper VIII (Zool.504-P) Parasitology-B (75+25)
Or
Paper VII (Zool.503-F). Fisheries-A (75+25)
Paper VIII (Zool.504-F). Fisheries-B (75+25)

Paper IX (Zool. 506/507). Medical Microbiology and Biotechnology (75+25+25)

Thesis 200
Or
* IN LIEU OF THESIS A STUDENT CAN OPT ANY ONE OF THE SPECIAL PAPER WHICH
INCLUDE PAPER I & II OF ENTOMOLOGY/ FISHERIES/ PARASITOLOGY

Special Paper
Paper VII (Zool.503-E) Entomology-A (75+25)
Paper VIII (Zool.504-E) Entomology-B (75+25)

Or
Paper VII (Zool.503-P) Parasitology-A (75+25)
Paper VIII (Zool.504-P) Parasitology-B (75+25)
Or
Paper VII (Zool.503-F). Fisheries-A (75+25)
Paper VIII (Zool.504-F). Fisheries-B (75+25)

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 COURSE CONTENTS FOR M.Sc. (Part 1)

Paper 1 (Zool. 401/402/403) ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY, ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY,

ZOOGEOGRAPHY AND WILD LIFE OF PAKISTAN

Part I: (Zool-401) Environmental Biology

Aims, Objectives and Outcomes:

The aim of this course is to make the students aware that all the living organisms including
human beings are part of the environment, which consists of biotic and abiotic factors. The abiotic
factors consist of all the physical factors while biotic factors include all the living things. However
with the increase in population densities increase in productivity is also needed. High technology
measures used for this purpose have caused various problems like pollution.

Theory
The scope of Ecology. Concept of the Ecosystem. Energy in ecological systems.
Biogeochemical cycles, Limiting factors and physical environment. Population dynamics. Populations
and communities. The systems approach and mathematical models in Ecology.
Environmental Pollution: Air Pollution sources: Origin, dispersion and impact on human, crops and
forests eg. Carbon monoxide & CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons); Noise pollution; Water pollution,
Composition and properties of water pollutants, Domestic and industrial effluents, Heavy metals and
their impact on aquatic life, Water purification in nature, Waste water treatment.Land Pollution;
Pesticides (pollutants made to kill); Radioactive pollution, Radioactivity leakage from nuclear reactor.
Conservation of natural resources in general. Mineral resources. Agriculture, Forestry, Wildlife
management. Range management and use. Contemporary environmental themes: (ozone depletion,
acid rain, green house effect and global warming, desertification, deforestation, exotic and invasive
species

Books Recommended (latest editions):

1. Odum, E. P., (latest edition) Fundamentals of Ecology. W.B.Saunders Co. Philadelphia.

2. Nobel, B. G., (1981) Environmental Science. Prentice Hall inc.
3. Smith, R.L., (1996) Ecology and Field Biology Harper and Raw Publisher, NW Evanston, London.
3. Robert, T. J., (1991) The Birds of Pakistan, Vol. 1. Oxford.
4. Robert, T. J., (1992) The Birds of Pakistan, Vol. 2. Oxford.
5. Robert, T. J., (1972) The Mammals of Pakistan, Ernest Benon LTD, London.
6. Chapman and Reiss, 1997. Ecology. Cambridge University Press.
7. Molles Ecology: Concepts and applications .(1999). WCB/McGraw Hill, New York
8. McKinney, M.L.Environmental Science: System and Solution (1999). Jones & Bartlett
Publication, Boston
9. Lloyd, R.Pollution and Freshwater (1992). Fishing News Books
10.Odum, E.P. Ecology: A Bridge between science & society. (1996).W.B.Saunders Co. Philadelphia.

Practical : Environmental Biology 25

marks
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 Study and demonstration of instruments (Altimeter, Hygrometer, Soil Thermometer,
Psychometer (Max./ Minim., Dry/ Wet), Rain gauge, Atmometer etc). Study of fresh water ecosystem,
Animal adaptation. Distribution of animals. Pattern of distribution, estimation of densities of different
population of animals. To measure the rate of development of organism at different humidity and
temperature. Field study of different organisms.

Part II: (Zool-402) Economic Zoology

Aims, Objectives And Outcomes:

The aim of this course is to transfer knowledge about the economic importance of animals,
their various diseases, commercial value and their by products. This course provides the practical and
market oriented view of the zoology.

Theory:
Diseases of animal origin. Shell fishery. Animal product and by products. Apiculture.
Sericulture. Lac culture. Aquaculture. Game animal and animal resources of Pakistan.

Book Recommended:

Theobald F.V. (1999). Economic Zoology. Printwell Publishers, Jaipur, India

Part III : (Zool-403) ZOOGEOGRAPHY & WILD LIFE OF PAKISTAN

Aims Objectives and outcomes:

This course provides information on the distribution of animals and their associations in the
past; thus, to rationalize their relationship in the present time.

ZOOGEOGRAPHY

Branches of Zoogeography (Descriptive, chorology, Faunistics, systematic, biocoenotic, causal,

ecological, historical, experimental and applied zoogeography). Animal distribution (Cosmopolitan
distribution, discontinuous distribution, isolation distribution, bipolar distribution and endemic
distribution) Barriers and dispersal (Barriers and means of dispersal in marine, fresh water and
terrestrical environments). Zoogeographical regions (division, geographic ranges, physical features,
climates, faunas and affinities of Holarctic (Palaearctic and Nearctic regions), Oriental, Ethiopian,
Australian, and Newtropical Regions.) Insular fauna [Continental islands (British Isles, Borneo, Java,
Japan, Formosa and Philippines, and Sri Lanka islands)] [Oceanic Islands, (Azores, Bermuda,
Galapagos, St. Helena and Karakatau Islands) Ancient Islands (New Zealand and Madagascar Islands)]
Palaeogeography (Theories of permanence of continents, Land bridges, Continental drift and Plate
tectonics.
Note: The teacher is suggested to provide blank maps of Pakistan in the theory class to the students to
indicate the distribution of the animals. Similar blanks maps should be attached with the question
paper, if distribution of animals is asked from the student in the theory paper.

Books recommended

1. Jafri, Land Zoogeography of World, 1977.

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2. Ali, S.S. (1999). Zoogeography, Palaeontology and Wild life management. Naseem book depot.
Hyderabad.

3. DeBeaufort, L.F. (1975). Zoogeography of the Land and Inland Water. Sidgwick and Jackson ,
London.

4. Darlington, P.J. (1981). Zoogeography. The Geographical Distribution of Animal. John Wiley N.Y.

5. Lillies, (1974). Introduction to Zoogeography London.

6. Muller, P.(1974). Aspects of Zoogeography. W.Junk Publication. Hague.

7. Parker, Hesse,Allee and Schmidt, (1993). Ecological Animal Geography. John Wiley N.Y.
8. Quadry, A. ( 1997). Pakistan ka Haivani jughrafia (In Urdu) Central Urdu Board Lahore.

WILDLIFE OF PAKISTAN

Aims, Objectives and Outcomes:

This course will provide in depth knowledge of biodiversity of world as well as various animals
found in Pakistan and NWFP. The students would be enable to understand the animal fauna of
Pakistan as well as NWFP, along with the conservation and importance of animals.
Theory:
Wildlife of Pakistan, identification, distribution, status, conservation and management
(population estimate technology) of fishes, reptiles, birds and mammals of major importance in
Pakistan. Philosophy and significance of wildlife conservation. Biodiversity and sustainability of
wildlife. Wildlife rules and regulations in Pakistan. National and International agencies involved in
conservation and management of wildlife. Sanctuaries, Game Reserves and National Parks in Pakistan.
Ramsar convention, wetlands, endangered species of Pakistan.

Books Recommended (Latest Edition)

1. Bailey, J.A., 1986. Principles of Wildlife Management, John Wiley.

2. Ali S. & Ripley S.D., 1973. A Handbook of Birds of India & Pakistan, Oxford University
Press,
London.
3. Roberts, T. J., 1998. The Birds of Pakistan, Vol. II. Oxford.
4. Roberts, T. J., 1992. The Birds of Pakistan, (Vol. II), Oxford.
5. Roberts, T.J., 1977. Mammals of Pakistan. Ernest Benon Ltd, London,
6. Robinson, W.L. and Bolen, E.G., 1984. Wildlife Ecology and Management. McMillan,
Cambridge.
7. Magon, C.F. 1988. Biology of freshwater pollution. Longman and Scientific Publication.
Boyd, C.E. 1981. Water quality in warm water fish ponds. Craft Master Printers
Incorporation,
Alabama.

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Paper II (Zool. 404/405). PALAEONTOLOGY & EVOLUTION

Part I. (Zool-405) Paleontology

Aims Objectives and outcomes:

The course impart knowledge and concepts of evolution is mainly based on the past fossil
records. The fossil records also provide the information regarding the distribution of animals in the
past eras.

Theory:
Significance of fossils. Rock, types of rocks (lgneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and
metamorphic rocks) Fossil, types and uses of fossils. (Nature of fossils). Processes of fossilization.
Geological time scale. Pre-cambrian life. Postcambrian life (Palaeozoic life, Mesozoic life, Cenozoic
life). A brief history of the Siwaliks. Geochronometry (Uranium/Lead dating, radiocarbaon dating,
Fission track dating and palaeomagnetism) Evolutionary histories of camels, horse, elephants and man.

Books Recommended:

1. Ali, S.S. (1999). Zoogeography, Palaeontology and Wild life management. Naseem book depot.
Hyderabad.
2. Brouwer, A. (1967). General Palaeontology. Oliver and Boyd, London.
3. Colbert, E.H., (1961).Evolution of Vertebrate. John Wiley.N.Y.
4. Dunbar, C.O. (1943). Historical Geology. John Wiley.N.Y.
5. Moody, P. A. (1970) Introduction to Evolution. Harper and Row Publishers, New York, Evanston
and London.
6. Romer, A. S. (1958). Vertebrate Paleontology, 3rd Ed.. Chicago Press, Chicago and London
7. Singh H. (1990) An introduction to Paleontology. Anmol Publication New Delhi.
8. Shrock, R. A. and Twenhoefel. W.W. (1953). Principles of Invertebrates Paleontology . McGraw-
Hill
9. Book Company,London, New York and Toronto.
10.Stanley, S.M. (1999). Earth system history. W.H. Freeman and Co.

Part II: (Zool-406) Evolution

Aim, Objectives and Outcomes:

The course is designed to provide in depth knowledge of origin of life, and about forces responsible
for evolutionary changes with the passage of time and development of modern day animals and life.

Theory:
History of Evolution. The nature and origin to life. Evidences of evolution. Theories to explain
the diversity of life - Lamarckism, Darwinism and Special Creation. The present status of these
theories, Modern synthetic theory. Factors initiating elementary evolutionary changes
(micro-evolution) by changing gene frequencies, mutation pressure, selection pressure, immigration
and crossbreeding, genetic drift. Role of isolation in evolution. Factors of large evolutionary changes
(macro-evolution) - allometry, orthogenesis, adaptive radiation.
Modern concept of Natural Selection: Levels of selection, selection patterns, laboratory and field
example regarding action of Natural Selection. Action of Natural Selection leading to convergence,

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radiation, regression and extinction, Batesian mimicry, Mullerian mimicry. Sexual selection: Darwin’s
concept, Fisher’s view, Zahavi’s handicap theory. Trend and rates in evolution.

Books Recommended:

1. Ridley, M., 1993. Evolution. Blackwell Scientific Publications.

2. Dobzhansky, T., Ayala, F.J., Stebbins, G.L. and Valentine, J.W., 1973. Evolution. W.H. Freeman
and
Company.
3. Dobzhansky, T., 1970. Genetics of the Evolutionary Process, Columbia University Press,
New York.
4. Sheppard, P.M., 1958. Natural Selection and Heredity, Hutchison University Library,
London.
5. Dobzhansky, T. Genetics and the Origin of Species, Columbia University Press, New York.
6. Mayr, E. Populations, Species and Evolution, Harvard University Press.
7. Moody, P.A., 1989. Introduction to Evolution, Harper and Row Publishers, New York.
8. Cain, A.J. 1963. Animal Species and their Evolution, Hutchinson's University Library,
London.
9. Westoll, T.S. The Evolution of Living Things.
10. Ross, H.H. Understanding Evolution.
11. Simpson, G.G., 1961. Meaning of Evolution, Yale University Press.

Paper III (Zool.407/ 408). GENETICS and BIOSTATISICS

Part I. (Zool-407) GENETICS

Aims, Objectives and Outcomes:

The continuity of the life from one generation to other generation is based on the mechanisms
involving nucleus, chromosomes and genes etc. The process of continuity not only
transfers the traits of the parents but also imparts variations that render the generations
sustainable in changing environment. These concepts will be imparted to the students in
this course.

Theory:

Cellular division and chromosomes. Critical review of Mendellian principles (segregation and
Lethality; independent assortment). Gene interaction and modification of Mendelian ratios. Multiple
alleles and blood group systems. Sex determination and Sex – linked inheritance. Maternal effects and
Cytoplasmic heredity. Chromosomal aberrations (variation in number and changes in chromosome’s
structure). Linkage and Recombination, Gene mapping in Diploid, Gene concept and structure. Genetic
code. Gene mutation and mutagens. Gene expression and regulation of gene expression, Common
genetic disorders (diseases) in humans. Population genetics: Hardy-Weinberg law (gene frequencies,
changes in gene frequencies and equilibrium). Inbreeding and Heterosis.

Books Recommended:

1. Strickberger, M.W. (1998). Genetics: an introduction. Macmillan publications Ltd., New York.
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2. Gardener, E. J. (1972) Principles of Genetics. John Wiley & Sons. New York.
3. Sinnot, E. W., Dunn, L. C. & Dobzhansky, T. Principles of Genetics. International Student Edition.
McGraw-Hill. Tokyo.
4. Burns, G.E. (1983) The Science of Genetics: An introduction to Heredity. 5th edition. Macmillan.
New York.
5. Nicholl, D. S. T. (1994), An introduction to genetic engineering. Cambridge University Press, UK.
6. Brown T.A. (1989). Gene Cloning: an introduction. Van-Nostrand Reinhold International, UK

Practical: Genetics 25 marks

Experiments based on Mendelian Principles, and demonstration of an application of the laws.

Solving important representative numerical problems given as exercises in text book. Testing of blood
groups. Maintenance of Drosophila and mosquito cultures in the laboratory. Dissection and study of
salivary gland chromosomes from larvae of Drosophila, Chironomid or mosquitoes. Study of Mitosis
and Meiosis in Tradescantia Pollen Cells. DNA extraction techniques. Human Genome Maps, Single
Gene traits in human. Pedigree analysis for monogenic traits.

Part II (Zool-408) BIOSTATISTICS

Aims, Objectives and Outcomes:

To understand the data, its analysis and impact and application in biological fields, and future
assumptions.

Theory:
Basic concepts, Introduction and brief history of statistics, uses and misuses of statistics,
development of Biostatistics. Probability rules and distributions: addition rules, multiplication rules
and basic probability sampling. Presentation of data: the arithmetic mean, other means, the median,
and the mode. Computations using ungrouped and grouped data. Measure of dispersion: Range,
variance, standard deviation, coefficient of variation. Sample statistics and parameters. Discrete
probability distribution, binomial distribution, Poisson distribution. Continuous probability
distribution: The normal distribution. Hypothesis testing. Interval estimation of the mean (confidence
intervals). The student’s t distribution, Chi-square distribution. F distribution (analysis of variance),
Simple regression and Correlation analyses.

Practical:
1. Applications and verifications of various statistical Hypothesis and Laws.
2. Probability.
3. Sampling methods and their evaluations.

Books Recommended:

1. Chao, L. L. (1974) Statistics: Methods and Analysis. 2nd ed. McGraw –Hill. N. York. (Reproduced
by
National Book Foundation).
2. Sokal, R. R. & Rohlf, F.J. (1987) Introduction to Biostatistics. 2nd ed. W.H. Freeman, N. York.
3. Walpole, R. E. (1982) Introduction to Statistics. 3rd ed. Macmillan, London. (International edition).
4. Bailey, N. T. J. (1981) Statistical Methods in Biology. English University Press Ltd., London.
5. Snedecor, G. W. and Cochran, W. G. (1989) Statistical Methods. 8th ed. Iowa State University
Press,
Ames, Iowa.
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6. Sanders, D. H. (1990) Statistics -- A Fresh approach. 4th ed. McGraw-Hill, New York.
7. Steel, R. G. and Torrie, J. H. (1980) Principles and Procedures of Statistics. 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill
(International edition), Auckland, Singapore, London.

Paper IV (Zool. 409/ 410). Taxonomy and Animal Behaviour (75+50)

Aims, Objectives and outcomes:

The students will be taught basic rules and regulations about the identification and naming of
organisms.

Part I: (Zool-409) Taxonomy (Systematic Zoology)

Contribution of systematics to Biology: History of Taxonomy (Downward classification,

upward classification, impact of the origin of species, population systematics, current trends);
Microtaxonomy, phenon, Taxon; Taxonomic categories: specific category, infraspecific category,
higher categories; species concepts (Typological concept; nominalistic concept, Biological concept,
evolutionary concept), species mate recognition concept; non-dimensional species concept;
Multidimenstional species concept; Cohesion species concept; Difficulties in the application of
biological species concepts; polytypic species, subspecies, superspecies, sibling species; study of major
type of variation within a single population. Macrotaxonomy; different kinds of taxonomic characters;
Taxonomic collection and identification; definitions of Synonym, Homonym, Keys; Evolution of the
theory of Nomenclature; interpretation and application of the code (stability, priority, first revisor
principle) range of authority of code; concept of availability, type method formation of specific names.

Books Recommended:

1. Mayer, E. (1963) Principles of Systematic Zoology Mc. Graw-Hill Book Company Inc London.
2. Mayer, E. and Ashlock, P. D. (1991) Principles of Systematic Zoology Mc. Graw-Hill Book
Company
3. Ross, H.H. (1974) Biological Systematic. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company Inc. London.
4. Simpson, G.G. (1990) Principle of Animal Taxonomy. Columbia University Press New York

Practical Taxonomy: 50 marks

General survey of major groups (invertebrates and vertebrates) from Museum specimens.
Collection & identification of invertebrates / vertebrates up to family level.
Preparation and study of skeleton of Vertebrates (e.g. Fish, Birds, Mammals). Techniques in
taxidermy, Preparation of keys for the identification of specimens.

Part-II: (Zool-410) Animal Behavior

Aims, Objectives and Outcomes:

To understand animal and human behavior and its responses to various environmental,
chemical, sexual and social stimuli.

Theory:

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 Introduction to ethology, Perception. Taxes. Reflexes. Integration and storage of information,
Learning and its classification- Habituation, Conditioned or reflex learning, instrumental learning,
latent learning, Insight learning, Imprinting. Instincts according to ethnologists, psychologists and
physiologists. Instinctive behabiour in three spined male fish. Sexual behaviour, action of pituitary and
reproductive hormones on sexual iologychemical signals. Evolution of behaviour. Social behaviour.

Books Recommended:

1. Manning W. G. (1998) An introduction to Animal behaviour. The English Language Book Society
and 2. Edward Arnold Ltd.
3. Ridley, M. (1986) Animal Behaviour. Black well Scientific Publications, London

Paper V (Zool. 411/ 412). Cell Biology & Developmental Biology (75+25+25)

Part I: (Zool-411) Cell Biology

Aims & Objectives and Outcomes:

Objectives of the course are to impart knowledge about the animal cell and its complex
organization of architecture and the unified role it plays for the ultimate sustainability of the
organisms. The various ultra-structural, molecular and functional aspects of the cells will be
communicated in this course.

Theory:
Ultra structure of the cell. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells. Detailed study of the cell
including structures, functions and chemical composition of cell organelles: - Plasma membrane,
Exchange of materials across plasma membrane, Intercellular Junctions, Cytoskeleton, Endoplasmic
reticulum, Golgi complex. Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Mesosomes, Ribosome and Mitochondria.
Energy cycle, cell respiration and oxidative phosphorylation, Nuclear membrane and chromosomes,
cell division. DNA- Structure and replication. Protein synthesis.

Books Recommended:

1. De Robertis, E.D.P. and De Robertis, Jr. E.M.F. (1995) Cell and Molecular Biology, 8th
edition, Lea and Febiger.
2. DeRobertis, Nowinski & Saez. (1970) Cell Biology, 5th Ed.W.B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia,
London
3. Avers , Cell Biology (1976), D Von Nostrand Co.
4. Karp, G. (1984), Cell Biology. Mc Graw Hill Book Company New York.

Practical: Cell Biology 25 marks

Study of structure of Cells. Study of Protozoa from live materials and prepared slides.

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Simple staining for whole mounts. Histological study – fixation, dehydration, staining of tissues after
microtomy and preparation of permanent slides, study of histological slides. Techniques for the
demonstration of Blood cells. Study of mitosis and meiosis

Part II: (Zool-412) Developmental Biology (Dr.Shah)

Aims, Objectives and outcomes:

The course will provide detailed knowledge about the principal features of development,
cellular basis of morphogenesis, mechanisms of cellular differentiation and concepts of induction in
development. It will provide understanding of the mechanisms of organogenesis, factors controlling
growth and organogenesis. The concept related to the theory in Developmental Biology will be
practically demonstrated in this course. In the continuity of the animals during reproduction following
the union of the traits from the parents in their gametes, the zygote proceeds through enormous
phenomena of development up to their emergence resembling to the parents. The concepts of all these
developmental mechanisms will be communicated to the students in this course.

Theory:
Historical review of embryology. Uses of modern molecular techniques in developmental
biology. Origin of germ cells (gametogenesis). Spermatogenesis & Oogenesis, Structure and
organization of male and female gametes. Fertilization: Chemistry of fertilization, Molecular biology
of fertilization, surface changes in the egg and sperm surface, In vitro Fertilization (test tube
technology). Mono- & Di-zygotic Twinning , Parthenogenesis, Uses of Transgenic animals in
Developmental biology, Cleavage, Blastulation, Fate maps and their preparation, Morphogenetic
movements and Gastrulation in Amphioxus, mammals, chick and frog. Stem cells technology and its
uses in developmental biology: with special reference to the uses of totipotent, multipotent and
pluripotent stem cells. Embryonic adaptations (fetal extra-embryonic membranes) and Placentation,
Umbilical cord, Parturition (birth) and its stages. Regeneration and regenerative powers of vertebrates.
Aging

Books Recommended:

1. Balinskey, B.I. (1984). An introduction to Embryology 6th Ed. Saunders College Publishing Co.,
New York.
2. Patten, B.N. (2004). Foundation of Embryology. McGraw Hill Books Company, Inc, New York,
London.
3. Rao, K.V. (2003). Developmental biology: A modern synthesis. Oxford is publishing Co. Ltd.,
Delhi.
4. Oppenheiner, S.B & Lefevre, G. (1984). Introduction to Embryonic Development.. Allen and
Bacon Publishers, New York.
5. Saddler, T. W. (1995). Langmans Medical embryology. Library of congress Cataloguing-in-
Publication Data. Williams & Wilkins Publishers, USA.
6. Carlson, B.M. (2001). Patten’s Foundations of Embryology (6th Edition). McGraw-Hill, Inc. New
York, London, Tokyo, Sydney.

Latest Publications

1. Cell signaling in ovarian follicle: intra-follicular survival of ova. Johnson. (2003). Animal
reproduction science. 78:185-201
2. Morphological Changes in mouse egg at fertilization. Grey et al. (2004). Current
14
 biology.14: 397-405
3. Transgenic animals in Developmental biology: Outlook for the future. Wheelers et al. (2003).
Animal reproduction science. 79: 265-279
4. Mono- & Di-zygotic Twinning. Hall. (2003). The Lancet. 362(1). 735-43
5. Reproductive biotechnology & Aging. Seidel Jr. (2000). Theriogeneiology.53: 187-194
6. Yashimora (2004). Oogenesis in Hen. Anim.Scie.J. 75:183-193
7. Embryonic stem cells in cell therapy. Garcia et al. (2005). Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
57:1935– 1943
8. Embryonic stem cells: Understanding their history, cell biology and signalling. Frieal et al. (2005).
Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 57:1894– 1903
9. Stem cells. Vats et al. (2005). The lancet.366:2-11

Practical : Developmental Biology 25 marks

Study of model eggs of different invertebrates and vertebrates. Dactylography, and its uses in
embryology. Isolation, identification and culture of various developmental stages of Ascaris
lumbricoides eggs from human/ Neoascaris vituolarum eggs from cattle dung (kept for 3 weeks at
240C in desiccator) by using Telman’s centrifugation technique. Study of prepared slides for the
development of Amphioxus, mammals, frog and chick. Semen analysis by using improved Neubar
Hemocytmeter, Use of dactylography in developmental biology, Peripheral blood smear (abnormal
erythrocyte morphology eg., target cells, microcyte, macrocytes, slit cell, acanthocytes & tear drop
cells as screening procedure for thalassaemia diagnosis.

English

COURSE CONTENTS FOR M.Sc. PART 2

Paper VI (Zool. 501/502). PHYSIOLOGY and BIOCHEMISTRY (75+25+25)

Part-1. (Zool-501) PHYSIOLOGY

Aims & Objectives and Outcomes:
The basic functional expression in animals is the membrane irritability understood in the form
of nerve impulse. This course particularly imparts the concepts and mechanisms of integration in the
different functional systems of the animals. These mainly constitute the mechanisms of nervous system
and the hormonal system for the coordination. The motility and locomotion also contributes in the
integration of the animal to its environment, therefore, also included in this section.

Theory:

Nutrition: Modes of nutrition, food substances, vitamins, feeding and digestion, collection of food,
filter feeding, selective feeding, mechanical digestions movement, chemical digestions, extra cellular
digestion, enzymes, absorptive phagocytosis, assimilation of food stuffs.
Excretion: Nature and sources of substances excreted, excretory organs –cell membrane, contractile
vacuoles, storage cell, excretory tubules-nephridia, malphighian tubules, nephrones, urine composition,
nitrogen balance, physiology of excretion-nephron function, ionic and osmotic balance.
Respiration:
Type of respiration:
15
 Integumentary respiration, branchial respiration-external gills and internal gills, from aquatic to aerial
breathing lungs, air sacs, tracheal air tubes.
Mechanisms of respiration:
transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Internal fluid environment and its circulation:
Vascular fluids: Open vascular system and closed vascular system, tissue fluids, lymph, blood and
hemolymph, respiratory pigments, blood compositions, phagocytic cells, lymphogenous organs,
nephrophagocytosis, reticulo-endothelial system, plasma proteins, RBCs & WBCs, platelets,
coagulation of blood in invertebrates and vertebrates, clothing diseases.
Temperature:
Regulation of body temperature, heat production, heat loss, role of respiration in temperature
regulation, poikilothermy and homeothermy.
Nervous system: Components and brief comparative account of nervous system, structure and types of
neuron nerve impulse, synapse and neurotransmitter
Receptors: Sensory receptors, reflex arc and reflex action, specialized receptors, chemoreception, smell
and taste, mechano-reception pressure receptors, communication based on mechano receptors,
echoorientation auditory receptors, hearing apparatus and phenoreception, photoreception,
photoreceptors in invertebrates and vertebrates, specialized visual function, vertebrate retina and
arthropod ratina, phototopic and scotopic eyes, chemistry of vision, color vision.
Muscles and muscles contraction: Introduction to muscles, principals’ types, structure of skeletal
muscles, mechanism of muscle contraction and relaxation.
Harmones: Harmones of different endocrine glands, their biological actions, hormonal inter-
relationship and their role in physiological homeostasis.
Reproduction: Reproductive cycles, parturition and lactation.

Books Recommended:

Hoar, W. S. General and comparative physiology. Prentice Hall Inc/New 2nd Ed.
Guyton, A. C. Text Book of Medical Physiology.W. B. Sunder Company
Professor, C. l. and Brown, F. A. Comparative Animal Physiology
W. B. Sunders Company
Schmidt-nielsen,k Animal physiology :Adaptaion & environment. Cambridge university press,
Newyork U.S.A
Verma,P.S ;Tyagi,B and Agrawal,V.k{1995}. Animal physiology S.chand and company New Dehli

Physiology Practical: 25 marks

Blood: Determination of blood groups, Rh factor and hemoglobin percentage, preparation of

serum, blood smears and their staining; Determination of coagulation and bleeding time. Measurement
of blood pressure by using sphygmomanometer. Urine: - Complete analysis of normal and subnormal
constituents of urine.

Part-II. (Zool-502) BIOCHEMISTRY

Aims Objectives and outcomes:

The course will provide indepth knowledge about the polymerized organic compounds of life.
The dynamism of the life proceeds with inter-conversion of the chemicals from feeding to the
16
liberation of energy for work. It will deal with the inter-conversion is performed by various tools called
as enzymes. Thus, in this course the concepts of the chemical basis of life and all the mechanisms
involved in harvesting of energy for growth, duplication etc., are given.

BIOCHEMISTRY:
Basic Physico-Chemical aspects. General introduction to the Chemistry including structure,
classification, properties and function of Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic acids, Vitamins, and
Enzymes. General metabolism of carbohydrates (Glycolysis, Crab cycle), Lipids (Oxidation path) and
Protein (urea cycle and biochemical reactions of amino acids). Energy metabolism and energy
utilization.

Books Recommended:

Ahmad, M. Essential of Medical biochemistry. (1999) Vol. 1 and Vol. 11.National book foundation
Pakistan
Alexander, R. R. and Griffiths, J. M., (1992) Basic Biochemical Methods, John Wiley & Sons.
Champe, P. C. and Harvey, R. A. (1994) Biochemistry J. B. Lippincott Company
Marray, R. K., Granner, D. K., Mayes, P. A. and Rodwell, V. W. (1996) Harper’s Biochemistry 24th
edition.
Prentice-Hall International, Inc.
Stryer. L., (1995) Biochemistry, W. H. Freeman & Co., New York.
Voet, D. and Voet, J. G. (1995) Biochemistry (2nd edition) John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York.
Wilson, K., and Goulding, K. H., (1987) A Biochemical guide to Principles and Techniques of
Practical of Biochemistry. Edward and Arnold.
Zubay, G. L., (1994) Biochemistrry. McMillan Publishing Co.

Practical Biochemistry: 25 marks

Preparation of different types of solutions, pH, buffer systems, diffusion and active transport;
Chromatography. Properties and qualitative determination of carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids and
lipids. Enzyme activity in various tissues, protein digestion in the presence of enzyme pepsin.

Paper VII (Zool.503-E) Entomology (Special paper A)

OPTIONAL DICIPLINE ENTOMOLOGY (75+25)

Aims Objectives and outcomes:

This course will contribute in the understanding towards the role of insects in the transmission
of different pathogens to man, agriculture and livestock. The course further enhances the knowledge of
their identification, breeding biology and control measures.

Theory

Part I: Morphology and Physiology:

An introduction of Entomology with a brief description of different classes of Arthropods.
Complete morphology of an insect. Anatomy and Physiology of various systems with special reference
to digestive, nervous, circulatory, respiratory, excretory and reproductive system. Development and
metamorphosis. Hibernation and diapause.

17
Part II: Insect Taxonomy and Ecology

Classification of insects up to orders. Insect ecology with special reference to factors effecting
the population, population estimations. Insect societies.

Books Recommended:
Imms, A.D. (1957) A General Textbook of Entomology. 9th ed. Revised by O. W.
Richards and R. G. Davies, (1957) Reprinted with minor corrections, 1960. Methuen & Co. London.
886 pp.

Richards, O. W. and Davies, R. G. (1977) Imms’ General Textbook of Entomology. Vol. 1. 10th ed.
Chapman & Hall. Reprinted in India in 1993. 418 pp.

Borror, D. J. & Delong, D. M. (1971) An Introduction to the Study of Insects. 2nd ed. Hold, Rinehart
and Winston, N. York. 812 pp.

Ross, H. H. (1965) A textbook of Entomology. John Wiley and sons, New York.
Snodgrass, R. E. (1935) Principles of Insect Morphology. Mc Graw Hill New York.

Wigglesworth, V. B. (1972) The Principles of Insect Physiology. 7th ed. (Low-priced). English
Language Book Society and Chapman & Hall, London. Reprinted 1979.

Patton, R. L. (1963) Introduction to Insect Physiology. Saunders, London.

Practical 25 marks

Part I: Morphology and Physiology

Dissection of insects cockroach, grasshopper, red cotton bug, butterfly, honey bee, yellow
wasp, house fly and mosquito, to expose their internal anatomy. Preparation of mouth parts, antennae,
wings, legs and genitalia of different insects. To study the whole mounts of Collembola, silverfish,
thrips, aphids, lice and fleas.

Part II: Insect Taxonomy and Ecology

Preparation of killing bottles, preservation, pinning and setting of insects. Study of
metamorphosis and different types of insects’ larvae and pupae. Life history of an insect. Classification
and identification of insects.

Paper VIII (Zool. 504-E) Entomology (Special paper B) Marks:(75+25)

Theory:
Part I:
Principles of apiculture, sericulture and lac culture. Study and identification of pests of
agriculture, stored grain and house holds. General characteristics, life cycles and habits of insects of
medical and veterinary importance. Study of various insect-borne diseases.

PartII:

Pest management

18
 The principles of pest control/management viz., physical, mechanical, culture, legislative
biological, genetic, chemical and integrated control. Relative merits of various types of insect control.
Pest’s management practices in Pakistan- oriental review.

Books Recommended:
Atwal, A. S. (1984) Agricultural pests of India and South East Asia. Kalyani Publishers Delhi

Imms, A.D. (1957) A General Textbook of Entomology. 9th ed. Revised by O. W.

Metcalf, G. L. & Flint, W.P. (1962) Destructive and useful insects. Mc Graw Hill New York.

Ross, H. H., Herms, W. E. & Janes, M. T. (1982) A text book of Entomology.John Wiley and sons,
New York

Herms, W. E. & Janes, M. T. Medical Entomology. The Macmillan Co. New York

Pfadt, R. E. Fundamental of applied Entomology. The Macmillan Co. New York

Carter, W.Insects in relation to plant diseases.

Green, M. B. Hartley, G.S. & West, T.P. Chemicals for crop protection and pest control, Pergamon
Press, New York

De Bach, P. Biological control of insect pests and weeds. Chapman and Hall, London.

Matheson, R. (1950). Medical Entomology. Comstock Publishing Associates, N.Y.

Practical B: Applied Entomology 25 marks

Collection, identification and preservation of different pests and other insects of medical and
veterinary importance. Study of sericulture and apiculture. Operation of various types of sprayers.
Dusters, fumigation emulsions. Preparation of insecticide emulsions in different concentration.
The record of laboratory and fieldwork will be maintained and presented at the time of examination.

OPTIONAL DICIPLINE PARASITOLOGY

Paper VII (Zool.503-P) PARASITOLOGY (Special paper A) (75+25)
Aims Objectives and outcomes:
This course aims to provide knowledge regarding different modes of transmission of parasites
of medical and veterinary importance along with their pathology, host parasite relationship and control
measure.

Theory 75 marks

Part I : Protozoology

Systematic, geographical distribution, habitats, biology, pathogenesis, important symptoms,

mode of transmission laboratory methods of diagnosis, and control of protozoa of medical and
veterinary importance.

Part II: Pathology and Immunity

19
 The cell and cell injury and its relationship to disease. Acute and chronic inflammations, wound
healing, disorders of growth, benign and malignant tumors in case of infections immunity, and
hypersensitivity in case of parasitic diseases.

Books Recommended:

Barriga, O.O., (1981). The Immunology of Parasitic infection . University of Park Press, Baltimore.

Chandler, A.C. and Read, C.P., (1961). Introduction to Parasitology. Int.Ed. Wiley Poppan, New
York.

Chandrasoma , P. and Taylor, C.R.(1997). Concise Pathology. Prentice Hali International Inc. New
Jercy USA.

Dixon, M. E. Aid to Pathology. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh London and New York.

Facust, E. C. and Russell, P. F. (2001). Craig and Faust’s clinical Parasitology. Lea and Febiger, 8th
edition London

Levine, N. D. Protozoan Parasites of domestic animals and of man.

Durgers publishing Burgers publishing Co: Minnesota.

Markell, E.K. Mo. Vogo. (1999). Medical Parasitology. W. B. Sundress Co: Philadelphia.

Noble, E.R and Noble, G.A. (1982). Parasitology: the biology of animal parasites. Lea and Febiger,
Philadelphia.
Olsen, O. W. (1974). Animal Parasites: their life cycle and ecology. University Park Press Baltimore
Peters, W and Gills, H.M. (1989). A color atlas of Tropical medicine and Parasitology. Wolfe
Medical Publications Ltd., Netherlands.
Robbins, S. L. Basic Pathology. W. B. Saunders Co: London, Toronto.

Roberts,L.S. and Jonovy ,J.Jr., (2005). Foundation of Parasitology. W. Brown Publishers, Chicasgo,
USA.

Soulsby: E. J. L. (1981). Textbook of veterinary clinical Parasitology Vol: 1 Blackwell Scientific

Publication, London.

Schmidt, G. D. and Robbert, T. S. (2001). Foundation of Parasitology. The C.V. Mosby Company,
Saint Louise
.
Smyth, J. D. (1994). Introduction to Animal Parasitology, 3rd edition. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge.

Thomson, A.D. and Cotton, R.E. (1980). Lecture Notes on Pathology. Blackwell Publication, Oxford
London.

Wakelin, D., (1984). Immunity to Parasite . Edward Amold, London.

Walter, J.B. and Israel, M.S. (1979). General Pathology . Charchill Living Stone Edinburgh , London
and New York.
20
Practical 25 marks

A study of parasitic Protozoa of medical veterinary importance with special reference to

differential morphological features. Preparation of permanent mounts of parasitic Protozoa.
Examination of human feces and from domesticated animals by using standard laboratory techniques.
Techniques and study of blood parasite study of different types of pathological tissues from prepared
slides.

Paper VIII (Zool.504-P) PARASITOLOGY (Special paper B) (75+25)

Helminthology and Host-Parasite Relationship (Dr.Shah)

Part I: Helminthology Theory: Basic principles and concepts in Parasitology, Taxonomy, etiology,
biology, epedemiology, pathology and pathogenesis, diagnosis, control and treatment of Digenetic
Trematodes: Schistosoma mansoni, S.japonicum, S.japonicum, Fasciola hepatica, Fasciolopsis buski,
Dicrocoelium dendriticum, Paragonimus westermani, Colonorchis sinensis, Heterophyes heterophyes,
Monogenetic trematodes: Dactylogyrus vastator, Gyrodactylus, Diplozoon paradoxum and
Polystoma integrrimum., Cestodes: Diphyllobothriam latum, Sparganosis, Taenia saginata, T.solium,
Echinococcus granulosus, E.multilocularis, Hymenolepis nana, Dipylidium caninum, Moniezia
expansa., Nematodes: Trichuris trichiura, Capillaria hepatica, Trichenella spiralis, Strongyloides
stercoralis, Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus., Creeping eruption: Haemonchus
contortus, Ascaris lumbricoides, Toxocara canis, Anisakis spp., Heterakis gallinarum, Enterobius
vermicularis, Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, Onchocerca volvulus, Loa loa and Dracunculus
medinensis.

Books Recommended:

Robberts, L. Sand Janovy John Jr. (2005). Foundation of Parasitology. 7th edition. The C.V. Mosby
Company, Saint Louise
.
Smyth, J. D. (1994). Introduction to Animal Parasitology, 3rd edition. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge.

Peters, W and Gills, H.M. (1989). A color atlas of Tropical medicine and Parasitology. Wolfe
Medical Publications Ltd., Netherlands.

Noble, E.R and Noble, G.A. (1982). Parasitology: the biology of animal parasites. Lea and Febiger,
Philadelphia.

Olsen, O. W. (1974). Animal Parasites: their life cycle and ecology. University Park Press Baltimore

Markell, E.K. Mo. Vogo. (1999). Medical Parasitology. W. B. Sundress Co: Philadelphia.

Facust, E. C. and Russell, P. F. (2001). Craig and Faust’s clinical Parasitology. Lea and Febiger, 8th
edition London

21
Soulsby: E. J. L. (1981). Textbook of veterinary clinical Parasitology Vol: 1 Blackwell Scientific
Publication, London.

Advances series
CONDER, G. A. & CAMPBELL, W. C. (1995). Chemotherapy of nematode infections of veterinary
importance, with special reference to drug resistance. Advances in Parasitology 35, 1-84.
WHO publications
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. (1995). Onchocerciasis and its Control. WHO Technical
Report Series No. 852. WHO, Geneva.

Part II: Host Parasite Relation ship

Host parasite relationship as associative organization between two organisms. Structural

aspects of the association interface. Nutrient exchanges in associations. Physiological and regulatory
interactions between associates. Behavioral aspects of organism associations. Ecology and evolution of
intimate associations. Anthelmintic resistance detection methods. Detection and characterisation of
parasites causing emerging zoonoses. Vaccination against Schistosomaisis; DNA micro arrays in
Parasitology

Recent Publication
1. Anthelmintic resistance detection methods. An excellent Review By
Taylor et al. (2002). Veterinary Parasitology 103: 183–194
Detection and characterisation of parasites causing emerging zoonoses. Morgan. (2002). International
Journal for Parasitology.30: 1407-1421
Vaccination against Schistosomaisis & Malaria.
McManus & Bartley. (2004). Parasitology International .53:163-173

Pouniotis et al. (2004). Trends in Parasitology: 1-3

Programmed cell death (Apoptosis) in Parasitic Protozoa (Trichomonas & Giardia spp.) lacking
Mitochondria. Chose et al. (2004). Trends in Parasitology: 1-7

Recent advances in chemotherapy of Leishmaniasis & Intestinal Protozoa.

I. Croft & Coombs. (2003). Trends in Parasitology. 19(11): 602-608

Petri Jr. (2003). Trends in Parasitology. 19(11): 523-526

Microbial strategy to multiply in the macrophages.

Swanson & Fernandez-Moreia. (2006). Traffic. 3:170-177

Carruthers. (2002). Acta Tropica.81: 111-122

DNA micro arrays in Parasitology. Bothryd et al. (2005). Trends in Parasitology. I

Current usage of Nomenclature for the vector bore Parasitic diseases. Ashford. (2002). Medical &
Veterinary Entomology.15: 121-125

El Nino, La Nina & Malaria. Kovats. (2003). The Lancet.362 (1). 381-89

Books Recommended:
22
Canning, E. U. & Wright, C. A. (1986). Behavioral aspects of parasite. Linean Society of London.

Kennedy, C. R. (1981). Ecological aspects of Parasitology. North Holland Publishing Co: Amsterdam

Taylor, A.E.R & Muller, R. (1987). Genetic aspects of host parasite relationships. Symposium of the
British Society for Parasitology. . Blackwell Scientific Publications Oxford

Whitfield, P. J. (Recent edition). The biology of parasitism; an introduction to the study of association
organisms. Edward Arnold. Publishers, UK

SMYTH, J. D. (1994). Introduction to Animal Parasitology, 3rd edition. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge.

Day, P. R. (1998). Genetics of host-parasite interaction. W.H. Pressman & Co: San Francisco.

Chapters in books

GRENFELL, B. T., DIETZ, K. & ROBERTS, M. G. (1995). Modeling the immuno-epidemiology of

macroparasites in naturally fluctuating host populations. In Ecology of Infectious Diseases in Natural
Populations (ed. Grenfell, B. T. & Dobson, A. P.), pp. 362-383. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge

Practical 25 marks

Stage and ocular micrometry for measurement of helminths. Preparation of temporary and
permanent mounts of parasites from the following animals:
a. Fish b. Frog/toad c. Fowl/Pigeon d. Rat/Mouse.
Study of helminths from prepared slides. Study of eggs/larvae from feces and prepared slides.
Diagnosis of medically important parasites in fecal specimen by using: Tillman’s centrifugation
technique, by Lugol’s iodine staining technique

OPTIONAL DISCIPLINE- FISHERIES

Aims Objectives and outcomes:

The aim of this course is to enable students in obtaining complete understanding about
freshwater as well as marine fishes in general and freshwater culturable fishes in particular. It
comprises morphology, anatomy, classification and some understanding about various feeding
groups found in different water bodies. After having complete knowledge of above, students
will be able to practice independently.

Paper VII (Zool. 503-F) FISHERIES-A Marks: (75+25)

PAPER A: (75 Marks)
23
ICTHYOLOGY

Brief history, Taxonomy, Biology of commercial food fishes of Pakistan (morphology,

anatomy, ecology and distribution) Scales in fishes (structure, types, importance in identification,
classification and age determination); Physiology of digestion (food, feeding habits, absorption,
conversion.); Respiration (structure of gills, other types of respiration.); Excretion & Osmoregulation
(renal, gill, differences between fresh water & marine fishes.); Reproduction (development of ovary
and testes, sex differences, sexual maturity, fecundity, breeding habits, parental care.); Fish migration.;
Fish ecology (effects of different factors on fish development and distribution especially the effects of
temperature, light etc.)

PRACTICAL: ( 25 Marks )

Identification of common fishes of Pakistan /N.W.F.P. with the help of keys; Learning
vernacular (local) and scientific names of common fishes of Pakistan /N.W.F.P.; Dissection of a
common fish to study major anatomical features (digestive system, respiratory system, reproductive
system, afferent and efferent vessels, cranial nerves.); Fish Collection; Preparation and study of fish
skeleton and scales

Books Recommended:

Lagler, K.F.et.al.1977. Ichthyology, John Wiely & Sons, New York.

Pillay, T.V.R. 1993 Aquaculture, Principles & Practices. Fishing News Books, Oxford

Jobling, M. 1995 Environmental Biology of Fishes. Chapman & Hall, London.

Evans, D.H. 1997 The Physiology of Fishes, 2nd ed. CRC Press, N.Y.

Wootton, R.J. 1990 Ecology of Teleost Fishes. Chapman & Hall, London
.
Paper VIII (Zool.504-F) FISHERIES (Special paper II) (75+25)

APPLIED FISHERIES (75 Marks)

History and significance of aquaculture; Study of management techniques and habitat

improvement; Designing, construction, fertilization, manuring, stocking and harvesting of a fish pond;
Study of native and exotic fishes of Pakistan; Shellfish &fin fish; Fishing gears and crafts/nets used in
Pakistan; Fish ways; construction & importance. . Bye products of fish industry; Methods of
processing fish such as drying, salting smoking, curing, freezing etc; Study of fish parasites, common
diseases and enemies of fishes. Pollution and its effect on fish population; Methods of population
estimation by direct count, catch effort, mark re-capture method, tagging of fish; Artificial propagation
induced spawning techniques; Marketing strategies; transport of fish and seed; Major problems of
fishermen in Pakistan;

PRACTICAL ( 25 Marks )

Collection & identification of common zooplanktons; Study of gut contents of fish; Statistical
analysis of fish growth, length-weight relationship; Study of farm fishes of N.W.F.P.; Visit to a fish
24
farm/hatchery to study installations/methods of breeding; Prepared slides of fish parasites; Analysis of
physical properties (temperature, light, colour, turbidity, conductivity etc.) and chemical properties
(pH, oxygen, carbon dioxide, salinity, dissolved solids/salts) of water; General methods of age growth
studies; reading of age from scales, opercula, otolith and back calculation from bones; Study of larvae,
fry and fingerlings of a common fish. Regulation of fishing, enactment of fishery legislation.

Recommended Readings:

Ali S.S. 1999 Freshwater Fishery Biology, Naseem Book Depot,

Hyderabad, Pakistan.

Rath, R.H. 1993 Freshwater Aquaculture, Scientific Publishers,

Delhi,India.

Rounsefell, G.A.& Everhart, W.H. 1953 Fisheries Science, John Wiely & Sons, New York

Mirza, M.R.& Bhatti, M.N. 1993 Pakistan ki Machlian aur Mahi Parwari Ferozsons, Lahore

Theory

Paper IX (Zool. 506/ 507). Medical Microbiology and Biotechnology (75+25+25)

Part-1. (Zool-506): MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY (Dr.Shah)

Aims and objectives and outcomes:

Aims of this course is to let the students know about the science of microbiology, to work with
microorganisms, their pathogenecity, and various diseases and problems caused by microorganisms.
The course may also initiate their interest in agricultural, industrial and/or environmental
microbiology. The course will enable the students to identify specific areas in practical life where the
science of microbiology is being applied. Thus they can seek different job in various organizations
such as clinical, industrial and environmental microbiology sections.

Theory

Morphology and fine structure of bacteria: Size, shape and arrangement of bacterial cells, Flagella
and motility, Pili, Capsules, sheaths and stalks, structure and chemical composition of cell wall,
cytoplasmic membrane, the cytoplasm, nuclear material.

Microbiology and Medicine, antimicrobial agents, mode of action. Bacterial pathogens and associated
diseases. Infective syndromes and diagnostic procedures. Strategy of antimicrobial therapy.
Prophylactic immunization for the following organisms.

25
Staphylococcus aureus skin and wound infections. Streptococcus, sore throat, scarlet fever, glomerulo-
nephritis Streptococcus pneumoniae, S.viridans (Halitosis). Pneumococcus, respiratory infections.
Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Anthrax bacillus i.e., Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium
tetani, C.perfringens (Gas gangrene), C.botulinum, Listeria monocytogenes, Cornyebacterium
diphtheriae, Diphtheria. Mycobacterium tuberculosi, M.leprae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Brucella:
Bordetella pertussis, Legionella pneumophila, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhae, Shigella.
Klebsiella, Herpes simplex viruses. H5N1 avian influenza virus, Rubella virus and Hepatitis viruses.

Practicals

Basic techniques.( Staining of microorganisms: Simple stains, positive staining; negative

staining. Demonstration of special structures by stains: Spore stain, Flagella stain. Differential stains:
Gram stain, Metachromatic Granule stain, Acid fast stain. Culturing of microorganisms: Preparation
and sterilization of culture media, agar slope, agar slab, streak plates, pour plates methods. Isolation of
a bacterial culture. Quantitative plating methods) Widal test. Laboratory diagnosis and control of
infections: Streptococcus. Corynebacterium, Listeria, Mycobacterium. The Entero bacteriaceae:
Salmonella. Escherichia, Klebsiella and Clostridium. Blood tests: TLC, DLC, RBC.

Books Recommended (Latest editions)

Patrick R. Murry, Ken S. Rosenthal, Michael A. Pfaller: Medical Microbiology, 5th edition,
Philadelphia: Elsevier/Mosby, 2005.

MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY
P.K. Murray, Ph.D., K.S. Rosenthal, Ph.D., G.S. Kobayashi, Ph.D., and M.A. Pfaller, MD, 4th Edition,
Mosby, Inc. 2002. ISBN #0323012132

SHERRIS MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY: AN INTRODUCTION TO INFECTIOUS

DISEASES
C. George Ray, Editor; McGraw-Hill/Appleton and Lange 5th edition, McGraw-Hill/Appleton &
Lange, 2003. ISBN#0838585299

MICROBIAL APPLICATIONS (complete version) LABORATORY MANUAL IN GENERAL

MICROBIOLOGY, 1994. Benson, H.J. WMC Brown Publishers, England.

MICROBIOLOGY, 1986. Pelczar Jr., Chan, E.C.S. and Krieg, M.R. McGraw Hill, London.

BROCK BIOLOGY OF MICROORGANISMS, 1997. Madigan, M.T., Martinko, J.M. and Parker, J.
Prentice-Hall, London.

Cruickshank, R, Duguid, J.P., Hermion, B.P. and Swain, R.H.A., (2003). Medical Microbiology.
Churchill Livingstone, N.Y.

THE MICROBIAL WORLD, 1986. Stainier, R.Y., Ingraham, J.L., Wheelis, M.L. and Painter, R.R.
Prentice Hall, London.

Foundations in Microbiology. (1998). Talaro & Talaro. WCB Publishers, New York.

26
MICROBIOLOGY: A HUMAN PERSPECTIVE , 2001. Eugene W. Nester, Denise, G., Anderson,
Martha, T., Nester, C., Evans Roberts, Nancy, N. McGraw Hill Higher Education.

MICROBIOLOGY PRINCIPLES AND EXPLORATIONS, 2001. Jacquelyn, G.G. Wiley John & Sons
Inc.

Latest Publications
Kamal et al. (2006). Anti-tubercular agents. Benzothiadiazine as a novel scaffold therapy against
Mycobacterium. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry :14: 650–658

Girard et al. (2005).A review of vaccine research and development: Tuberculosis: Vaccine: 23: 5725-
5731

Andre and Godell (2005).Multicellular organization in bacteria as a target for drug delivery. Ecology
letters: 8: 800–810

Books Recommended (Latest editions) for Practical

MICROBIAL APPLICATIONS (complete version) LABORATORY MANUAL IN GENERAL

MICROBIOLOGY, 1994. Benson, H.J. WMC Brown Publishers, England.

MICROBIOLOGY, 1986. Pelczar Jr., Chan, E.C.S. and Krieg, M.R. McGraw Hill, London.

BROCK BIOLOGY OF MICROORGANISMS, 1997. Madigan, M.T., Martinko, J.M. and Parker, J.
Prentice-Hall, London.

Cruickshank, R, Duguid, J.P., Hermion, B.P. and Swain, R.H.A., (2003). Medical Microbiology.
Churchill Livingstone, N.Y.

THE MICROBIAL WORLD, 1986. Stainier, R.Y., Ingraham, J.L., Wheelis, M.L. and Painter, R.R.
Prentice Hall, London.

Foundations in Microbiology. (1998). Talaro & Talaro. WCB Publishers, New York.

MICROBIOLOGY: A HUMAN PERSPECTIVE , 2001. Eugene W. Nester, Denise, G., Anderson,

Martha, T., Nester, C., Evans Roberts, Nancy, N. McGraw Hill Higher Education.

MICROBIOLOGY PRINCIPLES AND EXPLORATIONS, 2001. Jacquelyn, G.G. Wiley John & Sons
Inc.

Latest Publications
Kamal et al. (2006). Anti-tubercular agents. Benzothiadiazine as a novel scaffold therapy against
Mycobacterium. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 14 (2006) 650–658

Girard et al. (2005).A review of vaccine research and development: Tuberculosis: Vaccine 23: 5725-
31

Andre and Godell (2005).Multicellular organization in bacteria as a target for drug delivery. Ecology
letters: 8: 800–810

27
Part II. (Zool-507) FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
Aims Objectives and outcomes:
This course is intended to realize the importance of biotechnology in different fields of
life. The course describes role of bacteria, their action as well as chemical reactions in transformation
of various foods, drugs, beverages and their commercial and industrial importance.

Theory: Historical Background, Biotechnology- an interdisciplinary pursuit, scope and application.

Basic principles of Genetic Engineering,: Tools of Genetic Engineering, Techniques of Genetic
Engineering, Applications of Genetic Engineering , In Vitro Culture Techniques of Plants Cell and
Tissue Culture, Microbial Biotechnology: Fermentation, Growing culture of Microorganisms,
Metabolic Pathways in Microorganisms, Microbial Products, Primary and Secondary Metabolites.
Enzyme Technology, Single Cell Protein (SCP) and Mycoprotein, Biofertilizers, Biomass, Bioenergy .
Practical:
Growing culture of bacteria, processing and synthesis of various food products: Yoghurt,
Cheese, Beverages, Mushroom Culture, Preparation of solutions of various strength,
Preparation of various media etc.
Books Recommended
1. Cruickshank, R, Duguid, J.P., Hermion, B.P. and Swain, R.H.A., (2003). Medical Microbiology,
(Vol. 1 & Vol. Churchill Livingstone, N.Y.
2. Turk, D.C. and Poster, I.A., (2004). A Short Textbook of Medical Microbiology, Hodder and
Stoughton.
3. Collins, C.H. and Lyne P.M. (2003) Microbiological Methods.
4. MICROBIAL APPLICATIONS: LAB MANUAL IN GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY, 1994.
Benson, H.J. WMC Brown Publishers, England.
5. R.C.Dubey . A text book of Biotechnology Ist Edition, 1993 / 2nd Edition , 2006. S.Chand &
Company Ltd., India.

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