Tobacco

Márcio Padilha
College of Southern Idaho
ADDS 201 – Goffin
Fall / 2009
Before the Common Era

Circa • Experts believe the tobacco plant, as we know it today, begins

6000 growing in the Americas.
• (Whiteman, Day, & Nash, 2007)
BCE:
• Historians believe American inhabitants begin finding ways to use
Circa tobacco, including smoking, chewing and hallucinogenic enemas.
1 BCE: • (Borio, 2001)

Circa • Tobacco was "nearly everywhere" in the Americas.

1 CE: • (Borio, 1997)
Early Middle Ages

Between 470-630 CE:

• The Mayas began to disperse,
spreading their custom to the
neighboring peoples.
• Believing their gods reveal themselves in
the rising smoke, tobacco smoking
becomes an entheogen.
• A complex system of religious and
political rites is created around tobacco.

• (Hoffman, Radin, & Schoolcraft, 2007)

Early Modern Age

Natives wrap leaves

“in the manner of a
Columbus lands on musket formed of
the Bahamas and Europeans observe paper” and, after
receives “certain that such leaves are lighting one end,
dried leaves" from in high value among "drink" the smoke
the natives, which the natives. through the other.
are thrown away.
• (Borio, 1993)
Early Modern Age

Rodrigo de Jerez is thought to be the first confirmed

European smoker.

He took the habit back to Spain. However, smoke coming

from his mouth and nose frightens his neighbors.

Imprisoned by the Holy Inquisitors for 7 years.

By the time he was released, smoking was a Spanish craze.

• (Weaver, 2004)
Late Modern Age

Post XVI Century:

• “All along the sea routes ... wherever they
had trading posts, the Portuguese began
the limited planting of tobacco. Before the
end of the sixteenth century they had
developed these small farms to a point
where they could be assured of enough
tobacco to meet their personal needs, for
gifts, and for barter. By the beginning of
the seventeenth century these farms had,
in many places, become plantations, often
under native control.”

• (Brecher, 2007)
Late Modern Age

(Wikipedia, 2009)
Tobacco in Early America

(Wikipedia, 2006)
Nicotiana

Nicotiana Nicotiana Nicotiana

Rustica Obtusifolia Langsdorffii

(Wikipedia, 2006) (Wikipedia, 2006) (Wikipedia, 2007)

Nicotiana

Nicotiana Nicotiana Nicotiana

Alata Glauca Sylvestris

(Wikipedia, 2009) (Wikipedia, 2008) (Wikipedia, 2007)

Pharmacology

Inhaled nicotine is distributed quickly in the body through the bloodstream

Can cross the blood-brain barrier

On average it takes about seven seconds for the substance to reach the brain
when inhaled

Both a stimulant and a relaxant

Activates reward pathways with intense addictive qualities

Many studies it has been shown to be more addictive than cocaine and heroin.

(Xiu X, 2009)
Types of Tobacco
Aromatic • Cured by gentle open Turkish • Sun-cured, aromatic,
fire-cured fire smoke Tobacco small-leafed variety

Brightleaf • Most commonly known • Pressure-fermented.

Tobacco brad leaf tobacco Perique Too strong to smoke

Burley • Air-cured tobacco

Shade • Cultivated in CT/MA.
Tobacco Tobacco Puritan’s “Evil Weed”

Cavendish • Curing process and White • OH-planted, air-

cutting method Burley cured, milder

Criollo • One of the original Wild • Native to the SW USA,

Tobacco Caribbean tobaccos Tobacco Mex, parts of S Ame

• Iranian, mixed with • Cross-bred, unusually

Dokham leaves, bark and herb Y1 high nicotine content.

(World Health Organization, 2002)

Modes of Consumption
Passive Smoking
• Involuntary consumption of smoked tobacco
• Second-hand smoke: burning end is present
• Third-hand smoke: remaining smoke after the burning extinguished

Chewing/Smokeless Tobacco
• Consumed by placing a portion of the tobacco between the
cheek and gum or teeth and chewing

Cigars
• Tightly rolled, dried and fermented tobacco, not inhaled due
to high alkalinity
• The United States is the top consuming country

(World Health Organization, 2002)

Modes of Consumption

Electronic Cigarettes
• No tobacco is consumed, battery-powered device, provides doses
of vaporized nicotine

Hookah
• Single or multi-stemmed, often glass-based, Operates by
water filtration and indirect heat
• Originally from India, Popular in the Middle East

Kretek
• Complex blend of tobacco, cloves and a flavoring “sauce”
• Introduced in the 1880’s in Java to deliver medicinal eugenol of
cloves to the lungs.

(World Health Organization, 2002)

Modes of Consumption
Pipe
• Small chamber (the bowl), thin stem (shank), mouthpiece (the bit).
• Tobaccos for pipe-smoking are carefully treated and blended to
achieve flavor nuances not available in other tobacco products.

Midwakh
• Small pipe of Arabian origin
• Primarily found in the United Arab Emirates

Vaporizer
• No burning of the herb, materials are heated in a partial vacuum,
plant active compounds boil off into a vapor
• Tobacco vaporizes between 284 °F – 392 °F (140°C/200°C)

(World Health Organization, 2002)

Modes of Consumption
Bidi
• Thin, often flavored, made of tobacco, wrapped in a tendu leaf
• Low cost, Popular in Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Cambodia
and India

Hand-rolled Cigarette
• Hand-rolled cigarettes, very popular in European countries
• Prepared from loose tobacco, cigarette papers and filters all
bought separately, usually much cheaper to make

Industrialized Cigarette
• Consumed through smoking/inhaling, manufactured out of finely-
cut cured tobacco leaves, reconstituted tobacco and additives
• Most common method of consumption

(World Health Organization, 2002)

What’s in a cigarette?

(Cornell University, 2008)

Making of a Cigarette
What’s in a
cigarette?

http://www.youtube.com/watch_popup?v=vNCIVetOmEY
(History Channel, 2007)
Acute Effects of Tobacco Usage

(Center for Desease Control, 2009)

Tobacco Tolerance

Nicotine
Strength

Quantity

Speed

Frequency

(Center for Desease Control, 2009)

Physical Effects of Tobacco Usage

(Wikipedia, 2009)
Chronic Effects of Tobacco Usage

Cerebral Cognitive
Atrophy dysfunction

Reduced Increased
cognitive risk of
abilities in Alzheimer's
adolescent disease
smokers

Reduced
memory in
adolescent
smokers

(WHO, 2009)
Withdrawal Symptoms

Jitteriness Dry Mouth Irritability Tachycardia Insomnia Depression

(WHO, 2009)
Overdose Symptoms
Nausea Palpitations

Vomiting Stomach Pain

Diarrhea Stomach Cramps

Headaches Seizures

Difficulty Breathing Weakness

Sweating Drooling

(Center for Desease Control, 2009)

Nicotine Poisoning

Five cigarettes for an adult.

One half cigar for an adult.

One cigarette for a

toddler.
(Center for Desease Control, 2009)
Children and Nicotine Poisoning

Many children get nicotine

poisoning after eating
cigarettes or cigarette butts.

Children have also become

poisoned by topical medicinal
creams containing nicotine.
(Center for Desease Control, 2009)
Synergism
• Masculinity

Social: • Power
• Social Status
• Promiscuity
• Developing countries and transitional
Demographics: economies are more likely to consume
tobacco than developed countries.

• Leads to a vast array of diseases

Health: primarily affecting the heart and lungs
as well as different types of cancer.

• Much of the disease burden and

Economic: premature mortality attributable to
tobacco use disproportionately affect
the poor.

• Tobacco lobby gives money to

Political: politicians to vote in favor of
deregulating tobacco.

(WHO, 2003)
Synergism
United States,
1940’s

http://www.youtube.com/watch_popup?v=gCMzjJjuxQI
(Camel, 1942)
Synergism
United States,
1960’s

http://www.youtube.com/watch_popup?v=Bvt8skgm2l8
(Winston, 1962)
Synergism
Worldwide,
1990’s

http://www.youtube.com/watch_popup?v=jo6MXUPI22g
(Hollywood, 1991)
Unique Pocket of Resistance

(Wikipedia, 2006)
Have you seen this picture before?

(Wikipedia, 2006)
The only country where tobacco sales is illegal

BHUTAN

(Wikipedia, 2009)
Tobacco Treatment Issues

Age of Onset Tobacco Tobacco

and Length of Legality Availability
Addiction

Non-
Tobacco hallucinogenic Physical
Low Cost Dependence
Properties

(Center for Desease Control, 2009)

Treatment

Self
Motivation
Rally
support

Therapeutic
Assistance

Courage and willingness to

bounce back from relapse

(Center for Desease Control, 2009)

Societal Effects

Average Shortening of Lifespan in Years

MORTALITY
14.5

13.2

Males Females

(WHO, 2008)
Societal Effects

Males Females
FROM LUNG CANCER

22.1
BEFORE AGE 85
RISK OF DYING

11.9

1.1 0.8

Smoker Non-Smoker

(WHO, 2008)
Societal Effects
LUNG CANCER

http://www.youtube.com/watch_popup?v=muNne9qBmMk
(Australia N. A.-T., 1997)
Societal Costs

Health
Care
Property
Damage
Judicial
System
 Percentage of females
smoking any tobacco
product.
Societal Usage of Tobacco

(WHO, 2008)
 Percentage of males
smoking any tobacco
product.
Societal Usage of Tobacco

(WHO, 2008)
Prevention: World Health Organization
Adversities to Prevention

Trade
Liberalization

International
Contraband Direct Foreign
and Investment
Counterfeit

Transnational
Advertising, Global
Promotion and Marketing
Sponsorship

(WHO, 2003)
World Health Organization

Framework Convention
on Tobacco Control
Asserts the Paradigm
Reaffirms importance shift in
the right of of demand developing
Evidence- all people to reduction a regulatory
based. the highest strategies as strategy to
standard of well as address
health. supply addictive
issues. substances.

(WHO, 2003)
World Health Organization

Framework Convention
on Tobacco Control
Adopted by
the World Entered into One of the 05/10/2004: As of
Health force on most widely 166 USA became 11/18/2009,
Assembly on 02/27/2005. embraced Signatories. a signatory. not ratified
May 21, treaties. by the USA.
2003.

(WHO, 2003)
11/18/2009
World Health Organization
Framework
Convention on
Tobacco Control
Article 9 & 11:
• Large health warning (at least
30% of the packet cover,
50% or more recommended);
deceptive labels ("mild",
"light", etc.) are prohibited.
Article 5.3:
• Call for a limitation in the
interactions between
lawmakers and the tobacco
industry.
Article 10:
• The contents and emissions of
tobacco products are to be
regulated and ingredients
are to be disclosed.
Articles 6 & 7:
• Tax and other measures to
reduce tobacco demand.
Article 8:
• Obligation to protect all
people from exposure to
tobacco smoke in indoor
workplaces, public transport
and indoor public places.
(WHO, 2003)
World Health Organization

Article 12: Article 13: Article 14:

• Public awareness for the • Comprehensive ban, • Addiction and cessation
consequences of smoking. unless the national programs.
constitution forbids it.

Articles 20, 21, & Article 16: Article 15:

22: • Restricted sales to minors. • Action is required to
• Tobacco-related research eliminate illicit trade of
and information sharing tobacco products.
among the parties.

(WHO, 2003)
Prevention

Public Health Cigarette

Smoking Act of 1970

"Warning: The Surgeon General Has Determined that

Cigarette Smoking Is Dangerous to Your Health.”

Banned cigarette advertisements on American radio

and television.

(Center for Desease Control, 2000)

Prevention

Comprehensive Smoking Education

Act of 1984 (PL 98–474)
SURGEON SURGEON SURGEON SURGEON
GENERAL’S GENERAL’S GENERAL’S GENERAL’S
WARNING: WARNING: WARNING: WARNING:
Smoking Causes Quitting Smoking Smoking by Cigarette Smoke
Lung Cancer, Now Greatly Pregnant Women Contains Carbon
Heart Disease, Reduces Serious May Result in Monoxide.
Emphysema, and Risks to Your Fetal Injury,
May Complicate Health. Premature Birth,
Pregnancy. and Low Birth
Weight.

(Center for Desease Control, 2000)

Prevention

Framework • Large Health Warning

Convention
on Tobacco
Control • No Deceptive Labels

(WHO, 2003)
Prevention

(Instituto Nacional de Câncer, 2009)

Prevention

(Instituto Nacional de Câncer, 2009)

Prevention
Victim of this Product: Gangrene:
This product intoxicates mother and child Using this product clogs up arteries making blood
causing premature birth and death circulation difficult.

(Instituto Nacional de Câncer, 2009)

Prevention
Death: Heart Attack:
Using this product causes death due to Using this product causes death due to
lung cancer and emphysema. cardiac diseases.

(Instituto Nacional de Câncer, 2009)

Prevention
Toxic Smoke: Horror:
Breathing this product’s smoke causes This product causes premature skin aging.
pneumonia and bronchitis.

(Instituto Nacional de Câncer, 2009)

Prevention
Impotence: Stroke:
Using this product diminishes, causes difficulties Using this product will increase the risk of stroke.
or impedes erections.

(Instituto Nacional de Câncer, 2009)

Prevention
Toxic Product: Suffering:
This product contains toxic substances Nicotine dependence leads to sadness, pain and death.
which cause sickness and death.

(Instituto Nacional de Câncer, 2009)

Prevention
Mauritius:
Smoking causes a slow and painful death. Canada

(WHO, 2009)
Prevention
Chile: Panama:
In Chile, tobacco kills 16,000 persons every year. Smoking causes cardiovascular diseases.
The next can be you.

(WHO, 2009)
Prevention
Peru:
Smoking causes miscarriages. Singapore

(WHO, 2009)
Prevention
Iran:
Smoking can cause permanent damage to the eyes, nerve
tissues and it can make you blind after all.
Belgium

(WHO, 2009)
Prevention
Thailand:
Hong Kong Smoking and Larynx Cancer

(WHO, 2009)
Prevention

New Zealand Australia

(WHO, 2009)
Prevention
CHILE

http://www.youtube.com/watch_popup?v=-F8X_OZgbrw (Chile, 2009)

Prevention
BRAZIL

http://www.youtube.com/watch_popup?v=yJJhInXnQjY
(Brasil, 2004)
Prevention
INDIA

http://www.youtube.com/watch_popup?v=Sm5UyrEqGhQ (India, 2009)

Prevention
AUSTRALIA

http://www.youtube.com/watch_popup?v=Sm5UyrEqGhQ
(Australia, 2006)
Praxis of Prevention in the USA

Emphasis Legislative Punitive

Smoking Ban in the United States

(Wikipedia, 2009) c
Smoking Ban in the United States

(Wikipedia, 2009)
Prevention

• Interaction
Framework limitation between
Convention
on Tobacco lawmakers and
Control the tobacco
industry

(WHO, 2003)
The 1992 Lobby Industry in US$ Thousands

$2,004,866
$1,853,741
$1,675,219
$1,484,731 $1,444,412
$1,354,547 $1,338,659

$957,261
$865,230
$803,197

$514,447

(Ferraro, 1992)
Factoid

At US$2,004,866,000; the
1992 Tobacco Industry Lobby
Budget in the United States is
greater than the 2008 Gross
Internal Product of 14
Sovereign Nations in world.
US$ 1,880,000,000
Djibouti

(Wikipedia, 2009)
US$ 1,749,000,000
Cape Verde

(Wikipedia, 2009)
US$ 1,471,000,000
Liberia

(Wikipedia, 2009)
US$ 1,261,000,000
Maldives

(Wikipedia, 2009)
US$ 1,088,000,000
Samoa

(Wikipedia, 2009)
US$ 848,000,000
Guinea-Bissau

(Wikipedia, 2009)
US$ 810,000,000
Gambia

(Wikipedia, 2009)
US$ 642,000,000
Solomon
Islands

(Wikipedia, 2009)
US$ 573,000,000
Vanuatu

(Wikipedia, 2009)
US$ 532,000,000
Comoros

(Wikipedia, 2009)
US$ 499,000,000
East Timor

(Wikipedia, 2009)
US$ 175,000,000
São Tomé and
Príncipe

(Wikipedia, 2009)
US$ 137,000,000
Kiribati

(Wikipedia, 2009)
US$ 14,000,000
Tuvalu

(Wikipedia, 2009)
Prevention

Framework • Public awareness

Convention for the
on Tobacco consequences of
Control
smoking.

(WHO, 2003)
Prevention

CDC 2009 WHO 2009

Prevention

So…
…which type of
prevention approach
do you feel to be the
most efficient?
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