Learning - a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience. Classical conditioning - an organism comes to associate stimuli. Operant conditioning - behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.
Learning - a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience. Classical conditioning - an organism comes to associate stimuli. Operant conditioning - behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.
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Learning - a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience. Classical conditioning - an organism comes to associate stimuli. Operant conditioning - behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
1. learning – a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to
experience 2. associative learning – learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning). 3. classical conditioning – a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for unconditioned stimulus. Also called Pavlovian conditioning. 4. behaviorism – the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research will agree with (1) but not (2). 5. unconditioned response (UCR) – in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus, such as salivation when food is in the mouth. 6. unconditioned stimulus (UCS) – in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically-triggers a response. 7. conditioned response (CR) – in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus (CS). 8. conditioned stimulus (CS) – in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), comes to trigger a conditioned response. 9. acquisition – initial learning, of the stimulus-response relationship 10. extinction – the diminishing of a conditioned response 11. spontaneous recovery – the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response. 12. generalization – the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses. 13. discrimination – unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members 14. operant conditioning – a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. 15. respondent behavior – behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus. 16. operant behavior – behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences. 17. law of effect – Throndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely. 18. operant chamber (skinner box) – in operant conditioning research, a chamber(skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer. Attached devices record rate of animals pressing the key. 19. shaping – an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. 20. reinforcer – in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows. 21. primary reinforcer – an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need 22. conditioned reinforcer (secondary reinforcers) – a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as secondary reinforcer 23. continuous reinforcement – reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs 24. partial (intermittent) reinforcement – reinforcing a response only part of the time; result in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement 25. fixed-ratio schedule – in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses. 26. variable-ratio schedule – in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. 27. fixed-interval schedule – in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed. 28. punishment – the event that decreases the behavior that it follows. 29. cognitive map – a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it. 30. latent learning – learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it 31. overjustification effect – the effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do. The person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task. 32. intrinsic motivation – a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake. 33. extrinsic motivation – a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment. 34. observational learning – learning by observing others. 35. modeling – the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior. 36. mirror neurons – frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. 37. prosocial behavior – positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior. PART 1 - SIMPLIFIED
1. learning – relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience
2. associative learning – learning to associate two stimuli, and thus to anticipate events 3. behaviorism – view that psychology should be an objective science based solely on observable behavior and not on mental processes 4. conditioned response – learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus 5. acquisition – initial learning of a conditioned response; associate a neutral stimulus with an UCS so that the neutral stimulus produces a CR. 6. extinction – diminishing of a conditioned response 7. generalization – responding to stimuli similar to original CS 8. discrimination – distinguishing a CS from other stimuli that don't signal on UCS 9. operant behavior – learning to associate actions with their consequences 10. law of effect – Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by pleasant consequences are more likely to be repeated while behaviors followed by unpleasant are less likely to be repeated.
PART 2 - SIMPLIFIED
1. reinforcer - any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
2. continuous reinforcement 3. fixed-ratio schedule - reinforces a response after a specific number of responses 4. variable-ratio schedule - reinforces a response after varying periods of time 5. punishment - event that weakens the behavior it follows 6. latent learning - learning that occurs but isn't apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it 7. overjustification effect - doing something that one already likes to do in order to receive a promised reward or to avoid something 8. desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment 9. observational learning - learning by watching and imitating others 10. modeling - process of observing and imitating a specific behavior