Transportati on

Then and Now

James Styri ng
Read and di scover al l about transportatl on
i n the past and today ...
.
What were the first planes made of?
.
How fast can solar cars travel?
Read and di scover more about the worl dl
Thi s seri es of non-fi cti on readers provi des
i nteresti ng and educati onaI content, wl th
acti vi ti es and proj ect work.
Series Editor: HazeI Geatches
@ Rudio CD Pack avaitabte
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Cover photograph: Robert Hardi ng Wortd l magery (Tranr rrr bl ri l rerl ||xrl ton fft|l dtr
Then and Now
James Styring
lntroduction
1 Then and Now
2 Boats and Ships
3 Trains, Buses, and Trucks
4 Bicycles and Motorcycles
5 Cars
6 Aircraft
7 Around the World
8 ln the Future
Activities
Projects
Glossary
About Read and Discover
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t i onl .
Transportation is the movement of people or goods
from one
place to another. We can transport things in
the water, i n the ai r, or over l and. We can use ani mal s,
vehicles, or
just
our feet. Sometimes we travel for
work, and someti mes for vacati on or
j ust
for fun.
What transportati on can you see here?
What transportati on have you used?
What other transportati on do you know?
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ow read and di scover more about transportati on!
,lt
flhen andNow
Until about 7,00O years ago, people had to walk
everywhere. Then they started to use animals for
People used horses and donkeys for transportation
in lots of places. People also used camels in Africa,
elephants in Asia, and llamas in South America.
People still use animals for transportation today.
The Fi rst Vehi cl es
People made rafts from tree trunks. They floated
on their rafts along rivers and on lakes. It was easier
than swimming, and they didn't get wet. These were
the first vehicles.
Sleds were like rafts,
but they were used on
land. They were useful
because it's easier to
pull heavy things than
to lift them.
The Wheel
About 51500 years ago, people
added wheels to sleds. Farmers
and traders made carts with
two or four wooden wheels.
Cows and horses pulled the
carts. Carts with wheels were
much faster than sleds.
The wheel is one of the most important inventions
in history, and today you can see wheels everywhere.
Cars, buses, trucks, trains, bicycles, motorcycles,
and planes all have wheels.
\il(rheels
are important
ln englnes, too.
A truck with
a lot of trailers is
cal l ed a road trai n.
The longest road
train was Austratian.
It had 117 trai l ers
with 2,126 wheels!
transportation. later, people invented vehicles.
Ani mal s
r i , i r - i
, i t r cnal Tr anspor t at i on
Until about 10,000 years ago, people lived in small
family groups and they didn't travel a lot. Then, as
villages and towns became bigger, people had to travel
to find food. People used animals to carry goods like
meat and fur.
Then about 61000 years ago, people started to travel
long distances to trade metals, salt, and spices. Ships
began trading in the Middle East 4,500 years ago.
People used ships because animals could not travel
over water. Soon, people were trading all around
Europe and Asia.
Traders took Chi nese
si tk to Europe atong the
Si tk Road 2,500 years
ago. They used horses
and camets to carry the
Transport at i on Today
Today, every country in the world uses water, air,
and land transportation to trade food, fuel, clothes,
and other goods like cars and televisions.
Tourists started to go on vacation by train and boat
200 years ago. From about 1960, with the invention of
large passenger planes, tourism became very popular.
Today, about 900 million tourists travel to another
counffy every year.
In 2001, an American called Dennis Tito was the first
space tourist. He flew in a Russian spaceship to the
International Space Station.
tVill
tourists travel to
the moon one dav?
-rn Go to pages 36-37 for activities.
,i;
si l k more than 3,000 ki l ometers.
\
ffi@@tumd
We use boats and shi ps to transport passengers
and
frei ght. Boats and shi ps can travel al ong ri vers and
across l akes and oceans. What boats or shi ps have
The first vehicles that people used on water were rafts
made from tree trunks. Then more than 51000 years
ago, people made canoes. They used paddles to power
their canoes. People still use canoes today.
ln t947, Thor Heyerdaht buitt
a raft similar to the ancient rafts. He
saited Kon-Tiki 8,000 kitometers from
Peru to an island in the Pacific Ocean.
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The Fi x"st S&: i ps
Egyptian traders sailed the first ships about 4,500
years ago on the River Nile. Later, the Ancient Greeks
sailed larger ships around the Mediterranean Sea.
Their ships were fast because they used sails, and at
the same time men rowed with oars. Traders sailed
between the Middle East and India in small ships with
triangular sails. Chinese, Korean, and
Japanese
traders
had large ships with square sails.
Chinese people invented the
compass about 21000 years
ago. Compasses point to
north, and they help people
to sail in the right direction
across oceans. They are still
important for sailors today.
i!i!r 1:1i
you
traveled onj
'
; {t - . ' '
Thw {:6rs* ffiq:uxts
' l ' l rc
Vi l <.i ngs l i r.ed i n Dcnmark, Norl vav, and Su,cden
r ut r oLr t I . ( ) 00 vear s ago. Tl ' r ev sai l ed ar ound Eur ope,
ancl t hcl cr ossed t he At l ant i c Ocean t o Canada. At
thc sumc ti me, hundrcds of shi ps \\' ere tradi ng betu' een
. f apan,
I i or ca, Chi na, and count r i es i n Sout heast Asi a.
I i r onr about 1500' Eur opcan shi ps sai l ccl t o Nor t h
ancl Sout l - r Ar - r - r cr i ca, Af r i ca, and Asi a. ' f hci r
j our ncvs
s( ) mct i nt cs t ( ) ok vcar s. A l ot of sl - r i ps sank cl ur i ng
st ( ) r l ns. ' l ' hc shi ps \ \ ' cr c smal l ar - r ci t hc sai l r l r s \ \ ' cr c
brar,c. l )i rates oftcr-t attackccl sl -ri 1-l s anci stol e gol cl
i tncl si l vcr.
Af t cr : l bout 1800, shi ps bccl r r - nc i mpor t ant f i r r
i nt cr nat i onal t r ade i n goocl s l i kc cof - f be) t ca. , and spi ces.
Sl -ri ps becamc bi gger, and thc1,' had a l ot of sai l s to hel p
then-r so faster.
I
!'
,y
1
t , ut
l i
* r t r . . j
St cam cngi r - r cs pou' cr ccl m( ) st sl - r i ps af t cr about 1850.
St cam shi ps hacl pr opcl l cr s anci t hcl ' \ \ ' cr c f i r st cr t l - r an
sai l i ng shi ps. Ti rdav, wc makc modcrn sl ' ri ps fron-t
r - nct al , and t l - r ci r cngi ncs use oi l or di e scl . J- hcr e ar e
about 35, 000 cor r ul cr ci al shi ps ar ouncl t hc r . l or l d.
Frei ghters carrv fbod and cl othes., supcrtankers
t r anspor t oi l , and cr ui se shi ps car r \ . passenger s on
vacati on. I(orea bui l ds the most sl -ri ns i n the worl d.
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tQ'Zt-::S'*>
t;l( .-\"
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some super t anker s
ar e as l ong as t he t al t est
skyscrapers. Knock Nevi s
i s 458 met er s [ ong.
Sai t or s use bi cyct es t o
t r aveI al ong t he shi p!
Go t o pages 38- 39 f or act i vi t i es.
Transportati on became much faster after the
i nventi on of engi nes. We use buses to transport
peopl e
and goods,
trucks to transport frei ght, and
trai ns to transport peopl e
and frei ght.
In 1804, Richard Trevithick built the first train in
\Wales
in the United I{ingdom. fts steam engine used
coal to heat water. The hot water made steam, and the
steam powered the engine. The train moved along two
metal tracks called a railroad. In 1825, the world's first
railroad system opened in the United I(ngdom. Soon,
railroads with steam trains were common all around
the world. By 1930, steam trains could travel at about
150 ki l ometers per hour
.:,,,,.,:r:r"r,,.' :,i i ,' :,,:.: ,,:
ln 1862 the first underground train system opened
in London in the United ICngdom. Today, more than
160 cities around the world have underground trains.
Modern trains have electric motors or diesel engines.
Some long-distance trains have restaurants, and
sleeper cars with beds for passengers to sleep in. Trains
are good because they use less fuel per passenger than
cars, buses, or pl anes. Some hi gh-speed trai ns can
travel at more than 300 kilometers per hour.
ffi
".l QJ
rhe tongest trai n
j ourney
i n t he wort d
i s 9,288 ki l ometers. The
Trans-Si beri an Express
takes si x days to travel
across Russi a, from
Moscow to Vl adi vostok.
--=-**{tt':.
Moscow
I*\ \
\-/
d
Vladivostok
Hnrses pulled the first buses 200 years ago. Buses
became popul ar as ci ti es became bi gger, because
people traveled on buses to get to work. Modern buses
have diesel engines or electric motors. Most buses can
carry more than 40 passengers, and some very long,
arti cul ated buses can carry 120 peopl e. In many
countries, special buses take children to school. In
places with no trains, buses carry passengers long
di stances between ci ti es.
In some countries, buses carry a lot of passengers and
goods.
\il7here
the hills are very big, people use trucks
instead of buses because they are more powerful.
'frains
can only go on railroads, but trucks can go
anyr;vhere where there are roads. Trucks can carry
many different things. Tanker trucks carry gasoline or
milk. Refrigerator trucks keep food cold. In mining
areas, people use huge trucks to carry coal and rocks.
Long trucks often have a cab for the driver and a
separate trailer for the freight. The cab with a separate
trailer helps long trucks to turn. Some cabs have a
bed, so the driver can drive a long distance and then
stop and sleep.
Go to pages 40-41 for acti vi ti es.
In busy cities, bicycles and motorcycles are usefu[.
They are narrow so they can go past
cars and buses
in traffic
jams.
Can you rlde a bicycte?
f f i l a' p' e l es
The first bicycles were made of wood. Then
after 1850 they were made of metal. Early
bicycles, called high-wheel bicycles, were
uncomfortable because they had no
tires. The front wheel was very big,
and there were no gears or brakes.
Cyclists often crashed.
Modern bicycles are safer because
they have brakes and their wheels are
both the same size. They also have
rubber tires so they are comfortable.
People cycle to work or school, and
for fun and sport. Bicycles are good
because they don'r produce pollution.
There are 1,000 mi tl i on bi cycl es i n
How Bi eyc{es \' Vmrk
The cyclist sits on the saddle and turns the pedals.
The pedals move the chain, and the chain powers the
back wheel. Gears help the bicycle to go faster, or to
go up hills. The cyclist stops the bicycle with the
brakes. It's good for cyclists to wear a helmet and
gloves. These protect their head and hands in a fall
or a crash.
6'm
_ i3i
fd
.&.,
br ake
the worl d, and onl y 600 mi tti on cars.
f r ont whee{
back wheel
BMX bicycles are small. They are for
doing tricks. Mountain bikes are for
off-road cycling, so they have thick tires
and strong frames. Mountain bikes are
one of the most popular types of
bi cycl e.
Racing bikes are light. They have
narrow tires, and they can travel at
40 ki l ometers per hour. The mosr
famous bicycle race is the Tour de
France i n Europe.The race i s about
3,500 ki l ometers and i t usual l y takes
23 days every summer.
Recumbent
bicycles look funny,
but they are very
comfortabl e. The
cycl i st l i es down
and the pedal s are
at the front of the
bi cycl e.
300 kilometers per hour!
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&6'.x
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In 1991, Yasuyuki Kudo rode for
331 ki t omet ers on t he back wheel of
Motorcycles can carry one or two people. The engine
powers the back wheel with a chain, like a bicycle.
Motorcycles are heavier than bicycles, and they have
a strong, metal frame, and thick tires. Motorcyclists
have to wear a helmet and leather clothes to protect
themselves. Motorcycle racing is a popular sport. The
riders lean very near to the ground so that they can
turn quickly. Some motorcycles can go faster than
I n2008, Mark Beaumont cycted 29,440
t he wort d. He vi si t ed 20 count ri es i n
ki tometers
194 days.
hi s mot orcycl e i n Tsukuba, Japan.
around
Go to pages 42-43 for acti vi ti es.
ff,6 rr'*$
Cars are the most popular
type of motorized
transportation.
we use cars to go
to work or school, to
go
shopping, and for vacation. There are family cars, fast
sports cars, and special cars tike potice
cars and taxis.
Tf r e
*{i st or y of Car s
can you imagine a world without cars? we have only
had cars for about l2o years.
people
laughed at the
first cars. They were slow and noisy. Two German
engineers, Daimler and Benz, made the first car with
a gasol i ne
engi ne i n 1885. It onl y had three wheel s.
From about 1905, companies like Rolls-Royce started
to make cars. They were very expensive because
peopl e made each car by hand. Then, i n 1913, the
Ford Motor Company started to make their Model T
car in a special factory. Ford's factories produced cars
quickly, so the Model T was less expensive than other
cars. By I 927
,
there were more than 15 million
Model Ts on the roads.
Gasoline in the USA was cheap and people wanted to
travel long distances, so by 1950, American cars were
large. In Europe and Asia, drivers preferred small cars
that were better in city traffic.
Most cars have a gasol i ne
or a di esel engi ne. The
drivcr starrs the engine with a key. The engine can
powcr the front wheels, the back wheels, or all
four wheels. The driver uses the pedals
to go
faster, to change gears,
and to stop. Drivers of
automati c cars don' t need to change the gears.
Cars usually have five gears for going forward and
one gear for going backward. The driver turns the
steering wheel and the steering wheel turns the
front wheels. You have to wear a seat belt to
protect yourself if there is a crash. Airbags also
protect you, but older cars don't have them.
Sports cars, l i ke
the BugattiVeyron,
are low. This helps
the car to go fast because
air can move easily over it. The
Bugatti Veyron goes faster than 400 kilometers per hour.
It costs 1.5 mi l l i on US dol l ars, and the peopl e who
make the cars have only sold a few hundred since they
started to produce them i n 2005.
The Peel P50 i s the
smal l est car i n the worl d.
It was fi rst made i n I 963.
It' s 134 centi meters
l ong and 99 centi meters
wi de. Its top speed i s
61 ki l ometers per hour.
The worl d' s l ongest car i s the
Ameri can Dream. l t has 24 wheel s and
i t ' s 30. 5 met ers [ ong! l t has a swi mmi ng
poo[, and a heti copter can [and on i t.
Go to pages 44-45 for activities.
, gl '
Peopte have dreamed about ftyi ng
for thousands of years, but there weren't
any pl anes unti l
j ust
over 100 years
ago.
Before planes, peopte
flew in hot-air batloons.
Hot -Ai r Bal l oons
How do hot-air balloons fly? Hot air goes up. A fire
under the balloon heats the air inside the balloon, so
the balloon goes up. In France in 1793, the Montgolfier
brothers built the first hot-air balloon for passengers.
Ai rshi ps
Airships were popular between 1900 and 1940, and
they are popular again now. Inside an airship, there's
a gas that is lighter than air. This makes the airship
stay in the air. Airships have engines and they can fly
at 90 kilometers per hour.
Fl a nes
Planes have changed a lot since the first flight by
theWright brothers in 1903. For many years, planes
were wooden, and they had two pairs of wings.
Today, people make planes from very thin metal and
plastics. Airliners can carry hundreds of passengers
and their bags. Planes carry freight and letters, too.
Some very rich people have their own small plane.
Concorde was an airliner that flew between 1976
and 2003. It could fly from Europe to the USA in
three hours and 20 minutes
-
twice as fast as other
airliners. It flew at2,140 kilometers per hour.
The bi ggest ai rl i ner i s the Ai rbus A380.
It can carry more than 850 passengers. lt's a
doubl e-decker and i ts wi ngs are l onger than
a soccer
pi tch!
( r i i r t r l r r
How Pl anes
Work
Planes usually have engines on the wings. The
wings are a special shape. Vhen air goes
over
the wings fast, the air under the wings pushes
the
plane
up, and it flies. The engines make the plane
go very fast.
Pilots sit in the cockpit, ar the front of the plane.
They use the rudder
to turn left and right, and they
use the tail flaps ro go up and down. The wing flaps
control the speed.
passengers
sit in the cabin.
Other Types of Aircraft
The Daedalus is a very light plane. A person pedals
the plane, like a bicycle.
Helicopters have rotors above the cabin. The rotors
lift the helicopter into the air. Helicopters are useful
because they can keep still in the air and they can fly
in any direction. Planes can only go forward.
Planes with skis instead of wheels can land on snow.
There are also special seaplanes that can land on
water. Space shuttles and rockets take astronauts
and machines into space.
Yves Rossy, from France,
i s cal l ed Rocket Man. He has
built a very sma[[ ptane with
four engi nes on the wi ngs.
D
)
Go to pages 46-47 for activities.
\ ' 1. .
t i t l
Most pl aces
i n the worl d have
and bi cycl es, but some pl aces
of transportati on. What do you
I
j
,
' t
\o,t{:.{
i,,flii
' ,
vehi cl es l i ke cars
have speci aI types
t hi nk t hese are?
3
It's very cold in Nunavut in the north of Canada. Some
Inuit people use dogs to pull their sleds over rhe ice and
snow. Today, many people also travel by snowmobile -
a small, motorized vehicle.
In Mongolia, roads and railroads go between cities, but in
the I(hangai mountains there aren' t many vehicles. Farmers
use a donkey or an ox to pull their carts. Traders use camels
to transport goods over mountains and across deserts.
People also travel long distances on horses.
There aren' t any cars' buses, trucks, or even bi cycl es
i nVeni ce.Thi s i s because there are no roads.The ci ty
was built on a lot of small islands and there are
bri dges between them. Peopl e wal k on smal l roads
called paths, and over bridges, but most
iourneys
in
Venice are by boat.
People take water buses to work and to school, and
water taxis to the airport and to the train station'
Ambul ances and fi re engi nes are boats, too!The
people of Venice have traveled by gondola for
hundreds of years. A gondol i er stands at the back and
powers the gondola with an oar. Today, most gondolas
are for the tourists.
Delhi is a busy city, and the traffic is slow.
Most people travel on buses, trains, or
underground trains.
Bicycles and rickshaws are also popular.
A rickshaw is a cart for goods or passengers.
A rickshaw has two wheels and a person pulls
it. A cycle rickshaw has three wheels. The
front is like a bicycle and the driver pedals the
rickshaw. An auto rickshaw has a small engine.
It's the fastest type of rickshaw, but it,s noisv
and it makes a lot of pollution.
Oxford is a small city and there
aren't many hills, so bicycles are
popular. Also, bicycles are cheap
and people enjoy cycling in the
fresh air. Many of the city's
streets are small and old, so it's
much quicker to travel by bicycle than by car or bus.
Some cyclists carry their shopping and even their
dogs in baskets or bicycle trailers.
People enjoy punting on the river in Oxford. A punt
is a wooden river boat. To move the punt,
You
push
on the bottom of the river with a long wooden or
metal pol e.
' i fu . - ! i . - ,
[nffieffiq@ffie
The world needs to produce
less po[lution.
Electric motors
produce
l ess pottuti on
than di esel and gasol i ne
engi nes.
Wilt att vehicles have electric motors one day? What witt
transportation be tike in the future?
Ca rs
Some modern cars use biodiesel. Biodiesel comes
from plants, and it's a clean fuel. We can also produce
clean energy from the sun and the wind. Machines
can put this energy into batteries that power electric
motors. In the future, most cars will have electric
motors or thev will use biodiesel.
Shi ps
After 100 years of
ships with engines,
sails will be important
again for ships in
the future. Sails will
help to power ships,
so they use less fuel.
In some countries where it's very sunny, there are solar
cars. They use energy from the sun. Most solar cars
are racing cars. The fastest solar cars travel up to
90 kilometers per hour.
People have made some solar planes, too. Solar planes
are very light and they can't carry much. Maybe more
vehicles in the future will use solar energJ.
Tra ins
Maglev trains use magnets to float in the air above
the track. They are much faster than usual trains.
tVill
maglev trains be common in the future?
Sol ar Vehi cl es
,* i'
fr,Xr-sgfi
Passenger planes with scramjet engines will fly faster
than 5,000 kilometers per hour. A scramjet plane will
fly from NewYork in the USA to Hong I(ong in China
in 90 minutes. This
journey
takes l4 hours in an
airliner. The only problem with going fast is that it
uses a lot of fuel, which produces more pollution.
t ; r . , ' 11p
Y' AV*|
Do you dream of being an astronaut? Perhaps your
dream will come true! Soon, tourists will be able to
travel a long way above Earth in space planes. Space
tourists will see Earth from space. It won't be cheap,
but it will be an amazing experience.
Whmt New&?
What transportation
will
You
use
in the future?\0fhat
about an electric
bicycle? It has a small electric motor
that makes it easier to pedal quickly'
An electric bicycle is great for going
up hills.
Or do you want to try a
Personal
transporter?
It has two wheels and
an electric motor.You
lean forward
to go forward, and to the left or
the right to turn. It can travel at
20 kilometers
Per
hour.
A
j et
Pack
has one or
two iet
engines, but it
doesn't have anY
wings. It can flY
anYwhere!
Do
You
want to try a
jet
Pack?
Where will
You
flY?
' '
Go to pages 50-51for acti vi ti es'
Then
and Now
:ij Read pages
4-7.
Wri te the words.
camel eatt shi p sl ed spaceshi p trai l er
2 Does it have wheets? Write yes
or no.
1 a sl ed
2 a motorcycle
3 a raft
4 acar
5 a cart
6 an engi ne
3 Fi nd the words. Then compl ete the chart.
e- - - - " u\ buu. 4 . , out t "' uon
t . l i l : ] . el c. r s
"r , , r , o*\ t '
_. , Qr ( *
' ' , , ,
f u e t \ r
ou' u\
I a &
d%od
s, \ \ "t
l "'
-
"' ^r ,
k
G-
t;il.q\-
',4-
1 r:St-i
6
Answer the
questi ons.
1 How di d peopte travel before there were vehi cl es?
3 What was one of the most i mportant i nventi ons i n hi story?
4 Why di d peopte start to travel 10,000 years ago?
5 How l ong i s t he Si t k Road?
@
t?r"mtyt#
qamt'F:#*$
*s" th+*,
Why were sl eds usefu[?
t
6 How di d Denni s Ti to travel to the Internati onal Space Stati on?
m
I Foats
arrd Shi ps
*
Read pages
8-11.
I Wri te the words.
paddte
compass
oar propetter
sai t steam engi ne
Match.
1 Thor Heyerdahl sai l ed
from Peru
2 Egypti an sai tors sai ted on
3 The Anci ent Greeks
sai l ed around
4 The Vi ki ngs l i ved i n
5 The Vi ki ngs sai l ed across
6 Traders sailed between
Japan, Korea, Chi na,
the Atl anti c Ocean.
the Medi terranean Sea.
Denmark, Sweden,
and Norway.
t he Ri ver Ni t e.
ffi
supertankers
i and Southeast Asi a.
\
t o an i st and i n t he
Paci f i c Ocean.
3 Write true or false.
1 The fi rst canoes were made from tree trunks.
2 Peopte powered
canoes wi th steam engi nes.
3 Chi nese shi ps had t ri angut ar
sai [ s.
4 The Anci ent Greeks sai ted to Canada.
5 Pi rates stol e gotd
and si tver.
6 A crui se shi p i s a passenger
shi p.
& Number
the vehictes in order. 1
=
earliest, 5
-
tatest.
Answer the
questi ons.
1 Why were the Anci ent Greek shi ps fast?
2 How do sai l ors know whi ch di rect i on t o sai I i n?
3 What probtems did European sailors have about 500 years ago?
4 What fuel s do modern shi ps use?
5 What shi ps do touri sts use when they go on vacati on?
r-r
i I canoes
r "l
tflr
r?i ' [
ff
f*-l saitins ships
[Tl
rafts
6 How do sai l ors travel al ong Knock Nevi s?
d
Trains, Buses, andTruck*
*
Read pages t2-t5.
1 Wri te the words.
tanker truck refrigerator truck bus
hi gh-speed trai n steam trai n arti cul ated bus
1 l t' s the fastest type of trai n.
2 l ts engi ne uses coal and water.
3 l t' s very l ong and i t carri es peopl e on roads.
4 l t carri es gasot i ne
or mi t k.
5 l t carri es chi tdren to school .
6 l t keeps food col d.
2 Wri te the numbers.
150 160 200 300 9,288
1 By 1930, steam trai ns coul d travel at l 5O ki tometers
per hour.
2 Modern hi gh-speed trai ns can travel at
ki l ometers per hour.
3 The [ongest trai n
j ourney
i s ki [ometers.
4 There are underground trai ns i n more than
ci ti es around the wortd.
5 Horses putted the fi rst buses
3 Number the vehi cl es i n order. 1
=
earl i est, 4
:
l atest.
I i
di esel t rai ns hi gh-speed t rai ns
i
r underground trai ns
:
steam trai ns
4 Complete the sentences.
coat steam coaI engi ne steam water engi ne water
1 St eam engi nes use coat .
2 The heats
3 The hot makes
4 The
5 The
powers the
moves the trai n al ong the tracks.
5 Answer the
questi ons.
1 Where di d peopte bui td the fi rst trai n?
2 What uses the most fuel per passenger, a trai n or a car?
3 How l ong does i t take the Trans-Si beri an Express to travel
across Russi a?
4 Where was the worl d' s fi rst underground trai n system?
years ago.
D
5 Why di d buses become poputar?
d
Bieycles and Motorcyles
T
2 Compl ete the sentences.
comfortable light popul ar
sma[] strong thi ck
3 Circle the correct words.
1 Bicycles have6-e@ an engine.
2 The Tour de France is a famous motorcycle / bicycle race.
3 The first bicycles were made of metal / wood.
4 Motorcyctes are slower / laster than bicycles.
4 Write true or false.
1 Motorcycl es and bi cyctes have chai ns.
2 l t' s good for cycl i sts to wear a hel met.
3 There are more bi cyctes i n the worl d than cars.
4 Mountai n bi kes and motorcyctes have
strong frames.
Mark Beaumont cycted 29,440 ki l ometers
on hi s back wheel .
Bi cycl es are heavi er than motorcycl es.
Answer the
questi ons.
1 Why were the first bicycles uncomfortable?
2 Why do peopl e cycte?
3 How does a cyclist stop the bicycle?
+
Read pages 16-19.
I Write the words.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
1
2
3
4
5
back wheel brake chai n
front wheel gears hetmet
gtove sadd[e ti re
frame
pedat
Raci ng bi kes are
BMX bi cycl es are
Recumbent bi cycl es are
Mount ai n bi kes are t he most type of bicycle.
Thei r ti res are and thei r frames are
rlr
4 Why do raci ng motorcycl i sts l ean near to the ground?
Read pages 20-23.
Wri te the words.
brake engi ne front wheel
gears pedal s
back wheel
seat bel t steeri ng wheel
Compl ete the chart.
were driving large cars. Ford opened tffi.
15 mi [[i on Modet Ts were Rotl s-Royce
The Peet P50 cars. was fi rst made.
1885
Dai ml er and Benz made l l i e f i rsi *ar.
190s
1913
t927
1950
1963
200s
started to make
the mode[ T factory.
on the road.
Ameri cans
was f i rst made.
The Bugatti Veyron
Write true ot false.
1 The fi rst car had four wheets.
2 The Ford Model T was expensi ve t o produce.
3 Rotl s-Royce sotd 15 mi tti on cars between
1913 and L927.
4 Smatl cars are good i n ci ty traffi c.
5 Cars usuat t y have si x gears.
6 A car' s steeri ng wheel turns the front wheel s.
7 Ot d cars have t he bi ggest ai rbags.
8 The Bugat t i Veyron i s 134 cent i met ers l ong.
Answer t he quest i ons.
1 What was t he f i rst car [ i ke?
2 Why di d Ameri cans buy l arge cars?
3 What does a dri ver need to start a car?
4 What two thi ngs protect the dri ver and passengers?
5 Why are sports cars [ow?
Ai rcraft
Fil
ffi
Read pages 24-27.
Complete the words.
\
\
L
L
\
1t a r I
f
4
_ng_n_
3 w_ng 2l
3 Fi nd and wri te the ai rcraft.
Answer the questi ons.
1 Why do bal l oons go up?
t airliner
2b
3r
4a
5h
6
P__
7s
F
wh_
_t
9 c_ckp_t
Match.
1 Concorde stopped ftying
2 an ai rshi p' s speed
(ki l ometers per hour)
3 Concorde's speed
(kilometers per hour)
4 the fi rst hot-ai r ba[]oon for passengers
5 the first ptane ftew
6 the passengers that an Ai rbus A380 can carry
..,11
f1-p
h
10 p_1_
J
NS
2 What i s i nsi de ai rshi ps?
3 How do pl anes stay i n the ai r?
4 Where do passengers si t?
t793
90
1903
2003
850
2,140
5 What powers the Daedal us?
6 Why are hel i copters useful ?
s p a c e s h u t t I e d
h t b a I t o o n e s I d
m g h d u I e w r s o a
p a I r t n e r t o c I
t e I s p e c s h e
p k n
a t r h e t c o
p t e r
n e r a s t r d e r t s
e t I p e n a s t r e r e
cbn
7 What ai rcraft have you travel ed i n?
Around the World
3
Read pages 28-31.
1 Write the words.
snowmobile gondola punt
cycle rickshaw sted auto rickshaw
2 Complete the sentences.
cycle rickshaw gondotier
ox sled
travets quickly over snow and ice.
A Mongol i an farmer can use an
6
A
A
1
2
3
4
to putl his cart.
has three wheel s, but no engi ne.
works in Venice.
Write the countries. Then write the types of
transportation.
Canada United Kingdom lndia ltaly Mongolia
1 Khangai
2 Dethi
3 Oxford
4 Nunavut
5 Veni ce
Answer the
questions.
1 In Nunavut, how do people travel?
2 What ani mal s do peopl e i n Mongol i a use for transportati on?
3 Why are there no trucks in Venice?
4 What is a gondola?
What is the difference between a rickshaw and a
cycte rickshaw?
6 How do some people in Oxford transport shopping or dogs?
6
In the Futurw
*
Read pages 32-35.
Complete the puzzle.
1 Bi odi esel i s made from them.
2 l t uses energy from the sun.
3 l t' s a speci al hi gh-speed engi ne.
4 lt has two wheets, but it
i sn' t a bi cycl e.
It has
j et
engi nes, but no wi ngs.
They wi tt hel p to power
modern shi ps.
It uses magnets
to float above
the track.
You can travel a
long way above
Earth i n thi s.
2 Does it fty? Write yes
ot no.
1 magl ev trai n
2 el ectri c car
3 sol ar pl ane
1
t
5
6
6
5+t
4
5
6
3 Write true or false.
1 Di esel engi nes produce more pol l uti on than
el ectri c motors.
Bi odi esel i s a cl ean fuet.
We can put gasoti ne i nto batteri es.
Scramj et pl anes wi ][ use l ess fuel than
today' s ai rl i ners.
Sol ar cars are faster than personal
transporters.
Answer the
questi ons.
1 How wi tt shi ps use l ess fue[?
2 What do we use to make bi odi eset?
3 Where can we get c[ean energy from?
4 Why are el ectri c bi cycl es good for goi ng up hi tts?
5 What transportati on do you use now? What wi l t you use i n
the future?
2
3
4
scramj et ptane
etectri c bi ke
j et pack
3
@
@
A Transportation Poster
1 Find or draw pictures
of two vehicles.
2 Write notes about the vehicles.
t t I t t t t t t t t t t t d. t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
Tlpo of transportation:
What's it made of?
Where doss it come from? * \rlhers dose ii Lorno from?
\rlho invonted it? \rlhen? I Who inventad it? \rlhan?
Write about the vehicles and make a poster.
Disptay your poster.
Tlpo of transportation:
What's it made of?
@
ATransportation survey
$
1 Write the names of five frie;rds or
people from your
family at the top of the survey.
2 Ask questions and complete
your su:vey with / or
l.
f f i ( 6
w
Names
pl ane
heticopter
sled
camel
ri ckshaw
bicycte
motorcycle
truck
bus
canoe
3 Write about the results. Display your resutts.
i
^-d
Llr
So & ,. .#4 d| .*. *cf, r h
Here are some words used in this book, and you can check
{,#
$
Pr,f
S t 6t F
y what they mean. Use a dictionary to check other new words.
a
aircraft
(plural
aircralt) a vehicle that float to move stowly on water or in the air
can fl y frei ght goods that shi ps, pl anes, and trai ns
ambul ance a vehi cte that takes very si ck transport
peopl e to hospi tal frei ghter (or cargo shi p) a shi p that
anci ent from thousands of years i n the past carri es frei ght
area part of a place fresh cl ean and cool
(for ai r)
attack to fi ght wi th someone or somethi ng fuel somethi ng that we use to produce
become to change i nto; to start to be heat or energy
canoe a sma[[ boat powered wi th a paddte powers an engi ne
carry to take somethi ng to another pl ace gol d an expensi ve yel l ow metal
change to become di fferent; to make goods thi ngs that we buy and setl
bottom the opposi te of top
brave not scared
cab where a truck dri ver si ts
somethi ng di fferent
cheap not expensi ve
burns and powers an engi ne
di recti on the posi ti on someone or
somethi ng moves toward
move a vehi cl e
famous known by many peopte
ferry a shi p that transports peopte
funny unusual or amusi ng
gas not a sol i d or l i qui d; l i ke ai r
gasol i ne (orpetrot) a l i qui d that burns and
ground the l and that we stand on
heat to make somethi ng hot
lie down to rest in a comfortabte ptace, for
exampl e, when we sl eep
l ow not hi gh
noi sy maki ng a l oud sound
oi t a fue[; i t' s a btack [i qui d used to
make gasoti ne
chitd (plural chitdren) a very young person huge very big
coal ol d wood that you burn to make fi re i magi ne to thi nk of a possi bl e si tuati on
comfortabl e ni ce to be i n, for exampl e, soft i nvent to make or desi gn somethi ng new
beds or chai rs i nventi on a new i dea or thi ng
commerci a[ about buyi ng and setl i ng i sl and tand wi th water around i t
common usuat; seen i n many pl aces l ake a bi g area of water
company a group of peopl e that makes l and to fty a ptane from the ai r onto the
money by produci ng or sel l i ng thi ngs l and
cross to move from one si de to another l eather the ski n of an ani mal ; we use i t to
di esel a type of gasol i ne; a l i qui d that make shoes and
j ackets
di stance the space between two ptaces, metal somethi ng hard and made from
for exampl e, meters, ki l ometers mi nerats
donkey an ani mal l i ke a smal l horse mi ni ng fi ndi ng mi neral s under the ground
double-decker a vehicte with two ftoors modern not from the past
el ectri c usi ng etectri ci ty
(a
type of energy) motor an engi ne, often smal l or el ectri c
energy we need energy to move and grow; motorized with a motor
machi nes need energy to work move to go from one pl ace to another
engi ne a machi ne that produces energy to narrow thi n
and goods ox(pl ural oxen) an ani mal l i ke a cow
pai r two thi ngs the same soccer pitch (orfootbalt pitch) the ptace
passenger someone traveling in, for where you ptay soccer
exampl e, a bus, trai n, pl ane, or shi p sotar from the sun; usi ng energy from
peda[ to push wi th your feet on a pedal the sun
pi rate someone on a shi p who attacks and space where the moon and stars are
po[[ution something that makes air, [and, space shuttte a vehicte that takes
push to make somethi ng move away; the thi ck not thi n
opposi te of putl
steal s thi ngs from other shi ps
pl asti c a man-made materi al
or water dirty
popular tiked by many people
power a shi p or ai rcraft
protect to keep safe from danger
road vehicles travel on it
rock a very hard natura[ material
make ti res
safe not in danger
a boat
separate not connected; apart
shi p a l arge boat
silver an expensive gray metal
spaceship a vehicte that takes astronauts
'
i nto space
astronauts i nto space
space stati on a bui tdi ng i n space where
storm bad weather; lots of wind and rain
street vehictes travel on it
ti re
(ortyre) the thi ck, soft ri ng on a wheet,
top speed the fastest that someone or
somethi ng can go
traffic
jam
vehictes that can't move
because there are too many other vehictes
tri angul ar i n the shape of a tri angte
uncomfortable not comfortable
vehi cl e somethi ng for transporti ng goods
or peopte
power to make somethi ng move or work astronauts l i ve and work
powerfu[ having great power; being strong special different and important
prefer to like better spice we use it to give ftavor to food; it
probtem something that is not easy comes from plants
produce to grow or make somethi ng steam the hot gas that water makes when
propel l er a machi ne that turns qui ckl y to i t boi ts
river water on land that goes to the ocean made from rubber
rotor btades, like a propelter, on a town a place with a lot of buildings, [arger
hel i copter than a vi ttage and smatl er than a ci ty
row to move a boat through water with oars trade to buy and se[[ things
rubber a soft material that you use to traffic vehictes moving atong a street
sai l to travel i n a shi p or a boat usi ng sai ts transport to take somethi ng or someone
or an engrne from one pl ace to another i n a vehi cl e
sai l or someone who works on a shi p or tree trunk the thi ck part of a tree
shape for exampl e, ci rcl e, square, tri angl e useful that hel ps someone to do somethi ng
si mi l ar l i ke someone or somethi ng vi ttage a few houses i n the countrysi de;
sink to fall to the bottom of water smal l er than a town
si ze how bi g or smal t someone or wi thout not havi ng somethi ng; not doi ng
somethi ng i s somethi ng
steeper car where you can steep on a train wooden made of wood
i n a bed
Seri es Edi tor: Hazel Geatches . CLIL Advi ser: John C[egg
Oxford Read and Discover graded readers are at four levets, from
3 to 6, sui tabl e for students from age 8 and o[der. They cover many
topi cs wi thi n three subj ect areas, and can support Engl i sh across the
curri cul um, or Content and Language Integrated Learni ng
(CLIL).
Avai l abl e for each reader:
.
Audi o CD Pack
( book
& audi o CD)
.
Acti vi ty Book
For Teacher' s Notes & CLIL Gui dance go to
www.ou p.c om / elt/ teacher,/reada nddiscover
....
Subiect
\:rea
Leve[ \
The Worl d of Sci ence
& Technot ogy
The Nat ural
Worl d
The Wortd of Arts
& Soci al St udi es
@
600
headwords
How We Make Products
Sound and Musi c
Super Structures
Your Five Senses
Amazi ng Mi ni beast s
Ani mal s i n t he Ai r
Life in Rainforests
Wonderful Water
Festivals Around
the World
Free Ti me Around
the World
@
750
headwords
*
A[[ About Plants
*
How to Stay Healthy
r
Machi nes Then and Now
,
Why We Recycle
'
At[ About Desert Life
.
All About Ocean Life
.
Ani mat s at Ni ght
r
lncredibte Earth
r
Ani mal s i n Art
'
Wonders of the Past
@
900
headwords
Materials to Products
Medi ci ne Then and Now
Transportation Then
and Now
Wild Weather
Alt About lsl.ands
Animal Life Cycles
Exploring Our World
Great Migrations
u
Homes Around
the Wortd
,
Our World in Art
@
1,050
headwords
Cetts and Microbes
Clothes Then and Now
Incredibte Energy
Your Amazing Body
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
Alt About Space
Caring for Our Ptanet
Earth Then and Now
Wonderful Ecosystems
.
Hetpi ng Around
the Wortd
.
Food Around
the Wortd
For younger students, Dotphi n Readers Levets Starter, t, and 2 are avai l abl e.