1ai) 2,4

1aii) Hydrogen + Oxygen ==> Water

1b)

Carbon dioxide - contributes to climate change through greenhouse effect and absorbtion/re
radiation of infrared.
Sulfur dioxide - contributes to acid rain as it can react with rainwater in order to form an acidic
solution, which can have also detrimental effects on wildlife.

2ai) Reacting something with water.

2aii) The solid waste yeast is filtered off, and the ethanol is obtained through distillation.

2b)

Biodiesel is a renewable resource as it is made from vegetable oils which can be obtained from
plants. In addition to this, it is carbon neutral as the only CO2 released is that which has been taken
in through photosynthesis. Furthermore, it does not produce sulfur dioxide when burnt so it does
not cause acid rain. On the other hand, it uses up valuable land which could instead be used for the
purpose of growing food, which could cause food prices to increase.

Petroleum diesel releases significantly more carbon dioxide (4x as much) than biodiesel, which
means it has more of a contribution to climate change through the greenhouse effect and also twice
as much particulates which can cause global dimming as they prevent the sunlight from reaching the
Earth. Petroleum is also a finite resource - we have a limited supply and will not be able to produce
more when it runs out. It also requires significantly more work and energy to mine and extract than
biodiesel.

Overall, I think that biodiesel is better to use as it is generally better for the environment and we will
not run out of it as more can be made.


3ai) When unsaturated hydrocarbons are reacted with bromine water, the water changes from
orange to colourless. Therefore, the more unsatured hydrocarbons are present, the greater the
amount of drops required for the bromine water to change as there are more carbon-carbon double
bonds to react with. This means that we can conclude that the oils that react with more drops are
higher in unsaturated fats than the oils that require less.


3aii) Company A, Test 2 because it seems to be an anomalous result as it does not fit in with the
general trend.

3aiii) Temperature

3b)

Vegio has more unsaturated fats than Company C
Vegio has less unsaturated fats than Company B
Vegio is 'less healthy' than Company A as it has less unsaturated fats, so it does not live up to its
claim
4ai) Phytomining

4aii)

Because there is only a low concentration of copper compounds, so it is not economically viable
Because it is energy inefficient, which means a lot of money will be wasted.

4aiii) 2CuO + C ==> 2Cu + CO2

4bi)

Because it is cheaper than copper.
Because it is more reactive than copper.

4bii) The copper ions travel to the negative electrode, where they are reduced to form copper atoms
which gather on the negative electrode.

5a) Calcium carbonate undergoes a thermal decomposition reaction when heated strongly, and
forms calcium oxide (CaO) along with carbon dioxide (CO2)

5b)

The reaction did not progress fully, perhaps because the temperatures were not high enough or it
was not long for long enough.ss
Some of the products were lost to the surroundings such as carbon dioxide or left behind on the
equipment.


6ai) Because he could not explain what causes continental drift.

6aii)X is the crust and Y is the mantle (or whatever the correct order was). [not sure if this is required
or not, but it can't hurt.]

The Earth is made up of tectonic plates in the lithosphere (crust and upper part of the mantle). It is
possible for these plates to move slightly. Radioactive processes in the mantle release heat and
cause convection currents in the mantle (seafloor spreading), which causes the tectonic plates to
slowly move away from each other due to the motion of the currents.

6bi) It has the same melting and boiling point, so it would freeze instead of liquefying and should be
removed before the mixture reaches -200oC

6bii) Neon

6biii) Argon, because it has a very similar boiling point to oxygen so it will be difficult to seperate the
two gases.


7ai) Alkenes and alkanes

7aii) If catalytic cracking is taking place, there should be high temperatures and a catalyst should be
present.

7aiii) Because it would cause the hydrocarbons to combust.

7aiv) Fractional distillation.

7bi) Butene molecule (H2C=CHCH2CH3)

7bii) The double bond 'splits open' which allows more butene molecules to bond on to the first one,
so it forms long chains of butene monomers.