Experimental Techniques for k

L
a determination
Theory:
( )
AL L
AL
C C a k
dt
dC
AL
=
*
integrating.
( )

=

t
L
AL
C
C AL
dt a k dC
C C
AL
AL AL
0
*
2
1
1
at k
C C
C C
L
AL
AL
AL
AL
=

2
*
1
*
ln
Therefore a plot of

2
*
1
*
ln
AL
AL
C C
C C
AL
AL
vs t should result in a straight line of
slope k
L
a.
Static Gassing Out Method !nstead" State#
$n the a%sence of respiring organis& no O
2
consu&ption#
Sparge vessel contents 'ith (
2
) displacing O
2
Monitor variation in dissolved o*"gen concentration +O# using
a polarographic# +O pro%e
,llo' +O to fall to 0- saturation) then turn off (
2
flo'
Sparge vessel contents 'ith air at a kno'n flo'rate
Monitor and record variation of +O concentration 'ith respect
to ti&e.
plot of

2
*
1
*
ln
AL
AL
C C
C C
AL
AL
vs t should result in a straight line of slope
k
L
a
Dynamic Gassing Out Method
$n the presence of respiring organsi&s
,t ti&e t
0
) turn off air suppl" to vessel
Monitor and record reduction in +O %et'een t
0
and t
1
,t t
1
) turn the air suppl" on again
Monitor and record rise in +O
Theory:
.or respiring s"ste&s
( ) X q C C a k
dt
dC
o AL L
AL
AL
2
*
=
/here 0 is the %io&ass concentration and 1o2 is the specific o*"gen
consu&ption rate &&ols O2 2 g %io&ass s#
/e assu&e that 'hen 'e conduct d"na&ic kla deter&inations) that
the ti&escale of the e*peri&ent is several orders of &agnitude lo'er
than that of the fer&entation.
$n this case) 'e can assu&e that a quasi3stead" state e*ists at the
ti&e of the e*peri&ent %et'een o*"gen transfer and o*"gen
consu&ption.
i.e.
( ) X q C C a k
o AL L
AL
2
*
=

AL
C is the 1uasi stead" state o*"gen concentration at the ti&e of the
e*peri&ent
Su%stituting for
X q
o2 in the original e1uation
( ) ( )

=
AL L AL L
AL
C C a k C C a k
dt
dC
AL AL
* *
4earranging results in the follo'ing e1uation
( )
AL L
AL
C C a k
dt
dC
AL
=

$ntegrating) results in.
# 1 2 ln
2
1
t t a k
C C
C C
L
AL
AL
AL
AL
=

otes of the Dynamic Gassing Out Method

(on3invasive &ethod) suita%le for use 'ith respiring s"ste&s
,ssu&es rapid disengage&ent of air %u%%les 'hen air suppl" is
turned off 3inappropriate for highl" viscous %roths
$f headspace aeration is significant) use (2 %lanket
4e1uires +O pro%e 'ith fast response
5L1# deter&ined %" critical +O concentration for organis&s for
%acteria and "east 5critical 6 7310- saturation
&ould cultures 5critical 6 10370- saturation
plant cultures 5critical 6 10380- saturation
!mportant: On the degassing stage of the e*peri&ent)
X q
dt
dC
o
AL
2
=
Therefore fro& the slope of the line in this region if %oth a*es of the
graph are in the correct units#) the specific o*"gen consu&ption rate
can %e calculated once the %io&ass concentration is kno'n eas" to
evaluate#.
.or the &athe&aticall" challenged) the slope of the line in a plot of
5
,L
vs. ti&e is
dt
dC
AL
"
+oran 9.7 : +"na&ic kLa &easure&ent
,n e*peri&ent 'as perfor&ed on an e*ponential phase &icro%ial
culture) 'here the o*"gen suppl" 'as disconnected and the +O
concentration 'as allo'ed to fall to ;8.7- saturation. ,t this point)
aeration 'as resu&ed and the increase in +O concentration 'as
&onitored 'ith respect to ti&e. .ro& the follo'ing data of the
reo*"genation stage) calculate the gas3li1uid &ass transfer coefficient
for the reactor.
Ti&e s# - Saturation
10 ;8.7
20 78.7
80 <0
;0 <=.7
70 =0.7
<0 =2
=0 =8
100 =8.7
180 =8.7
0
10
20
80
;0
70
<0
=0
>0
0 70 100 170
Time #s$
%

&
a
t
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
'igure (. )lot of % saturation *s. time
Solution?
/hats the 1uasi3stead" state O
2
concentration@
=8.7- sat.
Let 10s A t1
Blot
# 1 2 ln
2
1
t t vs
C C
C C
AL
AL
AL
AL

" A 0.0<11*
4
2
A 0.9702
0
0.7
1
1.7
2
2.7
8
8.7
;
;.7
0 20 ;0 <0 >0
#t+,t($ #s$
l
n
.
.
.
Slope is e1ual to k
L
a : 0.0<11 s
31
ote: due to the form of the equation the line has to intercept at
the origin.