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LI TERATURE CI TED
A. P. Poleshko, "Compressi ve t est s of gl ass, " Problo Prochn. ~ No. 12, 101-103 (1975).
Yu. K. Znachkov, R. A. Vesel ovski i , and B. A. Lyashenko, "Glued joints on the basi s of pol y-
mer s with interpenetrating gr i ds, " in: Glues and Thei r Technical Applications [in Russian]~
Leningradskii Dora Nauchno-Tekhnicheskoi Informatsii, Leningrad (1975), pp. 40-45.
L. Sachs, Statistical Evaluation [Russian translation], Statistika, Moscow (1976 }.
DAMPI NG CAPACI TY OF CAST I RON WI TH
DI FFERENT SHAPES OF GRAPHI TE I NCLUSI ONS
S. A. Gol ovi n, V. A. Kuz me nko,
G. D. Pe t r us hi n, N. N. Pi s ' me nnyi ,
and I. I. Re nne
UDC 669.13:534.833
One of the chi ef requiremenf~s of engineering that mat eri al s have to fulfill is t hei r ability to damp
del et eri ous vibrations, i . e . , to have high damping capacity. Par t s that ar e exposed in operation to
the effect both of static and of r ever sed cyclic loads ar e often made of cast iron. This mat eri al is
charact eri zed by het erogeneous st r uct ur e on account of graphite inclusions in the metal basel in conse-
quence, it has advantages compared with st eel , such as low sensi t i vi t y to st r ess r ai ser s and high level
of dissipation of vibrational energy.
It was noted in a number of works [1-3] that one of the important fact ors determining the internal
dissipation of the energy of el ast i c vibrations in st ruct ural l y in_homogeneous mat eri al s is the nonuni-
form distribution of s t r es s es and st rai ns in mi crovol umes of the mat eri al , occurri ng during loading,
and the plastic flow in the most highly st r essed mi crovol umes, caused by this.
Since the microinhomogeneity of the s t r e s s - s t r a i n st at e of cast iron is associ at ed with st r ess
concentrations in the mat ri x near the graphite inclusions, it must be assumed that the level of the dam-
ping capaci t y of cast iron must to a cert ai n extent be correl at ed with the pecul i ari t i es of development
of rnicroinhomogeneity of s t r es s es and st rai ns det ermi ned by the configuration and distribution of the
inclusions.
The present work investigates the di ssi pat i on of the vibrational energy in f er r i t e- base cast iron
with spheri cal , flaky, and l amel l ar graphite inclusions under two consi derabl y differing loading fre=
quencies, and al so the pecul i ari t i es of the microinhomogeneity of the st at e of st r ess and st rai n of t hese
types of cast iron upon loading in dependence on the nat ure of t hei r st ruct ure.
a~
/
/
I
I
2 f z ~ " --.=...
z f /
llZ a O / O _ 1 . 0 a ~ b ~ ~ 1 7 6 Q ~ Q 8 ~ 1 7 6
C
Fig. 1. Dependence of the logarithmic
decrement of the vibrations of cast iron
on the st r ess amplitude r ef er r ed to the
endurance limit, under different loading
frequencies: a) f = 30-40 Hz; b) f ~ 1.5
kHz;c) f ~ 1.5 kHz. (1) gray cast iron; 2)
mal l eabl e cast iron; 3) hi gh-st rengt h
cast iron. )
Institute of the Strength Pr obl ems, Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, Kiev. Transl at ed
from Pr obl emy Prochnost i , No. 3, pp. 91-94, March, 1980. Original ar t i cl e submitted May 3, 1979.
360 0039-2316/80/1203-0360507.50 9 1980 Plenum Publishing Corporation
a
" " a6/ .~
) "--.. o b
l O
0 " 7
Z~7.
/~8 87
aZ a~
I c
1 ~
- , u - - d
o
O
Fi g. 2. Di s t r i but i on f i el ds of l ocal s t r a i n s in mi c r o r e g i o n s of c a s t i ron: a, b) hi gh-
s t r e ngt h c a s t i r on wi t h t wo d e g r e e s of l oadi ng; c) ma l l e a bl e c a s t i r on; d) g r a y c a s t i r on.
( Dar k a r e a s : gr aphi t e i ncl us i ons ; n u mb e r s next t o t he c u r v e s : (e 1 - e2) , %. )
At l ow f r e q u e n c y ( 30- 40 Hz) , t he a mpl i t ude de pe nde nc e of t he l oga r i t hmi c d e c r e me n t of t he v i b r a -
t i ons was d e t e r mi n e d on an i ns t al l at i on t ype D- 7, des i gned b y t he I ns t i t ut e of t he St r engt h P r o b l e ms ,
Ac a d e my of Sci ences of t he Ukr ai ni an SSR, wi t h c yc l i c bendi ng of s p e c i me n s wi t h a c r o s s s e c t i on 2 x
14 100 mm of t he wor ki ng p a r t , b y t he met hod of f r e e damped vi br a t i ons [4]. Under condi t i ons of
h i g h - f r e q u e n c y cycl i c bendi ng of t he s p e c i me n s ( ~1 . 5 kHz), t he de pe nde nc e of t he l oga r i t hmi c d e c r e -
me nt of t he vi br a t i ons on t he s t r e s s a mpl i t ude was d e t e r mi n e d on an e l e c t r odyna mi c v i b r a t o r VI~DS-
200A b y t he met hod of t he r e s o n a n c e c u r v e on p r i s ma t i c s p e c i me n s wi t h f i l l et s .
Fi gur e 1 s hows t he a mpl i t ude de pe nde nc e s of t he l oga r i t hmi c d e c r e me n t of vi br a t i ons of t he i n-
ve s t i ga t e d t ype s of c a s t i r on wi t h l ow (a) and hi gh (b) l oadi ng f r e q u e n c i e s , t he c u r v e s we r e pl ot t ed un-
d e r homol ogous s t r e s s e s r e f e r r e d t o t he e ndur a nc e l i mi t de t e r mi ne d in t e s t s wi t h a f r e q u e n c y of ~ 1. 5
k H z .
A f e a t ur e c ommon t o al l t ype s of c a s t i r on i s i n c r e a s e d e ne r gy di s s i pa t i on wi t h i n c r e a s e d s t r e s s
ampl i t ude; c a s t i r on wi t h i a me l l a r gr a phi t e has t he hi ghes t l e ve l of e ne r gy di s s i pa t i on whi l e c a s t i r on
wi t h s p h e r i c a l gr aphi t e has t he l o we s t val ue of 6 in t he e nt i r e s t r e s s r ange. The dampi ng c a p a c i t y of
c a s t i r on i n c r e a s e s f r o m t he i ni t i al ampl i t udes : Wi t ht he s ha pe of t he i ncl us i ons changi ng f r o m s p h e r i -
cal t o l a me l l a r , t hi s de pe nde nc e b e c o me s e v e r mo r e ma r ke d.
When we e xa mi ne t he ef f ect of t he f r e q u e n c y f a c t o r on t he ampl i t ude dependence of t he l oga r i t h-
mi c d e c r e me n t , we s e e t hat t he f r e q u e n c y does not have a s ubs t a nt i a l i nf l uence on t he dampi ng c a p a -
ci t y of c a s t i r on cont ai ni ng i ncl us i ons wi t h mo r e o r l e s s equi axi al s hape ( s phe r i c a l o r f l aky) , and t hat
i t onl y s l i ght l y i n c r e a s e s t he l evel of e ne r gy di s s i pa t i on at l ow f r e q u e n c y f or c a s t i r on wi t h i nequi axi al
( l amel l ar ) gr aphi t e.
Fi g u r e l c s hows t he de pe nde nc e s 5 = 6(a) f o r c a s t i r on s ubj e c t e d t o p r e l i mi n a r y cycl i c l oadi ng
at hi gh f r e q u e n c y by s t r e s s e s be l ow t he e ndur a nc e l i mi t on a b a s e of 2. 107 t o 2-108 c y c l e s . Al l t he
361
TABLE 1. Char act er i st i cs of the Mi cr o-
i nhomogenei t y of the St rai n State of the In-
vest i gat ed Types of Cast Iron
Degr ee
of l oa d, [max,
ing mm
Gray cast
iron
I 0, 9
I1 1,2
III 1,7
Kmax I co~
2, 9 0, 37
3, 5 0,48
3, 2 0, 44
Malleable
cast iron
Kmax I
2,1
2, 0
2,1
High-stre gth
cast iro
cos Kmax cos
0,26 t , 9 0,26
0 , 2 5 : 1,8 0,24
i
dependences ar e char act er i zed by t he exi st ence of bends in the curves 5 = 5(a): At f i r st the ievel of
ener gy di ssi pat i on i ncr eas es , and then it decr eas es .
The pecul i ar i t i es of t he mi cr oi nhomogenei t y of the st at e of s t r es s and st r ai n of cast i ron with
di fferent confi gurat i ons of t he graphi t e i ncl usi ons wer e studied by t he optical pol ari zat i on method of
phot oel ast i c coat i ngs. It is known t hat the use of par t i cul ar l y thin, opt i cal l y act i ve coatings makes it
possi bl e to det er mi ne t he char act er i s t i cs of the st at e of st rai n: The di f f er ence between the pri nci pal
st r ai ns eq - e2 and the ori ent at i on of t he pri nci pal def or mat i on axes within the l i mi t s of mi cr oscopi cal -
l y smal l vol umes [5]. Within the f r amewor k of the pr esent wor k we i nvest i gat ed t he st at e of mi cr o-
st r ai n of cast i ron in one- t i me st at i c quasi pure bending of fi at speci mens (55 5 x 2 mm) in mi c r or e -
gions si t uat ed in t ensi oned fi bers of the speci men. The method of car r yi ng out such meas ur ement s and
of pr ocessi ng the exper i ment al dat a was descr i bed pr evi ousl y [6, 7].
Fi gur e 2 shows t he t opographi c di st ri but i on fi el ds of equal l evel s of the di f f er ences of the pr i n-
cipal st r ai ns eq - e z in t he mi cr or egi ons of the i nvest i gat ed t ypes of cast i ron at di f f er ent st ages of
t hei r st at i c l oadi ng, obtained by scanni ng i nt er pr et at i on of the i nt er f er ence pat t er ns at a pitch of 10#m.
The sensi t i vi t y of the applied optical pol ari zat i on method with the act ual t hi ckness of the coatings ( ~10-
15 #m) is l i mi t ed by the regi on of el ast opl ast i c and pl ast i c st r ai ns. As the char act er i st i c of the degr ee
of l oadi ng, we det er mi ned the bending f or ce Pben and the cor r espondi ng maxi mum defl ect i on of the spe-
ci men f max at a base of 50 mm. The obtained di st r i but i on fields t est i f y to the di f f er ent l ocal i zat i on a nd
i nt ensi t y of i ncr ease of l ocal mi cr odef or mat i ons in the mat r i x of cast i ron with di fferent confi gurat i on
of t he graphi t e i ncl usi ons.
As a r ul e, the regi ons of the hi ghest val ues e i - e 2 ar e concent rat ed near accumul at i ons of gr a-
phite i ncl usi ons, and t he ori ent at i on of t hese regi ons coi nci des with the di r ect i on in which t he maxi -
mum s hear s t r es s es act , i . e . , t he regi ons ar e si t uat ed at an angl e of ~/4 to the di r ect i on of the ma -
croscopi c s t r es s es a act i ng in t he mi cr ovol ume in quest i on. In hi gh- st r engt h and mal l eabl e cast i ron,
the regi ons of t he hi ghest l evel s of e 1 - e 2 ar e si t uat ed in the necks of the mat r i x between graphi t e seg-
regat i ons. In gr ay cast i ron, t hese regi ons ar e l ocal i zed in the mat r i x next to t he graphi t e i ncl usi ons
ori ent at ed at an angl e of ~/4 to the di r ect i on in which the macr os t r es s es act . An i ncr ease in macr o-
scopi c s t r es s es with subsequent i ncr ease of the bending f or ce is accompani ed both by i ncreased maxi -
mum l evel s of s - 89 and by an i ncr ease of the regi ons with i ncr eased i nt ensi t y of mi cr odef or mat i ons
i ni t i al l y f or mi ng in the mat r i x (see Fig. 2a, b).
For compari ng the nat ur e of the mi cr oi nhomogenei t i es of t he s t r e s s - s t r a i n st at e of cast i ron
with di f f er ent confi gurat i on of t he graphi t e i ncl usi ons, we used such par amet er s as the var i at i on co-
effi ci ent of the val ues of t he di f f er ences of t he pri nci pal st r ai ns ~e and the l ocal st r ai n concent rat i on
f act or s Kma x.
The vari at i on coeffi ci ent o~ ~ char act er i zes the s cat t er of the val ues of eq - e 2 within t he i nvest i -
gated regi on due to s t r uct ur al nonuni f or mi t y, and it is det er mi ned by the known expr essi on [7].
The l ocal st r ai n concent rat i on f act or char act er i zes the maxi mum st r ai n concent rat i ons in the
mat r i x associ at ed with the pr esence of graphi t e i ncl usi ons in t he mat r i x, and it is det er mi ned as
362
Kmax ~ (81 -- 82)ma x
(81 -- e2)mo d '
wher e (e 1 - e2)mo d is t he modal val ue (e 1 - e 2) wi t hi n the i nvest i gat ed mi cr or egi on, i . e . , the level of
t he di f f er ence of the pri nci pal st r ai ns of t he mat r i x with t he hi ghest f r equency and det er mi ned by t he
kind of empi r i cal st r ai n di st r i but i on densi t y. The val ues of Kma x and w 8 for di f f er ent st ages of l oad-
hug the i nvest i gat ed kinds of east i ron ar e pr esent ed in Tabl e 1.
It can be seen f r om t he dat a of t he t abl e t hat the char act er i s t i cs of i nhomogenei t y of hi gh- st r engt h
and mal l eabl e cast i ron ar e at the s ame l evel wher eas the l ocal st r ai n concent rat i on f act or Kma x and
the var i at i on coeffi ci ent We of gr ay cast i ron ar e subst ant i al l y l ar ger . These dat a cor r espond to the
dat a on t he l evel of di ssi pat i on of the vi brat i on ener gy in the above mat er i al s , and t hi s conf i r ms t hat
s t r uct ur al i nhomogenei t y makes a subst ant i al cont ri but i on to t he dampi ng capaci t y of cast iron.
The pr ocess of r ever sed cycl i c l oadi ng is accompani ed by the continuous accumul at i on of pl ast i c
st r ai ns in t he mi cr ovol umes of t he cast i ron; t hi s l eads to a change in t he boundari es of t he el ast i c and
pl ast i c regi ons with an i ncr easi ng number of cycl es and cor r espondi ngl y to a change in the conditions
of nonuni form cumul at i on and r edi st r i but i on of l ocal st r ai ns. In consequence of a change in the bound-
ar y condi t i ons, the l evel of t he s t r es s concent rat i ons somewhat dr ops, and t hi s ent ai l s the effect of
i ncr eased mobi l i t y of t he domai ns, blocked at the i ni t i al st age of loading by the hi ghl y s t r es s ed s t r uc-
t ur e. The graphs in Fig. l c cl ear l y show t hat af t er l engt hy cycl i c l oadi ng, t he cur ves 5(~) assumed a
shape t ypi cal of mat er i al s in which magnet omechani cal hys t er es i s is cl ear l y expressed: In t he regi on
of medi um l evel s of s t r es s ampl i t udes, a di st i nct maxi mum f or med char act er i s t i c for t hi s mechani sm
of ener gy di ssi pat i on.
We want to point out anot her fact confi rmi ng the possi bi l i t y t hat t he above assumpt i on is cor r ect ,
namel y: A magnet omechani cal peak of ener gy di ssi pat i on i s found in speci mens of hi gh- st r engt h cast
i ron not subj ect ed to previ ous cycl i ng in whi ch the blocking of the domai ns is sl i ght in consequence of
the l ower l evel of s t r es s concent r at i on on t he spher i cal graphi t e (see Fig. l b). In the ot her cur ves, a
s i mi l ar maxi mum appear s onl y af t er a cer t ai n number of load cycl es.
Mor eover , a magnet omechani cal maxi mum occur s onl y on the hi gh- f r equency curves 5(a). In
Fi g. l a it does not appear even on t he cur ve 5 (u) f or hi gh- st r engt h cast i ron.
Thus, a low loading f r equency does not al ways help r eveal l osses of ener gy expended on the r e-
or i ent at i on of t he domai ns.
1
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
LI TERATURE CI TED
G. S. Pi sar enko, Ener gy Di ssi pat i on by Mechani cal Vi brat i ons [in Russi an], Izd. Akad. Nauk
Ukr. SSR, Kiev (1962).
V. T. Tr oshchenko, , ' Energy di ssi pat i on in ma t e r i a l s , " Fi z. Tverd. Tel a, 2, No. 6, 1060-1063
(1960).
M. A. Krishtal and S. A. Golovin, Internal Friction and the Structure of Metals [in Russian],
Metallurgiya, Moscow (1976).
G. S. Pisarenko, A. P. Yakovlev, and V. V. Matveev, Vibration-Damping Properties of Struc-
tural Materials [in Russian], Naukova Dumlm, Kiev (1971).
A. Ya. Aleksandrov and M. Kh. Akhmetzyanov, Optical Polarization Methods of the Mechanics
of Deformed Bodies [in Russian], Nauka, Moscow (1973).
S. A. Golovin and I. I. Renne, "Peculiarities of the development of mieroplastie strain in iron-
base composition materials," Probl. Prochn., No. 4, 84-87 (1977).
I. I. Renne, N. E. Kuz'mina, G. D. Petrushin, and O. A. Kazanskaya, "Application of the op-
tical polarization method to the investigation of strains in microregions of structurally inhomo-
geneous materials," in: Problems of Metal Science and the Physics of Metals [in Russian], Tula
Polytechnic Institute (1977), pp. 49-58.
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