Professional Documents
Culture Documents
WORD DEFINITION
Technology Application of science to improve the quality of life
The branch of science that deals with matter, its properties, changes
Chemistry
,composition and laws or principles governing the changes
Matter Anything that occupies space and has mass
Volume Other word for space
Amount of matter present in an object
Mass
(kg, g, mg, lb, oz)
Gravitational pull acting on an object
Weight
(N, dyne)
Properties Characteristics/ qualities
Structure Arrangement of matter
Laws/ Principles Explanation to the changes
IMPORTANCE OF CHEMISTRY
• We need to study Chemistry because we and the environment are matter ant to
familiarize the matter around us
BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY
BRANCH OF CHEMISTRY DEFINITION
Biochemistry Study of organic compounds where humans are made of
Analytical Chemistry Analysis of the composition of substances/ materials
Organic Chemistry Study of carbon and its compounds
Inorganic Chemistry Study of non carbon containing compounds
Deals with the energy changes happening in chemical
Physical Chemistry
reactions
General Chemistry Basic concepts of chemistry
STATES OF MATTER
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
• Systematic way of finding answers in a problem
STEPS
1. Know the problem
2. Making observation
3. Making hypothesis
4. Test the hypothesis through experimentation
5. Analyze the data gathered
6. Make a conclusion
SCIENTIFIC ATTITUDES
1. Keen observer/ Curiosity
2. Open-mindness/ Objectivity
3. Resourcefulness
4. Intellectual Honesty
5. Patience/ Perseverance
6. Humility
7. Acceptance of failure
8. Healthy skepticism
PROPERTIES OF MATTER
CHANGES IN MATTER
PHASE CHANGES
Melting Solid to liquid Melting of snow and ice
Evaporation of water or
Evaporation Liquid to gas Heat is absorbed by the
refrigerant
matter
Sublimation of dry ice,
Sublimation Solid to gas
free-drying of coffee
Liquid to solid Freezing of water or a
Freezing
(solidification) liquid metal
Heat is released by the
Condensation Formation of dew
matter
Gas to solid Formation of frost and
Deposition
snow
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
(Classified according to composition)
• Pure substance
o A matter that is composed of only one kind of particle
KINDS OF PARTICLES
o Atoms
o Molecules
o Ions
KINDS OF ELEMENTS
METALS NONMETALS METALLOIDS
Usually hard and solid except Some are solid, liquid Solids
Hg, which is a liquid. Cs and (bromine), or gas. Usually soft
Ga melt in unprotected hand except diamond
Malleable and ductile Brittle Brittle
Conductor of heat and Intermediate electrical
Basically insulators
electricity conductivity
Lustrous and shiny Dull except diamond Intermediate reflectance
High density Low density Intermediate density
High melting and boiling Low melting and boiling Low melting and boiling
points points points
High tensile strength Low tensile strength Low tensile strength
o Compounds
Formed when 2 or more elements combined chemically in fixed
proportions
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPOUNDS
According to Composition
• Organic – C6H12O6 , CH4
o with carbon
• Inorganic – NaCl , H2O , H2 , SO4
o without carbon
According to Chemical Bond
• Ionic – M + NM , ENaCI
o Ionic bond is present
• Covalent – NM + NM , H2O
o Covalent bond is present
• Mixture
o Composed of 2 or more substances that combined physically in variable
proportions
CLASSIFICATION OF MIXTURE
(According to number of phases)
o Homogenous/ Solutions – sea water, air
Single-phased mixtures
All the parts are identical
o Heterogeneous – Salad, soup, garbage
Mixtures consisting of 2 or more phases
With parts that are dissimilar
KINDS OF HETEROGENEOUS
Suspension
• The suspended particles can be seen and are large to be
trapped in a filter
Colloid
• Mixture with particles bigger than the particles of a solution but
smaller than those of a suspension
Coarse Mixture
• The particles can be separated mechanically
• Brownian Movement
o Rapid, haphazard motion of colloidal particles
o Caused by the collision of the colloidal particles with
the molecules of the dispersion medium
o Colloidal particles do not settle because of the
Brownian Movement
• Tyndall Effect
o The reflection of light by colloidal particles
• Filtration
o The pouring of the mixture through a piece of paper (filter paper) which lets
the liquid (filtrate) pass through but catches the solid (residue)
• Flotation
o The removal of suspended particles either by sedimentation or coagulation
o Used in mining to separate precious metals/ minerals from impurities
• Distillation
o Makes use of the differences in boiling points (evaporation and condensation).
The gas is then condensed back to a liquid (distillate)
• Decantation
o The pouring of the liquid from a mixture to separate the liquid (decante) from
the solid particles
• Crystallization
o Occurs when simple sea water is allowed to evaporate
• Centrifugation
o The settling of tiny suspended particles using a centrifuge. Tis hastens the
settling of the precipitate in a suspension.
Centrifugate
• The liquid that comes from centrifugation
• Chromatography
o A solution ca nbe separated by allowing it to flow along a stationary substance
o Uses the different degrees of adsorption of the components to a stationary
substance
KINDS OF CHROMATOGRAPHY
Paper Chromatography
Column Chromatography
• Magnetism
o Used to separate a metal from a non metal
• Mechanical Spearation
o Use machines to separate mixtures
ENERGY
• capacity to do work or to transfer heat
POTENTIAL ENERGY
• the energy stored in an object because of its position or composition
KINETIC ENERGY
• energy in motion
IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS
• Oxygen Theory of Burning (Phlogiston Theory of Burning)
o Accepted explanation of burning
• Found out that water is composed of 2 gases (O2,H2)
• Explained the respiration process ( the body uses breathened oxygen to burn food,
which gives the body its heat)
• Worked with other chemists to set up a system of naming chemicals
IMPORTANT QUALITIES
• Lavoisier didn’t make any discoveries of his own but he gave correct explanations to
the discoveries of others
• He insisted on exact measurements in all his experiments
• He helped introduce methods of exactness in chemistry
• He would accept no idea unless it could be proved
o Found out that hydrogen is the lightest atom with its mass of 1/1840
o Proposed a model of an atom as a positively charged sphere where the
electrons are embedded. This model is called the “raisin cake model” or
“watermelon model” where the raisins or seeds are the electrons
o And later the results of Thomson and Millikan, the calculation of the mass of an
electron
• Eugen Goldstein
o Discovered the canal rays
Particle that were left out of the atoms or molecules after electrons
had been pulled out
• Ernest Rutherford
o Discovered the 2 types of radiation from radio active materials –alpha and beta
TYPE OF PENETRATIN
SYMBOL NATURE CHARGE
RADIATION G POWER
Alpha a Helium nuclei +2 1
Beta β Electron -1 100
Gamma δ Radiant energy 0 10,000
o proposed that most of the mass and positively charged parts of the atom, the
protons, must be concentrated in a small region called the nucleus
o Thought that the electrons are distributed in the space outside the nucleus of
the atom
• Isaac Newton
o A scientist that works on light
o Believed that the light was made of “corpuscles” or particles, although a later
theory held that light was made of waves
ISOTOPES
• atoms that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons
ATOMIC NUMBER (Z)
• gives the number of protons or electrons in an atom
• It is shown by the subscript
EXAMPLES
A. NEUTRAL ATOMS
Al
17 Protons : 13
Electrons : 13
13 Neutrons : 14
As
75 Protons : 33
Electrons : 33
33 Neutrons : 42
B. MONOANATOMIC IONS
Mg
24 +2 Protons : 12
Electrons : 10
12 Neutrons : 12
Br
80 -1 Protons : 35
Electrons : 36
35 Neutrons : 45
QUANTUM NUMBERS
• numbers used to describe the probable locations of the electron
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
• arrangement of electrons in an atom
RULES TO BE FOLLOWED
1. Aufbau Principle
e- occupy the orbitals in order of increasing energy level
2. Pauli’s Exclusion Principle
2 e- occupying the same orbital should have opposite spins ↑↓
3. Hund’s Rule
when e- enter a sublevel w/ more than 1 orbital (p,d,f), e- will occupy
first all the available orbitals w/ their spins in the same direction before
they can pair up w/ another e- of opposite spin
8e- → ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ = d sublevel
VALENCE ELECTRON
• electron in the outer most main energy level
1A ns1
2A ns2
ns2np
3A 1
ns2np
4A 2
ns2np
5A 3
2
ns np
6A 4
ns2np
7A 5
2
ns np
8A 6
ns1md
1B 10
2
ns md
2B 10
ns2md
3B 1
2
ns md
4B 2
2
ns md
5B 3
ns2md
6B 4
2
ns md
7B 5
ns2md
6
2
ns md
8B 7
2
ns md
8
• period-3
• Family-3A
o 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1
o Z = 13
• period-4
• Family-4A
o 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p2
o Z = 32
PERIODIC PROPERTIES
• Properties of an element seem to be determined largely by the
electron configuration of the outermost electrons and by how far away those electrons
are from the nucleus
IONIZATION ENERGY
• Amount of energy needed to remove an e- from atom to form (+) ions
• Ionization
o when an atom loses or gains electrons to form ions
ELECTRON AFFINITY
• Amount of energy released when an atom or molecule gains e- forming a
(-)ion
IONIC RADIUS
• Isoelectric
o equal numbers of electrons in identical configurations
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
• General tendency of an atom to attract e- toward itself
METALLIC PROPERTY
• w/ few valence e-
• tend to give up or donate e-
→ E, IE, EA
↓AS, MP, IS
• Octet rule
o an atom should have 8 valence e- to become stable
• Duet rule
o needs 2 valence e- to be stable
WAYS OF REPRESENTING AN ATOM
• Electron Configuration
• Use of Orbitals
• Use of Main energy level
• Lewis electron dot formula
o consists of a chemical symbol surrounded by dots(Gilbert Newton Lewis)
• Chemical symbol
o represents the nucleus and inner e-
• Dots
o represents the valence e- of the atom